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Academic literature on the topic 'Birds – Nests – Great Britain'

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Published: 27 July 2024
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Birds – Nests – Great Britain"

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Igl, Lawrence D., and Douglas H. Johnson. "Brown-headed Cowbird, Molothrus ater, Parasitism and Abundance in the Northern Great Plains." Canadian Field-Naturalist 121, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v121i3.471.

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The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) reaches its highest abundance in the northern Great Plains, but much of our understanding of cowbird ecology and host-parasite interactions comes from areas outside of this region. We examine cowbird brood parasitism and densities during two studies of breeding birds in the northern Great Plains during 1990–2006. We found 2649 active nests of 75 species, including 746 nonpasserine nests and 1902 passerine nests. Overall, <1% of nonpasserine nests and 25% of passerine nests were parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds. Although the overall frequency of cowbird parasitism in passerine nests in these two studies is considered moderate, the frequency of multiple parasitism among parasitized nests was heavy (nearly 50%). The mean number of cowbird eggs per parasitized passerine nest was 1.9 ± 1.2 (SD; range = 1–8 cowbird eggs). The parasitism rates were 9.5% for passerines that typically nest in habitats characterized by woody vegetation, 16.4% for grassland-nesting passerines, 4.7% for passerines known to consistently eject cowbird eggs, and 28.2% for passerines that usually accept cowbird eggs. The Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) was the most commonly parasitized species (43.1% parasitism, 49.6% multiple parasitism, 71.2% of all cases of parasitism). Passerine nests found within areas of higher female cowbird abundance experienced higher frequencies of cowbird parasitism than those found in areas of lower female cowbird abundance. Densities of female cowbirds were positively related to densities and richness of other birds in the breeding bird community.
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Nebogatkin, I. V. "Birds as the Feeders of Ticks (Acari, Ixodida) in Megalopolis of Kyiv." Vestnik Zoologii 48, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0055.

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Abstract Birds as the Feeders of Ticks (Acari, Ixodida) in Megalopolis of Kyiv. Nebogatkin, I. V. - Data about ticks parasitizing on birds in the city of Kyiv were summarized. 117 birds and 27 nests were examined. Ticks were found on six species collecting food on the ground level: Great Tit (Parus major), White Wagtail (Motacilla alba), Rook (Corvus frugilegus), blackbird (Turdus merula), and Nuthatch (Sitta europaea). 56 Ixodidae specimens of four species from two genera were collected from the birds and their nests: Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758); I. arboricola Schulze et Schlottke, 1930; I. lividus (Koch, 1844), Haemaphysalis concinna Koch, 1844. Th e role of birds as feeders of all developmental stages of ticks not only increases under conditions of urban landscape, but also becomes leading in the places with low population of small mammals. Ectoparasites of birds of the other taxonomic groups along with the ticks can play an important role in maintaining the circulation of pathogens of various aetiologies in the urban landscapes.
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Evans, Darren M., Stephen M. Redpath, Sharon A. Evans, David A. Elston, and Peter Dennis. "Livestock grazing affects the egg size of an insectivorous passerine." Biology Letters 1, no. 3 (June 14, 2005): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0335.

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Livestock grazing is a major driver of ecosystem change, and has been associated with significant declines in various bird species worldwide. In Britain, there is particular concern that severe grazing pressure is deleteriously affecting vegetation and birds in upland regions. However, the mechanism by which grazing affects birds is unclear. Here, we report for the first time, to our knowledge, that sheep grazing pressure affects the egg size of a common upland passerine: the meadow pipit Anthus pratensis . We manipulated sheep stocking densities in a replicated field experiment, and found that plots with the highest stocking density contained nests with the smallest eggs, and that plots with low stocking density contained nests with the largest eggs. However, eggs laid in ungrazed plots were also small, suggesting that either too many sheep or their removal from upland areas might have a detrimental effect on pipit egg size. We found no significant effect on fledging success but the reduced post-fledging survival of young from smaller eggs, as seen in other studies, could partly explain declines in upland birds.
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IORIO, OSVALDO DI, and PAOLA TURIENZO. "Insects found in birds’ nests from the Neotropical Region (except Argentina) and immigrant species of Neotropical origin in the Nearctic Region." Zootaxa 2187, no. 1 (August 6, 2009): 1–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2187.1.1.

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Neotropical birds’ nests have received a great deal of attention because sylvatic species of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and parasitic flies of the genus Philornis (Diptera: Muscidae) were discovered inside them. Those insects known in birds’ nests from Argentina, the chacoan region of Bolivia, and the southern portion of Brazil and Uruguay were extensively but not completely summarized by Turienzo & Di Iorio (2007). The present contribution summarizes all insects known to occur in birds’ nests from the Neotropical Region (except for Argentina and the Antarctic Region of adjacent countries), updating Hicks’ catalogues for this part of the world. Regarding birds, the list comprises 172 taxa identified to species (in 38 families), 8 to genus (in 6 families), 6 to family (in 4 families), and 27 birds´nests not identified. Regarding insects of the Neotropical region, 123 were identified to species (13 Blattaria; 5 Coleoptera; 26 Diptera; 34 Hemiptera; 15 Hymenoptera; 23 Psocoptera; 6 Siphonaptera; 1 Thysanura), 96 to genus (5 Blattaria; 8 Coleoptera; 48 Diptera; 4 Hemiptera; 6 Hymenoptera; 25 Psocoptera), 63 to superfamily, family or subfamily (1 Blattaria; 21 Coleoptera; 10 Diptera; 7 Hemiptera; 14 Hymenoptera; 1 Isoptera; 3 Orthoptera; 5 Psocoptera; 1 Thysanoptera), and 34 to order (6 Blattaria [including 1 Mantodea]; 6 Coleoptera; 3 Diptera; 3 Embioptera; 2 Hemiptera; 3 Hymenoptera; 1 Thysanoptera; 2 Isoptera; 4 Lepidoptera; 1 Orthoptera; 1 Phthiraptera; 2 Psocoptera). Associations of Neotropical insects with birds´nests were extracted from 392 references including original and posterior citations. Some North American species of insects that are neotropical immigrants are discussed, while a few other had been accidentally introduced in both directions. Synonymies, old combinations, misidentifications, original localities, amounts of insects, and repositories when they were stated, are provided.
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C.A., Mihai, Stănică F., and Ionescu M.R. "Monitoring of Artificial Nests in Horticultural Ecosystems-Observation of Woodpeckers Ethology." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 6 (November 26, 2017): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i6.1085.

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In order to increase the integrated protection of horticultural ecosystems by using the biological fight, the installation on artificial nests, is an important measure to help the insectivore birds. In a research program, a number of 166 artificial nets for Passeriformes birds were installed in different ecosystems as parks, botanical gardens and orchards in the South-Eastern part of Romania. During the nests monitoring period an interesting, but in the same time warring phenomenon, was noticed: a certain number of artificial nets were prayed by woodpeckers, especially by Dendrocopos major (Great Spotted Woodpecker). In Romania, all the ten European woodpecker species are nesting, nine being sedentary and one (Jynx torquilla) migratory, leaving the country in autumn. Woodpeckers in general, are very useful in woody plant biological protection, having a predominant insectivore nutrition and being the only one to keep under control the insects that are leaving on, inside and under the trees bark. The paper presents some data regarding the woodpeckers ethology in the studied ecosystems. More research are needed to understand the woodpeckers behaviour and to find protection methods of useful birds' nests against the woodpeckers attack. Keywords: useful birds; Dendrocopos major; Dendrocopos syriacus; Passer montanus; Picus viridis.
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Wagh, G. A., and J. S. Wadatkar. "Some updates with successful first breeding report of Great Indian Bustard from Vidarbha region, Maharashtra." Environment Conservation Journal 14, no. 3 (December 21, 2013): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2013.14307.

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Great Indian Bustard (GIB), Ardeotis nigriceps is a threatened bird species and listed as critically endangered. Presently, GIB is found only in six states of India i.e. Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. During the last 20 years the GIB population has crashed in many areas and presently the population could be as low as 500 birds in India. In Maharashtra, as per survey conducted during 2005-06, about 30 to 36 GIBs were counted. Out of these, 08 birds were reported from Chandrapur and Nagpur districts in Vidarbha region. Habitat of the GIBs in Chandrapur district is cultivated agriculture lands and grasslands around villages. During 2010-11, conducting regular visits, continuous monitoring and collecting information from foresters, local people we documented a breeding report of GIB from Vidarbha region. Total four nests were sighted in Warora and Bhadrawati talukas of Chandrapur district. Each nest contained a single egg. Out of these four nests, hatching took place in only two nests but only one chick survived; in the third nest the egg did not hatch for 40 days while at the fourth nest the egg was accidentally broken. So, immediate protection to nesting sites is required.
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Dalrymple, Sarah. "Predator exclusion fencing improves productivity at a mixed colony of Herring Gulls Larus argentatus, Lesser Black-backed Gulls L. fuscus and Great Black-backed Gulls L. marinus." Seabird Journal 35 (2023): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.61350/sbj.35.31.

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A large multi-species gull colony at South Walney in Cumbria, northwest England, has suffered declines over the past 20 years, and from 2016 to 2020 no gull chicks fledged despite up to 4,000 pairs of adults attempting to breed each year. The primary cause of nest failure was predation. In an attempt to reverse this decline, a predator exclusion fence was erected around the remnant gull colony in March 2021, and population and productivity surveys were carried out over the 2021 and 2022 breeding seasons. In 2021, 53, 27 and 40 chicks fledged from 263 Herring Gull, 186 Lesser Black-backed and 38 Great Black-backed Gull nests, respectively, resulting in reproductive success rates of 0.20, 0.15, and 1.05 fledglings per nest. Following the fence erection, in 2022 numbers of nesting birds increased by 151% overall to 575 Herring Gull nests, 553 Lesser Black-backed Gull nests and 28 Great Black-backed Gull nests, with reproductive success rates of 0.4, 0.61 and 1.21 respectively.
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Glue, David. "Great Birds of Britain and Europe: 200 Star Species." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159, no. 3 (June 30, 2010): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00657.x.

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Deeming, Charles. "Book Review: Breeding Birds of Britain & Ireland: Nests, Eggs, Nestlings, Fledglings and Habitats." Avian Biology Research 3, no. 1 (January 2010): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/174751981000300102.

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Taylor, Bernard, and Gail S. Fraser. "Effects of egg oiling on ground-nesting double-crested cormorants at a colony in Lake Ontario: an examination of nest-attendance behaviour." Wildlife Research 39, no. 4 (2012): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11035.

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Context We assessed the effects of egg oiling on ground-nesting double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) in the context of an emerging management strategy for the largest known cormorant colony on the lower Great Lakes. We designed the present study to answer specific questions in response to concerns raised by stakeholders and members of the public regarding this management technique. Aims The aim of the present study was to examine the behavioural response of adult cormorants to egg oiling. Prior work on this issue has focussed on population-response questions rather than the behavioural level. Consequently, detailed observations on how cormorants respond to egg oiling are lacking. Methods Using instantaneous and focal observations to measure behaviours, we compared Treatment nests (n = 24, 23) to Control (n = 24) and Sham (handled, but not treated; n = 24) nests. We observed nest attendance, incubation and mate-presence behaviour, and divided observations into pre-chick and entire-season categories for analysis. Key results Our study determined that egg oiling does not cause immediate nest desertion by adult birds; Treatment birds incubated their nests as long as did Sham and Control birds. We found no difference among the three groups in the proportion of time a mate was present during incubation for Control and Sham nests in the pre-chick period. We found that the total seasonal duration of nest attendance by Treatment birds was shorter than that for the birds in the other groups. Conclusions Both incubation and mate-presence data suggest that egg oiling did not measurably affect the behaviour of adult cormorants in the pre-chick period. Our study also suggests that Treatment birds attended their nest long enough to preclude re-nesting within the breeding season, although this may not apply for regions with longer nesting seasons. Implications Our study indicates that egg oiling, administered judiciously, may be an appropriate management technique for ground-nesting cormorants, although management targets must be clearly articulated.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Birds – Nests – Great Britain"

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Trinder, Mark Nicholas. "An investigation of matrix population model assumptions : wrens (Troglodytes troglodytes) as a case study." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/32.

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A simulation matrix population model of a small population of wrens (Troglodytes troglodytes) is presented. The field work methods used to obtain and analyse the demographic rates are provided. This includes a description of the use of miniature radio tags to track juvenile (post-fledging) survival and dispersal, and capture mark recapture analysis of an eight year dataset to estimate adult survival rates, taking into account environmental variation and density dependence. Age related reproductive rates were obtained from detailed nest surveys. Using these demographic rates (means and variances), and information on density dependence in survival and breeding, a simulation matrix model was developed using Matlab (The MathWorks, Inc.). The operation of this model and its outputs are explained in detail, with particular reference to the methods employed to incorporate both density dependent survival and reproduction and environmental and demographic stochasticity. This model is then used to illustrate how, under plausible conditions of density dependence and stochasticity, large discrepancies are obtained between the deterministic, density independent elasticities of the population growth rate (λ) and the stochastic, density dependent elasticities of the equilibrium population size, extinction probability and invasion exponent. Since the elasticities of λ are often used to guide the management of endangered species, these results are particularly relevant to workers in the field of rare species conservation. While the importance of including environmental variation in the form of stochastic population simulations seems to now be generally accepted, the role of density dependent population regulation is still infrequently considered. Since one of the most common causes of population decline is habitat destruction, leading to an increase in population density within the remaining areas of habitat, this omission may rarely be justified. It is recommended that when elasticity analysis is conducted as part of species conservation efforts, both density dependence and stochasticity are included. Failure to do so may result in the misguided management of endangered species.
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Wretenberg, Johan. "The decline of farmland birds in Sweden /." Uppsala : Department of Conservation Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/2006113.pdf.

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O'Connor, Stephanie A. "The nesting ecology of bumblebees." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/20348.

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Bumblebees have undergone dramatic declines both in Britain and further afield during the last century. Bumblebees provide a crucial pollination service to both crops and wild flowers. For these reasons, they have received a great deal of research attention over the years. However, the ecology of wild bumblebee nests and the interactions between nests and other species, particularly vertebrates has been somewhat understudied. This is largely due to the difficulty in finding sufficient nests for well replicated study and a lack of appropriate methods of observation. Here, methods for locating bumblebee nests were trialled. It was found that a specially trained bumblebee nest detection dog did not discover nests any faster than people who had received minimal instruction. Numbers of nest site searching queens provide a reliable indication of suitable nesting habitat (i.e. places where nests are more likely to be found). In order to investigate aspects of bumblebee nesting ecology wild nests were observed by filming or regular observations by either researchers or members of the public. Some buff-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) nests were collected and all the bumblebees were genotyped to identify any foreign individuals. A review of British mammalian dietary literature was conducted to identify those that predate bumblebees. Great tits (Parus major) were filmed predating bumblebees at nests and it was clear from the literature and observations that badger (Meles meles), pine martens (Martes martes) and hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) predate bumblebee nests, as well as the wax moth (Aphomia sociella). No evidence for predation by any other vertebrate species was found. Behaviours recorded included parasitism by Psithyrus, apparent nectar theft and possible usurpation by true bumblebees, egg-dumping by foreign queens and drifting and drifter reproduction by foreign workers. These events may cause harm to colonies (for example, through horizontal transmission of pathogens, or exploitation of the host nest’s resources). Alternatively where for example, usurpation by true bumblebees, egg-dumping or drifting is successful, these alternative reproductive strategies may increase the effective population size by enabling a single nest to produce reproductives of more than one breeding female. These data found that wild buff-tailed bumblebees (B. terrestris) nests with a greater proportion of workers infected with Crithidia bombi were less likely to produce gynes than those with fewer infected workers. Gyne production also varied dramatically between years. There is a growing body of evidence that a class of frequently used insecticides called neonicotinoids are negatively impacting bumblebees. An experiment was conducted using commercial colonies of buff-tailed bumblebees (B. terrestris) which were fed pollen and nectar which had been treated with the neonicotinoid imidacloprid at field realistic, sub-lethal levels. Treated colonies, produced 85-90% fewer gynes than control colonies. If this trend is representative of natural nests feeding on treated crops, for example, oilseed rape and field beans or garden flowers, then this would be expected to cause dramatic population declines. In this thesis methods for locating bumblebee nests have been tested, new behaviours have been identified (for example, egg-dumping by queens and predation by great tits) and estimations for rates of fecundity and destruction by various factors have been provided. Doubt has been cast over the status of some mammals as predators of bumblebee nests and estimates for gyne production, nest longevity, etc, have been given. More work is needed, especially observations of incipient nests as this is when the greatest losses are thought to occur.
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Studeny, Angelika C. "Quantifying biodiversity trends in time and space." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3414.

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The global loss of biodiversity calls for robust large-scale diversity assessment. Biological diversity is a multi-faceted concept; defined as the “variety of life”, answering questions such as “How much is there?” or more precisely “Have we succeeded in reducing the rate of its decline?” is not straightforward. While various aspects of biodiversity give rise to numerous ways of quantification, we focus on temporal (and spatial) trends and their changes in species diversity. Traditional diversity indices summarise information contained in the species abundance distribution, i.e. each species' proportional contribution to total abundance. Estimated from data, these indices can be biased if variation in detection probability is ignored. We discuss differences between diversity indices and demonstrate possible adjustments for detectability. Additionally, most indices focus on the most abundant species in ecological communities. We introduce a new set of diversity measures, based on a family of goodness-of-fit statistics. A function of a free parameter, this family allows us to vary the sensitivity of these measures to dominance and rarity of species. Their performance is studied by assessing temporal trends in diversity for five communities of British breeding birds based on 14 years of survey data, where they are applied alongside the current headline index, a geometric mean of relative abundances. Revealing the contributions of both rare and common species to biodiversity trends, these "goodness-of-fit" measures provide novel insights into how ecological communities change over time. Biodiversity is not only subject to temporal changes, but it also varies across space. We take first steps towards estimating spatial diversity trends. Finally, processes maintaining biodiversity act locally, at specific spatial scales. Contrary to abundance-based summary statistics, spatial characteristics of ecological communities may distinguish these processes. We suggest a generalisation to a spatial summary, the cross-pair overlap distribution, to render it more flexible to spatial scale.
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Books on the topic "Birds – Nests – Great Britain"

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Dawson, M. J. The golden eagle: Nesting sites in Scotland and the Lake District of England. Brighton: Oriel Stringer, 1986.

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Everett, Michael. Garden birds of Great Britain. London: Quantum, 2002.

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Royston, Angela. Birds of Great Britain & Europe. Limpfield: Dragon's World, 1995.

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Owen, Myrfyn. Wildfowl in Great Britain. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

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John Gould's birds of Great Britain. London: Godfrey Cave Associates, 1986.

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Harmata, Alan R. Population dynamics of key raptors nesting in the Kevin Rim area: Challenge cost share progress report 1996 to Bureau of Land Management, Great Falls District. [Bozeman, Mont.]: [Montana State University, Department of Biology, Fish & Wildlife Program], 1997.

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V, Grice P., ed. Birds in England. London: T & A D Poyser, 2005.

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Bircham, P. M. M. The birds of Cambridgeshire. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

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Harmata, Alan R. Population dynamics of key raptor species in the Kevin Rim Raptor Study Area, 2001: Challenge cost share progress report to: Bureau of Land Management, Great Falls District. Bozeman, Mont.]: [Montana State University, Department of Ecology, Fish & Wildlife Program], 2001.

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Harmata, Alan R. Population dynamics of key raptor species in the Kevin Rim Area: Challenge cost share progress report 1997 and 1998 to Bureau of Land Management, Great Falls District. Bozeman, Mont.]: [Montana State University, Department of Biology, Fish & Wildlife Program], 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Birds – Nests – Great Britain"

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Diamond, M., M. W. Aprahamian, and R. North. "A Theoretical Assessment of Cormorant Impact on Fish Stocks in Great Britain." In Interactions Between Fish and Birds: Implications for Management, 43–50. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470995372.ch4.

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Kirby, Jeff, Simon Delany, and John Quinn. "Mute Swans in Great Britain: a review, current status and long-term trends." In Aquatic Birds in the Trophic Web of Lakes, 467–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1128-7_43.

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Payne, Robert B. "Introduction to the cuckoos." In The Cuckoos, 3–8. Oxford University PressOxford, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198502135.003.0001.

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Abstract The parasitic breeding behavior of cuckoos has fascinated people for centuries. The brood-parasitic cuckoos lay their eggs in the nests of other kinds of birds, and never rear their own young (Johnsgard 1997, Rothstein and Robinson 1998, Davies 2000). The natural history of the Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus and the Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius, the two species that live in Europe where they have been observed for many years, is well known. In Classic times,Aristotle studied the brood-parasitic behavior of Common Cuckoos (Friedmann 1964b,Aristotle 1991), and in Britain Shakespeare referred to cuckoos in his plays. The term “cuckoldry” was often used in the sense of an adulterous affair, and the implications of immorality in a later period led to a censored version of Shakespeare that eliminated the term “cuckold” (Bowdler 1861, Hamilton 1996). Many other species of brood-parasitic cuckoos live in Africa, Asia and Australia and in Central and South America where they have been watched by resident naturalists. Brood-parasitic cuckoos are diverse with 56 species in the Old World and three in the New World.
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"Round nests." In Tracks and Signs of the Animals and Birds of Britain and Europe, 92–95. Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400847921.92.

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"Nests and dens." In Tracks and Signs of the Animals and Birds of Britain and Europe, 76–81. Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400847921.76.

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"Information from shot birds." In Wildfowl in Great Britain, 20–24. Cambridge University Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511753275.005.

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Dhondt, Andre a., frank adriaensen,, and werner plompen. "Between- and within-population variation in mate fidelity in the Great Tit." In Partnerships in Birds, 235–48. Oxford University PressOxford, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198548614.003.0013.

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Abstract The Great Tit Parus major is a small (18 g) hole-nesting passerine that readily uses nest boxes. It has been extensively studied in Western Europe. In this chapter we present results from two long-term studies carried out in nine different study plots in northern Belgium where we provided a superabundance of wooden nest boxes. The quality of food and shelter varies considerably between study sites and seasons and this may be linked with the birds’ social behaviour. The Great Tits in these sites are socially monogamous, but extra-pair nestlings are found in about one-third of the nests. During the breeding season males defend a multi-purpose territory in which females alone build the nest and in which the pair collects all food for the chicks. Outside of the breeding season (July to January) Great Tits often live in flocks in which the pair bond is not maintained.
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Ligon, J. David. "Phylogenetic studies of reproductive patterns." In The Evolution of Avian Breeding Systems, 179–95. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198549130.003.0007.

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Abstract The classic studies by Lorenz (1941) on ducks first demonstrated that behavioural traits of birds may conform closely to morphological ones, and that behaviour, like morphology, can reflect phylogenetic history. A recent example is seen in the study by Kennedy et al. (1996) of the relationship between social displays and phylogeny in the Order Pelecaniformes. David Winkler and Frederick Sheldon (1993) make this point in a novel way by demonstrating that nests of swallows parallel their phylogeny (Fig. 7.1). As a group, swallows show a great diversity of nest types, from burrows to cavities to nests built of mud. Winkler and Sheldon superimposed nests on a phylogeny based on DNA-hybridization and found that nest type is tightly linked to the inferred evolutionary history of swallows. Nest sites and modes of construction are a physical manifestation of complex, largely stereotyped behaviour, and in this respect they are similar to the courtship displays of many birds.
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Soler, M., J. J. Soler, and J. G. Martinez. "Duration of Sympatry and Coevolution between the Great Spotted Cuckoo (Clamator glandarius) and Its Primary Host, the Magpie (Pica pica)." In Parasitic Birds And Their Hosts, Studies in Coevolution, 113–28. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195099768.003.0005.

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Abstract Avian brood parasitism is an excellent system for studies of coevolution, as the interacting species are few, and often only two (Rothstein 1990). Parasites exploit hosts by laying eggs in their nests, and leaving parental care of the parasitic offspring to the host. The fitness cost of parasitism to hosts is often high because: (1) parasite females, before laying, usually remove or damage at least one host egg; (ii) the parasite young ejects all host offspring or outcompetes most of them for food during the nestling period; and (iii) the host often provides extensive parental care for considerably longer than when hosts provide care for conspecific young (Payne 1977; Rothstein 1990).
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Rothstein, Stephen I., and Scott K. Robinson. "The Evolution and Ecology of Avian Brood Parasitism An Overview." In Parasitic Birds And Their Hosts, Studies in Coevolution, 3–56. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195099768.003.0001.

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Abstract The ludicrous sight of a fledgling cuckoo or cowbird being fed by an adult host less than half its size (cover of book) makes it easy to see why parasitic birds have attracted so much attention. A person would have to be devoid of all curiosity to not wonder how such a relationship arose between two very different species and why hosts allow themselves to be part of the whole process. Much of this book addresses such questions about brood parasites, which are individuals that lay eggs in the nests of other individuals. The latter individuals, the hosts, then raise the parasitic young, usually at the expense of part or all of their own clutch. This sort of breeding biology has generated a great deal of fascination since it was first described formally-in the western world by Aristotle, and even earlier, in about 2000 B.c., in India (Friedmann 1964a).
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Reports on the topic "Birds – Nests – Great Britain"

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Seamans, Thomas, and Allen Gosser. Bird dispersal techniques. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7207730.ws.

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Conflicts between humans and birds likely have existed since agricultural practices began. Paintings from ancient Greek, Egyptian, and Roman civilizations depict birds attacking crops. In Great Britain, recording of efforts at reducing bird damage began in the 1400s, with books on bird control written in the 1600s. Even so, the problem persists. Avian damage to crops remains an issue today, but we also are concerned with damage to homes, businesses, and aircraft, and the possibility of disease transmission from birds to humans or livestock. Bird dispersal techniques are a vital part of safely and efficiently reducing bird conflicts with humans. The bird must perceive a technique as a threat if it is to be effective. No single technique can solve all bird conflicts, but an integrated use of multiple techniques, each enhancing the other, generally provides relief.
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