Journal articles: 'Bird deterrent'

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Dorey, Katherine, Scott Dickey, and Tony R. Walker. "Testing efficacy of bird deterrents at wind turbine facilities: a pilot study in Nova Scotia, Canada." Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science (NSIS) 50, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15273/pnsis.v50i1.8874.

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Wind energy has become one of the fastest-growing renewable electricity sources globally, and this trend is expected to continue. However, wind turbines cause avian mortality when birds collide with these structures. Although regulatory agencies in many jurisdictions require post-construction bird mortality monitoring at turbine sites, resulting mortality estimates are often imprecise and under-reported. This uncertainty is often attributed to searcher inefficiencies or scavenger losses. Furthermore, data regarding the effectiveness of active bird mortality mitigation at these facilities are also lacking. This pilot study assessed mitigation effectiveness of visual and audio deterrents, using predator owl deterrent models and bioacoustic alarm and predator calls deployed at a wind turbine facility in Nova Scotia, Canada. These deterrents did not deter birds from wind turbines in statistically significant ways, in comparison to control sites. Whilst results were inconclusive, it would be prudent to continue assessing mitigative options to minimize impacts on birds, considering the expected growth of the wind energy sector in Canada.Keywords: Wind energy development; Wind turbines; Bird mortality monitoring; Bird deterrents; Bird mortality mitigation

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Spennemann, Dirk H. R., Melissa Pike, and Maggie J. Watson. "Bird impacts on heritage buildings." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 8, no. 1 (February 6, 2018): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-07-2016-0042.

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Purpose There is much anecdotal evidence that birds and their droppings are a major problem for the heritage profession. The purpose of this paper is to examine how serious heritage practitioners consider the bird impact to be. Design/methodology/approach An online survey was conducted of 59 Australian heritage professionals of between one and >20 year’s experience in the field. Findings Bird impacts were not considered of major concern to buildings. The longer experience a practitioner had, the less likely the impacts were considered an issue. Feral pigeons were deemed the most problematic, followed by cockatoos, starlings, swallows, seagulls, mynas, sparrows, cormorants, ibis, ducks and birds of prey. The professionals ranked common deterrent methods. The highest-ranking deterrents were bird netting and bird spikes, but they were only considered moderately effective. The costs of installation and maintenance, as well the ease of installation, were all deemed significantly less important than the physical impact, the aesthetic sympathy and the effectiveness of a deterrent method. Practical implications This study indicates that the impact of birds on buildings in Australia may be of less concern than previously thought, and may be driven by other factors (i.e. aesthetics, commercial companies) rather than actual effects. Originality/value This is first study of its kind that surveyed the experiences of a wide range of heritage practitioners.

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Reilly, Timothy J., Ron G. Hounsell, and Robin Jamail. "NEW BRUNSWICK BIRD DETERRENT STUDY." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 908–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-908.

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ABSTRACT During October and November 1995, a bird deterrent device (the Marine Phoenix Wailer) was tested in Miramichi Bay, New Brunswick, Canada, for effectiveness in keeping scoter ducks away from juvenile mussel collector lines. Test results indicated that the Wailer was effective in excluding scoters from a circular open-water area within a 500-meter radius. The scenario tested provided a worst case situation for bird deterrent operations: if birds can be repelled from a strong attractant (i.e., food), it is believed that they may be repelled from less attractive areas such as oil-contaminated sites.

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Vikor, György, Bernd Disteldorf, Francis Wuillaume, Jian-gang Weng, Adam Burghardt, Alexander Sobolev, Suresh Devisetti, and Greg Brecht. "Bird safety coating for architectural and commercial applications." Multidiszciplináris tudományok 10, no. 4 (2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2020.4.8.

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Scientific observations conclude that modern buildings can cause a high number of bird deaths due to birds’ collision with glass windows and glass walls. There are many efforts to put bird-deterrent patterns on glass in order to avoid bird collision. To make the patterns environment-friendly and meanwhile invisible for human eye, we developed a special “first surface PVD coating”. This paper describes a design for bird-deterrent stack from sputter-coating processes, our method to improve the contrast ratio between coated and uncoated area, followed by some discussions on the tunnel-test results.

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Ronconi, Robert A. "Predicting Bird Oiling Events at Oil Sands Tailings Ponds and Assessing the Importance of Alternate Waterbodies for Waterfowl: a Preliminary Assessment." Canadian Field-Naturalist 120, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v120i1.237.

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Tailings ponds are an integral part of oil sands mining development in northeastern Alberta, but waterfowl and shorebirds often land in these ponds during spring migration where they may become covered with oil. For decades, managers have developed and implemented methods for deterring birds from landing in these ponds, yet no deterrent strategy is fully effective. Therefore, to enhance deterrence strategies, it will be important to understand the environmental conditions that influence bird use of tailings ponds. This study quantified waterfowl flights over, and use of, tailings ponds and compared this use to waterfowl activity at natural waterbodies in the region over a single spring migration period. Results suggest that waterfowl are most likely to land on tailings ponds before lakes have thawed, after which migratory ducks appeared mainly to use natural waterbodies for migratory stopover sites. Very high numbers of waterfowl were observed on one waterbody, Kearl Lake, suggesting that this lake may be of greater importance to spring staging waterfowl than previously thought. A small sample of birds oiled at tailings ponds were examined in relation to spring weather conditions. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the probability of birds being oiled tended to increase with precipitation levels. Results of this study suggest that (1) preservation of natural waterbodies may play an important role in minimizing bird use of tailings ponds, and (2) future bird deterrence efforts should especially aim to deter birds during rainy weather conditions when birds may be more likely to become oiled. These results were from a small sample size, are preliminary in nature, and should be interpreted with caution. A concerted and careful effort to collect and thoroughly analyze long-term records of oiled birds may reveal important environmental effects predicting bird oiling events.

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Socci, Anne M., Marvin P. Pritts, and Mary Jo Kelly. "Potential Use of Sucrose as a Feeding Deterrent for Frugivorous Birds." HortTechnology 7, no. 3 (July 1997): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.7.3.250.

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A mixed cultivar blueberry planting was treated with a concentrated sucrose solution before fruit ripening and after episodes of rain during the harvest season. Fruit losses due to birds were monitored throughout the season in this planting and in the same cultivar in a separate nontreated planting ≈200 m (650 ft.) away. Fruit loss to birds was ≈50% greater in the nontreated planting over the first 3 weeks of harvest. In addition, bird activity was monitored between 0600 and 0700 hr on two occasions in each planting during the early harvest season. Bird activity was many times higher in the nontreated planting. These observations suggest that sucrose should be tested more widely for potential activity on bird feeding behavior.

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Lindell, Catherine, Melissa Hannay, and Benjamin Hawes. "Bird Management in Blueberries and Grapes." Agronomy 8, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8120295.

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Bird damage to fruit is a long-standing challenge for growers that imposes significant costs because of yield losses and grower efforts to manage birds. We measured bird damage in ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry fields and Pinot noir vineyards in 2012–2014 in Michigan to investigate how year, grower, and forest cover influenced the proportions of bird damage. We tested whether inflatable tubemen (2013–2014) and a methyl anthranilate spray (2015) reduced bird damage in blueberries, and tested the deterrent effect of inflatable tubemen in grapes (2014). Years when crop yield was lower tended to have a higher damage percentage; for blueberries, bird damage was highest in 2012, and in grapes, damage was highest in 2012 and 2014. Neither blueberry fields nor vineyards with inflatable tubemen showed significantly reduced bird damage, although the blueberry fields showed a non-significant trend toward lower damage in the tubemen blocks. Blueberry field halves treated with the methyl anthranilate spray had equivalent bird damage to untreated halves. Our results correspond to previous work showing that percent bird damage varies by year, which was likely because bird consumption of fruit is relatively constant over time, while fruit yield varies. Fruit growers should expect a higher proportion of bird damage in low-fruit contexts, such as low-yield years, and prepare to invest more in bird management at those times. Investigating patterns of bird damage and testing deterrent strategies remain challenges. Bird activity is spatially and temporally variable, and birds’ mobility necessitates tests at large scales.

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Pennell, C. G. L., M. P. Rolston, D. Baird, D. E. Hume, C. M. McKenzie, and S. D. Card. "Using novel-grass endophyte associations as an avian deterrent." New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (July 25, 2017): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.59.

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Birds can be major pests in agricultural and horticultural crops as well as being serious hazards to operating aircraft. Cultivars of perennial ryegrass, a hybrid ryegrass and tall fescue, associated with selected EpichloÃ« fungal endophytes were evaluated in aviary and field experiments for their management potential of three nuisance bird species selected as model systems representative of major bird classifications based on their diet. Granivores, namely European green finches, ate more endophyte-free perennial ryegrass seed than endophyte- infected seed, while the representative omnivores, black-backed gulls, avoided endophyte- enhanced feed pellets. The selected herbivore, Canada geese, showed an aversion to field trial plots sown with endophyte-infected grass containing ergovaline compared with the existing ground cover. Therefore habitat modification using selected grass-endophyte associations offers an effective wildlife management option aimed at reducing birds in problematic areas.

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Pennell, Christopher G. L., M. Philip Rolston, A. David M. Latham, Wade J. Mace, Ben Vlaming, Chikako van Koten, M. Cecilia Latham, Samantha Brown, and Stuart D. Card. "Novel grass–endophyte associations reduce the feeding behaviour of invasive European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)." Wildlife Research 43, no. 8 (2016): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16114.

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Context Small mammalian herbivores, such as European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), can have significant unwanted impacts on agriculture and horticulture and can attract birds of prey and avian scavengers to airports, increasing the risk of bird strike. Sustainable wildlife management tools that have high efficacy and animal welfare are needed to mitigate these impacts. Aim We assessed perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) cultivars associated with selected Epichloë endophytes, originally developed for bird management at airports, to determine their feeding-deterrent properties towards invasive rabbits. Methods A pellet feed trial using caged domestic rabbits and a pen trial using wild rabbits were conducted to assess rabbit responses to food pellets with novel endophyte-infected or uninfected grass seed and to plots planted with endophyte-infected or uninfected grasses, respectively. Key results Caged rabbits ate significantly less food pellets containing endophyte-infected grass straw than pellets containing endophyte-free grass straw. Wild rabbits consumed significantly less herbage from plots planted with endophyte-infected grasses than those of the equivalent endophyte-free grass cultivars. Temporal patterns of rabbit feeding behaviour support the hypothesis that deterrence in rabbits resulted from post-ingestion feedback associated with grass–endophyte secondary metabolites. Conclusions Although more research is required on the exact mechanism of action in rabbits, our results suggest novel endophyte-infected grass associations may substantially reduce rabbit feeding behaviour and possibly rabbit numbers in areas where these grasses are sown. Implications Novel grass–endophyte associations have great potential for deterring problem wildlife at airports and other amenity areas.

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Ocampo-Peñuela, Natalia, R. Scott Winton, Charlene J. Wu, Erika Zambello, Thomas W. Wittig, and Nicolette L. Cagle. "Patterns of bird-window collisions inform mitigation on a university campus." PeerJ 4 (February 1, 2016): e1652. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1652.

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Bird-window collisions cause an estimated one billion bird deaths annually in the United States. Building characteristics and surrounding habitat affect collision frequency. Given the importance of collisions as an anthropogenic threat to birds, mitigation is essential. Patterned glass and UV-reflective films have been proven to prevent collisions. At Duke University’s West campus in Durham, North Carolina, we set out to identify the buildings and building characteristics associated with the highest frequencies of collisions in order to propose a mitigation strategy. We surveyed six buildings, stratified by size, and measured architectural characteristics and surrounding area variables. During 21 consecutive days in spring and fall 2014, and spring 2015, we conducted carcass surveys to document collisions. In addition, we also collected ad hoc collision data year-round and recorded the data using the app iNaturalist. Consistent with previous studies, we found a positive relationship between glass area and collisions. Fitzpatrick, the building with the most window area, caused the most collisions. Schwartz and the Perk, the two small buildings with small window areas, had the lowest collision frequencies. Penn, the only building with bird deterrent pattern, caused just two collisions, despite being almost completely made out of glass. Unlike many research projects, our data collection led to mitigation action. A resolution supported by the student government, including news stories in the local media, resulted in the application of a bird deterrent film to the building with the most collisions: Fitzpatrick. We present our collision data and mitigation result to inspire other researchers and organizations to prevent bird-window collisions.

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de Kort, Selvino R., Erin R. B. Eldermire, Emily R. A. Cramer, and Sandra L. Vehrencamp. "The deterrent effect of bird song in territory defense." Behavioral Ecology 20, no. 1 (October 23, 2008): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arn135.

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Cho, Yongjun, Haeyong Yun, Hyunggil Hong, Jangseok Oh, Senongyong Woo, Suhwan Song, Dongwoo Kim, et al. "A Study on Bird Deterrent System to Improve the Performance of Repelling Harmful Birds." Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers 19, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14775/ksmpe.2020.19.08.015.

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Pennell, CGL, MP Rolston, A. De Bonth, WR Simpson, and DE Hume. "Development of a bird-deterrent fungal endophyte in turf tall fescue." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 2 (June 2010): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288231003777681.

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Sazima, Ivan. "Anting behaviour with millipedes by the dendrocolaptid bird Xiphocolaptes albicollis in southeastern Brazil." Biota Neotropica 9, no. 1 (March 2009): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032009000100027.

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Several bird species practice anting. While anting a bird holds an ant or other arthropod that produces toxic or irritating secretions and rubs it on the plumage. Here I describe the White-collared Woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes albicollis) rubbing its body with millipedes of the orders Spirostreptida and Polydesmida while foraging among banana stumps or at bromeliad clumps in southeastern Brazil. On three occasions I recorded the bird holding a millipede in the bill and rubbing it against its chest, belly, and wings. From time to time the millipede was "chewed", and hammered against the substratum and then rubbed on the plumage again. After a while the millipede was ingested or dropped. Bromeliads harbour a rich fauna that includes mosquitoes, ticks, spiders, and snakes, and some of them may be potential hazards to birds that forage among the accumulated plant debris. The toxic secretions of millipedes may act as a deterrent against some of these hazardous animals, and the woodcreeper's behaviour also reduces the noxiousness of a toxic prey before ingestion.

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Kok, O. B., and A. C. Kok. "Vliegintensiteite van kransduiwe (Columba guinea) en sonneblomskade." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 9, no. 2 (July 5, 1990): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v9i2.454.

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Daily flight patterns of rock pigeons (Columba guinea) in the Bloemfontein area are characterised by prominent peaks in early morning and late afternoon. During the middle of the day the birds usually rest in shady places of buildings situated en route to and from field crops in the immediate vicinity of the city. Sunflower is damaged mainly by rock pigeons of which the local population was estimated to be at least 6000. Investigations of bird damage to sunflower within a radius of 20 km from the city centre amounts to between 1 and 7% of the potential seed yield. The regular hunting of rock pigeons is recommended as a deterrent.

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NÓBREGA ALVES, RÔMULO ROMEU, JOSÉ RIBAMAR DE FARIAS LIMA, and HELDER FARIAS P. ARAUJO. "The live bird trade in Brazil and its conservation implications: an overview." Bird Conservation International 23, no. 1 (July 16, 2012): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095927091200010x.

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SummaryBrazil’s rich biological and cultural diversity makes it an exceptional location for examining the commerce in live wild birds and its implications for conservation. This paper catalogues the live bird species being traded in Brazil, characterises the trade in these animals, and discusses the implications for avian conservation. In spite of being illegal, capturing and selling birds is still a very common practice in Brazil and involves many actors who make up part of a large commercial network that distributes wild animals to every corner of the country. Our survey revealed that at least 295 bird species are illegally sold as pets in Brazil, with estimates derived from this data pointing to a total of more than 400 species - about 23% of the number of extant bird species in the country. Of the bird species recorded, two were classified as “Critically Endangered”, nine as “Endangered”, six as “Vulnerable”, and 19 as “Near Threatened” according to the most recent IUCN Red List. Most of the species recorded in this study as being widely bought and sold (including on the international market) are not listed by CITES even though many of them are in fact threatened. In light of the widespread illegal trade in wild birds in Brazil and the conservation implications for the species involved, there is an urgent need for actions that can control these activities. Steps should be taken to address the illegal traffic directly and these must include monitoring, law enforcement, effective sentencing (including deterrent sentences), targeting end-users, captive breeding, and education at all levels, taking into account the cultural, economic, social, and ecological aspects of the human populations involved.

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Blut, C., and K. Lunau. "Effects of lepidopteran eyespot components on the deterrence of predatory birds." Behaviour 152, no. 11 (2015): 1481–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003288.

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Circular markings, called eyespots, on the wings of Lepidoptera have been shown to be protective against predators. We tested the ‘conspicuousness-hypothesis’ and ‘eye mimicry-hypothesis’ by examining how ‘sparkle’ and colour pattern of eyespots deter predators. The rationale was to test the deterring effect of shape and colour pattern of the eyespots’ elements that are assumed to mimic lens eyes, namely iris, pupil, and sparkle by simultaneous exposure of lepidopteran dummies with equally conspicuous eyespots that differed in their similarity to lens eyes. The results provide evidence that circular and crescent-shaped ‘sparkles’ were more deterring than rectangular-shaped ‘sparkles’. The ‘sparkle’s’ UV-reflection had no effect on the deterrence. Our results support recent findings on the deterrent effect of the eyespot’s ‘sparkle’ and show that colour is less important for deterrence. The characteristic colour pattern of eyespots and illusion of three-dimensionality created by the ‘sparkle’ might contribute to the deterrent effect.

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Brown, Barbara B., Erika Kusakabe, Angelo Antonopoulos, Sarah Siddoway, and Lisa Thompson. "Winter bird-window collisions: mitigation success, risk factors, and implementation challenges." PeerJ 7 (September 2, 2019): e7620. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7620.

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Millions of birds die in bird-window collisions in the United States each year. In specialized test settings, researchers have developed methods to alter window designs to mitigate collisions. However, few published studies provide pretest and posttest evaluations of mitigation treatment areas and untreated control areas on existing buildings. We initially monitored bird-window collisions at a single building on the University of Utah campus in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, during winter 1 (November 9, 2017–January 2, 2018). We found 15 bird-window collisions, most under a portion of the building with a mirrored façade. To test a mitigation treatment, we installed Feather Friendly® bird deterrent film on part of the mirrored façade after winter 1. The unmitigated areas of the same building served as a control area. We continued monitoring during the following winter 2 (November 15, 2018–January 12, 2019). The treated area collisions declined from seven before mitigation to two after mitigation, a 71% reduction. The control area had eight collisions at both times. Results of a generalized estimating equation yielded a significant area by season interaction effect (p = 0.03) and fewer collisions in the mitigated area than the control area at winter 2 (p = 0.03), supporting efficacy of the mitigation. In winter 2 we also expanded monitoring to eight total buildings to evaluate the risks of mirrored windows and proximity to fruiting pear trees (Prunus calleryana) and the benefits of bird-friendly glass. Bird-friendly glass, found on two buildings, included windows with permanent fritted dots or embedded ultraviolet patterns. We counted 22 collisions across the eight buildings. Mirrored windows and proximity to fruiting pear trees related to higher odds of bird-window collisions, based on separate generalized estimating equations. The best fit model included mirrored windows and pear trees. The two buildings with bird-friendly glass had only one collision, suggesting that these designs deter collisions, although the difference was not statistically significant. To publicize the study and to receive reports of additional bird collisions or fatalities on campus, we created a citizen science project on iNaturalist and engaged in additional outreach efforts that yielded 22 ad hoc reports. Many previous studies have documented Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) collisions, but at relatively low numbers. Cedar Waxwings accounted for 31 of 34 identifiable collisions from the monitoring study and 4 of 21 identifiable collisions or fatalities from ad hoc reports.

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Darnell, R. L., R. Cano-Medrano, and K. E. Koch. "746 PB 102 DIFFERENCES IN SUCROSE METABOLISM RELATIVE TO ACCUMULATION OF BIRD-DETERRENT SUCROSE LEVELS IN FRUIT OF VACCINIUM SPECIES." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 540a—540. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.540a.

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Variability in sucrose levels and metabolism in ripe fruit of several Vaccinium species were examined. The objective was to determine if sufficient variability for fruit sucrose accumulation was present in existing populations to warrant attempts to breed for high-sucrose fruit, which potentially would be less subject to bird predation. Three-fold differences in fruit sucrose concentration were found among species, ranging from 19 to 24 mg·(g fw)-1 in V. stamineum and V. arboreum to about 7 mg·(g fw)-1 in cultivated blueberry (V. ashei and V. corymbosum) and V. darrowi. Soluble acid invertase activity was negatively correlated with fruit sucrose concentration. There was no apparent correlation between fruit sugar concentration and either sucrose phosphate synthase or sucrose synthase activities, both of which were low for all species studied. The degree of variability in fruit sucrose accumulation among Vaccinium species supports the feasibility of developing high sucrose fruit, which would be a potentially valuable addition to current strategies of minimizing crop losses to birds.

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Bergmann, Pamela Ann. "Implementation and Revision of the Wildlife Protection Guidelines for Alaska's Federal On-Scene Coordinators." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-137.

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ABSTRACT The Alaska Regional Response Team (RRT) established the Wildlife Protection Working Group in September 1987 to develop and maintain guidelines to assist Alaska's federal on-scene coordinators (OSC) in dealing with potential wildlife impacts resulting from oil spills. The working group is composed of representatives of four federal and state agencies and three special-interest groups. The guidelines, which were adopted by the Alaska RRT on December 14, 1988, address three response strategies: controlling the release and spread of oil to protect wildlife, keeping wildlife away from spills through the use of deterrent techniques, and attempting to capture and rehabilitate oiled wildlife. Since adoption by the Alaska RRT, the guidelines have been used in conjunction with response activities associated with the following spills: the Swallow diesel fuel and fuel oil spill near Dutch Harbor on February 27, 1989, the Exxon Valdez crude oil spill in Prince William Sound on March 24, 1989, and the Milos Reefer fuel oil and diesel fuel spill on St. Matthew Island on November 15, 1989. In the Swallow incident, protective booming, bird hazing, and bird capture and rehabilitation programs were conducted in accordance with the guidelines. In the Exxon Valdez incident, information in the guidelines was used to establish the sea otter rescue program and to begin implementation of the bird capture and rehabilitation program. In the Milos Reefer spill, the guidelines were used as the basis for a decision not to initiate a rescue program for birds oiled as a result of the vessel's grounding. In October 1989, the working group met to conduct a review of the guidelines based on experience gained through the Swallow and Exxon Valdez incidents. As a result of this meeting, seven principal additions have been proposed for the guidelines.

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Brown, Barbara B., Sabrina Santos, and Natalia Ocampo-Peñuela. "Bird-window collisions: Mitigation efficacy and risk factors across two years." PeerJ 9 (July 28, 2021): e11867. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11867.

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Background Research on bird-window collision mitigation is needed to prevent up to a billion bird fatalities yearly in the U.S. At the University of Utah campus (Salt Lake City, Utah, USA), past research documented collisions, especially for Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) drawn to fruiting ornamental pears in winter. Mirrored windows, which have a metallic coating that turns window exteriors into mirrors, had frequent collisions, which were mitigated when Feather Friendly®bird deterrent markers were applied. Bird-friendly windows–ORNILUX®ultraviolet (UV) and fritted windows–also reduced collisions when data were collected across fall and winter. Extending this prior research, we evaluated additional mitigation and tested the replicability of effects for pear trees, mirrored windows, and bird-friendly windows across two years. Methods Using published data from eight buildings monitored for collisions in year 1 (Fall and Winter, 2019–2020), we added another year of monitoring, Fall and Winter, 2020–2021. Between years, Feather Friendly®mitigation markers were added to collision-prone areas of two buildings, including both mirrored and transparent windows. Results The two buildings that received new Feather Friendly®mitigation had significantly fewer collisions post-mitigation. Control areas also had nonsignificant decline in collisions. The interaction of area (mitigation vs. control) by time (year 1 vs. 2) was significant, based on generalized estimating equations (GEE). The total yearly collisions across all eight buildings declined from 39 to 23. A second GEE analysis of all 8 buildings showed that mirrored windows, pear trees, and bird-friendly windows were each significant when analyzed separately. The best-fit model showed more collisions for mirrored windows and fewer collisions for bird-friendly windows. We found pear tree proximity to be related to more collisions in winter than fall. In addition, pear trees showed reduced collisions from year 1 to 2, consistent with new mitigation for two of three buildings near pear trees. Discussion Feather Friendly® markers can mitigate collisions with transparent windows, not only mirrored windows, compared to unmitigated areas over 2 years. Results also underscore the dangers of pear tree proximity and mirrored windows and the efficacy of bird-friendly windows. Thus, bird collisions can be prevented by window mitigation, permanent bird-friendly windows, and landscape designs that avoid creating ecological traps.

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Darnell, Rebecca L., Raquel Cano-Medrano, Karen E. Koch, and Michael L. Avery. "Differences in sucrose metabolism relative to accumulation of bird-deterrent sucrose levels in fruits of wild and domestic Vaccinium species." Physiologia Plantarum 92, no. 2 (October 1994): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1994.920220.x.

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Lenhardt, M., A. Ochs, J. Genova, N. Castiglia, and M. Kelley. "The use of very low and very high frequencies in the development of an acoustical deterrent for bird–aircraft collisions." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 97, no. 5 (May 1995): 3371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.412653.

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Darnell, Rebecca L., Raquel Cano-Medrano, Karen E. Koch, and Michael L. Avery. "Differences in sucrose metabolism relative to accumulation of bird-deterrent sucrose levels in fruits of wild and domestic Vaccinium species." Physiologia Plantarum 92, no. 2 (October 1994): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb05345.x.

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Bhusal, Santosh, Kapil Khanal, Shivam Goel, Manoj Karkee, and Matthew Edmund Taylor. "Bird Deterrence in a Vineyard Using an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS)." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 2 (2019): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12923.

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Abstract. Washington State growers lose more than $80 million annually to bird damage in fruit crops such as cherries, grapes, Honeycrisp apples, and blueberries. Conventional bird deterrence techniques, such as netting, auditory devices, visual devices, chemical application, falconry, and shooting, are either costly, ineffective, or harmful to birds. At the same time, unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have become popular in military, civilian, and agricultural applications due to decreasing cost, good maneuverability, and their ability to perform multiple types of missions. This article presents an approach using UAS to deter birds and minimize their damage to wine grapes. A quadcopter UAS was flown for three days in September 2016 over a section (30 m × 30 m) of a vineyard to deter birds. The test section of the vineyard was next to a canyon with many trees that provided shelter for a large number of birds. The experimental design included different deterrence methods against birds, including auditory deterrence, visual deterrence, and varying UAS flight patterns. The test section of the vineyard was under continuous video surveillance from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. using four GoPro cameras for five continuous days, including three days when the UAS was flown. A Gaussian mixture model-based motion detection algorithm was used to detect birds in the videos, a Kalman filter was then used for tracking the detected birds, and bird activities (incoming and outgoing birds) were counted based on the movement of birds across the plot boundary. Two accuracy measures (precision and recall) were calculated to analyze the performance of the automated bird detection and counting system. The results showed that the proposed system achieved a precision of 84% and recall of 87% in counting incoming and outgoing birds. The automated bird counting system was then used to evaluate the performance of the UAS-based bird deterrence system. The results showed that bird activity was more than 300% higher on days with no UAS flights compared to days when the UAS was flown with on-board bird deterrence measures. UAS flights covering the entire experimental plot with auditory deterrence had a better effect than flights with visual deterrence. The results showed the potential for developing an automated bird deterrence system for vineyards and other crops. Extended studies with multi-year, multi-field, and multi-platform experiments are essential to further validate the results. Keywords: Bird deterrence, Fruit crops, Machine vision, Unmanned aerial systems, Vineyards.

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Pennell, Chris G. L., M. Philip Rolston, Chikako Van Koten, Wade J. Mace, David E. Hume, and Stuart D. Card. "The effect of grass endophytes on earthworms and slugs under a turf mowing regime." New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (June 20, 2018): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.148.

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Earthworms are not a direct pest of turf grass but they are considered a problem on many sports fields, disrupting playability and aesthetics due to the castings they deposit on the playing surface. Also, a number of slug species are well-known foliage destroying pests of a number of agriculturally important crop species. Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue cultivars associated with selected EpichloÃ« endophytes, originally developed for bird management at airports, were assessed to determine their deterrent properties towards worms and slugs. Plots sown with endophyte-free ryegrass had significantly higher numbers of worms and slugs than plots containing the same grass cultivar infected with the endophyte strain AR95. Also, plots sown with endophyte-free tall fescue had significantly higher numbers of slugs (but not worms) than plots containing the same grass cultivar infected with the endophyte strain AR601. Although more research is required on the exact mechanism of action, these results suggest selected novel endophyte-infected grass associations, such as those including the endophyte AR95, may substantially reduce populations of worms and slugs in areas where these grasses are sown.

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Basuki, B., and M. R. Palupi. "Sound Energy Approach in The Use of LRAD as A Bird Deterrent Device in Sam Ratulangi Manado International Airport, North Sulawesi, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 943 (November 3, 2020): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/943/1/012053.

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Nakad, Jane. "Region VIII Problem Oil Pit Effort." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-323.

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ABSTRACT Improper construction and operation of open oil pits used by the oil and gas exploration and production industries result in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of mammals and millions of birds each year. Releases from exploration and production operations of oil and produced water “brine,” which carry heavy metals and other contaminants to surface waterways and to subsurface groundwater pose a threat to human health, wildlife, and water resources for agricultural, domestic and recreational uses. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region VIII (EPA), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region VI (FWS), the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and various state and tribal agencies, “the partners,” have joined in a coordinated effort to address “problem oil pits.” The composition of the partnership varies within each state based on which state and tribal agency or agencies have responsibilities related to each facility. Examples of state agencies which were members of the partnership are the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, Colorado Department of Public Health and the Environment, Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, and the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality. The Shoshone, Arapahoe, and Ute Mountain Ute tribes are some of the tribes involved in the partnership The goals identified by the partners were: (1) to minimize the potential for bird and other animal mortality from contact with oil; (2) to ensure that oil production and exploration facilities are constructed and managed in an environmentally protective manner in compliance with all requirements and to rectify other existing environmental issues; and last but not least in priority, (3) to protect the health of the community and environmental resources for future generations. Data compiled during field inspections by the partners indicated a strong correlation between bird and wildlife mortality and the extent of the surface covered by oil at the problem oil pits. Almost 89% percent of the bird mortality and almost 65 percent of the wildlife mortality were recovered from pits whose surfaces were 100% covered with oil. All of the remaining bird and wildlife mortality occurred in pits with significant amounts of oil on the surface. The aerial survey conducted in this effort identified an initial 409 sites which had potential problem oil pits. Field inspections were conducted at 299 of those sites. Of note is the fact that 172 sites of the 299 were found to have ongoing discharges in excess of permitted limits and/or uncontained leaks, spills or discharges of oil. Thus, the same poor management practices which result in problem oil pits, present compliance problems which may lead to discharges of oil into the waters of the United States. All of the dead birds and wildlife recovered by the inspection teams were found in or near pits which had no netting; none were found at sites which had netting. Some of the pits where mortality occurred had flagging. Thus, netting is the only effective deterrent device which would prevent birds and wildlife from entering these oil covered pits. The partners developed processes to gather and evaluate information, and to make decisions on the appropriate actions in response to issues in a coordinated way. Key to the problem oil pit effort was the success of the formal and informal communications with the regulated community which resulted in many of the problem pits being remediated before the next bird migratory season began. The partners, believe that most of the remaining problems at oil exploration and production pits identified in the effort thus far will be remedied within 1 year. The lessons learned from this close coordination improved their working relationships and enhanced their ability to resolve environmental problems together in the future. Long term communication strategies being developed will help ensure that goals continue to be met and a high degree of long-term environmental protection is achieved.

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Itoh, Norihiko, Chikahito Nakajima, Toru Takeuchi, Masaki shirai, Fumihiko Ohta, and Jyunya Kanno. "Inspection of the effect of the crow deterrent system using camera system for long-term monitoring of bird flight trajectories at photovoltaic power plant." IFAC-PapersOnLine 51, no. 28 (2018): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.11.725.

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Raharimihaja, Tatamo E. A., Jo L. M. Rakotoarison, Paul A. Racey, and Radosoa A. Andrianaivoarivelo. "A comparison of the effectiveness of methods of deterring pteropodid bats from feeding on commercial fruit in Madagascar." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 13 (November 26, 2016): 9512. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2688.8.13.9512-9524.

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We compared the effectiveness of methods of deterring Pteropus rufus from feeding on commercial fruit in east central and southeastern Madagascar in 2012–2013 during the Litchi chinensis harvest. Two of the three methods used, installing plastic flags and ringing bells in the trees, were derived from those used by litchi growers in the southeast. We improved and standardized these methods and compared their effectiveness with an organic product made from dried blood and vegetable oil (Plantskydd®) with a taste and odour aimed at deterring mammal feeding. The bats damaged from 440–7,040 g of litchi fruits per tree and two of the three methods reduced the fruit lost to bats: the plastic flags and the organic deterrent. There were significant differences in the damage levels between the study sites and between our three methods of deterrence. The plastic flags and bell ringing methods were significantly less effective in reducing the fruit bat damage compared to the taste deterrent. The latter was most effective when it had enough time to dry and adhere to the fruits after spraying and before rain. Its effectiveness was further demonstrated in flight cage experiments during which Rousettus madagascariensis avoided litchis treated with Plantskydd®. Analysis of bat faecal samples revealed no feeding preference but the collected samples contained large numbers of Ficus seeds, suggesting that the bats feed extensively on Ficus fruits rather than on fruit of economic importance. Apart from fruit ripeness, tree productivity or other phenological factors did not affect the amount of fruit eaten by the bats. More fruits were damaged by birds than bats at both study sites.

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Simons, Elizabeth S., and Mark K. Hinders. "Automatic counting of birds in a bird deterrence field trial." Ecology and Evolution 9, no. 20 (October 2019): 11878–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5695.

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Rojas, Bibiana, Emily Burdfield-Steel, Hannu Pakkanen, Kaisa Suisto, Michael Maczka, Stefan Schulz, and Johanna Mappes. "How to fight multiple enemies: target-specific chemical defences in an aposematic moth." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1863 (September 27, 2017): 20171424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1424.

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Animals have evolved different defensive strategies to survive predation, among which chemical defences are particularly widespread and diverse. Here we investigate the function of chemical defence diversity, hypothesizing that such diversity has evolved as a response to multiple enemies. The aposematic wood tiger moth ( Arctia plantaginis ) displays conspicuous hindwing coloration and secretes distinct defensive fluids from its thoracic glands and abdomen. We presented the two defensive fluids from laboratory-reared moths to two biologically relevant predators, birds and ants, and measured their reaction in controlled bioassays (no information on colour was provided). We found that defensive fluids are target-specific: thoracic fluids, and particularly 2- sec -butyl-3-methoxypyrazine, which they contain, deterred birds, but caused no aversive response in ants. By contrast, abdominal fluids were particularly deterrent to ants, while birds did not find them repellent. Our study, to our knowledge, is the first to show evidence of a single species producing separate chemical defences targeted to different predator types, highlighting the importance of taking into account complex predator communities in studies on the evolution of prey defence diversity.

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Gradolewski, Dawid, Damian Dziak, Milosz Martynow, Damian Kaniecki, Aleksandra Szurlej-Kielanska, Adam Jaworski, and Wlodek J. Kulesza. "Comprehensive Bird Preservation at Wind Farms." Sensors 21, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010267.

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Wind as a clean and renewable energy source has been used by humans for centuries. However, in recent years with the increase in the number and size of wind turbines, their impact on avifauna has become worrisome. Researchers estimated that in the U.S. up to 500,000 birds die annually due to collisions with wind turbines. This article proposes a system for mitigating bird mortality around wind farms. The solution is based on a stereo-vision system embedded in distributed computing and IoT paradigms. After a bird’s detection in a defined zone, the decision-making system activates a collision avoidance routine composed of light and sound deterrents and the turbine stopping procedure. The development process applies a User-Driven Design approach along with the process of component selection and heuristic adjustment. This proposal includes a bird detection method and localization procedure. The bird identification is carried out using artificial intelligence algorithms. Validation tests with a fixed-wing drone and verifying observations by ornithologists proved the system’s desired reliability of detecting a bird with wingspan over 1.5 m from at least 300 m. Moreover, the suitability of the system to classify the size of the detected bird into one of three wingspan categories, small, medium and large, was confirmed.

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Alderson, Caroline, and Albert Greene. "Bird-Deterrence Technology for Historic Buildings." APT Bulletin 26, no. 2/3 (1995): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1504481.

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Davidson, Gabrielle L., Nicola S. Clayton, and Alex Thornton. "Salient eyes deter conspecific nest intruders in wild jackdaws ( Corvus monedula )." Biology Letters 10, no. 2 (February 2014): 20131077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.1077.

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Animals often respond fearfully when encountering eyes or eye-like shapes. Although gaze aversion has been documented in mammals when avoiding group-member conflict, the importance of eye coloration during interactions between conspecifics has yet to be examined in non-primate species. Jackdaws ( Corvus monedula ) have near-white irides, which are conspicuous against their dark feathers and visible when seen from outside the cavities where they nest. Because jackdaws compete for nest sites, their conspicuous eyes may act as a warning signal to indicate that a nest is occupied and deter intrusions by conspecifics. We tested whether jackdaws’ pale irides serve as a deterrent to prospecting conspecifics by comparing prospectors’ behaviour towards nest-boxes displaying images with bright eyes (BEs) only, a jackdaw face with natural BEs, or a jackdaw face with dark eyes. The jackdaw face with BEs was most effective in deterring birds from making contact with nest-boxes, whereas both BE conditions reduced the amount of time jackdaws spent in proximity to the image. We suggest BEs in jackdaws may function to prevent conspecific competitors from approaching occupied nest sites.

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Polakowski, Michał, Monika Broniszewska, Lucyna Kirczuk, and Zbigniew Kasprzykowski. "Habitat Selection by the European Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus in North-Eastern Poland: Implications for Forest Management." Forests 11, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030291.

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Research Highlights: Intensive forest management practices generally have a negative effect on biodiversity. However, the creation of new, open habitats as a consequence of timber harvesting within large areas of woodland may be favorable to some bird species. Background and Objectives: Habitat selection of the European Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus in a coniferous woodland area in northeastern Poland was studied in order to specify management recommendations. Materials and Methods: To define the influence of various environmental parameters on territory occupation, 11 micro- and 3 macrohabitat factors were analyzed. Results: Denser vegetation in the ground layer deterred birds from nesting in clearings with such characteristics. Moreover, Nightjars preferentially inhabited sites adjacent to young stands of trees. Birds preferred plots with a higher number of clearings in the neighborhood, as this enabled them to enlarge their foraging area. Other microhabitat factors (e.g., the type, age and area of clearings), as well as macroscale factors like distances to the forest edge, nearest roads and human settlements, were of no importance. Conclusions: Knowledge of the Nightjar preferences may be useful in working out a compromise between an appropriate level of clear-felling and conservation of other bird species requiring preservation of old tree stands.

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Seamans, Thomas W., and Bradley F. Blackwell. "Electric shock strips as bird deterrents: does experience count?" International Journal of Pest Management 57, no. 4 (October 2011): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2011.621983.

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McLennan, J. A., N. P. E. Langham, and R. E. R. Porter. "Deterrent effect of eye‐spot balls on birds." New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 23, no. 2 (June 1995): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01140671.1995.9513880.

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Castellano, Sergio, and Paolo Cermelli. "Preys’ exploitation of predators’ fear: when the caterpillar plays the Gruffalo." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1820 (December 7, 2015): 20151786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1786.

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Alike the little mouse of the Gruffalo's tale, many harmless preys use intimidating deceptive signals as anti-predator strategies. For example, several caterpillars display eyespots and face-like colour patterns that are thought to mimic the face of snakes as deterrents to insectivorous birds. We develop a theoretical model to investigate the hypothesis that these defensive strategies exploit adaptive cognitive biases of birds, which make them much more likely to confound caterpillars with snakes than vice versa. By focusing on the information-processing mechanisms of decision-making, the model assumes that, during prey assessment, the bird accumulates noisy evidence supporting either the snake-escape or the caterpillar-attack motor responses, which compete against each other for execution. Competition terminates when the evidence for either one of the responses reaches a critical threshold. This model predicts a strong asymmetry and a strong negative correlation between the prey- and the predator-decision thresholds, which increase with the increasing risk of snake predation and assessment uncertainty. The threshold asymmetry causes an asymmetric distribution of false-negative and false-positive errors in the snake–caterpillar decision plane, which makes birds much more likely to be deceived by the intimidating signals of snake-mimicking caterpillars than by the alluring signals of caterpillar-mimicking snakes.

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Baxter, Andrew T., and Andrew P. Robinson. "A comparison of scavenging bird deterrence techniques at UK landfill sites*." International Journal of Pest Management 53, no. 4 (October 2007): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670870701421444.

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Ortego, F., P. H. Evans, and W. S. Bowers. "Enteric and Plant Derived Deterrents in Regurgitate of American Bird Grasshopper, Schistocerca americana." Journal of Chemical Ecology 23, no. 8 (August 1997): 1941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:joec.0000006481.86889.78.

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GANDINI, PATRICIA, and ESTEBAN FRERE. "The economic cost of seabird bycatch in Argentinean longline fisheries." Bird Conservation International 22, no. 1 (September 26, 2011): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270911000219.

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SummarySeabird mortality in longline fisheries is believed to be an important cause of the reductions in many seabird populations worldwide, and results in reduced fishing efficiency and economic losses for fishing companies. We estimated the economic cost of not using seabird bycatch deterrents in Argentinean longline fisheries, with the intention of encouraging adoption of mitigation measures in those fisheries. We conducted the study in the Argentine ling Genypterus blacodes and Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides fisheries from 2001 to 2006 on three fishing vessels. Data on the incidence of seabird bycatch were collected by seabird observers specially trained in seabird identification and data on the catch rates of target species, cost of bait and fish were provided by the fishing company, supervised by Federal Inspectors from the Provincial Fisheries Agency. To estimate the bait loss, we set lines both with and without the use of deterrents (streamer lines, night setting and strategic discharge of offal) in both fisheries. Seabird bycatch varies temporally and geographically, so to estimate economic losses using deterrents in each fishery, we used different bycatch rates/1000 hooks registered for different periods and fishing areas. Bycatch rates in the absence of deterrents were two birds/1000 hooks and 1.53 birds/1000 hooks for the Patagonian toothfish and ling fisheries, respectively. These rates equate to the loss of more than 1.5 and 2 million dollars over a 10 year period for each fishery. When estimations are made with lower mortality rates, economic losses declined abruptly and were in the order of hundreds of dollars/fishing trip, for the same period of time. Results show that using deterrents, long term profits for the fishing company increase at a considerably high rate (the decrease in monetary loss is an order of magnitude), and the mortality of seabirds decreases by the same proportion (CPUE of seabirds decreases from tens of thousands to a few hundred). In these fisheries, the use of mitigation measures that reduce bait loss and seabird mortality represents a win-win situation with benefits to conservation and fishing companies.

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Swiecicki, Juliet A. "Severing the ties that bind: Moving beyond deterrence." Comparative Strategy 11, no. 3 (July 1992): 283–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01495939208402877.

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Flux, John E. C. "Comparison of predation by two suburban cats in New Zealand." European Journal of Ecology 3, no. 1 (October 26, 2017): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eje-2017-0009.

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AbstractTo study the effects domestic cats may have on surrounding wildlife, a complete list was made of 558 items caught in the garden or brought into the house by one cat over 17 years, from 1988 to 2005. The effect on prey populations was assessed by comparing their abundance with the previous 15 years’ population without a cat. On balance, this cat (Cat 1) was clearly beneficial to the native bird species by killing rodents and deterring mustelids. The diet of a second cat (Cat 2) was recorded in the same way from 2006 to 2016. This cat caught half the number of items 148:287, but in the same proportions: house mice (37.8:42.6); ship rats (12.8:12.1); European rabbits (all young) (8.1:6.7); weasels (0.7:0.4); dunnock (12.8:9.2); house sparrow (2.0:3.1); blackbird (2.7:2.5); song thrush (1.4:1.3); European greenfinch (0.7:5.8); chaffinch (0.7:3.3); silvereye (10.1:8.3); New Zealand fantail (2.0:1.0); lizards (8.1:1.7). Despite this, there were significant differences: Cat 2 avoided finches (2:28, P = 0.004), and took a few more lizards (12:5). For both cats, birds apparently formed about a third of their diet: 33.4% and 34.5%, but comparison of the proportion of birds and rodents brought into the house (12:92) and found dead away from the house (49:45) implies that 320 rodent kills may have been missed, being far more difficult to find. As top predators, these cats were clearly beneficial to native birds, and proposed control or elimination may precipitate mesopredator release and a rabbit problem.

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Sandoval, Luis, and David R. Wilson. "Local predation pressure predicts the strength of mobbing responses in tropical birds." Current Zoology 58, no. 5 (October 1, 2012): 781–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/58.5.781.

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Abstract Many birds join cooperative mobbing aggregations and collectively harass predators. Individuals participating in these ephemeral associations benefit by deterring the predator, but also incur energetic costs and increased risk of predation. Explaining the evolution of mobbing is challenging because individuals could prevail by selfishly seeking safety while allowing others to mob. An important step in understanding the evolution of mobbing is to identify factors affecting its expression. The ecological constraints model suggests that animals are more likely to cooperate under adverse environmental conditions, such as when local predation pressure is high. We tested this prediction by comparing the mobbing responses of several species of birds to the local abundance of their primary predator, the ferruginous pygmy-owl Glaucidium brasilianum. We used acoustic playback to elicit mobbing responses in environments where owls were common, uncommon, or rare. Stimuli were either the song of a ferruginous pygmy-owl or the mobbing calls of three of the owl’s common prey species. During each playback, we characterized mobbing responses by noting the number of species and individuals that approached the loudspeaker, as well as the closest approach by any bird. Mobbing responses to both stimuli were strong in locations where Ferruginous Pygmy-owls were common, intermediate where owls were uncommon, and weak where they were rare. This pattern persisted even after controlling for differences in species richness and composition among the three environments. Results support the ecological constraints model and provide strong evidence that intense predation pressure increases the expression of cooperative mobbing in tropical birds.

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Jønsson, Knud A., Rauri C. K. Bowie, Janette A. Norman, Les Christidis, and Jon Fjeldså. "Polyphyletic origin of toxic Pitohui birds suggests widespread occurrence of toxicity in corvoid birds." Biology Letters 4, no. 1 (December 4, 2007): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0464.

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Pitohui birds from New Guinea have been found to contain a toxin otherwise only found in neotropical poison arrow frogs. Pitohuis have been considered to be monophyletic and thus toxicity is thought to have evolved once in birds. Here, we show that Pitohuis, rather than being a tight-knit group, are polyphyletic and represent several lineages among the corvoid families of passerine birds. This finding demonstrates that the ability to be toxic is widespread among corvoid birds and suggests that additional members of this radiation, comprising more than 700 species, could prove to be toxic. It is postulated that toxic birds ingest the toxin through their insect diet and excrete it through the uropygial gland, from where it is applied to the skin and feathers. Thus, the ability to become toxic is most likely an ancestral condition but variation in diet determines the extent to which toxicity is expressed among corvoid birds. Variability in toxicity levels further suggests that the main function of the toxin is that of a deterrent against ectoparasites and bacterial infection rather than being a defence against predators as initially proposed.

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Sheppard, Christine D. "Evaluating the relative effectiveness of patterns on glass as deterrents of bird collisions with glass." Global Ecology and Conservation 20 (October 2019): e00795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00795.

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Lozano-Sanllehi, Sebastián, and Carlos B. Zavalaga. "Nonrandom spatial distribution of Neotropic Cormorants (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) along a coastal highway in Lima, Peru." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): e0242835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242835.

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Neotropic Cormorants (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) are common seabirds along the Peruvian coast. They frequently perch on trees, poles and port structures in urban areas, producing guano that builds up in areas of high levels of human activity. Hundreds of Neotropic Cormorants rest on lighting poles and telephone cables along a 12.7 km highway in the coastal strip of the city of Lima, Peru. We hypothesized that the distribution of the cormorants along this highway is clustered and could be associated with physical features of both the coast and the adjacent marine area. Fortnightly or monthly surveys were performed from July 2018 to March 2020 in the Circuito de Playas de la Costa Verde highway. At each survey, cormorants were counted per lighting pole and adjacent telephone cables (collectively, “pole-cable”) at four count hours (0600 h, 1000 h, 1400 h and 1800 h). Our results revealed that daily bird numbers varied from 46 to 457 individuals and that only 17% of the total number of pole-cables (N = 651) was occupied once by at least one individual. The number of cormorants also varied between count hours within the same day (higher numbers at 1000 h and 1400 h). Birds were clustered into a maximum of five hotspots along the highway. According to a model selection criterion, higher numbers of cormorants on pole-cables were associated mainly to a closer distance from these structures to the shoreline and to the surf zone, suggesting that Neotropic Cormorants may select such pole-cables as optimal sites for sighting and receiving cues of prey availability. Based on the results, the use of nonlethal deterrents and the relocation of these birds to other perching structures on nearby groynes could be the most suitable management proposal for the problems caused by their feces.

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Avery, Michael L., Thomas M. Primus, Joe Defrancesco, John L. Cummings, David G. Decker, John S. Humphrey, James E. Davis, and Rob Deacon. "Field Evaluation of Methyl Anthranilate for Deterring Birds Eating Blueberries." Journal of Wildlife Management 60, no. 4 (October 1996): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802395.

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Blanchette, Annelise, Noémi Becza, and Ralph A. Saporito. "Escape behaviour of aposematic (Oophaga pumilio) and cryptic (Craugastor sp.) frogs in response to simulated predator approach." Journal of Tropical Ecology 33, no. 2 (March 2017): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467417000037.

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Abstract:Crypsis and aposematism are common antipredator strategies that can each be coupled with behaviours that maximize predator deterrence or avoidance. Cryptic animals employ camouflage to conceal themselves within their environment and generally rely on immobility to avoid detection by predators. Alternatively, aposematic animals tend to rely on an association between conspicuous colouration and secondary defence to deter potential predators, and tend to exhibit slow movements in response to predators. The goal of the present study was to determine how cryptic Craugastor sp. and aposematic Oophaga pumilio respond to simulated human and bird model predators. Oophaga pumilio responded more often with movement to both the human (17/22) and bird (9/25) predators than Craugastor sp. (human: 2/21; bird: 0/21). The increased movement resulted in a greater average flight initiation distance, latency to move, and distance fled in O. pumilio. These findings suggest that cryptic Craugastor sp. rely on immobility to avoid detection, whereas aposematic O. pumilio utilize movement, possibly as a mechanism to increase the visibility of their warning signals to potential predators. Furthermore, O. pumilio exhibited greater movement in response to humans, suggesting that they actively avoid trampling by large threats, rather than considering them predators.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bird deterrent'

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