Relevant bibliographies by topics / Biphasic Electrode

Academic literature on the topic 'Biphasic Electrode'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Biphasic Electrode"

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Petrossians, Artin, Navya Davuluri, John J. Whalen, Florian Mansfeld, and James D. Weiland. "Improved Biphasic Pulsing Power Efficiency with Pt-Ir Coated Microelectrodes." MRS Proceedings 1621 (2014): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.267.

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ABSTRACTNeuromodulation devices such as deep brain stimulators (DBS), spinal cord stimulators (SCS) and cochlear implants (CIs) use electrodes in contact with tissue to deliver electrical pulses to targeted cells. In general, the neuromodulation industry has been evolving towards smaller, less invasive devices. Improving power efficiency of these devices can reduce battery storage requirements. Neuromodulation devices can realize significant power savings if the impedance to charge transfer at the electrode-tissue interface can be reduced. High electrochemical impedance at the surface of stimulation microelectrodes results in larger polarization voltages. Decreasing this polarization voltage response can reduce power required to deliver the current pulse. One approach to doing this is to reduce the electrochemical impedance at the electrode surface. Previously we have reported on a novel electrochemically deposited 60:40% platinum-iridium (Pt-Ir) electrode material that lowered the electrode impedance by two orders of magnitude or more.This study compares power consumption of an electrochemically deposited Pt-Ir stimulating microelectrode to that of standard Pt-Ir probe microelectrode produced using conventional techniques. Both electrodes were tested using in-vitro in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution and in-vivo (live rat) models.
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Aiello, Orazio. "On the DC Offset Current Generated during Biphasic Stimulation: Experimental Study." Electronics 9, no. 8 (July 25, 2020): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081198.

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This paper deals with the DC offset currents generated by a platinum electrode matrix during biphasic stimulation. A fully automated test bench evaluates the nanoampere range DC offset currents in a realistic and comprehensive scenario by using platinum electrodes in a saline solution as a load for the stimulator. Measurements are performed on different stimulation patterns for single or dual hexagonal stimulation sites operating simultaneously and alternately. The effectiveness of the return electrode presence in reducing the DC offset current is considered. Experimental results show how for a defined nominal injected charge, the generated DC offset currents differ depending on the stimulation patterns, frequency, current amplitude, and pulse width of a biphasic signal.
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Won, Eun-Seo, and Jong-Won Lee. "Biphasic Solid Electrolytes with Homogeneous Li-Ion Transport Pathway Enabled By Metal-Organic Frameworks." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 55 (July 7, 2022): 2248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01552248mtgabs.

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Solid-state batteries based on nonflammable inorganic solid electrolytes provide a promising technical solution that can resolve the safety issues of current lithium-ion batteries. Biphasic solid electrolytes comprising Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnet and polymer have been attracting significant interest for solid-state Li batteries because of their mechanical robustness and enhanced Li+ conductivity, compared to conventional polymer electrolytes. Furthermore, the hybridization allows for the fabrication of thin and large-area electrolyte membranes without the need for high-temperature sintering of LLZO. However, the non-uniform distribution of LLZO particles and polymer species in biphasic electrolytes may cause uneven Li+ conduction, which results in poor interfacial stability with electrodes during repeated charge–discharge cycling. In this study, we report a biphasic solid electrolyte with homogeneous Li+ transport pathway achieved by a metal–organic framework (MOF) layer. To regulate and homogenize the Li+ flux across the interface between the electrolyte and electrode, a free-standing, biphasic solid electrolyte membrane is integrated with the MOF nanoparticle layer. A mixture of plastic crystal (PC) and polymeric phase is infused into porous networks of the MOF-integrated electrolyte membrane, producing the percolating Li+ conduction pathways. The MOF-integrated electrolyte membrane is found to form the smooth and uniform interface with nanoporous channels in contact with the electrodes, effectively facilitating homogeneous Li+ transport. A solid-state battery with the MOF-integrated electrolyte membrane shows the enhanced rate-capability and cycling stability in comparison to the battery with the unmodified biphasic electrolyte. This study demonstrates that the proposed electrolyte design provides an effective approach to improving the interfacial stability of biphasic electrolytes with electrodes for long-cycling solid-state batteries. [1] H.-S. Shin, W. Jeong, M.-H. Ryu, S.W. Lee, K.-N. Jung, J.-W. Lee, Electrode-to-electrode monolithic integration for high-voltage bipolar solid-state batteries based on plastic-crystal polymer electrolyte, Chem. Eng. J, published online. [2] T. Jiang, P. He, G. Wang, Y. Shen, C.-W. Nan, L.-Z. Fan, Solvent-free synthesis of thin, flexible, nonflammable garnet-based composite solid electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium batteries, Adv. Energy Mater. 10 (2020) 1903376.
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Sooksood, K., T. Stieglitz, and M. Ortmanns. "An experimental study on passive charge balancing." Advances in Radio Science 7 (May 19, 2009): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-7-197-2009.

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Abstract. This paper presents a simplified analysis of the electrode potential upon mismatched, biphasic stimulation using passive discharge techniques, e.g. by shortening of the electrodes. It turns out that especially for microelectrodes the required shorting intervals become as large as to limit a feasible stimulation interval. If no blocking capacitors can be used due to limited space and the degree of miniaturisation, the passive discharge even imposes severe risks to the surrounding tissue and the electrode.
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Kriaučiūnas, K., and J. Kulys. "Macrokinetic Model of Catalase Electrode with Biphasic Enzyme Inhibition." Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control 9, no. 3 (July 25, 2004): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/na.2004.9.3.15155.

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Macrokinetics of catalase based enzyme electrode was investigated in presence of enzyme inhibitor – hydroxylamine. The modeling of the electrode was performed using biphasic scheme of enzyme inhibition and external diffusion limitation. The maximal enzyme electrode sensitivity was indicated at transition from diffusion to kinetically controlled mode. The fitting of experimental data demonstrated that the enzyme electrode had 70% of maximal sensitivity
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Spitzer, Emily R., and Michelle L. Hughes. "Effect of Stimulus Polarity on Physiological Spread of Excitation in Cochlear Implants." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 28, no. 09 (October 2017): 786–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.16144.

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AbstractContemporary cochlear implants (CIs) use cathodic-leading, symmetrical, biphasic current pulses, despite a growing body of evidence that suggests anodic-leading pulses may be more effective at stimulating the auditory system. However, since much of this research on humans has used pseudomonophasic pulses or biphasic pulses with unusually long interphase gaps, the effects of stimulus polarity are unclear for clinically relevant (i.e., symmetric biphasic) stimuli.The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of stimulus polarity on basic characteristics of physiological spread-of-excitation (SOE) measures obtained with the electrically evoked compound action potential (ECAP) in CI recipients using clinically relevant stimuli.Using a within-subjects (repeated measures) design, we examined the differences in mean amplitude, peak electrode location, area under the curve, and spatial separation between SOE curves obtained with anodic- and cathodic-leading symmetrical, biphasic pulses.Fifteen CI recipients (ages 13–77) participated in this study. All were users of Cochlear Ltd. devices.SOE functions were obtained using the standard forward-masking artifact reduction method. Probe electrodes were 5–18, and they were stimulated at an 8 (of 10) loudness rating (“loud”). Outcome measures (mean amplitude, peak electrode location, curve area, and spatial separation) for each polarity were compared within subjects.Anodic-leading current pulses produced ECAPs with larger average amplitudes, greater curve area, and less spatial separation between SOE patterns compared with that for cathodic-leading pulses. There was no effect of polarity on peak electrode location.These results indicate that for equal current levels, the anodic-leading polarity produces broader excitation patterns compared with cathodic-leading pulses, which reduces the spatial separation between functions. This result is likely due to preferential stimulation of the central axon. Further research is needed to determine whether SOE patterns obtained with anodic-leading pulses better predict pitch discrimination.
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Kárason, Halldór, Óskar Pilkington, and Thordur Helgason. "Selective electrical stimulation with current-field modulation." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 803–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2021-2205.

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Abstract Selective electrical stimulation using a multielectrode array is a promising technique that can potentially bring electrical stimulation treatment modalities a step forward. A microcontroller-controlled electrical stimulator system delivering a single pulse was designed, suitable for current-field modulation. The goal is to make electrical stimulation with surface electrodes more specific. A graphical user interface (GUI) was developed to control stimulation parameters and current-field within a multi-electrode array wirelessly. The stimulator generates arbitrary biphasic waveforms with a 5-bit resolution and high temporal precision (<10 μs) and was demonstrated to stimulate posterior lumbar root fibers in transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) treatment selectively. Current-field modulation throughout a sixteen-electrode array was achieved. The system has the goal to improve control of stimulation conditions in electrophysiological studies and time-dependent and site-specific stimulation patterns for neuromodulation applications. A novel feature is the current-field modulation ability of the stimulator for surface electrode arrays.
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Javel, E., Y. C. Tong, R. K. Shepherd, and G. M. Clark. "Responses of Cat Auditory Nerve Fibers to Biphasic Electrical Current Pulses." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 96, no. 1_suppl (January 1987): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00034894870960s111.

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Discharge patterns of single auditory nerve fibers were recorded from normal-hearing cats implanted with a 12-band intracochlear electrode array. Stimuli were biphasic current pulses of specifiable width, amplitude, and rate. Acoustic tuning curves were obtained to determine the cochlear positions of the fibers. Response latencies to electrical stimuli formed two groups. Short latency (0.3 to 0.7 ms) responses were attributed to direct activation of spiral ganglion neurons. At high stimulus intensities, these often exhibited abrupt shifts toward even shorter latencies. Long latency (> 1.5 ms) responses were probably caused by electrophonic activation of functional hair cells. Response thresholds to electrical stimuli depended on a fiber's proximity to the stimulating electrodes, and they did not depend on a fiber's acoustic response threshold or spontaneous discharge rate. High intensity (> 1.5 mA) stimuli could excite fibers over a wide range of characteristic frequencies, even for the narrowest (0.45 mm) electrode separations. Response threshold was an exponentially decreasing function of pulse width for widths up to 300 μs/phase. Fiber discharges were highly phase-locked at all suprathreshold intensities, and saturation discharge rates usually equaled stimulus pulse rates for rates up to at least 800 pulses/s. Dynamic ranges were small (1 to 6 dB), increased with pulse rate, and were uncorrelated with electrical response threshold. Within the dynamic range, shapes of poststimulus time and interspike interval histograms resembled those obtained in response to acoustic stimuli. Depolarization block caused fiber activity to cease in 2 to 5 seconds for sustained stimuli presented at high (> 600 pulses/s) pulse rates and intensities.
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Bardy, G. H., C. Troutman, G. Johnson, R. Mehra, J. E. Poole, G. L. Dolack, P. J. Kudenchuk, and D. M. Gartman. "Electrode system influence on biphasic waveform defibrillation efficacy in humans." Circulation 84, no. 2 (August 1991): 665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.84.2.665.

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Daneshvar e Asl, Shervin, and Sayed Khatiboleslam Sadrnezhaad. "Biphasic TiO2 nanoleafed nanorod electrode for dye-sensitized solar cell." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 123 (September 2020): 114206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2020.114206.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biphasic Electrode"

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Pechard-Presson, Béatrice. "Méthodologie pour l'étude par analyse d'images de la microstructure de matériaux composites biphasés." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1997_PECHARD_PRESSON_B.pdf.

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Les matériaux composites jouent un rôle très important dans l'économie, en particulier dans les domaines de haute technicité, tel que l'aéronautique. Leurs propriétés dépendent naturellement de celles de leurs constituants, mais également des interactions entre ceux-ci. Le génie des matériaux s'intéresse à leur conception, ainsi qu'aux relations qui existent entre leur structure et leurs caractéristiques générales. L’analyse d'images permet de qualifier les microstructures visibles par microscopie optique ou électronique. Elle constitue donc un outil très intéressant pour la science des matériaux. Dans cette étude, la structure de matériaux biphasiques, utilisés pour leurs propriétés électromagnétiques en aviation militaire, a été quantifiée par analyse d'images. Des images de synthèse ont été également étudiées, ainsi que des matériaux frittés et des sols, dans le but de préciser les paramètres calculés, et d'étendre la méthodologie mise en place à d'autres types de structures. L’orientation et la dispersion des charges dans la matrice ont été étudiées, ainsi que leur distribution de taille. Leur forme, leur connexité (à partir de la théorie de la percolation) et leur fractalité ont été caractérisées. Une méthodologie adaptée à l'étude en routine de la microstructure de matériaux biphasés (i. E. à propos desquels on ne s'intéresse qu’à une phase parmi d'autres, confondues) a ainsi été mise en place.
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Huang, Shih-Yun, and 黃詩芸. "The Design of 180-nm CMOS 256-Pixel Sensing and Biphasic Current Stimulation Chips with Bidirectional-Sharing Electrodes and Charge Pump for Subretinal Prosthesis." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/eq66hv.

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Liao, Jung-Hsing, and 廖容興. "THE DESIGN OF 180-NM CMOS 480-PIXEL SENSING AND BIPHASIC CURRENT STIMULATION CHIPS WITH FOUR DIRECTIONAL SHARING ELECTRODES AND CHARGE PUMP FOR SUBRETINAL PROSTHESIS." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9u4376.

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碩士
國立交通大學
電子研究所
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A photovoltaic-cell-powered CMOS 480-pixel implantable chip is proposed for subretinal prostheses. In the proposed chip, the divisional power supply scheme (DPSS) and the active pixel sensor (APS) are adopted to improve the efficiency of output stimulation currents and the image sensitivity. The proposed chip consists of totally 480 photodiode array with 32 DPSS divisions, control signal generator circuits, and photovoltaic cells. It is designed and fabricated in 180-nm CMOS image sensor (CIS) technology. The chip size is 3.1mm x 3.1mm. At first, the chip have not any output function. After FIB, this chip measured frequency of 32-phase control signals is 30 Hz under signal light intensity of 505.4 lux and background IR intensity of 94 mW/cm2. The measured output stimulation current is 9.0 μA under 10-kΩ load. Under the equivalent electrode impedance load, the measured frequency of 32-phase control signals is 38 Hz. The measured peak output stimulation current is 9.0 μA and the amount of injected charges per pixel is 9.8 nC. The measurement results have verified the correct function of the proposed subretinal implant chip after FIB.
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Book chapters on the topic "Biphasic Electrode"

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Marconi, P., F. Sarro, C. Marioni, and G. Castelli. "Is Fluoroscopic Electrode Positioning Improving the Clinical Efficacy of External Biphasic Cardioversion in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation?" In New Advances in Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation, 321–24. Milano: Springer Milan, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2087-0_47.

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Rao, V. Bhujanga, P. Seetharamaiah, and Nukapeyi Sharmili. "Design of a Prototype for Vision Prosthesis." In Research Anthology on Emerging Technologies and Ethical Implications in Human Enhancement, 492–505. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8050-9.ch025.

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This article describes how the field of vision prostheses is currently being developed around the world to restore useful vision for people suffering from retinal degenerative diseases. The vision prosthesis system (VPS) maps visual images to electrical pulses and stimulates the surviving healthy parts in the retina of the eye, i.e. ganglion cells, using electric pulses applied through an electrode array. The retinal neurons send visual information to the brain. This article presents the design of a prototype vision prosthesis system which converts images/video into biphasic electric stimulation pulses for the excitation of electrodes simulated by an LED array. The proposed prototype laboratory model has been developed for the design of flexible high-resolution 1024-electrode VPS, using an embedded computer-based efficient control algorithm for better visual prediction. The prototype design for the VPS is verified visually through a video display on an LCD/LED array. The experimental results of VPS are enumerated for the test objects, such as, palm, human face and large font characters. The results were found to be satisfactory.
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Cappato, Riccardo. "Restoration of sinus rhythm: direct current cardioversion." In ESC CardioMed, 2144–47. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0504.

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First introduced in 1962, electrical cardioversion represents an effective and safe therapy to restore sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Consistent with the original description by Lown, cardioversion is obtained through a ‘brief high-energy capacitor-stored electric shock … discharged across the intact chest of the lightly anesthetized patient’, electronically programmed to fall outside of the ‘vulnerable period’ of ventricular repolarization. Procedures performed according to the original description differed very little from those performed today, although a most remarkable advance was represented by the upgrading from the initial monophasic to the actual biphasic shock waveform. With this technique, atrial and ventricular defibrillation thresholds and the probability of post-shock re-initiation of fibrillating activity could be reduced. The anteroapical dual electrode configuration is the most commonly used and self-adhesive paddles obviate the operator-dependent variability of electrode location, pressure, and surface contact on the chest. Acute cardioversion is indicated in subjects with new-onset AF, high-rate recurrent AF, or recurrent AF in the setting of severely impaired left ventricular function with haemodynamic instability. In all other cases, elective cardioversion is offered under adequate anticoagulation using an early or a delayed approach. Pre-treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs increases the likelihood of restoration of sinus rhythm and helps prevent recurrent AF. Arrhythmia duration, cardiac size, P-wave duration, presence of rheumatic heart disease, and previous cardioversion are predictors of AF recurrence. Post cardioversion, antiarrhythmic drugs are mandatory. Patients receiving long-term treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs have a larger probability of maintaining sinus rhythm during follow-up than patients receiving short-term treatment.
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Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. "Monitoring Depth of Anaesthesia." In The Physics, Clinical Measurement and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice for the FRCA. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595150.003.0023.

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There are, and have been, many monitors designed to monitor depth of anaesthesia and to give an indication of awareness during surgery, which use electrical signals obtained from the human body. Some have been designed as just research devices, some have been available commercially, but have been withdrawn, and some are still available. Most, but not all, are based on the spontaneous EEG and the AER. Some have been designed to use properties of the ECG. Although useful, all of the discussed monitors have some shortcomings, and not all are 100% sensitive and specific to discriminate between consciousness and unconsciousness, and none correlate exactly with clinical states and levels of anaesthesia. The design of the commercial monitor, the Cerebral Function Monitor (CFM) was based on simple time domain measures already discussed [Maynard et al. 1969]. The CFM took the EEG from a single pair of parietal electrodes. The signal was amplified and passed through a band-pass filter and differentiator, which had the effect of accentuating the gain of the higher end of the 2–15 Hz pass band. The output of this specialised filter was integrated to produce a voltage output, which varied with time. It was plotted on a logarithmic scale. The trace on the paper gave an indication of the power of the EEG and the width of the line gave an indication of the signal’s variability. A schematic of an example of a CFM trace is shown in Figure 19.1(a). The CFM although useful did have its problems [Sechzer 1977]. When used to monitor depth of anaesthesia, the machine was shown to be unreliable, especially when using inhalational agents. The response is biphasic, as has already been discussed in chapter 18. Also burst suppression, as already discussed, is smoothed out by the action of the filtering in the CFM, so effectively the burst suppression can artificially elevate the readings producing a paradoxical rise in cerebral function [Sinha 2007] The machine was further developed into the Cerebral Function Analysing Monitor (CFAM)[Maynard 1984]. This machine produced two chart recorder outputs, as shown in Figure 19.1. There was a chart similar to the CFM trace, and also a chart that produced frequency domain data consisting of the EEG displayed as traditional EEG frequency bands.
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Doraiswamy, L. K. "Introduction and Structure of the Book." In Organic Synthesis Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195096897.003.0005.

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A large part of the chemical industry is concerned with organic chemicals from simple to highly complex structures. In dealing with relatively simple structures, there does not appear to be any need usually for a deeper understanding of chemistry than that to which an engineer is normally exposed. Most reaction engineering texts are written with this basic assumption. Catalysis, which is invariably an integral part of the reaction engineer’s arsenal, has been limited to the production of large volume chemicals which are often relatively simple in structure. Increasing attempts by chemists today to extend the use of catalysis to the production of medium and small volume chemicals has triggered a change in perspective that augers well for a closer liaison between chemists and engineers. We examine this a little further below by defining an organic chemicals ladder, and the merging roles of the two in exploiting this ladder, particularly for chemicals stacked on its intermediate rungs. Another change that is taking place is the increasing role of process intensification, nowhere more evident than in the production of organic chemicals. Process intensification means improvement of a process, mainly the reaction, by any possible means, to increase the overall productivity. This usually takes the form of reaction rate enhancement by extending known or emerging laboratory techniques to industrial scale production. These techniques can be engineering intensive, chemistry intensive, or both. Examples are the use of ultrasound (sonochemistry), light (photochemistry), electrons (electrochemistry), enzymes (biotechnology), agents for facilitating a reaction between immiscible phases (phase-transfer catalysis), microparticles (microphase engineering), membranes (membrane reactor engineering), a second phase (biphasing), combinations of reactions with different techniques of separation (multifunctional or combo reactor engineering), and mixing. Their use in the production of medium and small volume chemicals like pesticides, drugs, Pharmaceuticals, perfumery chemicals, and other consumer products is being increasingly explored both by industry and academe. Some of these techniques have progressed little beyond the laboratory stage, although they have been a part of the synthetic organic chemist’s repertoire for a number of years. Thus, in addition to the use of catalysis in its various forms, this book will also explore different techniques of reaction rate and/or selectivity enhancement.
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Conference papers on the topic "Biphasic Electrode"

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Lee, Edward K. F., Rongching Dai, Natasha Reeves, and Xiao Yun. "A 36V biphasic stimulator with electrode monitoring circuit." In 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - ISCAS 2012. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2012.6271418.

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Ngamkham, Wannaya, Marijn N. van Dongen, and Wouter A. Serdijn. "Biphasic stimulator circuit for a wide range of electrode-tissue impedance dedicated to cochlear implants." In 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - ISCAS 2012. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2012.6271417.

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Jianwu, Zhang, Luo Zhen, and Lin Peng. "Electron Theory Research on Biphasic Ceramics of Al2O3/TiB2." In 2010 International Conference on Digital Manufacturing and Automation (ICDMA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdma.2010.209.

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Imade, Kyuichiro, and Hiromichi Fujie. "Effect of Anisotropic Permeability of the Superficial Layer on the Frictional Property in Articular Cartilage." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14396.

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Articular cartilage has a significant lubrication property that has been explained in previous studies by many theories including mixed lubrication, hydrodynamic lubrication, surface gel hydration lubrication, biphasic theory, and so on. However the mechanism of continuously low friction in articular cartilage still remains unclear. Reynaud and Quinn indicated that the hydraulic permeability was significantly anisotropic under compressive strain; the tangential permeability becomes lower than the normal permeability under compression [1]. Meanwhile scanning electron microscopic observation indicated that the superficial layer of articular surface was consisted of close-packed collagen fibers aligning parallel with articular surface and tangling each other in normal cartilage (Fig. 1). It is, therefore, suggested that the permeability is extremely low in the tangential direction when subjected to compressive strain. We have a hypothesis that the unique structure and properties in the articular cartilage superficial layer may improve the lubrication properties [2]. Therefore, we performed an analytical study using a fiber-reinforced poroelastic biphasic model to determine the effect of lateral permeability reduction in the superficial layer on the frictional property of articular cartilage.
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Kumar, D., N. Sudhir, S. Yarmolenko, Q. Wei, J. Sankar, J. Narayan, and S. J. Pennycook. "Synthesis and Characterization of Metal-Ceramic Thin Film Nanocomposites With Improved Mechanical Properties." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39370.

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Thin films composite materials consisting of metallic nanocrystals embedded in an insulator host have been synthesized using alternating-target pulsed laser deposition of Fe/Ni and Al2O3. The evaluation of structural quality of the thin film composites using high resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy with atomic number contrast has revealed the formation of a biphase system with thermodynamically driven segregation of Ni and alumina during pulsed laser deposition. The best hardness values of the thin film composites, measured using nanoindentation techniques, was found to 20–30% larger than pure alumina films fabricated under identical conditions. The improvement in values of hardness of Al2O3 thin films by embedding metal nanocrystals is related to the evolution of a microstructure which efficiently hinders the manipulation and movement of dislocation and the growth of microcracks, which in turn, is achieved by grain boundary hardening.
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