Journal articles on the topic 'Bird swing'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Bird swing.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Bird swing.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Davis, Aaron, James Macnae, and Greg Hodges. "Predictions of bird swing from GPS coordinates." GEOPHYSICS 74, no. 6 (November 2009): F119—F126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3237143.
Full textAbstract:
Bird attitudes, with roll, pitch, and yaw angles, are required for modeling the measured electromagnetic response of the earth. Global Positioning System (GPS) antennas can be used in airborne electromagnetic (AEM) systems to monitor airborne platform attitude and bird maneuver. We have found evidence from photographic sequences that four GPS antennas, three on the bird and one on the aircraft, generally are adequate for angular and altitude geometry control. The mounting system for the bird frame introduces vibration noise. We have developed a model that predicts bird maneuver from the use of GPS antennas already present during routine airborne surveys. The bird motion, whether inline or crossline, is modeled from the difference between the aircraft location and the mean location of the bird. This also accurately predicts the roll of the bird when an inline yoke mounting is used. The minimum number of GPS antennas required to monitor the motion of a cylindrical electromagnetic (EM) bird typical of frequency-domain systems is two, one on the aircraft and one on the bird. We have defined optimum locations of GPS antennas to enable geometric monitoring of towed-bird systems. The findings suggest that the bird be mounted with two aerodynamically efficient GPS antennas, one on the nose and one on the tail. This enables the measurement of the pitch and yaw of the bird, with roll deduced using the third GPS on the helicopter.
2
Evans, Alex. "Wing swing, not shape, is key to bird flight." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 3 (February 1, 2020): jeb211441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.211441.
Full text
3
van Coppenolle, Isabel, and Peter Aerts. "Terrestrial locomotion in the white stork (Ciconia ciconia): spatio-temporal gait characteristics." Animal Biology 54, no. 3 (2004): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570756042484683.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSlender legged stilt birds give the impression of striding more gracefully and more slowly than other bipeds when moving over ground, a behavioural characteristic often thought to be linked to the challenges imposed by walking on tendril stilts. To test the significance of this impression, video sequences (50 Hz) of free ranging storks were digitised and analysed. Spatio-temporal gait characteristics (stride length, step length, stride frequency, duty factor, swing phase duration) were determined and compared with those of other bird species and humans, taking account of speed of locomotion, leg length and body mass. Storks increase their speed mainly by increasing stride frequency, and to a lesser extent by taking longer strides. Step length is nearly independent of speed. As a result, the duty factor decreases when walking faster, becoming somewhat smaller than 0.5 m only at higher speeds. At speeds below 1.3 m/s swing phase duration decreases with increased walking velocity; at higher speeds swing phase duration remains nearly constant. In general, spatio-temporal gait characteristics do not differ in their dimensionless form from those of other bipeds. However, storks definitely walk much slower than would be expected from their size (leg length and mass). This suggests that these slender legged stilt birds, although walking dynamically similarly to other bipeds, do limit their walking speed, probably to avoid excessive musculo-skeletal stresses.
4
Su, Jian-Yuan, Shang-Chieh Ting, Yu-Hung Chang, and Jing-Tang Yang. "A passerine spreads its tail to facilitate a rapid recovery of its body posture during hovering." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 72 (January 18, 2012): 1674–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0737.
Full textAbstract:
We demonstrate experimentally that a passerine exploits tail spreading to intercept the downward flow induced by its wings to facilitate the recovery of its posture. The periodic spreading of its tail by the White-eye bird exhibits a phase correlation with both wingstroke motion and body oscillation during hovering flight. During a downstroke, a White-eye's body undergoes a remarkable pitch-down motion, with the tail undergoing an upward swing. This pitch-down motion becomes appropriately suppressed at the end of the downstroke; the bird's body posture then recovers gradually to its original status. Employing digital particle-image velocimetry, we show that the strong downward flow induced by downstroking the wings serves as an external jet flow impinging upon the tail, providing a depressing force on the tail to counteract the pitch-down motion of the bird's body. Spreading of the tail enhances a rapid recovery of the body posture because increased forces are experienced. The maximum force experienced by a spread tail is approximately 2.6 times that of a non-spread tail.
5
Davis, Aaron C., and James Macnae. "Quantifying AEM system characteristics using a ground loop." GEOPHYSICS 73, no. 4 (July 2008): F179—F188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2943189.
Full textAbstract:
Quantitative interpretation of time-domain airborne electromagnetic (AEM) data is hampered by uncertainty in altimetry, system geometry, transmitter waveform, data averaging, and timing. We present a simple calibration method that serves to define these issues by the use of a closed multiturn loop of known electrical and physical properties that is insulated from the ground beneath it. By predicting the secondary response of the AEM receiver and comparing it with the measured data, we have identified and quantified systematic errors mentioned above in several systems. In addition, we identify an alternative subprocess that uniquely calculates altimeter and geometry errors by measuring the current induced in a ground loop of known properties and comparing it with predictions. The ground-loop method is used best over resistive cover to minimize limitations caused by nonuniform conductive ground and is a calibration tool that makes AEM data consistent with quantitative models. Fluctuating geometric errors caused by bird swing limit the accuracy of applying the geometry corrections from one flyover to an entire survey.
6
Iosilevskii, G. "Forward flight of birds revisited. Part 2: short-term dynamic stability and trim." Royal Society Open Science 1, no. 2 (October 2014): 140249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140249.
Full textAbstract:
Thrust generation by flapping is accompanied by alternating pitching moment. On the down-stroke, it pitches the bird down when the wings are above its centre of gravity and up when they are below; on the up-stroke, the directions reverse. Because the thrust depends not only on the flapping characteristics but also on the angle of attack of the bird's body, interaction between the flapping and body motions may incite a resonance that is similar to the one that causes the swinging of a swing. In fact, it is shown that the equation governing the motion of the bird's body in flapping flight resembles the equation governing the motion of a pendulum with periodically changing length. Large flapping amplitude, low flapping frequency, and excessive tilt of the flapping plane may incite the resonance; coordinated fore–aft motion, that uses the lift to cancel out the moment generated by the thrust, suppresses it. It is probably incited by the tumbler pigeon in its remarkable display of aerobatics. The fore–aft motion that cancels the pitching moment makes the wing tip draw a figure of eight relative to the bird's body when the wings are un-swept, and a ring when the wings are swept back and fold during the upstroke.
7
Daley, Monica A., and Andrew A. Biewener. "Leg muscles that mediate stability: mechanics and control of two distal extensor muscles during obstacle negotiation in the guinea fowl." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1570 (May 27, 2011): 1580–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0338.
Full textAbstract:
Here, we used an obstacle treadmill experiment to investigate the neuromuscular control of locomotion in uneven terrain. We measured in vivo function of two distal muscles of the guinea fowl, lateral gastrocnemius (LG) and digital flexor-IV (DF), during level running, and two uneven terrains, with 5 and 7 cm obstacles. Uneven terrain required one step onto an obstacle every four to five strides. We compared both perturbed and unperturbed strides in uneven terrain to level terrain. When the bird stepped onto an obstacle, the leg became crouched, both muscles acted at longer lengths and produced greater work, and body height increased. Muscle activation increased on obstacle strides in the LG, but not the DF, suggesting a greater reflex contribution to LG. In unperturbed strides in uneven terrain, swing pre-activation of DF increased by 5 per cent compared with level terrain, suggesting feed-forward tuning of leg impedance. Across conditions, the neuromechanical factors in work output differed between the two muscles, probably due to differences in muscle–tendon architecture. LG work depended primarily on fascicle length, whereas DF work depended on both length and velocity during loading. These distal muscles appear to play a critical role in stability by rapidly sensing and responding to altered leg–ground interaction.
8
Kang, Hyun-Mi, Eun-Kyoung Lee, Byung-Min Song, Jipseol Jeong, Hye-Ryoung Kim, Eun-Jin Choi, Yeun-Kyung Shin, Hee-Soo Lee, and Youn-Jeong Lee. "Genetic and pathogenic characteristics of H1 avian and swine influenza A viruses." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 2118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.065524-0.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined the potential for cross-species transmission of influenza viruses by comparing the genetic and pathogenic characteristics of H1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) with different host origins in Korea. Antigenic and phylogenetic analyses of H1 AIVs circulating in Korea provided evidence of genetic similarity between viruses that infect domestic ducks and those that infect wild birds, although there was no relationship between avian and swine viruses. However, there were some relationships between swine and human viral genes. The replication and pathogenicity of the H1 viruses was assessed in chickens, domestic ducks and mice. Viral shedding in chickens was relatively high. Virus was recovered from both oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs up to 5–10 days post-inoculation. The titres of domestic duck viruses in chickens were much higher than those of wild-bird viruses. Both domestic duck and wild-bird viruses replicated poorly in domestic ducks. None of the swine viruses replicated in chickens or domestic ducks; however, six viruses showed relatively high titres in mice, regardless of host origin, and induced clinical signs such as ruffled fur, squatting and weight loss. Thus, although the phylogenetic and antigenic analyses showed no evidence of interspecies transmission between birds and swine, the results suggest that Korean H1 viruses have the potential to cause disease in mammals. Therefore, we should intensify continuous monitoring of avian H1 viruses in mammals and seek to prevent interspecies transmission.
9
BARBER, DAVID A., PETER B. BAHNSON, RICHARD ISAACSON, CARL J. JONES, and RONALD M. WEIGEL. "Distribution of Salmonella in Swine Production Ecosystems." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 1861–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.12.1861.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this 2-year field survey was to sample multiple ecological compartments within swine production systems to identify potential sources of Salmonella infection for swine. Twelve single-site production systems within Illinois were identified by slaughter sampling to have detectable Salmonella in swine and therefore selected for study. There were four visits to each farm during a 5-month period. Fecal samples were obtained from swine and other wild and domestic mammals. Arthropods and environmental samples of feed, water, pen floors, boots, and bird feces were also collected. All 8,066 samples obtained were cultured to detect Salmonella. Salmonella was detected on 11 of the 12 farms. There were 206 positive cultures, including samples from swine (83), pen floors (54), boots (32), flies (16), mice (9), cats (3), and birds (3). Swine shedding Salmonella in feces were detected on 9 of the 12 farms. The more Salmonella-abundant ecological compartments were cats (12% of samples positive), boots (11%), bird feces (8%), flies (6%), and mice (5%); 2.1% of 4,024 swine samples were positive. All 221 feed samples were negative for Salmonella. There was a correlation between a farm having a high prevalence of shedding Salmonella in pigs and a high abundance on pen floors, flies, and boots. The most common serotypes detected were Derby, Agona, Worthington, and Uganda, which were distributed throughout the ecosystem, suggesting widespread transmission across ecological compartments. The ubiquitous distribution of Salmonella suggests that an effective control strategy must target multiple compartments of the swine production ecosystem.
10
Valcic, Miroslav, and Sonja Radojicic. "Influenza - flu." Veterinarski glasnik 64, no. 1-2 (2010): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1002109v.
Full textAbstract:
In epidemiology or in epizootiology, there are some infectious diseases that have potential for significant reduction of the susceptible species population. Over the past few decades, epidemiologists were concentrated on diseases that were 'modern' and made front-page news in tabloids. One should recall diseases like bovine spongiform encephalopathy, SARS and AIDS syndromes. However, we should always be aware of the most dangerous diseases such as our old friend, influenza, or simply, flu. In the past decade, we heard about 'bird' or 'swine' influenza. It is the same disease for different animal species as well as for man. Influenza owes its characteristics to specific virus biology as well as to the epidemiology-epizootiology characteristics of the susceptible species. Antigenic changes that took place thanks to reassortment mechanisms of the viral gene segments cause the onset of the new antigenic combinations of the hemaglutinin and neuraminidase molecules. As a result, new H and/or N antigenic formulas appear for the first time in totally susceptible animal and human populations. That means that in such circumstances, no person in the world is immune to the virus. In that case, such a virus can cause a pandemic with disastrous consequences since influenza is a disease with significant mortality, especially in some segments of the human (as well as animal) population. Birds and swine are virus reservoirs, but these species are at the same time live test tubes in which the virus resides, changes and adapts itself not only to the original species but to other species as well. That means that there is no 'bird' or 'swine' flu. Influenza is an infection of several important animal species as well as man that have potential not only for the reduction of the population size but, in case of the human population, for influencing social and economic life. .
11
Paim, Francine C., Andrew S. Bowman, Lauren Miller, Brandi J. Feehan, Douglas Marthaler, Linda J. Saif, and Anastasia N. Vlasova. "Epidemiology of Deltacoronaviruses (δ-CoV) and Gammacoronaviruses (γ-CoV) in Wild Birds in the United States." Viruses 11, no. 10 (September 26, 2019): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11100897.
Full textAbstract:
Porcine deltacoronavirus (δ-CoV) is the object of extensive research in several countries including the United States. In contrast, the epidemiology of δ-CoVs in wild birds in the US is largely unknown. Our aim was to comparatively assess the prevalence of δ- and γ-CoVs in wild migratory terrestrial and aquatic birds in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee and Wisconsin. A total of 1236 cloacal/fecal swabs collected during the period 2015–2018 were tested for γ- and δ-CoVs using genus-specific reverse transcription-PCR assays. A total of 61 (4.99%) samples were γ-CoV positive, with up to 29 positive samples per state. In contrast, only 14 samples were positive for δ-CoV (1.14%) with only 1–4 originating from the same state. Thus, unlike previous reports from Asia, γ-CoVs are more prevalent than δ-CoVs in the US, suggesting that δ-CoVs may spread in birds with lower efficiency. This may indicate δ-CoV emerging status and incomplete adaptation to new host species limiting its spread. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial N gene revealed that the newly identified δ-CoV strains were most closely related to the HKU20 (wigeon) strain. Further studies are necessary to investigate the role of aquatic bird δ-CoVs in the epidemiology of δ-CoVs in swine and terrestrial birds.
12
Blagodatski, Artem, Kseniya Trutneva, Olga Glazova, Olga Mityaeva, Liudmila Shevkova, Evgenii Kegeles, Nikita Onyanov, et al. "Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus Ecology." Pathogens 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050630.
Full textAbstract:
Avian influenza is one of the largest known threats to domestic poultry. Influenza outbreaks on poultry farms typically lead to the complete slaughter of the entire domestic bird population, causing severe economic losses worldwide. Moreover, there are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains that are able to infect the swine or human population in addition to their primary avian host and, as such, have the potential of being a global zoonotic and pandemic threat. Migratory birds, especially waterfowl, are a natural reservoir of the avian influenza virus; they carry and exchange different virus strains along their migration routes, leading to antigenic drift and antigenic shift, which results in the emergence of novel HPAI viruses. This requires monitoring over time and in different locations to allow for the upkeep of relevant knowledge on avian influenza virus evolution and the prevention of novel epizootic and epidemic outbreaks. In this review, we assess the role of migratory birds in the spread and introduction of influenza strains on a global level, based on recent data. Our analysis sheds light on the details of viral dissemination linked to avian migration, the viral exchange between migratory waterfowl and domestic poultry, virus ecology in general, and viral evolution as a process tightly linked to bird migration. We also provide insight into methods used to detect and quantify avian influenza in the wild. This review may be beneficial for the influenza research community and may pave the way to novel strategies of avian influenza and HPAI zoonosis outbreak monitoring and prevention.
13
Ninov, Kerli, Mônica Corrêa Ledur, Helena Javiel Alves, Millor Fernandes do Rosário, Kátia Nones, and Luiz Lehmann Coutinho. "Investigation of Leptin gene in broiler and layer chicken lines." Scientia Agricola 65, no. 2 (April 2008): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162008000200016.
Full textAbstract:
Leptin, a polypeptide hormone secreted mainly by adipose tissue, plays an important role in feed intake regulation, energy metabolism and reproduction in several species. Its function has been intensively studied in mammals; however, in birds limited information is available. The cDNA sequence for chicken leptin has been reported, and high hepatic expression levels of leptin were associated with fat deposition in selected bird lines. However, controversies still remain concerning to the chicken leptin gene and several authors failed to amplify this gene from genomic DNA or cDNA. In view of this controversy and the importance of this gene, the present study aimed to investigate the leptin gene in a population of birds developed by Embrapa Swine and Poultry Research Center (Brazil). First of all, the sequences of Gallus gallus leptin gene (GenBank AF012727) and Mus musculus (GenBank NM_008493) were aligned with the objective of designing primers in conserved regions among the two species, since 94.6% of similarity is described in the literature in those species. For all four pairs of primers designed, several amplification tests were performed with both DNA and cDNA, but neither unique fragment nor expected band size was ever achieved. The leptin sequence in GenBank does not represent the sequence of the chicken leptin gene.
14
Neupane, D., M. Karki, and S. B. Shrestha. "Intensive Management of New Hampshire and Giriraja Chickens for Generating Premium Cash Income." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 15, no. 2 (February 15, 2015): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i2.12109.
Full textAbstract:
Comparative performance of New Hampshire and Giriraja breeds of chicken was studied at Swine and Avian Research Program, Khumaltar. The data on feed intake, weight gain and mortality of the chicks were recorded up to 12 weeks of age. All the experimental birds were reared with commercial broilers feed (Pancha Ratna feed) under similar management. Significant (<0.01) effect of breed on body weight was observed with Giriraja showing superior to New Hampshire. Effect of sex on body weight was also found significant (P<0.01). At twelve-week of age, higher body weight was observed for Giriraja male (2082 g) followed by Giriraja female (1655 g), New Hampshire male (1338 g) and New Hampshire female (1051 g) with cumulative FCR of 3.40,3.78,3.87 and 3.90 respectively. Irrespective of sex, Giriraja exhibited better FCR than New Hampshire at all weeks of rearing. The cumulative mortality was found as 6.21% and 12.25% for New Hampshire and Giriraja respectively. Up to 12 weeks of rearing, higher saving per bird was observed in Giriraja (Rs132.39) than that of New Hampshire (Rs 67.09). The findings of this study revealed that these dual-purpose breeds have potentiality to be competitive meat producers in intensive management. Giriraja is better than New Hampshire in terms of higher growth, better feed efficiency and saving per birds but need for proper health management particularly in the early growth stage. Looking at the havier body weight with having better feed efficiency and higher saving per bird of 12 week rearing, Giriraja could be the choice of economical viable intensive farming for generating premium cash income whereas New Hampshire appears to be suitable for scavenging and semi- scavenging management.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/njst.v15i2.12109Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 15, No.2 (2014) 23-28
15
Seymour, C., R. G. Lewis, M. Kim, D. F. Gagnon, J. G. Fox, F. E. Dewhirst, and B. J. Paster. "Isolation of Helicobacter strains from wild bird and swine feces." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, no. 3 (1994): 1025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.3.1025-1028.1994.
Full text
16
Bentley, R. Alexander, and Paul Ormerod. "Social versus independent interest in 'bird flu' and 'swine flu'." PLoS Currents 1 (September 3, 2009): RRN1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/currents.rrn1036.
Full text
17
Bhatt, S., T. T. Lam, S. J. Lycett, A. J. Leigh Brown, T. A. Bowden, E. C. Holmes, Y. Guan, et al. "The evolutionary dynamics of influenza A virus adaptation to mammalian hosts." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1614 (March 19, 2013): 20120382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0382.
Full textAbstract:
Few questions on infectious disease are more important than understanding how and why avian influenza A viruses successfully emerge in mammalian populations, yet little is known about the rate and nature of the virus’ genetic adaptation in new hosts. Here, we measure, for the first time, the genomic rate of adaptive evolution of swine influenza viruses (SwIV) that originated in birds. By using a curated dataset of more than 24 000 human and swine influenza gene sequences, including 41 newly characterized genomes, we reconstructed the adaptive dynamics of three major SwIV lineages (Eurasian, EA; classical swine, CS; triple reassortant, TR). We found that, following the transfer of the EA lineage from birds to swine in the late 1970s, EA virus genes have undergone substantially faster adaptive evolution than those of the CS lineage, which had circulated among swine for decades. Further, the adaptation rates of the EA lineage antigenic haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes were unexpectedly high and similar to those observed in human influenza A. We show that the successful establishment of avian influenza viruses in swine is associated with raised adaptive evolution across the entire genome for many years after zoonosis, reflecting the contribution of multiple mutations to the coordinated optimization of viral fitness in a new environment. This dynamics is replicated independently in the polymerase genes of the TR lineage, which established in swine following separate transmission from non-swine hosts.
18
WRIGHT, S. L., D. K. CARVER, R. M. SILETZKY, S. ROMINE, W. E. M. MORROW, and S. KATHARIOU. "Longitudinal Study of Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from Turkeys and Swine Grown in Close Proximity." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.9.1791.
Full textAbstract:
Eastern North Carolina is a major contributor to both turkey and swine production in the United States. In this region, turkeys and swine are frequently grown in close proximity and by common growers. To further characterize colonization of turkeys and swine with Campylobacter in such a setting, we investigated the prevalence of thermophilic campylobacters in eight paired operations involving turkey farms in close proximity to finishing swine farms. All 15 surveyed flocks and 15 herds were Campylobacter positive at one or more sampling times. Campylobacter was isolated from 1,310 (87%) of the 1,512 turkey samples and 1,116 (77%) of the 1,448 swine samples. Most (>99%) campylobacters from swine samples were Campylobacter coli, found in 59 to 97% of the samples from the different herds. Both Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli were recovered from the turkey flocks (overall prevalences of 52 and 35%, respectively). Prevalence among flocks ranged from 31 to 86% for C. jejuni and 0 to 67% for C. coli, and both species were recovered from most flocks. Relative prevalence of C. coli was higher in young birds (brooders), whereas C. jejuni predominated in grow-out birds (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of C. coli in a swine herd was generally not a good predictor for prevalence of this species in the corresponding turkey flock. These findings indicate that even though turkeys and swine grown in proximity to each other were commonly colonized with thermophilic campylobacters, the relative prevalences of C. jejuni and C. coli appear to be host associated.
19
Cottom, T. L. "Using SWIG to bind C++ to python." Computing in Science & Engineering 5, no. 2 (March 2003): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcise.2003.1182968.
Full text
20
Zhu, Zhaozhong, Yunshi Fan, Yang Liu, Taijiao Jiang, Yang Cao, and Yousong Peng. "Prediction of antiviral drugs against African swine fever viruses based on protein–protein interaction analysis." PeerJ 8 (April 1, 2020): e8855. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8855.
Full textAbstract:
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) has severely influenced the swine industry of the world. Unfortunately, there is currently no effective antiviral drug or vaccine against the virus. Identification of new anti-ASFV drugs is urgently needed. Here, an up-to-date set of protein–protein interactions between ASFV and swine were curated by integration of protein–protein interactions from multiple sources. Thirty-eight swine proteins were observed to interact with ASFVs and were defined as ASFV-interacting swine proteins. The ASFV-interacting swine proteins were found to play a central role in the swine protein–protein interaction network, with significant larger degree, betweenness and smaller shortest path length than other swine proteins. Some of ASFV-interacting swine proteins also interacted with several other viruses and could be taken as potential targets of drugs for broad-spectrum effect, such as HSP90AB1. Finally, the antiviral drugs which targeted ASFV-interacting swine proteins and ASFV proteins were predicted. Several drugs with either broad-spectrum effect or high specificity on ASFV-interacting swine proteins were identified, such as Polaprezinc and Geldanamycin. Structural modeling and molecular dynamics simulation showed that Geldanamycin could bind with swine HSP90AB1 stably. This work could not only deepen our understanding towards the ASFV-swine interactions, but also help for the development of effective antiviral drugs against the ASFVs.
21
Kamata, Tetsuji, Makoto Handa, Yohko Kawai, Yasuo Ikeda, and Sadakazu Aiso. "Divalent Cations Define the Structural Requirements for αIIbβ3 Integrin Activation." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.260.260.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Abstract 260 Platelet αIIbβ3 integrin undergoes structural rearrangements to increase the affinity for ligands. Two major changes in integrin three-dimensional structure are critical for this activation process. One is the straightening of integrin legs (extension), and the other is the swing out movement of the β3 hybrid domain (swing-out). In this study, we have found that this structural requirement for activation differs depending upon the divalent cations present. We previously reported that the swing-out-defective mutant αIIbD319C/β3V359C did not bind fibrinogen in the presence of Ca2+/Mg2+. However, the same mutant bound fibrinogen in the presence of Mn2+, when activated by monoclonal antibody PT25-2 or by forcing the integrin legs to extend by concomitant αIIbQ595NTT mutation. We engineered another mutation that was designed specifically to prevent the swing-out. Likewise, this β3G327C/β3V419C mutation blocked fibrinogen binding in the presence of Ca2+/Mg2+, but not in the presence of Mn2+. On the other hand, when integrin extension was specifically prevented by αIIbD464C/αIIbS728C mutation, fibrinogen binding was observed neither in the presence of Ca2+/Mg2+ nor in Mn2+. Thus, swing-out is not essential for activation in Mn2+, as long as integrin legs are in extended state, while both swing-out and extension are required in Ca2+/Mg2+. To explore the underlying mechanism originating this difference, three distinct cation-binding sites in the βA domain were mutated. Among the three sites, MIDAS is occupied by Mg2+, while ADMIDAS and LIMBS/SyMBS are occupied by Ca2+ in Ca2+/Mg2+ condition. When amino acid residues composing these sites were mutated to Ala, none of them bound fibrinogen, except for D126A and D127A in the presence of Ca2+/Mg2+. Notably, these mutations restored fibrinogen binding in the swing-out-defective mutant. Amino acid residues D126 and D127 compose ADMIDAS together with S123 and M335. Swing-out of the hybrid domain disrupts M335 from ADMIDAS. This allows Ca2+ to move toward MIDAS, bringing the β1-α1 loop closer to ligand to provide contact site. However, similar rearrangement of the cation/ligand binding sites has been shown to take place in Mn2+ without the swing-out. The results suggest partial disruption of ADMIDAS is the key event for activation in Ca2+/Mg2+, while it is not so in Mn2+. Our results may reconcile the dispute over the apparently contradicting findings in the crystal structure that integrin with a closed head with Mn2+ represents an active conformation as one with an open head with Ca2+/Mg2+. Disclosures: Kawai: Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy; Bayer: Consultancy; Toyama Chemical: Consultancy.
22
Strohmeier, Shirin, Fatima Amanat, and Florian Krammer. "Cross-Reactive Antibodies Binding to the Influenza Virus Subtype H11 Hemagglutinin." Pathogens 8, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040199.
Full textAbstract:
H11 subtype influenza viruses were isolated from a wide range of bird species and one strain also was isolated from swine. In an effort to generate reagents for a chimeric H11/1 hemagglutinin-based universal influenza virus vaccine candidate, we produced 28 monoclonal antibodies that recognize the H11 HA subtype. Here we characterized these antibodies in terms of binding breadth and functionality. We found that the antibodies bind broadly to North American and Eurasian lineage isolates and also show broad neutralizing activity, suggesting that immunogenic epitopes on the H11 head domain are not under strong pressure from immunity in the natural reservoir. Furthermore, we found that the antibodies were highly hemagglutination inhibition active against the homologous chimeric H11/1N1 virus, but approximately 50% lost this activity when tested against a virus expressing the same the full length H11 HA of which the head domain is present on cH11/1 HA. Furthermore, while strong neutralizing activity was found to a genetically distant North American lineage H11 isolate, little hemagglutination inhibition activity was detected. This suggests that small structural changes between wild type H11 and cH11/1 as well as between Eurasian and North American lineage H11 HAs can strongly influence the functionality of the isolated monoclonal antibodies.
23
Matrosovich, Mikhail, Alexander Tuzikov, Nikolai Bovin, Alexandra Gambaryan, Alexander Klimov, Maria R. Castrucci, Isabella Donatelli, and Yoshihiro Kawaoka. "Early Alterations of the Receptor-Binding Properties of H1, H2, and H3 Avian Influenza Virus Hemagglutinins after Their Introduction into Mammals." Journal of Virology 74, no. 18 (September 15, 2000): 8502–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.18.8502-8512.2000.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Interspecies transmission of influenza A viruses circulating in wild aquatic birds occasionally results in influenza outbreaks in mammals, including humans. To identify early changes in the receptor binding properties of the avian virus hemagglutinin (HA) after interspecies transmission and to determine the amino acid substitutions responsible for these alterations, we studied the HAs of the initial isolates from the human pandemics of 1957 (H2N2) and 1968 (H3N2), the European swine epizootic of 1979 (H1N1), and the seal epizootic of 1992 (H3N3), all of which were caused by the introduction of avian virus HAs into these species. The viruses were assayed for their ability to bind the synthetic sialylglycopolymers 3′SL-PAA and 6′SLN-PAA, which contained, respectively, 3′-sialyllactose (the receptor determinant preferentially recognized by avian influenza viruses) and 6′-sialyl(N-acetyllactosamine) (the receptor determinant for human viruses). Avian and seal viruses bound 6′SLN-PAA very weakly, whereas the earliest available human and swine epidemic viruses bound this polymer with a higher affinity. For the H2 and H3 strains, a single mutation, 226Q→L, increased binding to 6′SLN-PAA, while among H1 swine viruses, the 190E→D and 225G→E mutations in the HA appeared important for the increased affinity of the viruses for 6′SLN-PAA. Amino acid substitutions at positions 190 and 225 with respect to the avian virus consensus sequence are also present in H1 human viruses, including those that circulated in 1918, suggesting that substitutions at these positions are important for the generation of H1 human pandemic strains. These results show that the receptor-binding specificity of the HA is altered early after the transmission of an avian virus to humans and pigs and, therefore, may be a prerequisite for the highly effective replication and spread which characterize epidemic strains.
24
Bateman, Allen C., Marc G. Busch, Alexander I. Karasin, Nicolai Bovin, and Christopher W. Olsen. "Amino Acid 226 in the Hemagglutinin of H4N6 Influenza Virus Determines Binding Affinity for α2,6-Linked Sialic Acid and Infectivity Levels in Primary Swine and Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells." Journal of Virology 82, no. 16 (June 11, 2008): 8204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00718-08.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Avian lineage H4N6 influenza viruses previously isolated from pigs differ at hemagglutinin amino acids 226 and 228 from H4 subtype viruses isolated from birds. Using a parental H4N6 swine isolate and hemagglutinin mutant viruses (at residues 226 and/or 228), we determined that viruses which contain L226 had a higher affinity for sialic acid α2,6 galactose (SAα2,6Gal) and a higher infectivity level for primary swine and human respiratory epithelial cells, whereas viruses which contain Q226 had lower SAα2,6Gal affinity and lower infectivity levels for both types of cells. Using specific neuraminidases, we found that irrespective of their relative binding preferences, all of the influenza viruses examined utilized SAα2,6Gal to infect swine and human cells.
25
Seymour, Lisa M., Linda Falconer, Ania T. Deutscher, F. Chris Minion, Matthew P. Padula, Nicholas E. Dixon, Steven P. Djordjevic, and Mark J. Walker. "Mhp107 Is a Member of the Multifunctional Adhesin Family of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae." Journal of Biological Chemistry 286, no. 12 (January 18, 2011): 10097–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m110.208140.
Full textAbstract:
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative pathogen of porcine enzootic pneumonia, an economically significant disease that disrupts the mucociliary escalator in the swine respiratory tract. Expression of Mhp107, a P97 paralog encoded by the gene mhp107, was confirmed using ESI-MS/MS. To investigate the function of Mhp107, three recombinant proteins, F1Mhp107, F2Mhp107, and F3Mhp107, spanning the N-terminal, central, and C-terminal regions of Mhp107 were constructed. Colonization of swine by M. hyopneumoniae requires adherence of the bacterium to ciliated cells of the respiratory tract. Recent studies have identified a number of M. hyopneumoniae adhesins that bind heparin, fibronectin, and plasminogen. F1Mhp107 was found to bind porcine heparin (KD ∼90 nm) in a dose-dependent and saturable manner, whereas F3Mhp107 bound fibronectin (KD ∼180 nm) at physiologically relevant concentrations. F1Mhp107 also bound porcine plasminogen (KD = 24 nm) in a dose-dependent and physiologically relevant manner. Microspheres coated with F3Mhp107 mediate adherence to porcine kidney epithelial-like (PK15) cells, and all three recombinant proteins (F1Mhp107-F3Mhp107) bound swine respiratory cilia. Together, these findings indicate that Mhp107 is a member of the multifunctional M. hyopneumoniae adhesin family of surface proteins and contributes to both adherence to the host and pathogenesis.
26
Vuono, Elizabeth A., Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina, Keith Berggren, Ayushi Rai, Sarah Pruitt, Ediane Silva, Lauro Velazquez-Salinas, Douglas P. Gladue, and Manuel V. Borca. "Swine Host Protein Coiled-Coil Domain-Containing 115 (CCDC115) Interacts with Classical Swine Fever Virus Structural Glycoprotein E2 during Virus Replication." Viruses 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12040388.
Full textAbstract:
Interactions between the major structural glycoprotein E2 of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) with host proteins have been identified as important factors affecting virus replication and virulence. Previously, using the yeast two-hybrid system, we identified swine host proteins specifically interacting with CSFV E2. In this report, we use a proximity ligation assay to demonstrate that swine host protein CCDC115 interacts with E2 in CSFV-infected swine cells. Using a randomly mutated E2 library in the context of a yeast two-hybrid methodology, specific amino acid mutations in the CSFV E2 protein responsible for disrupting the interaction with CCDC115 were identified. A recombinant CSFV mutant (E2ΔCCDC115v) harboring amino acid changes disrupting the E2 protein interaction with CCDC115 was produced and used as a tool to assess the role of the E2–CCDC115 interaction in viral replication and virulence in swine. CSFV E2ΔCCDC115v showed a slightly decreased ability to replicate in the SK6 swine cell line and a greater replication defect in primary swine macrophage cultures. A decreased E2–CCDC115 interaction detected by PLA is observed in cells infected with E2ΔCCDC115v. Importantly, animals intranasally infected with 105 TCID50 of E2ΔCCDC115v experienced a significantly longer survival period when compared with those infected with the parental Brescia strain. This result would indicate that the ability of CSFV E2 to bind host CCDC115 protein during infection plays an important role in virus replication in swine macrophages and in virus virulence during the infection in domestic swine.
27
Poulson, R. L., S. M. Tompkins, R. D. Berghaus, J. D. Brown, and D. E. Stallknecht. "Environmental Stability of Swine and Human Pandemic Influenza Viruses in Water under Variable Conditions of Temperature, Salinity, and pH." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 13 (April 15, 2016): 3721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00133-16.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe movement of influenza A viruses (IAVs) from wild bird reservoirs to domestic animals and humans is well established, but the transmission mechanisms that facilitate efficient movement across and within these host populations are not fully defined. Although predominant routes of transmission vary between host populations, the extent of environmental stability needed for efficient IAV transmission also may vary. Because of this, we hypothesized that virus stability would differ in response to varied host-related transmission mechanisms; if correct, such phenotypic variation might represent a potential marker for the emergence of novel animal or human influenza viruses. Here, the objective was to evaluate the ability of eight swine and six human IAV isolates to remain infective under various pH, temperature, and salinity conditions using a preestablished distilled water system. Swine and human viruses persisted longest at near-neutral pH, at cold temperatures, or under “freshwater” conditions. Additionally, no significant differences in persistence were observed between pandemic and nonpandemic IAVs. Our results indicate that there have been no apparent changes in the environmental stability of the viruses related to host adaptation.IMPORTANCEThis study assessed the environmental stability of eight swine and six human influenza A viruses (IAVs), including viruses associated with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, in a distilled water system. The important findings of this work are that IAV persistence can be affected by environmental variables and that no marked changes were noted between human and swine IAVs or between pandemic and nonpandemic IAVs.
28
Müller, R., A. V. Birn-Jeffery, and Y. Blum. "Human and avian running on uneven ground: a model-based comparison." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 122 (September 2016): 20160529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0529.
Full textAbstract:
Birds and humans are successful bipedal runners, who have individually evolved bipedalism, but the extent of the similarities and differences of their bipedal locomotion is unknown. In turn, the anatomical differences of their locomotor systems complicate direct comparisons. However, a simplifying mechanical model, such as the conservative spring–mass model, can be used to describe both avian and human running and thus, provides a way to compare the locomotor strategies that birds and humans use when running on level and uneven ground. Although humans run with significantly steeper leg angles at touchdown and stiffer legs when compared with cursorial ground birds, swing-leg adaptations (leg angle and leg length kinematics) used by birds and humans while running appear similar across all types of uneven ground. Nevertheless, owing to morphological restrictions, the crouched avian leg has a greater range of leg angle and leg length adaptations when coping with drops and downward steps than the straight human leg. On the other hand, the straight human leg seems to use leg stiffness adaptation when coping with obstacles and upward steps unlike the crouched avian leg posture.
29
Kaden, V., E. Lange, H. Steyer, W. Bruer, and CH Langner. "Role of birds in transmission of classical swine fever virus." Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 50, no. 7 (September 2003): 357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0450.2003.00670.x.
Full text
30
Mirajkar, Nandita S., Aschalew Z. Bekele, Yogesh Y. Chander, and Connie J. Gebhart. "Molecular Epidemiology of Novel Pathogen “Brachyspira hampsonii” Reveals Relationships between Diverse Genetic Groups, Regions, Host Species, and Other Pathogenic and Commensal Brachyspira Species." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, no. 9 (July 1, 2015): 2908–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01236-15.
Full textAbstract:
Outbreaks of bloody diarrhea in swine herds in the late 2000s signaled the reemergence of an economically significant disease, swine dysentery, in the United States. Investigations confirmed the emergence of a novel spirochete in swine, provisionally designated “Brachyspira hampsonii,” with two genetically distinct clades. Although it has since been detected in swine and migratory birds in Europe and North America, little is known about its genetic diversity or its relationships with otherBrachyspiraspecies. This study characterizesB. hampsoniiusing a newly developed multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach and elucidates the diversity, distribution, population structure, and genetic relationships of this pathogen from diverse epidemiological sources globally. Genetic characterization of 81B. hampsoniiisolates, originating from six countries, with our newly established MLST scheme identified a total of 20 sequence types (STs) belonging to three clonal complexes (CCs).B. hampsoniishowed a heterogeneous population structure with evidence of microevolution locally in swine production systems, while its clustering patterns showed associations with its epidemiological origins (country, swine production system, and host species). The close genetic relatedness ofB. hampsoniiisolates from different countries and host species highlights the importance of strict biosecurity control measures. A comparative analysis of 430 isolates representing sevenBrachyspiraspecies (pathogens and commensals) from 19 countries and 10 host species depicted clustering by microbial species. It revealed the close genetic relatedness ofB. hampsoniiwith commensalBrachyspiraspecies and also provided support for the two clades ofB. hampsoniito be considered a single species.
31
Kuitio, Chakpetch, Kiattawee Choowongkomon, and Peter A. Lieberzeit. "Aptamer-Based QCM-Sensor for Rapid Detection of PRRS Virus." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (November 12, 2018): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2131038.
Full textAbstract:
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is caused by an RNA virus and has substantial economic impact on swine industry. Screening pigs for infection is the best way to prevent spreading the disease. For that purpose, we developed biosensors based on aptamers, i.e., short ss-DNA that can bind to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The present study, demonstrates selectivity and sensitivity of PRRSV aptamer (7R) by the means of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements. The respective results show that 7R aptamer indeed binds to samples containing around 1010 PRRSV virus particles, but not to Pseudorabies virus (PRV) and Classical swine fever virus (CSFV).
32
Kilbourne, Brandon M., Emanuel Andrada, Martin S. Fischer, and John A. Nyakatura. "Morphology and motion: hindlimb proportions and swing phase kinematics in terrestrially locomoting charadriiform birds." Journal of Experimental Biology 219, no. 9 (March 4, 2016): 1405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.124081.
Full text
33
Adelstein, Bernard D., Eric R. Johnston, and Stephen R. Ellis. "Dynamic Response of Electromagnetic Spatial Displacement Trackers." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 5, no. 3 (January 1996): 302–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres.1996.5.3.302.
Full textAbstract:
Overall system latency—the elapsed time from input human motion until the immediate consequences of that input are available in the display—is one of the most frequently cited shortcoming of current virtual environment (VE) technology. Given that spatial displacement trackers are employed to monitor head and hand position and orientation in many VE applications, the dynamic response intrinsic to these devices is an unavoidable contributor to overall system latency. In this paper, we describe a testbed and method for measurement of tracker dynamic response that use a motorized rotary swing arm to sinusoidally displace the VE sensor at a number of frequencies spanning the bandwidth of volitional human movement. During the tests, actual swing arm angle and VE sensor reports are collected and time stamped. By calibrating the time stamping technique, the tracker's internal transduction and processing time are separated from data transfer and host computer software execution latencies. We have used this test-bed to examine several VE sensors—most recently to compare latency, gain, and noise characteristics of two commercially available electromagnetic trackers: Ascension Technology Corp.'s Flock of Birds™ and Polhemus Inc.'s Fastrak™.
34
Van REETH, K., A. De VLEESCHAUWER, and C. S. KYRIAKIS. "Influenza in birds, pigs and humans: how strong is the species barrier?" Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 58, no. 3 (November 24, 2017): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14986.
Full textAbstract:
The recent epizootics of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in poultry and the occasional infections of humans and other mammals, including pigs and felines, have alerted the international scientific community. New questions over the interspecies transmission of influenza viruses have been raised and the role of the pig as a "mixing vessel" of avian and human viruses has been criticized. The major aim of this review is to evaluate the zoonotic potential of avian and swine influenza. Interspecies transmissions of influenza viruses are rare virus-evolution events and very few viruses have succeeded to become established in new host species. Until the appearance of the H5N1 virus in 1996 only 3 cases of humans infected with avian viruses were recorded. The lack of human-to-human transmission of H5N1 demonstrates that extensive changes in the virus genome are required in order to overcome the species barrier. Although avian influenza viruses have been isolated from pigs, only in one occasion an avian H I N I virus transmitted from wild ducks to pigs was able to further spread in the swine population. The susceptibility of swine to highly and low pathogenic avian viruses has been confirmed in experimental studies, but pig-to-pig transmission has not been demonstrated. Experimental and natural transmission of highly pathogenic avian viruses to felines, mice, ferrets and maqacues are also discussed, showing the major differences in the virus pathogenesis among different mammalian species. The study of this pathogenesis may offer insights to the reasons of limited virus spread within a new host. We may conclude that, contrary to common believes, the species barrier remains a serious obstacle for the spread of novel influenza viruses in new host species, including humans. Our experience with H5N1 and H7N7 has tested old established theories, proving them insufficient. Further study of the factors which influence and limit the transmission of influenza viruses from one species to another is needed to better understand and evaluate the risk of the emergence of new pandemic influenza viruses.
35
Wickham, L. L., R. M. Bauersachs, R. B. Wenby, S. Sowemimo-Coker, H. J. Meiselman, and R. Elsner. "Red cell aggregation and viscoelasticity of blood from seals, swine and man." Biorheology 27, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bir-1990-27205.
Full text
36
Vuono, Elizabeth A., Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina, Paul Azzinaro, Keith A. Berggren, Ayushi Rai, Sarah Pruitt, Ediane Silva, Lauro Velazquez-Salinas, Manuel V. Borca, and Douglas P. Gladue. "SERTA Domain Containing Protein 1 (SERTAD1) Interacts with Classical Swine Fever Virus Structural Glycoprotein E2, Which Is Involved in Virus Virulence in Swine." Viruses 12, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12040421.
Full textAbstract:
E2 is the major structural glycoprotein of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV). E2 has been shown to be involved in important virus functions such as replication and virulence in swine. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we previously identified several host proteins specifically interacting with CSFV E2. Here, we analyze the protein interaction of E2 with SERTA domain containing protein 1 (SERTAD1), a factor involved in the stimulation of the transcriptional activities of different host genes. We have confirmed that the interaction between these two proteins occurs in CSFV-infected swine cells by using a proximity ligation assay and confocal microscopy. Amino acid residues in the CSFV E2 protein that are responsible for mediating the interaction with SERTAD1 were mapped by a yeast two-hybrid approach using a randomly mutated E2 library. Using that information, a recombinant CSFV mutant (E2ΔSERTAD1v) that harbors substitutions in those residues mediating the protein-interaction with SERTAD1 was developed and used to study the role of the E2-SERTAD1 interaction in viral replication and virulence in swine. CSFV E2ΔSERTAD1v, when compared to the parental BICv, showed a clearly decreased ability to replicate in the SK6 swine cell line and a more severe replication defect in primary swine macrophage cultures. Importantly, 80% of animals infected with E2ΔSERTAD1v survived infection, remaining clinically normal during the 21-day observational period. This result would indicate that the ability of CSFV E2 to bind host SERTAD1 protein during infection plays a critical role in virus virulence.
37
King, Chwan-Chuen, Yi-Jen Liao, Hui-Lin Yen, Ming-Chu Cheng, Ching-Ping Tsai, Chuan-Liang Kao, Tsung-Shu Wu, et al. "Influenza pandemic plan: integrated wild bird/domestic avian/swine/human flu surveillance systems in Taiwan." International Congress Series 1263 (June 2004): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2004.02.018.
Full text
38
Chauhan, Ravendra P., and Michelle L. Gordon. "A Systematic Review Analyzing the Prevalence and Circulation of Influenza Viruses in Swine Population Worldwide." Pathogens 9, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9050355.
Full textAbstract:
The global anxiety and a significant threat to public health due to the current COVID-19 pandemic reiterate the need for active surveillance for the zoonotic virus diseases of pandemic potential. Influenza virus due to its wide host range and zoonotic potential poses such a significant threat to public health. Swine serve as a “mixing vessel” for influenza virus reassortment and evolution which as a result may facilitate the emergence of new strains or subtypes of zoonotic potential. In this context, the currently available scientific data hold a high significance to unravel influenza virus epidemiology and evolution. With this objective, the current systematic review summarizes the original research articles and case reports of all the four types of influenza viruses reported in swine populations worldwide. A total of 281 articles were found eligible through screening of PubMed and Google Scholar databases and hence were included in this systematic review. The highest number of research articles (n = 107) were reported from Asia, followed by Americas (n = 97), Europe (n = 55), Africa (n = 18), and Australia (n = 4). The H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were the most common influenza A virus subtypes reported in swine in most countries across the globe, however, few strains of influenza B, C, and D viruses were also reported in certain countries. Multiple reports of the avian influenza virus strains documented in the last two decades in swine in China, the United States, Canada, South Korea, Nigeria, and Egypt provided the evidence of interspecies transmission of influenza viruses from birds to swine. Inter-species transmission of equine influenza virus H3N8 from horse to swine in China expanded the genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses. Additionally, numerous reports of the double and triple-reassortant strains which emerged due to reassortments among avian, human, and swine strains within swine further increased the genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses. These findings are alarming hence active surveillance should be in place to prevent future influenza pandemics.
39
Faizah, Astri Nur, Daisuke Kobayashi, Yoshihide Maekawa, Michael Amoa-Bosompem, Shifa Fauziyah, Kris Cahyo Mulyatno, Sri Subekti, et al. "Identification and Isolation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype IV from Culex vishnui Collected in Bali, Indonesia in 2019." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1554.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is transmitted between swine, migratory birds, and Culex mosquitoes, and has circulated indigenously in Asia for almost a century. Despite being the country with the highest JEV diversity, surveillance targeting of Indonesia’s vectors is scarce. This study collected mosquitoes from several locations in Tabanan Regency, Bali Island, Indonesia. We captured and classified 3,032 adult Culex mosquitoes into seven species, with Culex vishnui subgroup mosquitoes making up approximately 90% of the total. Japanese encephalitis virus was identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of a Cx. vishnui mosquito pool. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis revealed the JEV as genotype (G) IV. The nucleotide identity was 99% with other JEV GIV isolates obtained from swine sera in 2017 on Bali Island and from a human patient in Australia with a travel history to Bali in 2019. This finding indicated that JEV GIV persists in restricted areas and is circulating between swine-mosquito vectors.
40
Jenkins, Cheryl, Jody L. Wilton, F. Chris Minion, Linda Falconer, Mark J. Walker, and Steven P. Djordjevic. "Two Domains within the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Cilium Adhesin Bind Heparin." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 1 (January 2006): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.74.1.481-487.2006.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, a chronic and economically significant respiratory disease that affects swine production worldwide. M. hyopneumoniae adheres to and adversely affects the function of ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, and the cilium adhesin (Mhp183, P97) is intricately but not exclusively involved in this process. Although binding of pathogenic bacteria to glycosaminoglycans is a recognized step in pathogenesis, knowledge of glycosaminoglycan-binding proteins in M. hyopneumoniae is lacking. However, heparin and other sulfated polysaccharides are known to block the binding of M. hyopneumoniae to purified swine respiratory cilia. In this study, four regions within the cilium adhesin were examined for the ability to bind heparin. Cilium adhesin fragments comprising 653 amino acids of the N terminus and 301 amino acids of the C terminus (containing two repeat regions, R1 and R2) were cloned and expressed. These fragments bound heparin in a dose-dependent and saturable manner with physiologically significant binding affinities of 0.27 ± 0.02 μM and 1.89 ± 0.33 μM, respectively. Heparin binding of both fragments was strongly inhibited by the sulfated polysaccharides fucoidan and mucin but not by chondroitin sulfate B. When the C-terminal repeat regions R1 and R2 were cloned separately and expressed, heparin-binding activity was lost, suggesting that both regions are required for heparin binding. The ability of the cilium adhesin to bind heparin indicates that this molecule plays a multifunctional role in the adherence of M. hyopneumoniae to host respiratory surfaces and therefore has important implications with respect to the pathogenesis of this organism.
41
Shao-Qing, Tang, Zhang Yuan, Xu Qing, Sun Dong-Xiao, and Yu Ying. "Comparison of methylation level of genomes among different animal species and various tissues." Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 4, no. 1 (April 2007): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479236207001179.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe methylation levels of genomes were compared in swine, cattle, sheep, rat, chicken and duck, using the methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism technique (MSAP). The results showed that the methylation levels in genomes of the species investigated were mostly about 40–50% (except cattle); the methylation level varied in different species; the methylation pattern in various tissues of each species was specific; for the same species, the methylation level of the tissue genome was mostly higher than that of the blood genome; the difference of methylation level between birds and mammals was not significant, however mammals appeared to have a lower hemi-methylation frequency and higher full methylation frequency than birds.
42
Chen, Qi, Darin Madson, Cathy L. Miller, and D. L. Hank Harris. "Vaccine development for protecting swine against influenza virus." Animal Health Research Reviews 13, no. 2 (December 2012): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252312000175.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractInfluenza virus infects a wide variety of species including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals and birds. Weight loss caused by influenza infection and/or co-infection with other infectious agents results in significant financial loss in swine herds. The emergence of pandemic H1N1 (A/CA/04/2009/H1N1) and H3N2 variant (H3N2v) viruses, which cause disease in both humans and livestock constitutes a concerning public health threat. Influenza virus contains eight single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome segments. This genetic structure allows the virus to evolve rapidly by antigenic drift and shift. Antigen-specific antibodies induced by current vaccines provide limited cross protection to heterologous challenge. In pigs, this presents a major obstacle for vaccine development. Different strategies are under development to produce vaccines that provide better cross-protection for swine. Moreover, overriding interfering maternal antibodies is another goal for influenza vaccines in order to permit effective immunization of piglets at an early age. Herein, we present a review of influenza virus infection in swine, including a discussion of current vaccine approaches and techniques used for novel vaccine development.
43
DEWHIRST, F. E., C. SEYMOUR, G. J. FRASER, B. J. PASTER, and J. G. FOX. "Phylogeny of Helicobacter Isolates from Bird and Swine Feces and Description of Helicobacter pametensis sp. nov." International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 44, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-44-3-553.
Full text
44
O'MALLEY, PATRICIA. "Bird Flu, Swine Flu, and Resistant Influenza: The Scary Development of Antiviral-Resistant Strains-Part 1." Clinical Nurse Specialist 23, no. 5 (September 2009): 238–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nur.0b013e3181b207d3.
Full text
45
O'MALLEY, PATRICIA. "Bird Flu, Swine Flu, and Resistant Influenza: The Scary Development of Antiviral-Resistant Strains-Part 2." Clinical Nurse Specialist 23, no. 6 (November 2009): 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nur.0b013e3181bc3257.
Full text
46
Johansen, Tone, Angelika Agdestein, Ingrid Olsen, Sigrun Nilsen, Gudmund Holstad, and Berit Djønne. "Biofilm formation by Mycobacterium avium isolates originating from humans, swine and birds." BMC Microbiology 9, no. 1 (2009): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-9-159.
Full text
47
Quintana-Hayashi, Macarena P., Maxime Mahu, Nele De Pauw, Filip Boyen, Frank Pasmans, An Martel, Pushpa Premaratne, et al. "The Levels of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Binding to Porcine Colonic Mucins Differ between Individuals, and Binding Is Increased to Mucins from Infected Pigs withDe NovoMUC5AC Synthesis." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 4 (February 2, 2015): 1610–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.03073-14.
Full textAbstract:
Brachyspira hyodysenteriaecolonizes the pig colon, resulting in mucohemorrhagic diarrhea and growth retardation. Fecal mucus is a characteristic feature of swine dysentery; therefore, we investigated how the mucin environment changes in the colon during infection withB. hyodysenteriaeand how these changes affect this bacterium's interaction with mucins. We isolated and characterized mucins, the main component of mucus, from the colon of experimentally inoculated and control pigs and investigatedB. hyodysenteriaebinding to these mucins. Fluorescence microscopy revealed a massive mucus induction and disorganized mucus structure in the colon of pigs with swine dysentery. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and antibody detection demonstrated that the mucus composition of pigs with swine dysentery was characterized byde novoexpression of MUC5AC and increased expression of MUC2 in the colon. Mucins from the colon of inoculated and control pigs were isolated by two steps of isopycnic density gradient centrifugation. The mucin densities of control and inoculated pigs were similar, whereas the mucin quantity was 5-fold higher during infection. The level ofB. hyodysenteriaebinding to mucins differed between pigs, and there was increased binding to soluble mucins isolated from pigs with swine dysentery. The ability ofB. hyodysenteriaeto bind, measured in relation to the total mucin contents of mucus in sick versus healthy pigs, increased 7-fold during infection. Together, the results indicate thatB. hyodysenteriaebinds to carbohydrate structures on the mucins as these differ between individuals. Furthermore,B. hyodysenteriaeinfection induces changes to the mucus niche which substantially increase the amount ofB. hyodysenteriaebinding sites in the mucus.
48
Zhang, Gang, Dany Shoham, David Gilichinsky, Sergei Davydov, John D. Castello, and Scott O. Rogers. "Evidence of Influenza A Virus RNA in Siberian Lake Ice." Journal of Virology 80, no. 24 (October 11, 2006): 12229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00986-06.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Influenza A virus infects a large proportion of the human population annually, sometimes leading to the deaths of millions. The biotic cycles of infection are well characterized in the literature, including in studies of populations of humans, poultry, swine, and migratory waterfowl. However, there are few studies of abiotic reservoirs for this virus. Here, we report the preservation of influenza A virus genes in ice and water from high-latitude lakes that are visited by large numbers of migratory birds. The lakes are along the migratory flight paths of birds flying into Asia, North America, Europe, and Africa. The data suggest that influenza A virus, deposited as the birds begin their autumn migration, can be preserved in lake ice. As birds return in the spring, the ice melts, releasing the viruses. Therefore, temporal gene flow is facilitated between the viruses shed during the previous year and the viruses newly acquired by birds during winter months spent in the south. Above the Arctic Circle, the cycles of entrapment in the ice and release by melting can be variable in length, because some ice persists for several years, decades, or longer. This type of temporal gene flow might be a feature common to viruses that can survive entrapment in environmental ice and snow.
49
KYRIAKIS (Κ. ΣΠ. ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗΣ), C. S., and K. Van REETH. "Avian influenza: the role of the pig and public health implications." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 56, no. 4 (November 30, 2017): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15093.
Full textAbstract:
The huge epizootics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (subtype H5N1) in Southeastern Asia over the last two years and especially the transmission of avian influenza viruses to humans have alerted the international scientific community. Many support that the threat of a new influenza pandemic appears greater today than ever before. During the 20th century, humanity has faced three pandemics, including the "Spanish flu" of 1918-19, which claimed over 20 to 40 million lives, and two less dramatic pandemics in 1957-58 and 1968-69. Influenza A viruses are single stranded RNA viruses belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae. Their genome expresses only 10 proteins, most important of which are the two surface glycoproteins: haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). So far, 16 different types of haemagglutinin (HI to Η16) and 9 of neuraminidase (Nl to N9) have been recognized. Influenza A viruses are grouped into "subtypes", according to the HA and NA surface proteins they bear (for example Η I N I , H5N2). Natural reservoirs of influenza A viruses are the wild aquatic birds (migratory waterfowl), from which all types of HA and NA have been isolated. It is important to mention that migratory waterfowl do not show clinical signs of disease, but shed the virus through their excretions.The host range of flu viruses includes domestic poultry, and mammalian species from aquatic mammals to horses, humans and swine. Because of their segmented single stranded RNA genome, influenza viruses have a very high mutation rate (genetic drift) and the possibility to undergo reassortment. Reassortment may occur when more than one virus co-infect the same cell, exchange genes and as a result, provide a totally new influenza virus (genetic shift). At least two subtypes of influenza A viruses are currendy endemic within the human population (H1N1 and H3N2), causing every year outbreaks of disease with very low mortality, especially in elders. Unlike these endemic viruses, pandemic viruses have a much higher morbidity, affecting people of all ages. Η I N I , H3N2 and H1N2 influenza viruses are currently circulating in the European and American swine population. Some of the swine influenza virus subtypes, namely Η I N I and H3N2, are thus similar to those of humans, but there are still important antigenic differences between them. Only rarely swine influenza viruses may be transmitted or cause disease to humans. Unlike mammalian influenza viruses, influenza viruses of domestic birds are grouped in two "pathotypes": low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses, which cause localized infections and remain mild or subclinical, and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, which cause severe general infection with mortality up to 100% (fowl plague). The majority of avian influenza viruses are low pathogenic and only some, but not all, viruses of H5 and H7 subtypes are highly pathogenic. Occasionally low pathogenic Η5 or H7 viruses from wild birds transmit to poultry. Such viruses can undergo mutations in poultry as a result of which they may acquire a highly pathogenic phenotype. Until the recent avian influenza epizootics in Asia, the predominant theory for the creation of a pandemic virus supported that the pig was likely to act as an intermediate host for transmission of influenza viruses from birds to humans. The fact that genetic reassortment between human and avian viruses has also been shown to occur in pigs in nature, had led to the hypothesis that the pandemic viruses of 1957 and 1968 may have been generated through the pig. More recent data, however, come to question these theories and hypotheses: (a)the direct transmission of the H5N1 and H7N7 avian influenza viruses from birds to humans in Southeastern Asia and The Netherlands, and (b) the presence of cellular receptors recognized preferentially by the haemagglutinin of avian influenza viruses in the human conjunctiva and ciliated respiratory epithelial cells, which support that avian influenza viruses can be transmitted in toto (without reassortment) to and between humans or that humans can be the mixing vessel themselves. Furthermore, there is no solid scientific evidence to prove that any influenza virus reassortants, that have originated in swine, have posed a risk for humans. There are three criteria (conditions) an influenza virus must fulfill in order to be characterized as a pandemic virus: (a) it must be a new virus against which humans are immunologically naive, (b) it must be able to replicate in humans causing severe disease, and (c) it must be efficiendy transmitted among humans, causing wide outbreaks. So far the H5N1 influenza virus only fulfills the first and second condition, and even though it has been sporadically infecting humans for over two years, it has not yet been able to fully adapt to it's new host. Compared to the human population that may have been exposed to the H5N1 influenza virus in Asia, the number of patients and fatalities due to the H5N1 virus is very small. So far, it appears that swine do not play an important role in the epidemiology of this specific virus. Experimental infections of swine with highly pathogenic H5N1 virus have shown that it does not replicate extensively in pigs. Additionally, extensive serological investigations in the swine population of Viet Nam, indicated that the H5N1 virus merely spread to a very small number (~0.25%) of contact animals within the epizootic regions. Nevertheless, it is critical to continue monitor ring pigs and studying the behavior and spread of influenza viruses in these species.
50
Pokhrel, Diksha, Ishab Poudel, Rabin Raut, Sitaram Aryal, and Krishna Acharya. "Sero-prevalence of Influenza a Antibodies in Pigs of Bhaktapur, Kavre and Banke Districts of Nepal." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v6i2.20416.
Full textAbstract:
Pigs play a key role in inter-species transmission of influenza virus, because they have receptors to both avian and human influenza viral strains. A study was conducted in three different districts namely Bhaktapur, Kavre and Banke with face to face type of questionnaire survey and serum sample collection. Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunoassay was utilized for the collected 231 samples for serologic evidence of influenza A. Of the total 231 samples tested, 11 were positive for Influenza virus A with an overall sero-prevalence of (4.76%; Cl95%: 2.68-8.324) Kavre district had highest (5.88%; Cl95%: 2.539-13.04) sero-prevalence, followed by Bhaktapur (5.13%; Cl95%: 2.012-12.46) and Banke (2.94%; Cl95%; 0.8104-10.1) with no significant difference (p=0.685). Rearing swine along with poultry was the most significant risk factor (p=0.03); all positive cases were from the farms that adopted integrated farming system with little to no bio-security measures, especially poultry and swine. Present finding depicts that Influenza A is prevalent in pig farms of Kavre, Banke and Bhaktapur. Further research is needed to sub-type the influenza virus and also determine the effect of commercial poultry and migratory birds on the outbreak of influenza A in swine. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 6(2): 122-126