To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Bird communication study.
Journal articles on the topic 'Bird communication study'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Bird communication study.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Tüür, Kadri. "Bird sounds in nature writing: Human perspective on animal communication." Sign Systems Studies 37, no. 3/4 (December 1, 2009): 580–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2009.37.3-4.11.
Full textAbstract:
The object of study in the present article is birds, more precisely the sounds of birds as they are represented in Estonian nature writing. The evolutionary and structural parallels of bird song with human language are reviewed. Human interpretation of bird sounds raises the question, whether it is possible to transmit or “translate” signals between the Umwelts of different species. The intentions of the sender of the signal may remain unknown, but the signification process within human Umwelt can still be traced and analysed. By approaching the excerpts of nature writing using semiotic methodology, I attempt to demonstrate how bird sounds can function as different types of signs, as outlined by Thomas A. Sebeok. It is argued that the zoosemiotic treatment of nature writing opens up a number of interesting perspectives that would otherwise remain beyond the scope of traditional literary analysis.
2
Matsyura, Alex, Kazimierz Jankowski, and Marina Matsyura. "BIRDS’ FLIGHT ENERGY PREDICTIONS AND APPLICATION TO RADAR-TRACKING STUDY." Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University 3, no. 03 (October 28, 2013): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/20133_45.
Full textAbstract:
<p>In offered research, we propose to observe diurnal soaring birds to check, whether there the positions of birds in formations are such, that the wing tip interval and depth meet the predictions of aerodynamic theory for achievement of maximal conservation of energy or predictions of the hypothesis of communication. We also can estimate, whether adverse conditions of a wind influence the ability of birds to support formation. We can assume that windy conditions during flight might make precision flight more difficult by inducing both unpredictable bird and vortex positions. To this, we need to found change in wing-tip spacing variation with increasing wind speed, suggesting or rejecting that in high winds bird skeins maintained similar variation to that on calm days. The interrelation between variation of mean depth and wind speed should prove this hypothesis. Little is known about the importance of depth, but in high winds the vortex is likely to break up more rapidly and its location become unpredictable the further back a bird flies; therefore, a shift towards skeins with more regular depths at high wind speeds may compensate for the unpredictability of the vortex locations. Any significant relationship between the standard deviation of wing-tip spacing and wind speed suggests that wind has a major effect on optimal positioning.</p> <p>Results of proposed study will be used also as the auxiliary tool in radar research of bird migration, namely in research of flight features of soaring birds. It is extremely important to determine all pertinent characteristics of flock for model species, namely flocking birds.</p> <p><em>Kew words: birds, flock, radar, flight</em></p><p> </p>
3
KHALID RIEFANI, MAULANA, MOCHAMAD ARIEF SOENDJOTO, and ANDY M. MUNIR. "Short Communication: Bird species in the cement factory complex of Tarjun, South Kalimantan, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 1 (December 4, 2018): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200125.
Full textAbstract:
Riefani MK, Soendjoto MA, Munir AM. 2019. Bird species in the cement factory complex of Tarjun, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 218-225. The factory complex of PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Tbk., Tarjun, South Kalimantan, Indonesia consists of cement manufacturing plants and employee settlements. Supporting facilities for the two main areas are open spaces in the form of waters (lakes, small rivers), grasslands (golf courses, grassy fields with several woody individuals growing on it), and forests (mangrove forests, secondary lowland forests, including shrubs). However, the data related to bird species that live in complex are not available yet. The purpose of this study was to inventory bird species in the ITP complex and to analyze qualitatively the presence of birds. These data will be used as a baseline for the development of the complex, comparative data for birds in the operational area of mining located 27 km outside the complex, and the completeness of the requirements for submitting a company performance rating (Proper). Birds were inventoried four periods between 2015-2016 at 06:00 - 08:00 and 16:30 - 18:00. The period here was treated as repetition. Observers equipped with binoculars and telephoto cameras walked around through footpaths and roads exploring the whole complex. In water and grassland areas, birds recorded can be at an observation distance of more than 50 m, whereas in forest areas, birds recorded were at a maximum distance of 50 m. A total of eighty-seven species and 41 families of birds were recorded. Of them, eighteen species and 8 families are waterbirds.The most recorded birds were classified as residents. All of the birds were recorded or observed easily every day or almost every day, at least at the research sites. Others (8 species) wee categorized as migratory birds. Fourteen species are protected by the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry, the Republic of Indonesia No. P.92/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/8/2018, 30 August 2018.
4
Weiss, Michael, Henrike Hultsch, Iris Adam, Constance Scharff, and Silke Kipper. "The use of network analysis to study complex animal communication systems: a study on nightingale song." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1785 (June 22, 2014): 20140460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0460.
Full textAbstract:
The singing of song birds can form complex signal systems comprised of numerous subunits sung with distinct combinatorial properties that have been described as syntax-like. This complexity has inspired inquiries into similarities of bird song to human language; but the quantitative analysis and description of song sequences is a challenging task. In this study, we analysed song sequences of common nightingales ( Luscinia megarhynchos ) by means of a network analysis. We translated long nocturnal song sequences into networks of song types with song transitions as connectors. As network measures, we calculated shortest path length and transitivity and identified the ‘small-world’ character of nightingale song networks. Besides comparing network measures with conventional measures of song complexity, we also found a correlation between network measures and age of birds. Furthermore, we determined the numbers of in-coming and out-going edges of each song type, characterizing transition patterns. These transition patterns were shared across males for certain song types. Playbacks with different transition patterns provided first evidence that these patterns are responded to differently and thus play a role in singing interactions. We discuss potential functions of the network properties of song sequences in the framework of vocal leadership. Network approaches provide biologically meaningful parameters to describe the song structure of species with extremely large repertoires and complex rules of song retrieval.
5
Olukosi, O. A., O. C. Daniyan, and O. Matanmi. "Effects of feeder space allowance on agonistic behaviour and growth performance of broilers (short communication)." Archives Animal Breeding 45, no. 2 (October 10, 2002): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-45-205-2002.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. One hundred and thirty-two 4-weeks old unsexed Anak-2000 broiler strain were used to study the effect of feeder space allowance on agonistic behaviour and growth performance of broilers from weeks 4–8. The feeder space allowance were 2.4 cm/bird, 3.0 cm/bird and 3.6 cm/bird in groups I, II and III. The agonistic behaviour observed included head pecks, steps, pushes, threats and chase during feeding and "non-feeding" periods. There was a decrease in total agonistic behaviour as feeder space per bird increased from 2.4cm/bird to 3.6 cm/bird, both during feeding and non-feeding periods. There was a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) of feeder space allowance on mean agonistic acts/bird/hour during feeding period being highest in G1 (7.8 acts/bird/hour), and lowest in G3 (4.5 acts/bird/hour). There was no significant effect (p > 0.05) of feeder space allowance on mean agonistic acts/bird/hour during non-feeding period. In G1 and G2, there was a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) of period of observation on mean agonistic acts/bird/hour being highest in the feeding period and lowest in the non-feeding periods. In G3, there was no significant effect (p > 0.05) of period of day on mean agonistic acts/bird/hour and no significant effect of feeder space allowance on the growth performance parameters measured at p>0.05.
6
Van Doren, Benjamin M., David E. Willard, Mary Hennen, Kyle G. Horton, Erica F. Stuber, Daniel Sheldon, Ashwin H. Sivakumar, Julia Wang, Andrew Farnsworth, and Benjamin M. Winger. "Drivers of fatal bird collisions in an urban center." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 24 (June 7, 2021): e2101666118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101666118.
Full textAbstract:
Millions of nocturnally migrating birds die each year from collisions with built structures, especially brightly illuminated buildings and communication towers. Reducing this source of mortality requires knowledge of important behavioral, meteorological, and anthropogenic factors, yet we lack an understanding of the interacting roles of migration, artificial lighting, and weather conditions in causing fatal bird collisions. Using two decades of collision surveys and concurrent weather and migration measures, we model numbers of collisions occurring at a large urban building in Chicago. We find that the magnitude of nocturnal bird migration, building light output, and wind conditions are the most important predictors of fatal collisions. The greatest mortality occurred when the building was brightly lit during large nocturnal migration events and when winds concentrated birds along the Chicago lakeshore. We estimate that halving lighted window area decreases collision counts by 11× in spring and 6× in fall. Bird mortality could be reduced by ∼60% at this site by decreasing lighted window area to minimum levels historically recorded. Our study provides strong support for a relationship between nocturnal migration magnitude and urban bird mortality, mediated by light pollution and local atmospheric conditions. Although our research focuses on a single site, our findings have global implications for reducing or eliminating a critically important cause of bird mortality.
7
Grade, Aaron M., and Kathryn E. Sieving. "When the birds go unheard: highway noise disrupts information transfer between bird species." Biology Letters 12, no. 4 (April 2016): 20160113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0113.
Full textAbstract:
Highway infrastructure and accompanying vehicle noise is associated with decreased wildlife populations in adjacent habitats. Noise masking of animal communication is an oft-cited potential mechanism underlying species loss in sound-polluted habitats. This study documents the disruption of between-species information transfer by anthropogenic noise. Titmice and chickadees broadcast specific calls to alert kin of predator threats, and sympatric vertebrates eavesdrop on these alarm calls to avoid predators. We tested if tufted titmouse alarm call eavesdropping by northern cardinals is disrupted by road noise. We broadcast recorded alarm calls to cardinals in natural areas near and far from highways. Cardinals reliably produced predator avoidance responses in quiet trials, but all birds in noisy areas failed to respond, demonstrating that highway noise is loud enough to disrupt this type of survival-related information via masking or cognitive distraction. Birds in family Paridae are abundant, highly social and vocal residents of woodlands across the Holarctic whose alarm calls are used by many species to mediate predation risks. Our work suggests that communication network disruption is likely to be widespread, and could help explain the pattern of reduced biodiversity near roadways.
8
Parejo, Deseada, Jesús M. Avilés, and Juan Rodríguez. "Visual cues and parental favouritism in a nocturnal bird." Biology Letters 6, no. 2 (October 28, 2009): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0769.
Full textAbstract:
Visual signals are crucial for parent–offspring communication, although their functioning has been neglected for nocturnal birds. Here, we investigated parental preference for nestling coloration in nocturnal conditions—a question hitherto unexplored—in a nocturnal raptor, the scops owl ( Otus scops ). We assessed how parents allocated food during the night in relation to a manipulation of ultraviolet (UV) reflectance of the cere (skin above the beak) of their offspring. Reflectance of the cere shows a marked peak in the UV part of the spectrum, and location of the UV peak is related to nestling body mass (i.e. heavier nestlings have a UV peak at lower wavelengths). We found evidence of parental bias in favour of lighter offspring: UV-reduced nestlings gained more weight during the night than their control siblings. This study provides the first experimental evidence of the use of visual cues for parent–offspring communication in a nocturnal bird.
9
Xanthoudaki, Maria. ""Bird of another feather": re-envisioning professional development for museum learning experts." Journal of Science Communication 15, no. 04 (June 22, 2016): C03. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.15040303.
Full textAbstract:
The article draws on the case study of the European In-service training course ‘School and Science Museum: Cooperation for Improving Teaching, Learning and Discovering’ aiming to offer insights into the training of educators in museums. It discusses training and contributes suggestions in the context of the contemporary museum context as well as approaches to visitors' learning.
10
Yuzieva, Kristina. "The materiality of the representation of the owl in the Mari ways of speaking." Multilingua 40, no. 4 (May 27, 2021): 487–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/multi-2020-0074.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This article shows how language materiality is conceptualized through an ethnolinguistic analysis of the representation of the owl as an indication of human-bird relationships. This approach enables addressing the multiple relations between birds and speakers and their perception of the environment as these are reflected in language, folklore and rituals. This research is related to such discourses as “language”, “materiality” and “environment” and is based on a case study of the Mari, a Finno-Ugric people who live in central Russia and still adhere to their folk religion. First, it sets out the Mari names which are used for birds of the owl family, then it shows how the terminology has changed due to the emotional side of humanity, and how terms express things in metaphorical way. Next, the article focuses on how the bird (owl) can be a source of positive or negative information with regard to auguring the future and how the symbolic use of birds in rituals and magical actions contributes to co-creating landscapes between human and non-human agencies. This study is based on extensive linguistic, folklore and ethnographic material, including my own field material.
11
Jones, Sandra C., and Don Iverson. "What Australians Know and Believe About Bird Flu: Results of a Population Telephone Survey." Health Promotion Practice 9, no. 4_suppl (October 2008): 73S—82S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839908322112.
Full textAbstract:
The avian influenza A (A/H5N1) virus has attracted the attention of governments and health organizations throughout the world because of its pandemic potential. Despite the emerging nature of A/H5N1, there is limited research on public knowledge and perceptions of this disease. This study is based on a computer-assisted telephone interviewing survey conducted in May 2006 to determine the Australian public's knowledge of A/H5N1, their willingness to engage in preventive behaviors, and their acceptance of potential messages for communication campaigns. Awareness and concern about bird flu is low (lower than a recent survey of U.S. residents). There appears to be widespread support for bird flu control measures initiated by the federal government, although less agreement regarding personal protective behaviors. Our study and those examining the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic suggest that governments, including the Australian government, will encounter a number of significant communication challenges in the event of a bird flu outbreak.
12
Clark, Christopher J., and Justin W. Jaworski. "Introduction to the Symposium: Bio-Inspiration of Quiet Flight of Owls and Other Flying Animals: Recent Advances and Unanswered Questions." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 5 (September 10, 2020): 1025–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa128.
Full textAbstract:
Synopsis Animal wings produce an acoustic signature in flight. Many owls are able to suppress this noise to fly quietly relative to other birds. Instead of silent flight, certain birds have conversely evolved to produce extra sound with their wings for communication. The papers in this symposium synthesize ongoing research in “animal aeroacoustics”: the study of how animal flight produces an acoustic signature, its biological context, and possible bio-inspired engineering applications. Three papers present research on flycatchers and doves, highlighting work that continues to uncover new physical mechanisms by which bird wings can make communication sounds. Quiet flight evolves in the context of a predator–prey interaction, either to help predators such as owls hear its prey better, or to prevent the prey from hearing the approaching predator. Two papers present work on hearing in owls and insect prey. Additional papers focus on the sounds produced by wings during flight, and on the fluid mechanics of force production by flapping wings. For instance, there is evidence that birds such as nightbirds, hawks, or falcons may also have quiet flight. Bat flight appears to be quieter than bird flight, for reasons that are not fully explored. Several research avenues remain open, including the role of flapping versus gliding flight or the physical acoustic mechanisms by which flight sounds are reduced. The convergent interest of the biology and engineering communities on quiet owl flight comes at a time of nascent developments in the energy and transportation sectors, where noise and its perception are formidable obstacles.
13
Henri, Dominique A., Nicolas D. Brunet, Hillary E. Dort, Helen Hambly Odame, Jamal Shirley, and H. Grant Gilchrist. "What is Effective Research Communication? Towards Cooperative Inquiry with Nunavut Communities." ARCTIC 73, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic70000.
Full textAbstract:
Communication is recognized as the foundation of developing partnerships in science. In this study, we assess the effectiveness of several communication processes, practices, and tools used by wildlife researchers in northern communities in Arctic Canada. A case study was conducted in the communities of Cape Dorset and Coral Harbour (Salliq), Nunavut, Canada, to assess the effectiveness of research communication approaches carried out by the northern marine bird research group of Environment and Climate Change Canada, which has a long-standing research relationship with these two communities. Our objectives were to 1) explore local experiences with research—marine bird research in particular, 2) examine what communication approaches and tools Nunavummiut viewed as most effective for learning about research activities and feeling engaged in the process, and 3) identify new and emerging communication needs in Nunavut communities to support more effective research partnerships. Our findings indicate that several communication methods used by wildlife researchers, such as community meetings, have become less effective because of changing information-sharing practices at the community level. Other communication practices, such as using social media, hold much promise, but as of yet are underutilized by researchers, though of interest to northern communities. Acknowledging that every northern community is unique, with context-specific priorities, capacities, and needs, effective research partnerships should be built upon communication approaches that foster cooperative inquiry and learning. In progress towards this goal, we explore two emerging and related themes: first, access to information and communication technologies in the two communities, and second, the engagement of youth in Arctic research communication and delivery.
14
Brumm, Henrik. "Causes and consequences of song amplitude adjustment in a territorial bird: a case study in nightingales." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 76, no. 2 (June 2004): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652004000200017.
Full textAbstract:
Vocal amplitude, one of the crucial factors for the exchange of acoustic signals, has been neglected in studies of animal communication, but recent studies on song variation in Common Nightingales Luscinia megarhynchos have revealed new insights into its importance in the singing behavior of territorial birds. In nightingales song amplitude is not maximized per se, but is individually regulated according to the level of masking background noise. Also, birds adjust their vocal intensity according to social variables, as in male-male interactions. Moreover, during such interactions, males exploited the directionality of their songs to broadcast them in the direction of the intended receivers ensuring the most effective signal transmission. Studies of the development of this typical long-range signaling suggest that sound level is highly interrelated with overall developmental progression and learning, and thus should be viewed as an integral part of song ontogeny. I conclude that song amplitude is a dynamic feature of the avian signal system, which is individually regulated according to the ecological demands of signal transmission and the social context of communication.
15
Andrássy-Baka, G., R. Romvári, Z. Sütő, A. Szabó, and P. Horn. "Comparative study of the body composition of different turkey genotypes by means of CT (short communication)." Archives Animal Breeding 46, no. 3 (October 10, 2003): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-46-285-2003.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Male and female BUT Big 6 and Bronze turkeys (type 1967) kept in a gene reserve were in vivoL investigated with non-invasive high resolution computerized tomography by means of a sipral CT scanner. The imaging procedure was carried out at the ages of 5, 12, 16 and 21 weeks on two turkeys, in both sexes. All animals were kept under intensive conditions according to the demands of the conformation and the body weight of the relevant group average. On the basis of 30–50 scans gathered from each bird during the scanning procedure the volumetric measurement of the total body muscle content was performed. These values were at the 5th week 0.9 and 0.8 vs. 0.3 and 0.2 dm3 in BUT male and female vs. Bronze male and female birds. At the 21st week the respective values were: 12.65 and 7.66 vs. 3.60 and 2.28 dm3. The total body fat content was characterised by the so called "fat index", a value independent of the live weight. This indices were at the 21st week: 0.12 and 0.20 vs. 0.12 and 0.13 following the above order. The investigation of the tissue development in the body was carried out by means of 3D histograms. The morphologic properties of the breast muscles were compared based on real 3D reconstructed images at the age of 21 weeks where the major differences concerned the m. pectoralis superficialis. The applied imaging methods are well applicable to describe the anatomic and body compositional differences in the excessively different genotypes.
16
Verploegen, Helen, Wessel Ganzevoort, and Riyan van den Born. "Affordances and tensions in recording bird observations: how coordinators and volunteers perceive and experience citizen science in birding." Journal of Science Communication 20, no. 02 (April 19, 2021): A10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.20020210.
Full textAbstract:
Digital citizen science projects differ greatly in their goals and design. Tensions arise when coordinators' design choices and conceptions of citizen science conflict with users' motivations and expectations. In this paper, we use a combination of qualitative methods to gain new insights into the ways citizen science is understood and implemented digitally. This includes a study into the affordances of two citizen science portals for bird observations, and qualitative interviews with users and coordinators of the portals. This reveals tensions related to data sharing, community hierarchies, and communicated expectations. Awareness of these tensions can benefit the future design of online citizen science projects.
17
Gorissen, Leen, and Marcel Eens. "Interactive Communication Between Male and Female Great Tits (Parus Major) During the Dawn Chorus." Auk 121, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/121.1.184.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Studies of the dawn chorus in birds have focused mainly on the behavior and song output of males and on the function(s) of male song. Less attention has been paid to the females' behavior and to communication between members of a pair. In Great Tits (Parus major), males sing vigorously at dawn in the vicinity of the female's nest hole just before and during egg laying. We studied the female's vocal behavior during the dawn chorus as well as communication between pair members. All females vocally interacted with their mates from inside the nest box. Females produced a sound with a very low sound-pressure level only audible from few meters, which we have named the “quiet call.” This quiet call was unique to females and was only produced from inside the nest box. To our knowledge, our study is the first to show that both members of a pair vocally interact during the dawn chorus. Given that many temperate-zone bird species have similar life histories as the Great Tit, it is very likely that similar interactive behavior occurs in other (song)birds. This interactive behavior may provide a new and manipulable tool for testing hypotheses about the dawn song and can be used as a future bioassay of male vocalizations.
18
Blumstein, Daniel T. "The evolution of functionally referential alarm communication." Evolution of Communication 3, no. 2 (December 31, 1999): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eoc.3.2.03blu.
Full textAbstract:
Many species produce specific alarm vocalizations when they encounter predators. There is considerable interest in the degree to which bird, ground-dwelling sciurid rodent, and primate alarm calls denote the species or type of predator that elicited the vocalization. When there is a tight association between the type or species of predator eliciting an alarm call, and when a played-back alarm call elicits antipredator responses qualitatively similar to those seen when individuals personally encounter a predator, the alarm calls are said to be functionally referential. In this essay I aim to make two simple points about the evolution of functionally referential alarm communication. Firstly, functionally referential communication is likely to be present only when a species produces acoustically distinct alarm vocalizations. Thus, to understand its evolution we must study factors that influence the evolution of alarm call repertoire size. Secondly, and potentially decoupled from the ability to produce acoustically distinctive alarm vocalizations, species must have the perceptual and motor abilities to respond differently to acoustically-distinct alarm vocalizations. Thus, to understand the evolution of functionally referential communication we also must study factors that influence the evolution of context-independent perception. While some factors may select for functionally referential alarm communication, constraints on production or perception may prevent its evolution.
19
Listopadsky, M. A. "An importance of soil humidification in forming of avifauna of arboreal plantation in the Biosphere reserve «Askania Nova» (un-reproductive period)." Ecology and Noospherology 27, no. 3-4 (October 24, 2016): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/031614.
Full textAbstract:
With gradient analysis investigated the role of soil moisture in the formation of the modern population of birds in the reserve forest plantations. Soil moisture was divided into seven grades. For this purpose used grass cover and the coefficient of local moistening. His proposed PhD L. P. Travleev. This method allows knowing the degree of influence of soil moisture at the birds. We analyzed birds species composition, population, placement in space and power of influence factors (soil moisture). Investigations were carried out on the territory of the Biosphere Reserve «Askania Nova». We studied the birds which live in the reserve at the end of the summer, autumn and winter. This happened from 2006 to 2013 years. Specially was studied as permanently specific form of birds is found in a particular humidity. The degree of coupling was studied using the amount of information that transmits to the local bird humidification. For 68 species of birds are the options of the population density, coefficient koligatsii and data communication with the seven variants of soil moisture. For all kinds of set information «price» of each option dampening that contributes to the formation of a particular community of birds. Thus, the defined contribution to the formation of soil moisture forest bird communities. Species representation and density gradient within the test moisture is not in direct linear relationship from moisture and ranges from 11 (very coldly) to 50 species (moist soil). The density of the community varies from 0,5 birds / hectare (very dry) to 269 birds / hectare (fresh soil). The strongest link between the information and the formation of moisture gradient structure avifauna is typical in a fresh soil – bird on the edge, and wet – forest representatives. These types of humidification function is performed starting in the formation of two major blocks dendrophilous community. The steppe birds give way to forest representatives when the soil slightly moist. The main conclusion of our study includes the following: than wetter the soil the more species of birds lives in the forest; some graduation humidity are the most important for separate species of birds; it is very important for birds, there are places where one can drink water. Further invasive alien species can occur where the soil is moist. Forest with dry soil is already fully occupied by birds.
20
Heimbs, Sebastian, Tim Wagner, Heinz Meister, Clemens Brand, and Mircea Calomfirescu. "Bird strike on aircraft radome: Dynamic characterisation of quartz fibre composite sandwich for accurate, predictive impact simulations." EPJ Web of Conferences 183 (2018): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818301007.
Full textAbstract:
This study assesses the bird strike resistance of the satellite communication (SatCom) radome of a medium altitude, long endurance (MALE) remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS), which is designed as a lightweight sandwich structure with thin quartz fibre composite skins and a cellular honeycomb core. In order to perform accurate, predictive numerical bird strike simulations, the building block approach was applied, involving extensive experimental characterisation and model validation of the materials and structures from simple coupon level up to full-scale radome level. Coupon tests of the quartz fibre composite skin material under high-rate dynamic loading revealed significant strain rate effects, which needed to be taken into account in the simulation model in order to predict the structural response under high-velocity bird strike loading. In summary, this work presents a systematic and detailed approach for obtaining validated modelling methods for high-velocity impact analyses, which could be used efficiently for various design and parameter studies during the development of the SatCom radome.
21
Siva, T., and P. Neelanarayanan. "Impact of vehicular traffic on birds in Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 10 (July 26, 2020): 16352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5532.12.10.16352-16356.
Full textAbstract:
Roads have numerous direct and indirect ecological impacts on wildlife. Roads constitute an extensive and integral part of our environment. Collisions with vehicles kill a large number of birds every year. The present study was carried out from January 2016 to December 2016. The data was collected from Nehru Memorial College to Pavithram Lake of Thuraiyur to Namakkal road of Musiri Taluk, Tiruchchirappalli District. During this study, we recorded a total of 64 birds belonging to 12 species killed due to vehicular traffic. A maximum of 11 birds were killed in the months of January and October, and a minimum of two bird kills were observed in the months of September and December. Of the 64 birds, the roadside mortality was observed to the tune of 25%, 20.3%, 14%, 12.5%, 10.9%, 4.6%, and 4.6% for Southern Coucal Centropus parroti, Common Myna Acridotheres tristis, House Crow Corvus splendens, Spotted Owlet Athene brama, Indian Jungle Crow Corvus culminatus, Yellow-billed Babbler Turdoides affinis, and Large Grey Babbler Turdoides malcolmi. Other birds such as Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus, Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis, Shikra Accipiter badius, White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus, and White-browed Bulbul Pycnonotus luteolus accounted for 1.5% mortality. Suggestive measures to prevent wildlife loss due to vehicular traffic are presented in this communication.
22
Corkran, Carol M. "“An Extension of Me”." Society & Animals 23, no. 3 (July 14, 2015): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341252.
Full textAbstract:
Studies describe the human-canine relationship as a long and complex one in which both parties have developed complementary physical skills and communication techniques. Current extensive exploration of the human-canine bond commonly examines the objective value of dogs to people, whether as service or therapy dogs, or valued companions. Dogs have been found to enhance our mental and physical health, learning aptitude, and social confidence. Few studies have investigated the collaborative relationship between handler and working dog, an intersubjective relationship contingent upon mutual trust, communication, learning, and cooperative action between individual subjects. Interviewing bird-dog handlers provides an opportunity to understand how people experience this complex interspecies relationship. Study findings illustrate that the human-canine bond, with its rich history of coevolution stemming from a past of shared hunting efforts, contributes to human experience of the natural world, learning, behavior, and communication.
23
Amaral, PP, and J. Ragusa-Netto. "Bird mixed-flocks and nuclear species in a tecoma savanna in the Pantanal." Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, no. 3 (August 2008): 511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842008000300007.
Full textAbstract:
In bird mixed flocks, a prominent species, the so-called nuclear species, improves the cohesion and maintenance of the flocks, while other less conspicuous species are assumed as satellite. In this study we described the composition, as well as examined the existence of both nuclear and satellite species in mixed flocks of a savanna in the Pantanal. The observations were developed using three transects during the dry season of 2002. Bird species abundance and respective rate of participation in mixed flocks were surveyed by transects, while intraspecific sociality, communication, foraging maneuvers of species, and responses to predators were sampled by direct observations. These parameters were evaluated to distinguish nuclear from satellite species. We observed 41 bird mixed flocks, which included from 2 to 17 species of which Suiriri suiriri (Vieillot), one of the most abundant species, was present in most flocks, often represented by 2-4 individuals, whereas most other species occurred lone or in pairs. While foraging by acrobatic maneuvers S. suiriri often gave contact calls, as well as earlier giving alarm calls if faced with a risk of predation. In addition, S. suiriri always started mixed flocks movements. Conversely, most other species were silent and closely inspected the vegetation while foraging. Such species always followed S. suiriri and seldom gave contact calls. Hence, the conspicuous traits exhibited by S. suiriri, potentially, are exploited by the other bird species as cues, which are important references for bird mixed flock cohesion in a savanna in the southern Pantanal.
24
Řeháková-Petrů, Milada, Richard Policht, and Lubomír Peške. "Acoustic Repertoire of the Philippine Tarsier (Tarsius syrichta fraterculus) and Individual Variation of Long-Distance Calls." International Journal of Zoology 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/602401.
Full textAbstract:
We present the spectrographic description of the vocal repertoire of the Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta fraterculus), a solitary living nocturnal primate for which a very limited information about acoustic communication exists to date. The majority of vocalizations were performed around sunset and, less frequently, at sunrise. We identified eight call types. Five calls recorded during communication between adults included three long-distance calls—loud call, smack-whistle, and whistle—then a soft locust-like chirp and a bird-like trill. Two other calls—cheep and twitter—were recorded during mother-infant communication. One distress call was emitted by adults during handling. All calls were performed in the 9752 Hz to more than 22 kHz frequency range. This study provides the first evidence of individual variation in the long-distance calls performed by tarsiers. Moreover, our study provides a basis for future comparison within as well as between tarsier species taxonomy. Bioacoustic methods can be used in monitoring of these cryptic species and determining their distribution range. Thus, bioacoustic studies can help to improve conservation strategies of different population/species.
25
Parra-Hernández, Ronald M., Jorge I. Posada-Quintero, Orlando Acevedo-Charry, and Hugo F. Posada-Quintero. "Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Clustering Taxa through Vocalizations in a Neotropical Passerine (Rough-Legged Tyrannulet, Phyllomyias burmeisteri)." Animals 10, no. 8 (August 12, 2020): 1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081406.
Full textAbstract:
Vocalizations from birds are a fruitful source of information for the classification of species. However, currently used analyses are ineffective to determine the taxonomic status of some groups. To provide a clearer grouping of taxa for such bird species from the analysis of vocalizations, more sensitive techniques are required. In this study, we have evaluated the sensitivity of the Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) technique for grouping the vocalizations of individuals of the Rough-legged Tyrannulet Phyllomyias burmeisteri complex. Although the existence of two taxonomic groups has been suggested by some studies, the species has presented taxonomic difficulties in classification in previous studies. UMAP exhibited a clearer separation of groups than previously used dimensionality-reduction techniques (i.e., principal component analysis), as it was able to effectively identify the two taxa groups. The results achieved with UMAP in this study suggest that the technique can be useful in the analysis of species with complex in taxonomy through vocalizations data as a complementary tool including behavioral traits such as acoustic communication.
26
Rajchard, J. "Kairomones – important substances in interspecific communication in vertebrates: a review." Veterinární Medicína 58, No. 11 (December 5, 2013): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7137-vetmed.
Full textAbstract:
Interspecies chemical communication is widespread among many groups of organisms, including vertebrates. Kairomones belong to a group of intensively researched substances, represent means for interspecific chemical communication in animals and bring benefit to the acceptor of the chemical signal. Important and often studied is the chemical communication between hosts and their ectoparasites such as ticks and other parasitic mite species. Uric acid is a host stimulus of the kairomone type, which is a product of bird metabolism, or secretions of blood-fed (ingested) ticks. Secretion of volatile substances with kairomone effect may depend on the health of the host organism. Another examined group is the haematophagous ectoparasite insects of the order Diptera, where in addition to the attractiveness of CO<sub>2</sub> a number of other attractants have been described. Specificity of substances in chemical communication can also be determined by their enantiomers. Detailed study of the biology of these ectoparasites is very important from a practical point of view: these parasites play an important role as vectors in a number of infectious diseases. Another area of interspecific chemical communication is the predator-prey relationship, or rather the ability to detect the proximity of predator and induce anti-predator behaviour in the prey. This relationship has been demonstrated in aquatic vertebrates (otter Lutra lutra – salmon Salmo salar) as well as in rodents and their predators. The substances produced by carnivores that induce behavioural response in mice have already been identified. The knowledge of interspecies communication (e.g., between host and parasite) is becoming a prerequisite in successful animal breeding and care.
27
Pepperberg, Irene M. "Referential mapping: A technique for attaching functional significance to the innovative utterances of an African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus)." Applied Psycholinguistics 11, no. 1 (March 1990): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400008274.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTA set of procedures called referential mapping has been used to assign meaning to spontaneous vocalizations of an African Grey parrot. These spontaneous vocalizations were combinations and phonological variations of specific vocal English labels that the bird had previously acquired in a study on interspecies communication. These recombinations were not necessarily intentionally used to describe or request novel objects or circumstances, even though our earlier data demonstrated that the bird could use vocalizations referentially and intentionally to identify, request, refuse, and categorize various objects. The procedures for dealing with this bird's spontaneous modifications neither attempted to nor needed to evaluate the intentionality of his behavior. Rather, the procedures instructed his trainers to respond to the novel speech acts as though he were intentionally commenting about or requesting objects, actions, or information. The success of such procedures in attaching functional significance to his spontaneous vocalizations and in encouraging subsequent innovation suggests that the technique might be applicable to intervention programs for humans with specific communicative deficits.
28
Todt, Dietmar. "From birdsong to speech: a plea for comparative approaches." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 76, no. 2 (June 2004): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652004000200003.
Full textAbstract:
Human language and speech are unique accomplishments. Nevertheless, they share a number of characteristics with other systems of communication, and investigators have thus compared them to birdsong and the vocal signaling of nonhuman primates. Particular interesting parallels concern the development of singing and speaking. These behaviors rely on auditory perception, subsequent memorization and finally, the generation of vocal imitations. Several mechanisms help young individuals to deal with the various challenges during the time of signal development. Specific differences aside, astounding parallels can be found also in how a human and a particularly accomplished bird like the Common Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos treat the experience of many different sound patterns or songs. As a consequence of such exposure, both human infants and young birds eventually acquire large repertoires of verbal or vocal signals. These achievements, however, require access to specific memory mechanisms which are well adapted to the purposes they serve, thereby allowing them to fulfil their species typical roles. With such aspects as a reference, birdsong is an excellent biological model for memory research and also an appropriate system for the study of evolutionary strategies in a very successful class of organisms.
29
Isguzar, E. "Some egg and hatching traits of local ducks, Turkish Pekins and Muscovy ducks in Isparta/Turkey (short communication)." Archives Animal Breeding 48, no. 1 (October 10, 2005): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-48-94-2005.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The purpose of the research was to study some egg and hatching traits of Boz, Yeşilbaş, Kara ducks (as the local names) in comparison with Turkish Pekin and Muscovy ducks in intensive conditions in Isparta province of Turkey. Average egg weights of Boz, Yeşilbaş, Kara, Turkish Pekin, Black Muscovy, Black-white Muscovy, White Muscovy ducks were 68.6, 71.5, 71.0, 71.5, 73.3, 76.3, 75.5g; average percentages of fertility were 70.2, 73.0, 54.2, 78.5, 63.4, 33.5, 64.5 %, respectively. Black-white Muscovy ducks had the highest egg weight. Minor differences were found in the values of egg shape index and values of fertility. The percentage of hatchability of fertile eggs and embryo mortality did not differ among genotypes. The weight of day-old bird there were significant differences between the genotypes. A high weight reached Black-White Muscovy ducks with 46.2 g and the lowest weight were found in Boz genotype with 41.7 g. The results were discussed.
30
Hunt, Sarah, Innes C. Cuthill, Andrew T. D. Bennett, Stuart C. Church, and Julian C. Partridge. "Is the ultraviolet waveband a special communication channel in avian mate choice?" Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 14 (July 15, 2001): 2499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.14.2499.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYThere is growing evidence that ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths play an important role in avian mate choice. One of the first experiments to support this idea showed that female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) prefer UV-reflecting males to males whose ultraviolet reflection has been removed. The effect was very strong despite little or no UV reflection from several plumage areas. However, it is not clear how the importance of the UV waveband compares to other regions of the bird-visible spectrum. We tested whether the response of female zebra finches to the removal of male UV reflection is greater than to the removal of other wavebands. We presented females with a choice of males whose appearance was manipulated using coloured filters. The filters removed single blocks of the avian visible spectrum corresponding closely to the spectral sensitivities of each of the zebra finch’s single cone classes. This resulted in males that effectively had no UV (UV−), no short-wave (SW−), no medium-wave (MW−) or no long-wave (LW−) plumage reflection. Females preferred UV− and SW− males. LW− and MW− males were least preferred, suggesting that female zebra finches show the greatest response to the removal of longer wavelengths. Quantal catches of the single cone types viewing body areas of the male zebra finch are presented for each treatment. Our study suggests it is important to consider the role of the UV waveband in avian mate choice in conjunction with the rest of the avian visible spectrum.
31
Deoniziak, Krzysztof, and Tomasz S. Osiejuk. "Seasonality and social factors, but not noise pollution, influence the song characteristics of two leaf warbler species." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 2, 2021): e0257074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257074.
Full textAbstract:
Changes in the acoustic signalling of animals occupying urban ecosystems is often associated with the masking effects of noise pollution, but the way in which they respond to noise pollution is not straightforward. An increasing number of studies indicate that responses can be case specific, and some species have been found to respond differently to high levels of natural versus anthropogenic noise, as well as different levels of the latter. While the perception of noise between species may vary with its source, amplitude and temporal features, some species may possess broader environmental tolerance to noise pollution, as they use higher frequency vocalizations that are less masked by low-frequency urban noise. In this study, we explored the song variation of two closely related leaf warblers, the Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita and the Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus, inhabiting urban green spaces and nonurban forests. The main goal of our study was to evaluate the impact of moderate levels of noise pollution on the songs of species which use higher frequency vocalizations and large frequency bandwidth. Previous studies found that the Common Chiffchaff modified their song in response to intense noise pollution, while no such data is available for the Willow Warbler. However, the majority of urban green spaces, which serve as wildlife hot spots in urban environments are usually polluted with moderate noise levels, which may not mask the acoustic signals of species that communicate with higher frequency. We analysed the spectral and temporal song parameters of both warblers and described the ambient noise present in males’ territories. Additionally, we looked at the social and seasonal aspects of bird song, since there is more than just noise in urban ecosystems which may affect acoustic communication. We found no evidence for noise-related bird song divergence in either species, however, we showed that social factors, time of day and season influence certain Common Chiffchaff and Willow Warbler song characteristics. Lack of noise-related bird song divergence may be due to the relatively low variation in its amplitude or other noise features present within the song frequency range of the studied species. Similar results have previously been shown for a few songbird species inhabiting urban ecosystems. Although in many cases such results remain in the shadow of the positive ones, they all contribute to a better understanding of animal communication in urban ecosystems.
32
Wheeldon, Amie, Paweł Szymański, Michał Budka, and Tomasz S. Osiejuk. "Structure and functions of Yellow-breasted Boubou (Laniarius atroflavus) solos and duets." PeerJ 8 (October 21, 2020): e10214. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10214.
Full textAbstract:
Background Birds have extremely well-developed acoustic communication and have become popular in bioacoustics research. The majority of studies on bird song have been conducted in the temperate zones where usually males of birds sing to attract females and defend territories. In over 360 bird species mostly inhabiting the tropics both males and females sing together in duets. Avian duets are usually formed when a male and female coordinate their songs. We focused on a species with relatively weakly coordinated duets, with male solo as the prevailing vocalisation type. Methods Instead of analysing a set of recordings spread over a long time, we analysed whole day microphone-array recordings of the Yellow-breasted Boubou (Laniarius atroflavus), a species endemic to West African montane rainforests. We described the structure of the solo and duet vocalisations and temporal characteristics of daily activity based on 5,934 vocal bouts of 18 focal pairs and their neighbours. Results Birds had small, sex specific repertoires. All males shared three types of loud whistles functioning as song type repertoires in both solos and duets. Females vocalised with five types of harsh, atonal notes with a more variable and usually lower amplitude. Three of them were produced both as solos and in duets, while two seem to function as alarm and excitement calls given almost exclusively as a solo. Solos were the most common vocalisation mode (75.4%), with males being more vocally active than females. Duets accounted for 24.6% of all vocalisations and in most cases were initiated by males (81%). The majority of duets were simple (85.1%) consisting of a single male and female song type, but altogether 38 unique duet combinations were described. Males usually initiated singing at dawn and for this used one particular song type more often than expected by chance. Male solo and duet activities peaked around dawn, while female solos were produced evenly throughout the day. Discussion Yellow-breasted Boubou is a duetting species in which males are much more vocal than females and duetting is not a dominating type of vocal activity. Duet structure, context and timing of daily production support the joint resource defence hypothesis and mate guarding/prevention hypotheses, however maintaining pair contact also seems to be important. This study provides for the first time the basic quantitative data describing calls, solos and duet songs in the Yellow-breasted Boubou.
33
Rose, Evangeline M., Derek A. Coss, Casey D. Haines, Sheridan A. Danquah, Colin E. Studds, and Kevin E. Omland. "Why do females sing?—pair communication and other song functions in eastern bluebirds." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 6 (August 3, 2019): 1653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz130.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Female bird song has been underappreciated and understudied, especially in temperate species. Birdsong was originally thought to be a trait used primarily by male songbirds for mate attraction and male/male contest. However, ornithologists have long known that females sing in many tropical songbirds, often for similar functions to male song. Yet, studies of female song in temperate regions remain scarce. Increasing our understanding of the function of female song in temperate species is a powerful step towards discerning the selective pressures that maintain elaborate female signals. In the last few decades, studies of temperate species have highlighted five major functional categories of female song. Using a modeling framework, based on all known functions of song in other species, we tested the function of female song in eastern bluebirds. The modeling framework allowed us to test the effect of multiple complex behaviors simultaneously to predict female song function. Additionally, modeling mitigated issues of multiple testing across the five different functional categories. We found that female song in eastern bluebirds is primarily used in pair communication. Specifically, females sing to strengthen and maintain long-term pair bonds. Strengthening pair-bonds may be advantageous for eastern bluebirds as pairs that remain together between nesting attempts and between years have higher reproductive success. We demonstrate a clear link between the function of female song in pair communication and the likely selective force of long-term pair bonds acting on eastern bluebird reproductive success. Additionally, our study highlights a major function of female song in a temperate species.
34
Fujinaga, Kiyono. "On the diminutive morpheme -gama in Ikema, a Ryukyuan language." Studies in Language 42, no. 3 (October 19, 2018): 734–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.18022.fuj.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Ikema is defined as ‘definitely endangered’ by UNESCO (2009). The study examines an evaluative morpheme -gama used by old Ikema speakers aged 64 to 86 when speaking between Ikema speakers and when speaking Standard Japanese with outsiders. Descriptive grammar of Ikema (Hayashi 2010; Hayashi 2013 inter alia) has treated -gama as diminutive morpheme, representing smallness such as tui-gama ‘small bird’ or showing the affections to the base noun. The observations on naturally occurring data, however, revealed that the Ikema speakers barely used -gama by means of describing smallness: the most frequent use of -gama was found to be non-supplementary (Shetter 1959) and carries various socio-pragmatic functions. The related meanings/functions of -gama are presented in radial category (Lakoff 1987).
35
McDonald, Paul G. "Cooperative bird differentiates between the calls of different individuals, even when vocalizations were from completely unfamiliar individuals." Biology Letters 8, no. 3 (January 18, 2012): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1118.
Full textAbstract:
Hypotheses proposed to explain the evolution of cooperative behaviour typically require differentiation between either groups of conspecifics (e.g . kin/non-kin) or, more typically, individuals (e.g. reciprocal altruism). Despite this, the mechanisms that facilitate individual or class recognition have rarely been explored in cooperative species. This study examines the individual differentiation abilities of noisy miners ( Manorina melanocephala ), a species with one of the most complex avian societies known. Miners permanently occupy colonies numbering into hundreds of individuals. Within these colonies, cooperative coalitions form on a fission–fusion basis across numerous contexts, from social foraging through to mobbing predators. Birds often use individually distinctive ‘chur’ calls to recruit others to a caller's location, facilitating coalition formation. I used the habituation–discrimination paradigm to test the ability of miners to differentiate between the chur calls of two individuals that were both either: (i) familiar, or (ii) unfamiliar to the focal subject. This technique had not, to my knowledge, been used to assess vocalization differentiation in cooperative birds previously, but here demonstrated that miners could correctly use the spectral features of signals to differentiate between the vocalizations of different individuals, regardless of their familiarity. By attending to individual differences in recruitment calls, miners have a communication system that is capable of accommodating even the most complex cooperative hypotheses based upon acoustic information.
36
Morales, Judith, José Javier Cuervo, Juan Moreno, and Juan José Soler. "Juvenile plumage whiteness is associated with the evolution of clutch size in passerines." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 4 (April 30, 2019): 1106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz058.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The offspring of many animals are conspicuous during parental dependence, despite juveniles generally suffering from high predation risk. However, to date, it is unclear whether offspring structural ornaments play a role in intrafamily communication. This is the case of conspicuous plumage in young birds, which is worn unchanged during a long period after fledging, when they still depend on their parents. If plumage color facilitates intrafamily interactions, its role should be more important in large-brooded species, where the strength of intrafamily conflict is potentially stronger. We therefore performed a comparative study in 210 passerine bird species to test whether an offspring structural trait, white plumage, evolves more frequently in lineages with larger clutches. We also explored the number of broods raised per year as another source of intrafamily conflict. First, we found that juvenile whiteness was more frequent in open-nesting species. Moreover, in agreement with our prediction, the presence of juvenile white tail/wing patches was strongly and positively associated with clutch size. This relationship was not due to the strong resemblance between offspring and adult plumage, which was controlled for in the statistical analyses. Moreover, the association remained significant after taking into account predation risk, for which there was information for a subset of species. In contrast, juvenile whiteness was not associated with the number of broods raised per year. These results may suggest that the evolution of juvenile conspicuousness is favored in species with potentially stronger intrabrood sibling conflict.
37
Frigerio, Didone, Verena Puehringer-Sturmayr, Brigitte Neuböck-Hubinger, Gudrun Gegendorfer, Kurt Kotrschal, and Katharina Hirschenhauser. "Monitoring public awareness about the endangered northern bald ibis: a case study involving primary school children as citizen scientists." PeerJ 7 (September 11, 2019): e7569. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7569.
Full textAbstract:
Background Citizen science has evolved over the past decades by motivating members of the public to interact with scientists and actively participate in scientific research and monitoring. For this purpose, a proficient communication is mandatory in order to efficiently convey messages and reduce the gap of knowledge between scientists and lay people. In the present study, we aimed at evaluating the multiplying effect of children, who were trained to communicate their knowledge on an endangered bird species in order to engage the local community in the long-term ornithological monitoring of the free flying and individually marked colony of northern bald ibis (NBI, Geronticus eremita), which was established at the research station in 1997. Methods Pupils of the local primary schools were in regular contact with researchers, enjoyed outdoor encounters with the birds, and were invited to talk about their experience with as many people as possible. Later on, they acted as surveyors to assess the knowledge of the public on (i) the general knowledge about the species, (ii) specific knowledge about the local colony, and (iii) attitudes towards science. In two different years of evaluation (2012 and 2016) a total number of 387 persons were surveyed. The questions were generated together with the pupils and their teachers and the questionnaires were similar for both years of evaluation. All queries were in a closed format. Results Our results show an increase in the proportion of correct answers provided by the surveyed persons between the two years of evaluation. Education-based activities may encourage children to effectively act as multipliers of information and attitudes. This has the potential to induce sustainable changes with respect to attitude towards science, at least among local communities. Furthermore, the study suggests caution with the quality of some information reported by citizen scientists, which might be solved by more careful training actions and more specific information about local particularities. Even though the study would have gained more informative power with some additional precautions than in its current form, our findings recommend the empowerment of pupils as multipliers of scientific knowledge.
38
Hillemann, F., E. F. Cole, S. C. Keen, B. C. Sheldon, and D. R. Farine. "Diurnal variation in the production of vocal information about food supports a model of social adjustment in wild songbirds." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1897 (February 27, 2019): 20182740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2740.
Full textAbstract:
Wintering songbirds have been widely shown to make economic foraging decisions to manage the changing balance of risks from predation and starvation over the course of the day. In this study, we ask whether the communication and use of information about food availability differ throughout the day. First, we assessed temporal variation in food-related vocal information produced in foraging flocks of tits ( Paridae ) using audio recordings at radio-frequency identification-equipped feeding stations. Vocal activity was highest in the morning and decreased into the afternoon. This pattern was not explained by there being fewer birds present, as we found that group sizes increased over the course of the day. Next, we experimentally tested the underlying causes for this diurnal calling pattern. We set up bird feeders with or without playback of calls from tits, either in the morning or in the afternoon, and compared latency to feeder discovery, accumulation of flock members, and total number of birds visiting the feeder. Irrespective of time of day, playbacks had a strong effect on all three response measures when compared to silent control trials, demonstrating that tits will readily use vocal information to improve food detection throughout the day. Thus, the diurnal pattern of foraging behaviour did not appear to affect use and production of food-related vocalizations. Instead, we suggest that, as the day progresses and foraging group sizes increase, the costs of producing calls at the food source (e.g. competition and attraction of predators) outweigh the benefits of recruiting group members (i.e. adding individuals to large groups only marginally increases safety in numbers), causing the observed decrease in vocal activity into the afternoon. Our findings imply that individuals make economic social adjustments based on conditions of their social environment when deciding to vocally recruit group members.
39
Su, Jinglei, Xue Chu, Seifedine Kadry, and Rajkumar S. "Internet-of-Things-Assisted Smart System 4.0 Framework Using Simulated Routing Procedures." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 29, 2020): 6119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156119.
Full textAbstract:
The environment and energy are two important issues in the current century. The development of modern society is closely linked to energy and the environment. Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have recently been developed substantially to contribute to the fourth transformation of the power grid, namely the smart grid. WSNs have the potential to improve power grid reliability via cable replacements, fault-tolerance features, large-scale protection, versatility to deploy, and cost savings in the smart grid environment. Moreover, because of equipment noise, dust heat, electromagnetic interference, multipath effects, and fading, current WSNs are making it very difficult to provide effective communication for the smart grid (SG) environment, in which WSN work is more difficult. For the smart system 4.0 framework, a highly reliable communication network based on the WSN is critically important for the successful operation of electricity grids in the next decade. To solve the above problem, a Robust Bio-Dynamic Stimulated Routing Procedure (RDSRP) has been proposed based on the real-time behavior of a new Hybrid Bird Optimizer (HBO) model. The presented innovative research and development is a small yet important aspect of continuous critical activities that address one of our society’s major challenges and that reverse the dangerous trends of environmental destruction. This study explores some of the most recent advances in this area, including energy efficiency and energy harvesting, which are expected to have a significant impact on green topics under smart systems in the Internet of things. The experimental results show that the proposed distributed system suggestively enhances network efficiency and reduces the transmission of excess packets for wireless sensor network-based smart grid applications.
40
Oruç, Mehmet Sebih. "Communications ’ Efects on Politics and Social Change: A Study on Harold A. Innis." Journal of Humanity and Society (insan & toplum) 11, no. 1 (2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12658/m0421.
Full textAbstract:
The importance of communications on social change increasingly recognized in both academic and popular works. Te effect and presence of communications are felt in all aspects of human life and these tools are usually considered to have signifcant effects on human activities in the social, political and cultural spheres. Harold A. Innis is one of the frst scholar who studied and paid attention to that aspect of communications and came with one of the most original and provocative theory about media and communication systems. Innis’s theoretical legacy is particularly important nowadays as the use of these tools in life is increasing. However, there is not even one single article devoted to present his opinion in Turkish and this is an important missing part for the literature. Innis examined the communication tools on the basis of their relation with time and space. He examined them under two main categories: time-bias communications and space bias communications. He tried to understand what these communications mean today and what they have meant for civilizations throughout history. According to him, the means of communication have many cognitive and social effects and the history of civilization can only be understood when these effects are taken into account. In this article, his theories about technologies, communications and social change will be discussed and evaluated. In this context, the article has two main aims. First, to examine Innis’s works and his Teory in the context of his time. Second, to shortly summarize how communications affect society and human beings by giving some historical and contemporary examples. Te article argues that communications are incrisingly becoming both time and space bieas and thus it becomes difficult to understand their effect. Tat recuires more feld work to see all dimentions of the changes they cause.
41
Borradaile, Glencora, Kelsy Kretschmer, Michele Gretes, and Alexandria LeClerc. "The Motivated Can Encrypt (Even with PGP)." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2021, no. 3 (April 27, 2021): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0037.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Existing end-to-end-encrypted (E2EE) email systems, mainly PGP, have long been evaluated in controlled lab settings. While these studies have exposed usability obstacles for the average user and offer design improvements, there exist users with an immediate need for private communication, who must cope with existing software and its limitations. We seek to understand whether individuals motivated by concrete privacy threats, such as those vulnerable to state surveil-lance, can overcome usability issues to adopt complex E2EE tools for long-term use. We surveyed regional activists, as surveillance of social movements is well-documented. Our study group includes individuals from 9 social movement groups in the US who had elected to participate in a workshop on using Thunder-bird+Enigmail for email encryption. These workshops tool place prior to mid-2017, via a partnership with a non-profit which supports social movement groups. Six to 40 months after their PGP email encryption training, more than half of the study participants were continuing to use PGP email encryption despite intervening widespread deployment of simple E2EE messaging apps such as Signal. We study the interplay of usability with social factors such as motivation and the risks that individuals undertake through their activism. We find that while usability is an important factor, it is not enough to explain long term use. For example, we find that riskiness of one’s activism is negatively correlated with long-term PGP use. This study represents the first long-term study, and the first in-the-wild study, of PGP email encryption adoption.
42
Derégnaucourt, Sébastien. "Birdsong learning in the laboratory, with especial reference to the song of the Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata)." Interaction Studies 12, no. 2 (July 21, 2011): 324–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.12.2.07der.
Full textAbstract:
Vocal imitation in songbirds exhibits interesting parallels to infant speech development and is currently the model system of choice for exploring the behavioural, molecular and electrophysiological substrates of vocal learning. Among songbirds, the Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata) is currently used as the ‘flying mouse’ of birdsong research. Only males sing and they develop their song primarily during a short sensitive period in early life. They learn their speciesspecific song patterns by memorizing and imitating the songs of conspecifics, mainly adults. Since Immelmann's pioneering work, thousands of zebra finches have been raised in strictly controlled auditory environments to examine how their experience affected their songs. In this article, I review the different experimental procedures that have been used in the laboratory to study the social influences on song learning in the Zebra Finch. Poor song learning was observed using passive playback of taped songs, whereas self-eliciting exposure using operant tutoring techniques induced significant learning, but with a high interindividual variability. The success of the training paradigm is often measured by the quality of imitation of the songs to which the young bird is exposed. Using empirical evidence from the field and the laboratory, I will also discuss this issue, by summarizing possible advantages and disadvantages of producing a perfect imitation. So far, the best method to get a close copy of a song model in the Zebra Finch is to place a single young bird with an adult male. This situation, which is rather unnatural, does not meet the criteria for precise control necessary in experimental conditions. Optimizing the methods used to train a zebra finch to learn a song, in order to be able to predict the imitation success, will improve our understanding of the dynamics of vocal production learning. It would also consolidate this species as a research model of relevance to human speech development and disorders. Keywords: Zebra Finch; birdsong; learning; development; memory; social influences
43
Opaev, A. S. "The communicative value of complex singing in passerine birds." Povolzhskiy Journal of Ecology, no. 2 (August 9, 2021): 191–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.35885/1684-7318-2021-2-191-229.
Full textAbstract:
Birdsong is one of the most complex signals in the animal world, as it may consist of many different sounds grouped according to certain rules. Singing acts as a distant signal, indicating, e.g., the species and gender identity of the singer. However, territorial songbirds also use singing as an interactive social signal during territorial disputes, as well while interacting with female. In these contexts, males vary the type and timing of their songs to convey graded information about their motivational state, and those variations can play a role in communication. In this review, we considered how male songbirds vary their singing in territorial context. To study such variations, researchers usually simulated territorial intrusion by broadcasting conspecific singing in territories, including singing modified in a manner necessary for the researcher. For comparison, we considered briefly how singing vary in intersexual context. The author of the paper focuses on the role of singing complexity in communication. Therefore, not all known context-dependent changes in singing are considered, but only those related to “complexity”: the diversity of song/sound types and the transitional patterns of different song/sound types in the course of singing. Our review has shown that males change their singing when they detect environmental changes such as the appearance of a female or a competitor as follows: 1) song rate increases, 2) syllable rate increases, 3) song-type switching rate increases, 4) song-type diversity increases (i.e., the observed repertoire size), and 5) longer and more complex songs are predominantly used. In some species, the song bout organization may also change, but the data is still scarce. Typically, one or more, but not all the aforementioned acoustic behaviors have been found in a given song-bird species. All these behaviors (tactics) come down to a single strategy, namely: maximizing the acoustic diversity over a short period of time (e.g., several minutes), that is, increasing the number of different song and/or note types. The proximate causes of how the increased acoustic diversity work in the territorial competition context might lie in a sensory, or perceptual bias of the receiver. Namely, habituation should occur to repeated presentation of the same song type faster than to presentation of different song types. Therefore, by vocalizing more diversely, males more effectively influence the signal recipient’s behavior.
44
Gauthier, Gilles, Guillaume Péron, Jean-Dominique Lebreton, Patrick Grenier, and Louise van Oudenhove. "Partitioning prediction uncertainty in climate-dependent population models." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1845 (December 28, 2016): 20162353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2353.
Full textAbstract:
The science of complex systems is increasingly asked to forecast the consequences of climate change. As a result, scientists are now engaged in making predictions about an uncertain future, which entails the efficient communication of this uncertainty. Here we show the benefits of hierarchically decomposing the uncertainty in predicted changes in animal population size into its components due to structural uncertainty in climate scenarios (greenhouse gas emissions and global circulation models), structural uncertainty in the demographic model, climatic stochasticity, environmental stochasticity unexplained by climate–demographic trait relationships, and sampling variance in demographic parameter estimates. We quantify components of uncertainty surrounding the future abundance of a migratory bird, the greater snow goose ( Chen caeruslescens atlantica ), using a process-based demographic model covering their full annual cycle. Our model predicts a slow population increase but with a large prediction uncertainty. As expected from theoretical variance decomposition rules, the contribution of sampling variance to prediction uncertainty rapidly overcomes that of process variance and dominates. Among the sources of process variance, uncertainty in the climate scenarios contributed less than 3% of the total prediction variance over a 40-year period, much less than environmental stochasticity. Our study exemplifies opportunities to improve the forecasting of complex systems using long-term studies and the challenges inherent to predicting the future of stochastic systems.
45
Suzuki, Toshitaka N., and Nobuyuki Kutsukake. "Foraging intention affects whether willow tits call to attract members of mixed-species flocks." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 6 (June 2017): 170222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170222.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding how individual behaviour influences the spatial and temporal distribution of other species is necessary to resolve the complex structure of species assemblages. Mixed-species bird flocks provide an ideal opportunity to investigate this issue, because members of the flocks are involved in a variety of behavioural interactions between species. Willow tits ( Poecile montanus ) often produce loud calls when visiting a new foraging patch to recruit other members of mixed-species flocks. The costs and benefits of flocking would differ with individual foraging behaviours (i.e. immediate consumption or caching); thus, willow tits may adjust the production of loud calls according to their foraging intention. In this study, we investigated the link between foraging decisions and calling behaviour in willow tits and tested its influence on the temporal cohesion with members of mixed-species flocks. Observations at experimental foraging patches showed that willow tits produced more calls when they consumed food items compared with when they cached them. Playback experiments revealed that these calls attracted flock members and helped to maintain their presence at foraging patches. Thus, willow tits adjusted calling behaviour according to their foraging intention, thereby coordinating the associations with members of mixed-species flocks. Our findings demonstrate the influence of individual decision-making on temporal cohesion with other species and highlight the importance of interspecific communication in mixed-species flocking dynamics.
46
Roth, Tobias, Philipp Sprau, Rouven Schmidt, Marc Naguib, and Valentin Amrhein. "Sex-specific timing of mate searching and territory prospecting in the nightingale: nocturnal life of females." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1664 (March 4, 2009): 2045–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1726.
Full textAbstract:
Formal models have shown that diel variation in female mate searching is likely to have profound influence on daily signalling routines of males. In studies on acoustic communication, the temporal patterns of the receivers' signal evaluation should thus be taken into account when investigating the functions of signalling. In bird species in which diel patterns of signalling differ between males singing to defend a territory or to attract a mate, the diel patterns of mate and territory prospecting are suggested to depend on the sex of the prospector. We simulated newly arriving female nightingales ( Luscinia megarhynchos ) by translocating radio-tagged females to our study site. The mate-searching females prospected the area mostly at night, visiting several singing males. The timing of female prospecting corresponded to the period of the night when the singing activity of unpaired males was higher than that of paired males. In contrast to females, territory searching males have been shown to prospect territories almost exclusively during the dawn chorus. At dawn, both paired and unpaired males sang at high rates, suggesting that in contrast to nocturnal singing, dawn singing is important to announce territory occupancy to prospecting males. In the nightingale, the sex-specific timing of prospecting corresponded to the differential signalling routines of paired and unpaired males. The temporal patterns in the behaviour of signallers and receivers thus appear to be mutually adapted.
47
Rogers, Daniel James. "Geographic song variation within and between populations and subspecies of the rufous bristlebird, Dasyornis broadbenti." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 1 (2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02012.
Full textAbstract:
This work investigated whether the songs of the rufous bristlebird, Dasyornis broadbenti, vary between populations that have become isolated through habitat clearance, in a similar way to that found between island populations of other bird species, separated by ocean. In addition, the extent of song variation between the two extant subspecies of D. broadbenti was investigated. The nature of song elements did not differ between isolated sites within each subspecies' distribution more than between sites sampled within continuous populations. However, multivariate analyses of spectral and temporal features suggested that these features differed between isolated populations more than within continuous populations. In addition, both the nature of song elements and spectral and temporal features differed significantly between the two extant subspecies of D. broadbenti. These taxonomic analyses of song thus supported recent revisions of the subspecific boundaries of D. broadbenti. While there was some evidence that temporal and spectral song features varied more between isolated populations than within a continuous population, it was difficult to eliminate the effect of distance on song variation. Although evidence for song variation as a result of isolation was not strong for this species, clearance of the habitat utilised by D. broadbenti is relatively recent. The suggestion that communication systems of animal populations can be disrupted following isolation through habitat clearance is one that warrants further investigation, especially in taxa with older histories of fragmentation. This study also highlighted the potential for using behavioural information to assist with taxonomic investigations.
48
Baker, H. Kent, and Imad Jabbouri. "How Moroccan institutional investors view dividend policy." Managerial Finance 43, no. 12 (December 4, 2017): 1332–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-06-2017-0215.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how Moroccan institutional investors view dividend policy. It discusses the importance these investors attach to the dividend policy of their investee firms, how much influence they exercise in shaping investee firms’ dividend policies, their reactions to changes in dividends, and their views on various explanations for paying dividends. Design/methodology/approach A mail survey provides a respondent and firm profile and responses to 28 questions involving various explanations for paying dividends and 30 questions on different dividend issues. Findings Institutional investors attach substantial importance to dividend policy and prefer high dividend payments. Although liquidity needs are a major driver, taxes play little role in shaping dividend preferences. Respondents agree with multiple explanations for paying dividends giving the strongest support to catering, bird-in-the-hand, life cycle, signaling, and agency theories. Research limitations/implications Despite a high response rate, the number of respondents limits partitioning the sample and testing for significant differences between different groups. Practical implications The lack of communication between Casablanca Stock Exchange (CSE) listed firms and institutional investors may depress stock prices and increase volatility. The results suggest agency problems and a weak governance environment at the CSE. Originality/value This study documents the importance that institutional investors place on dividend policy, their reactions to changes in their investees’ dividend policy, and the methods used to influence these firms. It extends previous research by reporting the level of support Moroccan institutional investors give to various explanations for paying dividends.
49
Grabarczyk, Erin E., Monique A. Pipkin, Maarten J. Vonhof, and Sharon A. Gill. "When to change your tune? Unpaired and paired male house wrens respond differently to anthropogenic noise." Journal of Ecoacoustics 2, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22261/jea.lhgrvc.
Full textAbstract:
In response to anthropogenic noise, many bird species adjust their song frequency, presumably to optimize song transmission and overcome noise masking. But the costs of song adjustments may outweigh the benefits during different stages of breeding, depending on the locations of potential receivers. Selection might favor unpaired males to alter their songs because they sing to attract females that may be widely dispersed, whereas paired males might not if mates and neighbors are primary receivers of their song. We hypothesized male house wrens (Troglodytes aedon) respond differently to noise depending on their pairing status. To test our hypothesis we synthesized pink noise, which mimics anthropogenic noise, and played it at three intensities in territories of paired and unpaired focal males. We recorded their songs and analyzed whether song structure varied with pairing status and noise treatment. To validate our study design, we tested whether noise playback affected measurement of spectral song traits and changed noise levels within territories of focal males. Consistent with our predictions, unpaired males sang differently than paired males, giving longer songs at higher rates. Contrary to predictions, paired males changed their songs by increasing peak frequency during high intensity noise playback, whereas unpaired males did not. If adjusting song frequency in noise is beneficial for long-distance communication we would have expected unpaired males to change their songs in response to noise. By adjusting song frequency, paired males reduce masking and produce a song that is easier to hear. However, if females prefer low frequency song, then unpaired males may be constrained by female preference. Alternatively, if noise adjustments are learned and vary with experience or quality, unpaired males in our study population may be younger, less experienced, or lower quality males.
50
Phillips, Richard A., Igor Kraev, and Sigrun Lange. "Protein Deimination and Extracellular Vesicle Profiles in Antarctic Seabirds." Biology 9, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9010015.
Full textAbstract:
Pelagic seabirds are amongst the most threatened of all avian groups. They face a range of immunological challenges which seem destined to increase due to environmental changes in their breeding and foraging habitats, affecting prey resources and exposure to pollution and pathogens. Therefore, the identification of biomarkers for the assessment of their health status is of considerable importance. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) post-translationally convert arginine into citrulline in target proteins in an irreversible manner. PAD-mediated deimination can cause structural and functional changes in target proteins, allowing for protein moonlighting in physiological and pathophysiological processes. PADs furthermore contribute to the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which play important roles in cellular communication. In the present study, post-translationally deiminated protein and EV profiles of plasma were assessed in eight seabird species from the Antarctic, representing two avian orders: Procellariiformes (albatrosses and petrels) and Charadriiformes (waders, auks, gulls and skuas). We report some differences between the species assessed, with the narrowest EV profiles of 50–200 nm in the northern giant petrel Macronectes halli, and the highest abundance of larger 250–500 nm EVs in the brown skua Stercorarius antarcticus. The seabird EVs were positive for phylogenetically conserved EV markers and showed characteristic EV morphology. Post-translational deimination was identified in a range of key plasma proteins critical for immune response and metabolic pathways in three of the bird species under study; the wandering albatross Diomedea exulans, south polar skua Stercorarius maccormicki and northern giant petrel. Some differences in Gene Ontology (GO) biological and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways for deiminated proteins were observed between these three species. This indicates that target proteins for deimination may differ, potentially contributing to a range of physiological functions relating to metabolism and immune response, as well as to key defence mechanisms. PAD protein homologues were identified in the seabird plasma by Western blotting via cross-reaction with human PAD antibodies, at an expected 75 kDa size. This is the first study to profile EVs and to identify deiminated proteins as putative novel plasma biomarkers in Antarctic seabirds. These biomarkers may be further refined to become useful indicators of physiological and immunological status in seabirds—many of which are globally threatened.