Relevant bibliographies by topics / Birds, Fossil South Australia

Academic literature on the topic 'Birds, Fossil South Australia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Birds, Fossil South Australia"

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Liddle, Nerida R., Matthew C. McDowell, and Gavin J. Prideaux. "Insights into the pre-European mammalian fauna of the southern Flinders Ranges, South Australia." Australian Mammalogy 40, no. 2 (2018): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17035.

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Many Australian mammal species have suffered significant declines since European colonisation. During the first century of settlement, information on species distribution was rarely recorded. However, fossil accumulations can assist the reconstruction of historical distributions. We examine a fossil vertebrate assemblage from Mair’s Cave, one of few known from the southern Flinders Ranges, South Australia. The Mair’s Cave assemblage was dominated by mammals but also included birds and reptiles. Of the 18 mammals recovered, two have not previously been recorded from the southern Flinders Ranges, at least one is extinct and seven are recognised as threatened nationally. Characteristics of the assemblage suggest that it was accumulated by a Tyto owl species. Remains of Tyto delicatula and a larger unidentified owl were recovered from the assemblage. Most mammals identified from the assemblage presently occupy Australia’s semiarid zone, but a single specimen of the broad-toothed rat (Mastacomys fuscus), which primarily occurs in high-moisture, low-temperature environments was also recovered. This suggests either that the southern Flinders Ranges once experienced higher past precipitation, or that M. fuscus can tolerate a broader climatic range than its current distribution suggests. Our study contributes new knowledge on the biogeography and ecology of several mammal species, data useful for helping to refine restoration targets.
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Claramunt, Santiago, and Joel Cracraft. "A new time tree reveals Earth history’s imprint on the evolution of modern birds." Science Advances 1, no. 11 (December 2015): e1501005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501005.

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Determining the timing of diversification of modern birds has been difficult. We combined DNA sequences of clock-like genes for most avian families with 130 fossil birds to generate a new time tree for Neornithes and investigated their biogeographic and diversification dynamics. We found that the most recent common ancestor of modern birds inhabited South America around 95 million years ago, but it was not until the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition (66 million years ago) that Neornithes began to diversify rapidly around the world. Birds used two main dispersion routes: reaching the Old World through North America, and reaching Australia and Zealandia through Antarctica. Net diversification rates increased during periods of global cooling, suggesting that fragmentation of tropical biomes stimulated speciation. Thus, we found pervasive evidence that avian evolution has been influenced by plate tectonics and environmental change, two basic features of Earth’s dynamics.
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MATHER, ELLEN K., MICHAEL S. Y. LEE, and TREVOR H. WORTHY. "A new look at an old Australian raptor places “Taphaetus” lacertosus de Vis 1905 in the Old World vultures (Accipitridae: Aegypiinae)." Zootaxa 5168, no. 1 (July 20, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5168.1.1.

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The Australian Pleistocene fossil record of the Accipitridae (hawks, eagles and Old World vultures) is sparse and poorly known. Only two extinct confirmed accipitrid species have been described for this time period; both have received little investigation since their description. One is “Taphaetus” lacertosus de Vis, 1905, described from a distal humerus and a quadrate from north-eastern South Australia. While this species was verified as an accipitrid in subsequent studies, its more precise taxonomic affinities have remained conjectural. In this study, a new analysis incorporating newly referred material and phylogenetic analyses using a wide range of accipitriforms reveals that the lectotype humerus of “T.” lacertosus is an Old World vulture in the subfamily Aegypiinae. The associated quadrate, one of two original syntypes from which de Vis named this species, is of an indeterminate species of ardeid. We erect the novel genus Cryptogyps, to accommodate the species ‘lacertosus’, as it cannot be placed in Taphaetus de Vis, 1891, because the type species of this genus, Uroaetus brachialis de Vis, 1889, was transferred back to the genus Uroaetus, a synonym of Aquila Brisson, by de Vis in 1905. Further, U. brachialis is now considered a synonym of Aquila audax (Latham, 1801). Moreover, Taphaetus de Vis, 1891 is a senior homonym of Taphaetus de Vis, 1905, type species Taphaetus lacertosus de Vis, 1905, making the 1905 version of the genus unavailable. Newly referred fossils from Wellington Caves (NSW) and the Nullarbor Plains (WA) reveal this taxon had a wide geographical range across Pleistocene Australia. The referred tarsometatarsus lacks hyper-developed trochleae, indicating that Cryptogyps lacertosus (de Vis, 1905) comb. nov., was probably a scavenger like other aegypiines. Identification of Cryptogyps lacertosus as an aegypiine significantly expands the palaeogeographical range of the Old World vultures, hitherto unknown in Australia. The avian guild of large, obligate scavenging birds of prey, is currently absent in the modern Australian biota, but its former presence is not surprising given the megafauna-rich communities of the Pleistocene.
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Shute, Elen, Gavin J. Prideaux, and Trevor H. Worthy. "Taxonomic review of the late Cenozoic megapodes (Galliformes: Megapodiidae) of Australia." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 6 (June 2017): 170233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170233.

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Megapodes are unusual galliform birds that use passive heat sources to incubate their eggs. Evolutionary relationships of extant megapode taxa have become clearer with the advent of molecular analyses, but the systematics of large, extinct forms ( Progura gallinacea , Progura naracoortensis ) from the late Cenozoic of Australia has been a source of confusion. It was recently suggested that the two species of Progura were synonymous, and that this taxon dwarfed into the extant malleefowl Leipoa ocellata in the Late Pleistocene. Here, we review previously described fossils along with newly discovered material from several localities, and present a substantial taxonomic revision. We show that P. gallinacea and P. naracoortensis are generically distinct, describe two new species of megapode from the Thylacoleo Caves of south-central Australia, and a new genus from Curramulka Quarry in southern Australia. We also show that L. ocellata was contemporaneous with larger species. Our phylogenetic analysis places four extinct taxa in a derived clade with the extant Australo-Papuan brush-turkeys Talegalla fuscirostris , L. ocellata , Alectura lathami and Aepypodius bruijnii . Therefore, diversity of brush-turkeys halved during the Quaternary, matching extinction rates of scrubfowl in the Pacific. Unlike extant brush-turkeys, all the extinct taxa appear to have been burrow-nesters.
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Worthy, Trevor H., and Jacqueline M. T. Nguyen. "An annotated checklist of the fossil birds of Australia." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 144, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 66–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03721426.2020.1756560.

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Lindenmayer, David B., Ross B. Cunningham, Chris MacGregor, Rebecca Montague-Drake, Mason Crane, Damian Michael, and Bruce D. Lindenmayer. "Aves, Tumut, New South Wales, South-eastern Australia." Check List 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/3.3.168.

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A large-scale, long-term study of the impacts on vertebrates of landscape change and habitat fragmentation is taking place at Tumut in southern New South Wales, south-eastern Australia. Field surveys focus on counting birds within three broad kinds of sites in the study region. These are: (1) A randomized and replicated set of 85 sites in remnants or fragments of native Eucalyptus forest located within the boundaries of the Radiata Pine plantation. (2) Sites dominated by Radiata Pine plantation trees (N = 40 sites). (3) Sites in the large areas of continuous Eucalyptus forest adjacent to the plantation that act as “controls” (N = 40 sites). We list of birds recorded during 1996 and 1997. A total of 92 species from 34 families was recorded. The list will be useful for workers examining bird responses to fragmented landscapes as well as those interested in the biodiversity values of plantation landscapes.
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Conran, John G., and David C. Christophel. "A Fossil Byblidaceae Seed from Eocene South Australia." International Journal of Plant Sciences 165, no. 4 (July 2004): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386555.

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Carvalho, Ismar de Souza, Fernando E. Novas, Federico L. Agnolín, Marcelo P. Isasi, Francisco I. Freitas, and José A. Andrade. "A new genus and species of enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Geology 45, no. 2 (June 2015): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/23174889201500020001.

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<p>The fossil record of birds in Gondwana is almost restricted to the Late Cretaceous. Herein we describe a new fossil from the Araripe Basin, <italic>Cratoavis cearensis</italic> nov. gen et sp., composed of an articulated skeleton with feathers attached to the wings and surrounding the body. The present discovery considerably extends the temporal record of the Enantiornithes birds at South America to the Early Cretaceous. For the first time, an almost complete and articulated skeleton of an Early Cretaceous bird from South America is documented.</p>
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Easton, L. C. "Pleistocene Grey Kangaroos from the Fossil Chamber of Victoria Fossil Cave, Naracoorte, South Australia." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 130, no. 1 (January 2006): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/3721426.2006.10887045.

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Itzstein-Davey, Freea. "The representation of Proteaceae in modern pollen rain in species-rich vegetation communities in south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 2 (2003): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02048.

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The Proteaceae family is a large Gondwanan plant family with a major centre of richness in south-western Australia. Modern pollen–vegetation relationships in the two areas of species richness in the northern and southern sandplains of south-western Australia were investigated to calibrate fossil-pollen studies concurrently conducted on Eocene, Pliocene and Quaternary sediment. Results indicated that the Proteaceae component in modern pollen rain can be quite high, contributing up to 50% of the count. Some sites showed a dominant type (such as Banksia–Dryandra), whilst others had up to six different genera represented. Exactly how and when the biodiversity of Proteaceae in south-western Australia developed is unknown. This work provides a benchmark for comparisons with studied fossil material to unravel patterns of diversity of this family in south-western Australia.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Birds, Fossil South Australia"

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O'Brien, Jane, and n/a. "Tertiary fossil wood in South Eastern Australia." University of Canberra. Applied Science, 1999. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060821.132803.

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Palaeobotany illuminates past environments by relating the fossilised species to the existing geological conditions. This has previously been done with fossilised leaves and spores but not with fossilised wood. The recovery of a significant quantity of wood from an area of Tertiary sediments in New South Wales, enabled the used of fossilised wood as a palaeoenvironmental tool. Tertiary sedimentary deposits of south eastern Australia are diverse lithologically, occupy distinct areas and are limited in vertical and horizontal extent. However, samples in museum collections together with samples from field work and descriptions of fossil wood from previous researchers enabled an analysis of the fossil wood. The geological and palaeontological aspects of the fossil wood were considered for each specimen. Only specimens with precise information concerning location and description of the sedimentary deposits in which the specimens were found were investigated. Lithology, sedimentary structures and the relationship with surrounding geological units were also considered. The samples were then classified and identified. It was possible to identify fossil wood to Family level by comparison with existing taxa. In the majority of cases, identification to species level was not possible due to the lack of detail in the specimen and because features such as colour cannot be used with fossilised specimens. With Australian fossilised wood, a systematic nomenclature based on structure observed within the palaeotaxa, would be more relevant. Comparisons of cell structures with previous work on palaeoenvironmental indicators was found to be possible. Fossil wood has two uses. Firstly, as a local environmental indicator, usually in conjunction with sedimentological data, assessing the rate and direction of water flow, types of depositional environments and localised floral assemblages. Secondly, as an indicator of regional climate. Within any one particular time period, comparisons between the cellular structures of wood found in different parts of south eastern Australia show gross changes in cell size, mean growth ring size and vessel size, which enabled generalisations about climate for each epoch in the Tertiary. Palaeoclimatic indicators from the wood concurred with previous climatic interpretations based on palynology and sedimentology. Cool conditions during the Palaeocene were clearly indicated by small cells and small growth rings which gradually increased throughout the remainder of the Tertiary. Several areas e.g., Dargo High Plains, where cold conditions existed in isolation could be clearly distinguished. This corresponds with the gradual northward movement of the Australian plate with consequent increasing temperatures on the mainland.
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Fuller, Margaret. "Early Cambrian corals from the Moorowie Formation, Eastern Flinders Ranges, South Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SM/09smf967.pdf.

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Schmidt, Rolf. "Eocene bryozoa of the St Vincent Basin, South Australia - taxonomy, biogeography and palaeoenvironments /." Title page, abstract and contents only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs3491.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Discipline of Geology and Geophysics, 2003?
Includes Publication list by the author as appendix A. "July 2003." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 308-324).
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Wragg, Graham M. "The fossil birds of Henderson Island, Pitcairn Group, South Pacific : a chronology of human-caused extinctions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339060.

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Itzstein-Davey, Freea. "Changes in the abundance and diversity of the Proteaceae over the Cainozoic in south-western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0040.

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South-western Australia is a globally significant hotspot of plant species diversity, with high endemism and many rare plant species. Proteaceae is a major component of the south-western flora, though little is known about how its diversity developed. This prompted the present study to investigate changes in the abundance and diversity of Proteaceae, in south-western Australia, by concurrently studying three sediment sequences of different ages over the Cainozoic and a modern pollen rain study. Modern pollen-vegetation relationships in the two Proteaceae species rich nodes of the northern and southern sandplains were quantified. It was found that Proteaceous genera can contribute up to 50% of the total pollen rain. Banksia/Dryandra pollen was the most abundant with Isopogon, Petrophile and Lambertia also commonly noted. The vegetation and environmental setting during three pivotal periods of the Cainozoic: Holocene, Pliocene and Eocene, were investigated. Eocene sediment from Lake Lefroy confirmed the presence of a Nothofagus dominated rainforest in the Middle to Late Eocene. At this time Proteaceae species were at least as diverse as today, if not more so, contributing up to a maximum of 42% of the total pollen rain. Taxa recorded included: Banksieaeidites arcuatus, Propylipollis biporus, Proteacidites confragosus, Proteacidites crassus, Proteacidites nasus and Proteacidites pachypolus. Several taxa remain undescribed and unnamed. This study also identified that Proteaceae pollen representation varies across small lateral distances. Thus as samples varied spatially and temporally, single core samples are not sufficient to identify spatial patterns in Proteaceae or other low pollen producing taxa. Some 7.91 cm of laminated Pliocene sediment from Yallalie, south-western Australia, was also examined. It covers 84 years of record and confirmed other regional reports that south-western Australia was covered by a rich vegetation mosaic consisting of heathy and wet rainforest elements. Although Proteaceae species were a consistent component of the pollen counts, diversity and abundance (maximum of 5%) was low throughout the studied section. Banksia/Dryandra types were most commonly noted. A 2 m core was retrieved from Two Mile Lake, near the Stirling Ranges and provided an early Holocene vegetation history. Geochemical and palynological evidence recorded little change, suggesting the environment of deposition was relatively uniform. Proteaceae species were noted throughout the core, though in low numbers, at a maximum of 3.5 % of the total pollen rain. Banksia/Dryandra was the most abundant while Isopogon, Lambertia, Petrophile and Franklandia were also noted. A regression model was developed through the modern pollen rain study to predict the number of Proteaceae in the vegetation. This was also applied to the fossil pollen records. The estimated number of Proteaceae species in the Eocene suggests a maximum of 20 and a minimum of 10 taxa. For the Pliocene record, an estimated 7 - 9 species was found and for the Holocene pollen, between 7 - 8 were present. Thus the Eocene was similar in Proteaceae diversity to today. The results from the Pliocene and Holocene suggest that Proteaceae diversity was lower than today. Findings of this research indicate that Proteaceae species are an important and consistent component of vegetation in south-western Australia over the Cainozoic. It is likely that both changing pollination mechanisms and changes in associated vegetation are important in the determining the dispersal of Proteaceaous pollen. By understanding how the vegetation has changed and developed in south-western Australia, present vegetation can be managed to include intra-specific variation and ensure the majority of species are conserved for present and future generations to enjoy.
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Gates, Jody. "An ecological study of Bush stone-curlews Burhinus grallarius on Kangaroo Island, South Australia." Title page, abstract and contents only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SM/09smg259.pdf.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-161). Documents the historical distribution and subsequent decline of bush stone-curlews in South Australia, determines their current distribution and status on Kangaroo Island, their home range sizes and movements, the characteristics of foraging habitat, day roost areas and nest sites and the availability of habitat, the diet and food resources, and potential threats to the population. As a result of the findings of this survey, bush stone-curlews have been downgraded from endangered to vulnerable in South Australia.
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Harrison, Sofie Alice. "The influence of seabird-derived nutrients on island ecosystems in the oligotrophic marine waters of south-western Australia." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://portal.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2007.0010.html.

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Wood, Jamie Russell, and n/a. "Pre-settlement paleoecology of Central Otago�s semi-arid lowlands, with emphasis on the pre-settlement role of avian herbivory in South Island dryland ecosystems, New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Geology, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080211.142212.

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The vegetation communities that existed in the semi-arid intermontane basins and gorges of Central Otago prior to human settlement ~750 years B.P. are poorly understood. This is because of a lack of fossil evidence and complex restructuring by anthropogenic factors, especially increased fire frequency, and more recently mammalian grazing. There is also little information regarding the effect of the lost fauna on maintaining and structuring presettlement communities, both in Central Otago and throughout the eastern South Island dryland zone. This study aims to provide a clearer understanding of the functioning of pre-settlement ecosystems in dryland Central Otago, particularly the role of the largest vertebrate herbivores, the moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes), and to explore the implications of the extinct fauna for land conservation management across New Zealand. Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation communities of the Central Otago lowlands were reconstructed from plant macrofossils, including seeds, leaves, and wood, excavated from rockshelter, cave, and swamp deposits throughout the region. The macrofossils represent three main vegetation types: late Pleistocene to mid (late?) Holocene basin floor wetland herb associations, Olearia-shrublands surrounding these wetlands, and mid to late Holocene open scrubland and woodland in gorges and on low altitude slopes, dominated by filiramulate Olearia, Coprosma, and Corokia, with abundant lianes (Muehlenbeckia spp. and Rubus spp.) and understorey herbs. Many native tree and shrub species that are presently widespread in the Central Otago lowlands were rare or absent prior to anthropogenic fires (e.g. Discaria toumatou, Kunzea ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium). Other tree and shrub species once present are now extinct in the region (e.g. Coprosma obconica, Plagianthus regius, Pseudopanax ferox). The loss of these indigenous woody vegetation communities was a major factor contributing to the extirpation of many small bird species, and undoubtedly also reptile and invertebrate species, from the region. Plant macrofossils from rockshelters included remains of bird nests, identifiable by desiccated feathers and eggshell amongst them. These macrofossils include the first described plant remains from the nests of moa, which were constructed from a shallow bed of twigs of locally available shrubs and lianes. Many of the twigs are 25-30 mm in length and show evidence of having been clipped by moa bills. Desiccated coprolites, mostly of moa, but also specimens attributed to Finsch�s duck (Chenonetta finschi) and red-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae), were recovered from rockshelter excavations. Moa species associated with a sample of coprolites were identified using ancient DNA analysis, and plant macrofossils from these were examined, together with previously unexamined moa gizzard content samples excavated from mires in the eastern South Island dryland zone. The results indicate that, in addition to previously reported browsing, upland moa (Megalapteryx didinus) and heavy-footed moa (Pachyornis elephantopus) also functioned as grazers, and seeds in their coprolites are dominantly of low shrubs and ground-cover herbs. Of particular interest was the higher than expected frequency of seeds from the currently rare and threatened 'spring annual' herbs; Ceratocephala pungens and Myosurus minimus subsp. novae-zelandiae (Ranunculaceae), suggesting further research on potential ecological relationships between moa and these plants would be worthwhile. The results of this study have provided a baseline for future conservation and restoration projects in the Central Otago lowlands.
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Reynolds, Timothy Mark. "The feeding ecology of the Adelaide Rosella Platycercus elegans adelaidae in cherry growing districts of the Adelaide Hills." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/110494.

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The specific aims of this study were to 1) gather baseline information on diets of Adelaide rosellas around cherry orchards at different times of the year, 2) determine the importance of cherry primordia relative to other foods in the diet, and 3) investigate some of the factors that might influence food use and food choice (e.g., energy content of foods, accessibility of foods) as precursors for proposing management strategies for reducing damage to cherry buds caused by rosellas.
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2003
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Willoughby, Nigel. "Comparative ecology, and conservation, of the Melithreptus genus in the Southern Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia." 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37786.

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The work presented in this thesis aimed to do the following : 1. investigate the cause of decline of the three Melithreptus species of the Mt Lofty Ranges, with a particular emphasis on M. gularis due to its critical status in the ranges ; 2. investigate the ecology and behaviour of sympatric M. brevirostris and M. lunatus populations in the Mt Lofty Ranges ; and 3. suggest management options for the three species. Further, it became clear through the course of the project that an understanding of the decline in Melithreptus required : 1. comparisons with other honeyeater species, particularly widespread and abundant honeyeater species. Three species of Melithreptus occur in the Mt Lofty Ranges : Brown - headed Honeyeater Melithreptus brevirostris ; White - naped Honeyeater Melithreptus lunatus ; and Black - chinned Honeyeater Melithreptus gularis. Since at least the 1970 ' s all three species have been in decline within the ranges. One species has been reduced in both abundance and distribution within the region ( M. gularis ), while the other two are now recognised as having reduced in abundance. Melithreptus species in the Mt Lofty Ranges are sympatric with strikingly similar ecology. Melithreptus gularis is the largest of the three, while M. brevirostris and M. lunatus are almost identical in weight, feeding behaviour and morphology. Despite their similarities no studies have closely examined their ecology in sympatry and no studies have examined possible causes of their decline. Interspecific competition is thought to be important in the organisation of honeyeater communities. Studies of nectarivore communities suggest a number of ways in which competition causes the component species to partition resources : size ; beak length ; habitat ; and behaviour, which includes a mix of social and feeding strategies. Due to its role in honeyeater community organisation, changed level of interspecific competition has been highlighted as a possible cause of decline in some honeyeater species in the woodlands of southern Australia. Both interference competition and exploitative competition have been highlighted in various situations ( Ford et al. 2001 ). Given the hypothesised role of interspecific competition in the decline of honeyeater species and the declining status of all the Melithreptus in the Mt Lofty Ranges the genus appeared to provide a good basis for examining the hypothesis that interspecific competition is contributing to the decline of some honeyeater species through exclusion from resources and / or reduction in resources available. ( Ford et al. 2001 ) give the following as potential tests for their interspecific competition hypothesis : 1. examine community structure for ' forbidden combinations ' ( pairs of species that rarely occur together ) ; 2. compare time spent in interspecific competition ( interference ), and foraging in fragmented and continuous habitat ; 3. measure seasonal and spatial patterns of resource abundance and depletion ; and 4. remove competitors and observe response in abundance and behaviour of other species. These suggestions form the basis for much of the work presented in this thesis. An initial survey examined not only community structure for forbidden combinations, but also investigated other possible causes of decline, based on literature for both declining woodland birds and Melithreptus. Besides interspecific competition, other possible causes included insufficient preferred habitat, insufficient food resources and landscape fragmentation. Repeated counts of honeyeaters at 90 sites of one hectare in the Mt Lofty Ranges were undertaken over a one year period. Melithreptus lunatus was found to be more abundant where certain eucalypt species occurred ( particularly E. viminalis ), although this was postulated to be a reflection of productive soils. Melithreptus brevirostris was found to be more abundant where Phylidonyris novaehollandiae ( New Holland Honeyeater ) was most abundant, despite P. novaehollandiae also being the most widespread and abundant honeyeater in the Mt Lofty Ranges. Thus, the survey work did not find forbidden combinations of honeyeaters. However , the scale at which the survey work was undertaken ( sites of 1ha ) may have masked any competition between species due to spatial heterogeneity. At the scale of one hectare there is likely to be areas of resource not used by other honeyeaters, allowing Melithreptus to avoid feeding territories of aggressive honeyeaters. Therefore, in order to more thoroughly investigate competition between P. novaehollandiae and Melithreptus, a removal experiment with finer resolution than 1ha was carried out. This demonstrated that P. novaehollandiae do prevent M. lunatus from using certain areas of the landscape. A final examination of interactions between Melithreptus and widespread and abundant honeyeaters was carried out in the form of a survey in which individual trees were watched and visits by honeyeater species timed. Based on observations of Melithreptus, it appeared that generally M. brevirostris groups used a swamping strategy to access defended resources, whereas M. lunatus moved quietly, often as individuals or pairs. Thus the two species were hypothesised to use two different behavioural strategies to access defended resources, termed stealth ( the use of secretive behaviour to access resources that are being protected ) and swamping ( the use of a combined direct approach by a number of individuals to access resources that are being protected ). Based on estimations of the standardised protection of resources for individual trees, M. lunatus were able to access defended resources for longer, while M. brevirostris were able to access better defended resources but for a shorter time. These results were consistent with the hypothesis of two different behavioural strategies for accessing defended resources. Both species may employ both strategies, but M. brevirostris more often use swamping, and M. lunatus more often use stealth. Investigating the morphology of the small honeyeaters of the Mt Lofty Ranges confirmed that size and beak length were important in discriminating between most species. However, these did not provide any basis for separating the Melithreptus. Closer examination of morphology between M. brevirostris and the M. lunatus sexes revealed further similarities to those previously documented. The average values for many morphological attributes of M. brevirostris fell between the average value for the M. lunatus sexes, suggesting that ecologically the three species / sexes formed a continuum. The M. lunatus sexes and M. brevirostris were then referred to as the small Melithreptus guild ( it was not possible to sex M. brevirostris based on the range of attributes measured ). The greatest differences between the small Melithreptus guild were found in wing length and leg morphology. The direction of the differences suggested that M. brevirostris would be more similar to female M. lunatus in movements and more similar to male M. lunatus in foraging behaviour. These two aspects of Melithreptus ecology were the subject of the last and most extensive phase of the project. Movements were investigated for Melithreptus at four sites in the Mt Lofty Ranges using radio - telemetry techniques. Melithreptus were found to use large areas of the landscape and to have large core areas of activity within their home range. Using the same methods confirmed that Melithreptus had larger home ranges ( mean 100 % minimum convex polygon 23 hectares ) than P. novaehollandiae ( mean 100 % MCP 5 hectares ), and larger home ranges than those reported in the literature for other honeyeater species. Data on a single M. gularis ( 100 % MCP 140 hectares ) suggest that this species has even larger home range requirements. Information from colour - banded birds suggests that most M. brevirostris and male M. lunatus had stable core areas of activity over the period of this study, while female M. lunatus were less likely to have stable core areas of activity, particularly during the non - breeding season. A trend in home range and movement data was consistent with the hypothesis that M. brevirostris was more similar to female M. lunatus than to male M. lunatus. Behaviour of Melithreptus and P. novaehollandiae were investigated using time budget techniques. Melithreptus were found to spend most of their day foraging ( up to 84 % ), very little time resting ( as little as 1.8 % ) and very little time in aggression ( as little as 0.6 % ). These values are each within the outer range of results published on other honeyeaters. Melithreptus gularis behaviour was very similar to both M. brevirostris and M. lunatus. Melithreptus appear to forage predominantly from poor quality resources, requiring a large proportion of their time allocated to foraging. The small proportion of time spent resting is probably a result of the time spent foraging. The small proportion of time spent in aggression is partly the result of a lack of aggression by Melithreptus, but is also potentially due to their knowledge of aggression levels within their home range and their use of stealth and swamping. Melithreptus are likely to avoid the most highly protected ( and therefore the most productive ) areas within their home ranges. A trend in behavioural data was consistent with the hypothesis that M. brevirostris was more similar to male M. lunatus than to female M. lunatus. Based on the data collected in this study, Melithreptus in the Mt Lofty Ranges are characterised by : relatively large home range size with core areas that are used over extended periods of time ; similar foraging behaviour and morphology ; lack of aggression ; and ( probably ( complex social behaviour. Their decline in the Mt Lofty Ranges can be attributed to the preferential clearance of their preferred habitat, their requirement for a large home range and their predominant use of poor quality resources, particularly in comparison to other, locally successful honeyeaters. The final aim of this work on Melithreptus honeyeaters in the Mt Lofty Ranges was to provide options for managing remaining Melithreptus populations, in particular M. gularis which according to informed observers is now critically endangered in the region. Due to the extent of habitat clearance in the Mt Lofty Ranges, the decline of Melithreptus will only be addressed in the long term through large scale revegetation projects. Melithreptus requirements in any large scale revegetation are most likely to be met by providing a range of eucalypt species. In the short to medium term, management actions may be needed to prevent the loss of M. gularis from the region. Given the findings of this study, there are few such options available. The management of woody weeds in known Melithreptus home ranges is suggested as one possible management strategy. Melithreptus rarely use a shrub layer for foraging, shelter or nesting, whereas P. novaehollandiae use a shrub layer for each of these activities. Thus, where grassy woodlands have been invaded by woody weeds, P. novaehollandiae potentially have an increased year round presence.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2005.
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Books on the topic "Birds, Fossil South Australia"

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Storr, G. M. Birds of the south-eastern interior of western Australia. Perth, W.A: Western Australian Museum, 1986.

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Storr, G. M. Birds of the South-west Division of Western Australia. Perth, W.A: Western Australian Museum, 1991.

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Wells, R. T. Sthenurus (Macropodidae: Marsupialia) from the Pleistocene of Lake Callabonna, South Australia. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1995.

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Rigby, J. Keith. Late Ordovician sponges from the Malongulli Formation of central New South Wales, Australia. Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A: Paleontolgical Research Institution, 1988.

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Seaways and Landbridges Springerbriefs in Earth System Sciences. Springer, 2012.

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Renard, Julien G. R., Stone Sarah, White John Jr, and F. P. Nodder. Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales: With Sixty-Five Plates of Non Descript Animals, Birds, Lizards, Serpents, Curious Cones of Tress and Other Natural Productions. Edition Renard, 2002.

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Publishing, Standard. Sticker Creatures in Gods World Package of 6: 54 Stickers 6 Each of 9 Designs Jungle Animals and Birds from South America Africa China and Australia M. Standard Publishing Company, 1999.

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Dolby, Tim, and Rohan Clarke. Finding Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486300846.

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Finding Australian Birds is a guide to the special birds found across Australia's vastly varied landscapes. From the eastern rainforests to central deserts, Australia is home to some 900 species of birds. This book covers over 400 Australian bird watching sites conveniently grouped into the best birding areas, from one end of the country to the other. This includes areas such as Kakadu in the Top End and rocky gorges in the central deserts of the Northern Territory, the Great Barrier Reef in Queensland, rainforests distributed along the eastern Australian seaboard, some of the world's tallest forests in Tasmania, the Flinders Ranges and deserts along the iconic Strzelecki and Birdsville Tracks in South Australia, and the mallee temperate woodlands and spectacular coastlines in both Victoria and south west Western Australia. Each chapter begins with a brief description of the location, followed by a section on where to find the birds, which describes specific birdwatching sites within the location's boundaries, and information on accommodation and facilities. The book also provides a comprehensive 'Bird Finding Guide', listing all of Australia's birds with details on their abundance and where exactly to see them. Of value to both Australian birdwatchers and international visitors, this book will assist novices, birders of intermediate skill and keen 'twitchers' to find any Australian species.
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Cameron, Matt. Cockatoos. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643095588.

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Cockatoos are large, intelligent and attractive birds. Of the 21 recognised species, 14 occur in Australia, with three of these also found in New Guinea. Seven species are distributed across the islands of south-east Asia. While many species are common or abundant, an increasing number face extinction due to habitat loss, the illegal bird trade and global warming. Extensively illustrated, Cockatoos looks at the ecology and conservation of these iconic birds, including their evolution, distribution, movements, feeding and reproduction. It examines the pest status of cockatoos, the impact of the illegal bird trade and the role played by aviculturists in cockatoo conservation programs.
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Lindenmayer, David, Damian Michael, Mason Crane, Daniel Florance, and Emma Burns. Restoring Farm Woodlands for Wildlife. CSIRO Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486309658.

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Millions of hectares of temperate woodland and billions of trees have been cleared from Australia’s agricultural landscapes. This has allowed land to be developed for cropping and grazing livestock but has also had significant environmental impacts, including erosion, salinity and loss of native plant and animal species. Restoring Farm Woodlands for Wildlife focuses on why restoration is important and describes best practice approaches to restore farm woodlands for birds, mammals and reptiles. Based on 19 years of long-term research in temperate agricultural south-eastern Australia, this book addresses practical questions such as what, where and how much to plant, ways to manage plantings and how plantings change over time. It will be a key reference for farmers, natural resource management professionals and policy-makers concerned with revegetation and conservation.
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Book chapters on the topic "Birds, Fossil South Australia"

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Westall, Frances. "The Oldest Fossil Mineral Bacteria from the Early Archean of South Africa and Australia." In Exobiology: Matter, Energy, and Information in the Origin and Evolution of Life in the Universe, 181–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5056-9_23.

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Coutin, P. C., and J. Reside. "Fish Predation by Great Cormorants, Phalacrocorax carbo carboides, in the Gippsland Lakes, South-Eastern Australia." In Interactions Between Fish and Birds: Implications for Management, 196–210. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470995372.ch15.

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Godden, Lee. "Energy Justice and Energy Transition in Australia." In Energy Justice and Energy Law, 178–200. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860754.003.0011.

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Australia is in energy transition despite a national policy supportive of fossil fuels. Regional and remote areas, however, remain dependent on fossil fuels, including diesel. Renewable energy is becoming accessible for some regional communities, due to renewable energy incentives. This chapter considers the energy transition in Australia through the energy justice lens. It analyses the distribution of benefits and burdens of energy activities upon remote Indigenous communities, and examines energy price impacts and consumer protection reforms in liberalized electricity markets in the south. The analysis examines how social justice needs to inform the energy transition, also recognising that energy injustice cannot be separated from other social ills, such as poverty and discrimination based on factors including class, race, gender, or indigeneity. It concludes that there are significant protections emerging for energy consumers in the national electricity market, but an inequitable distribution of energy benefits and burdens in remote Aboriginal communities.
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Saha, Sreeparna. "Australia's Bilateral and Multilateral Partnership With South Asian Nations." In Strategic Cooperation and Partnerships Between Australia and South Asia, 23–56. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8657-0.ch002.

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This chapter aims to investigate the potential cooperation between Australia and the SAARC nations to facilitate generation and distribution of energy to better manage this sector and fulfil their commitments towards climate change conditions. As carbon emissions from non-renewables severely threatened the climate conditions, an effective transition to renewable resources is essential. In the Paris Agreement, Australia and SAARC nations committed to reduce their individual carbon emissions. But the SAARC lag in their commitments as they fail to unleash renewables and rely on fossil fuel. Australia leads in renewables, and SAARC provides a large market for it to relate services and technologies and improve energy efficiency and competitiveness. This chapter investigates the opportunities for strategic collaboration between these nations; challenges of energy trading, energy security, inefficient institutions, volatile prices and investment flows, collaborative capacity generation and distribution; and analyses comparative advantages for the countries to have mutually beneficial agreements to meet UNSDGs of affordable clean energy and climate action.
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Cann, John, and Chantelle Lower. "Fossil Molluscs, Foraminifera, Ostracods and Oogonia Record a Coorong History." In Natural History of the Coorong, Lower Lakes, and Murray Mouth region (Yarluwar-Ruwe). Royal Society of South Australia. University of Adelaide Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.20851/natural-history-cllmm-2.5.

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Bennett, Andrew F., and James Q. Radford. "Thresholds, incidence functions, and species-specific cues: responses of woodland birds to landscape structure in south-eastern Australia." In Setting Conservation Targets for Managed Forest Landscapes, 161–84. Cambridge University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139175388.009.

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Meserve, Peter L. "Zoogeography." In The Physical Geography of South America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195313413.003.0015.

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South America forms the greater part of the Neotropical faunal realm, which extends northward through Central America to tropical southern Mexico. Although making up only 12% of the world’s land area, South America is the richest continent for virtually all organismal groups, including vertebrates. For example, of the known 23,250 species of fish (Eschmeyer, 1998), 41% or 9,530 species are freshwater, and of these, more than 2,800 species (29%) are in South America (Moyle and Cech, 2000). A comparable level of diversity exists for amphibians and birds. Of Earth’s 5,900 species of amphibians, at least 1,749 or 30% occur in South America (Duellman, 1999a, 1999b; Köhler et al., 2005; www.amphibiaweb.org). More than 3,200 (or nearly 32%) of Earth’s 9,900 species of birds occur in South America (Sibley and Monroe, 1990). For reptiles and mammals, diversity is only slightly lower; at least 1,560 (19%) of 8,240 reptile species (Uetz and Etzold, 1996; www.reptiledatabase. org), and 1,037 (19%) of 5,416 mammal species (Nowak, 1999; Wilson and Reeder, 2005) are found in South America. Four major geological events or features are important to understanding South America’s contemporary zoogeography. The first was the breakup of Pangea, and then of Gondwana. South America and Africa remained close for an extended period of the Mesozoic, and thus share important similarities in their faunas, including groups not fully evolved at the time of separation. South America also maintained connections to other Gondwanan continents, directly with Antarctica, indirectly with Australia, until the early Cenozoic. The second major feature was South America’s long period of isolation in the Cenozoic, particularly from North America pending establishment of the late Pliocene land bridge after 3 Ma (million years before present). The latter resulted in “The Great American Interchange” (Webb, 1976; Marshall et al., 1982), which had profound consequences for the fauna. The third major feature of South America has been the Andes, which, in addition to modifying climate, have been a center of speciation, a dispersal route, and a barrier. The cordillera has had an overriding effect on distributions and histories of both past and current biotas on the continent.
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"Little was known about MVE virus, its vertebrate hosts or its vectors before the establishment of the Ord River irrigation area. Early serological studies by Stanley and Choo (1961; 1964) on human sera collected in 1960 from Halls Creek in East Kimberley and Derby in West Kimberley had demonstrated that the virus was circulating in these areas. However, no clinical cases of encephalitis had been reported, which may have been due to the small human population in the region prior to 1960, to a lack of awareness by clinicians, to low virus carriage rates in mosquitoes, or to a combination of these factors. Similarly, no cases of encephalitis had been reported in the Northern Territory. The first clinical case of Murray Valley encephalitis (now known as Australian encephalitis) occurred in 1969 (Table 8.1), a fatal case that was acquired by a tourist south of the Ord River irrigation area (Cook et al. 1970). Only limited information was available on the mosquito species prevalent in the Ord River area before 1972, although Culex annulirostris, believed to be the major vector for MVE virus from studies carried out by Doherty and colleagues in north Queensland (Doherty et al. 1963), was found to be present (H. Paterson, personal communication to Stanley 1972), and was the dominant species (H. Paterson, personal communication to Stanley 1975). Thus prior to the completion of stage one of the Ord River irrigation area, serological evidence had been obtained to demonstrate that MVE virus caused subclinical human infections, but no clinical cases had been reported. Between the completion of stage one and stage two, the first clinical case of encephalitis was reported, and limited information on the mosquito fauna was obtained but without details of mosquito numbers or population dynamics. 8.3 Studies on Murray Valley encephalitis from 1972 8.3.1 Early studies, 1972—1976 A series of investigations on the ecology of MVE virus in the Ord River irrigation area and on the effect of the completion of the Ord River dam were initiated by Stanley and colleagues in 1972. The major components comprised: regular mosquito collections obtained just before and immediately after the wet season to determine the number and proportion of each species at different sites, and for isolation of viruses; serological studies of animals and birds to investigate their roles as possible vertebrate or reservoir hosts; and serological studies of the human population, both Caucasian and Aboriginal, to determine subclinical infection rates and to assess potential risks. These studies yielded a number of important findings which have provided the basis for much of our knowledge of MVE ecology in north-western Australia. The major findings were as follows. • Mosquitoes. Using live bait traps to collect mosquitoes, it appeared that there had been a significant increase in mosquito numbers since the construction of the diver-." In Water Resources, 128. CRC Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203027851-21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Birds, Fossil South Australia"

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Hughes, Ian Vincent, Matthew Dzaugis, Peter Dzaugis, James G. Gehling, Shuhai Xiao, and Mary L. Droser. "FOREST OF FOSSIL ALGAE IN THE EDIACARA MEMBER (RAWNSLEY QUARTZITE), SOUTH AUSTRALIA." In 112th Annual GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016cd-274465.

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Betts*, Marissa J., Glenn A. Brock, John R. Paterson, James B. Jago, and Anita S. Andrew. "Integrated Shelly Fossil Biostratigraphy and Carbon and Oxygen Chemostratigraphy: Applying a Multi-Proxy Toolkit to Correlating the Lower Cambrian of South Australia." In International Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia 13-16 September 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2015-2168481.

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Blinderman, Michael S. "The Exergy Underground Coal Gasification Technology as a Source of Superior Fuel for Power Generation." In ASME 2006 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2006-88064.

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Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is a gasification process carried on in non-mined coal seams using injection and production wells drilled from the surface, converting coal in situ into a product gas usable for chemical processes and power generation. The UCG process developed, refined and practiced by Ergo Exergy Technologies is called the Exergy UCG Technology or εUCG® Technology. The εUCG technology is being applied in numerous power generation and chemical projects worldwide. These include power projects in South Africa (1,200 MWe), India (750 MWe), Pakistan, and Canada, as well as chemical projects in Australia and Canada. A number of εUCG based industrial projects are now at a feasibility stage in New Zealand, USA, and Europe. An example of εUCG application is the Chinchilla Project in Australia where the technology demonstrated continuous, consistent production of commercial quantities of quality fuel gas for over 30 months. The project is currently targeting a 24,000 barrel per day synthetic diesel plant based on εUCG syngas supply. The εUCG technology has demonstrated exceptional environmental performance. The εUCG methods and techniques of environmental management are an effective tool to ensure environmental protection during an industrial application. A εUCG-IGCC power plant will generate electricity at a much lower cost than existing or proposed fossil fuel power plants. CO2 emissions of the plant can be reduced to a level 55% less than those of a supercritical coal-fired plant and 25% less than the emissions of NG CC.
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Reports on the topic "Birds, Fossil South Australia"

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Yahav, Shlomo, John McMurtry, and Isaac Plavnik. Thermotolerance Acquisition in Broiler Chickens by Temperature Conditioning Early in Life. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580676.bard.

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The research on thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life was focused on the following objectives: a. To determine the optimal timing and temperature for inducing the thermotolerance, conditioning processes and to define its duration during the first week of life in the broiler chick. b. To investigate the response of skeletal muscle tissue and the gastrointestinal tract to thermal conditioning. This objective was added during the research, to understand the mechanisms related to compensatory growth. c. To evaluate the effect of early thermo conditioning on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during 3 phases: (1) conditioning, (2) compensatory growth, (3) heat challenge. d. To investigate how induction of improved thermotolerance impacts on metabolic fuel and the hormones regulating growth and metabolism. Recent decades have seen significant development in the genetic selection of the meat-type fowl (i.e., broiler chickens); leading to rapid growth and increased feed efficiency, providing the poultry industry with heavy chickens in relatively short growth periods. Such development necessitates parallel increases in the size of visceral systems such as the cardiovascular and the respiratory ones. However, inferior development of such major systems has led to a relatively low capability to balance energy expenditure under extreme conditions. Thus, acute exposure of chickens to extreme conditions (i.e., heat spells) has resulted in major economic losses. Birds are homeotherms, and as such, they are able to maintain their body temperature within a narrow range. To sustain thermal tolerance and avoid the deleterious consequences of thermal stresses, a direct response is elicited: the rapid thermal shock response - thermal conditioning. This technique of temperature conditioning takes advantage of the immaturity of the temperature regulation mechanism in young chicks during their first week of life. Development of this mechanism involves sympathetic neural activity, integration of thermal infom1ation in the hypothalamus, and buildup of the body-to-brain temperature difference, so that the potential for thermotolerance can be incorporated into the developing thermoregulation mechanisms. Thermal conditioning is a unique management tool, which most likely involves hypothalamic them1oregulatory threshold changes that enable chickens, within certain limits, to cope with acute exposure to unexpected hot spells. Short-tem1 exposure to heat stress during the first week of life (37.5+1°C; 70-80% rh; for 24 h at 3 days of age) resulted in growth retardation followed immediately by compensatory growth" which resulted in complete compensation for the loss of weight gain, so that the conditioned chickens achieved higher body weight than that of the controls at 42 days of age. The compensatory growth was partially explained by its dramatic positive effect on the proliferation of muscle satellite cells which are necessary for further muscle hypertrophy. By its significant effect of the morphology and functioning of the gastrointestinal tract during and after using thermal conditioning. The significant effect of thermal conditioning on the chicken thermoregulation was found to be associated with a reduction in heat production and evaporative heat loss, and with an increase in sensible heat loss. It was further accompanied by changes in hormones regulating growth and metabolism These physiological responses may result from possible alterations in PO/AH gene expression patterns (14-3-3e), suggesting a more efficient mechanism to cope with heat stress. Understanding the physiological mechanisms behind thermal conditioning step us forward to elucidate the molecular mechanism behind the PO/AH response, and response of other major organs. The thermal conditioning technique is used now in many countries including Israel, South Korea, Australia, France" Ecuador, China and some places in the USA. The improvement in growth perfom1ance (50-190 g/chicken) and thermotolerance as a result of postnatal thermal conditioning, may initiate a dramatic improvement in the economy of broiler's production.
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