Journal articles on the topic 'Bioturbation'
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Grigusova, Paulina, Annegret Larsen, Roland Brandl, Camilo del Río, Nina Farwig, Diana Kraus, Leandro Paulino, Patricio Pliscoff, and Jörg Bendix. "Mammalian bioturbation amplifies rates of both hillslope sediment erosion and accumulation along the Chilean climate gradient." Biogeosciences 20, no. 15 (August 14, 2023): 3367–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3367-2023.
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Abstract. Animal burrowing activity affects soil texture, bulk density, soil water content, and redistribution of nutrients. All of these parameters in turn influence sediment redistribution, which shapes the earth's surface. Hence it is important to include bioturbation into hillslope sediment transport models. However, the inclusion of burrowing animals into hillslope-wide models has thus far been limited and has largely omitted vertebrate bioturbators, which can be major agents of bioturbation, especially in drier areas. Here, we included vertebrate bioturbator burrows into a semi-empirical Morgan–Morgan–Finney soil erosion model to allow a general approach to the assessment of the impacts of bioturbation on sediment redistribution within four sites along the Chilean climate gradient. For this, we predicted the distribution of burrows by applying machine learning techniques in combination with remotely sensed data in the hillslope catchment. Then, we adjusted the spatial model parameters at predicted burrow locations based on field and laboratory measurements. We validated the model using field sediment fences. We estimated the impact of bioturbator burrows on surface processes. Lastly, we analyzed how the impact of bioturbation on sediment redistribution depends on the burrow structure, climate, topography, and adjacent vegetation. Including bioturbation greatly increased model performance and demonstrates the overall importance of vertebrate bioturbators in enhancing both sediment erosion and accumulation along hillslopes, though this impact is clearly staggered according to climatic conditions. Burrowing vertebrates increased sediment accumulation by 137.8 % ± 16.4 % in the arid zone (3.53 kg ha−1 yr−1 vs. 48.79 kg ha−1 yr−1), sediment erosion by 6.5 % ± 0.7 % in the semi-arid zone (129.16 kg ha−1 yr−1 vs. 122.05 kg ha−1 yr−1), and sediment erosion by 15.6 % ± 0.3 % in the Mediterranean zone (4602.69 kg ha−1 yr−1 vs. 3980.96 kg ha−1 yr−1). Bioturbating animals seem to play only a negligible role in the humid zone. Within all climate zones, bioturbation did not uniformly increase erosion or accumulation within the whole hillslope catchment. This depended on adjusting environmental parameters. Bioturbation increased erosion with increasing slope, sink connectivity, and topography ruggedness and decreasing vegetation cover and soil wetness. Bioturbation increased sediment accumulation with increasing surface roughness, soil wetness, and vegetation cover.
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Kraus, Diana, Roland Brandl, Sebastian Achilles, Jörg Bendix, Paulina Grigusova, Annegret Larsen, Patricio Pliscoff, Kirstin Übernickel, and Nina Farwig. "Vegetation and vertebrate abundance as drivers of bioturbation patterns along a climate gradient." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 4, 2022): e0264408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264408.
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Bioturbators shape their environment with considerable consequences for ecosystem processes. However, both the composition and the impact of bioturbator communities may change along climatic gradients. For burrowing animals, their abundance and composition depend on climatic and other abiotic components, with ants and mammals dominating in arid and semiarid areas, and earthworms in humid areas. Moreover, the activity of burrowing animals is often positively associated with vegetation cover (biotic component). These observations highlight the need to understand the relative contributions of abiotic and biotic components in bioturbation in order to predict soil-shaping processes along broad climatic gradients. In this study, we estimated the activity of animal bioturbation by counting the density of holes and the quantity of bioturbation based on the volume of soil excavated by bioturbators along a gradient ranging from arid to humid in Chile. We distinguished between invertebrates and vertebrates. Overall, hole density (no/ 100 m2) decreased from arid (raw mean and standard deviation for invertebrates: 14 ± 7.8, vertebrates: 2.8 ± 2.9) to humid (invertebrates: 2.8 ± 3.1, vertebrates: 2.2 ± 2.1) environments. However, excavated soil volume did not follow the same clear geographic trend and was 300-fold larger for vertebrates than for invertebrates. The relationship between bioturbating invertebrates and vegetation cover was consistently negative whereas for vertebrates both, positive and negative relationships were determined along the gradient. Our study demonstrates complex relationships between climate, vegetation and the contribution of bioturbating invertebrates and vertebrates, which will be reflected in their impact on ecosystem functions.
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LAING, BRITTANY A., LUIS A. BUATOIS, M. GABRIELA MÁNGANO, NICHOLAS J. MINTER, LUKE C. STROTZ, GUY M. NARBONNE, and GLENN A. BROCK. "BIOTURBATORS AS ECOSYSTEM ENGINEERS: ASSESSING CURRENT MODELS." PALAIOS 37, no. 12 (December 29, 2022): 718–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2022.012.
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ABSTRACT Bioturbating organisms can dramatically alter the physical, chemical, and hydrological properties of the sediment and promote or hinder microbial growth. They are a classic example of “ecosystem engineers” as they alter the availability of resources to other species. Multiple evolutionary hypotheses evoke bioturbation as a possible driver for historical ecological change. To test these hypotheses, researchers need reliable and reproducible methods for estimating the impact of bioturbation in ancient environments. Early efforts to record and compare this impact through geologic time focused on the degree of bioturbation (e.g., bioturbation indices), the depth of bioturbation (e.g., bioturbation depth), or the structure of the infaunal community (e.g., tiering, ecospace utilization). Models which combine several parameters (e.g., functional groups, tier, motility, sediment interaction style) have been proposed and applied across the geological timescale in recent years. Here, we review all models that characterize the impact of bioturbators on the sedimentary environment (i.e., ‘ecosystem engineering'), in both modern and fossil sediments, and propose several questions. What are the assumptions of each approach? Are the current models appropriate for the metrics they wish to measure? Are they robust and reproducible? Our review highlights the nature of the sedimentary environment as an important parameter when characterizing ecosystem engineering intensity and outlines considerations for a best-practice model to measure the impact of bioturbation in geological datasets.
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Katrak, Gitanjali, and Fiona L. Bird. "Comparative effects of the large bioturbators, Trypaea australiensis and Heloecius cordiformis, on intertidal sediments of Western Port, Victoria, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 54, no. 6 (2003): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf03015.
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The effect of bioturbation by the ghost shrimp Trypaea australiensis and semaphore crab Heloecious cordiformis was compared in sediment-filled tanks in the laboratory. Effect of bioturbator density was also investigated with high- and low-density treatments. It was hypothesised that the two species would influence the sediment profile in different ways owing to their contrasting burrowing and feeding habits. Both species increased porosity of surface sediments relative to control tanks. Crab activity did not alter redox potential, but low densities of shrimp created more oxidising conditions and high densities of shrimp created more reducing conditions than controls. Burial of tracer particles by crabs was restricted to the top 5 cm, whereas shrimp mixed particles to depths of 25 cm. Bioturbator density had little effect on the extent of particle mixing. The presence of both shrimp and crabs increased benthic microalgae in the sediments relative to the controls. Again, crabs had the greatest effect at the sediment surface, whereas shrimp also enhanced concentrations at 25 cm depth. High densities of shrimp had the greatest effect. Overall, shrimp bioturbation influenced deeper sediments than crab bioturbation, but there was no clear density-dependent effect.
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Biles, C. L., D. M. Paterson, R. B. Ford, M. Solan, and D. G. Raffaelli. "Bioturbation, ecosystem functioning and community structure." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 6 (December 31, 2002): 999–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-999-2002.
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Abstract. The effect of community structure on the functioning of the ecosystem is an important issue in ecology due to continuing global species loss. The influence of infaunal community structure on the functioning of marine systems is proposed here to act primarily through bioturbation of the sediment. Nutrient concentration in the water column, generated by release from the sediment, was used as a measure of ecosystem functioning. In situ and laboratory experiments showed a significant difference in nutrient concentrations with different species treatments. Bioturbation profiles showing the incorporation of tracer particles also differed between communities with different dominant species. The behavioural differences between infaunal species, generating different modes and rates of bioturbation, are therefore proposed to influence nutrient release. The presence and quantity of bioturbating infauna also influenced the amount of sediment suspended in the water column. The increase in surface area available for microbial activity may generate an increase in nutrient cycling. Abiotic influences on sediment structure, such as flow, may have a similar effect on nutrient concentration. Annular flumes used in both laboratory and in situ experiments to generate flow conditions produced a significant increase in ammonia (NH4-N) production in macrofaunal treatments. Flow may influence the behaviour of macrofaunal species, causing changes in NH4-N production through modifying bioturbation of the sediment. Keywords: bioturbation, community structure, ccosystem functioning, estuaries, flow, infauna
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Farrell, Eilish M., Andreas Neumann, Jan Beermann, and Alexa Wrede. "Raised water temperature enhances benthopelagic links via intensified bioturbation and benthos-mediated nutrient cycling." PeerJ 12 (February 28, 2024): e17047. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17047.
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Sediment reworking by benthic infauna, namely bioturbation, is of pivotal importance in expansive soft-sediment environments such as the Wadden Sea. Bioturbating fauna facilitate ecosystem functions such as bentho-pelagic coupling and sediment nutrient remineralization capacities. Yet, these benthic fauna are expected to be profoundly affected by current observed rising sea temperatures. In order to predict future changes in ecosystem functioning in soft-sediment environments like the Wadden Sea, knowledge on the underlying processes such as sediment reworking, is crucial. Here, we tested how temperature affects bioturbation and its associated ecosystem processes, such as benthic nutrient fluxes and sediment oxygen consumption, using luminophore tracers and sediment incubation cores. We used a controlled mesocosm experiment set-up with key Wadden Sea benthos species: the burrowing polychaetes Arenicola marina and Hediste diversicolor, the bivalve Cerastoderma edule, and the tube-building polychaete Lanice conchilega. The highest bioturbation rates were observed from A. marina, reaching up to 375 cm2yr−1; followed by H. diversicolor, with 124 cm2yr−1 being the peak bioturbation rate for the ragworm. Additionally, the sediment reworking activity of A. marina facilitated nearly double the amount of silicate efflux compared to any other species. Arenicola marina and H. diversicolor accordingly facilitated stronger nutrient effluxes under a warmer temperature than L. conchilega and C. edule. The oxygen uptake of A. marina and H. diversicolor within the sediment incubation cores was correspondingly enhanced with a higher temperature. Thus, increases in sea temperatures may initially be beneficial to ecosystem functioning in the Wadden Sea as faunal bioturbation is definitely expedited, leading to a tighter coupling between the sediment and overlying water column. The enhanced bioturbation activity, oxygen consumption, and facilitated nutrient effluxes from these invertebrates themselves, will aid in the ongoing high levels of primary productivity and organic matter production.
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van de Velde, Sebastiaan J., Rebecca K. James, Ine Callebaut, Silvia Hidalgo-Martinez, and Filip J. R. Meysman. "Bioturbation has a limited effect on phosphorus burial in salt marsh sediments." Biogeosciences 18, no. 4 (February 25, 2021): 1451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1451-2021.
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Abstract. It has been hypothesized that the evolution of animals during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition stimulated the burial of phosphorus in marine sediments. This assumption is centrally based on data compilations from marine sediments deposited under oxic and anoxic bottom waters. Since anoxia excludes the presence of infauna and sediment reworking, the observed differences in P burial are assumed to be driven by the presence of bioturbators. This reasoning however ignores the potentially confounding impact of bottom-water oxygenation on phosphorus burial. Here, our goal is to test the idea that bioturbation increases the burial of organic and inorganic phosphorus (Porg and Pinorg, respectively) while accounting for bottom-water oxygenation. We present solid-phase phosphorus speciation data from salt marsh ponds with and without bioturbation (Blakeney salt marsh, Norfolk, UK). In both cases, the pond sediments are exposed to oxygenated bottom waters, and so the only difference is the presence or absence of bioturbating macrofauna. Our data reveal that the rate of Porg and Pinorg burial are indistinguishable between bioturbated and non-bioturbated sediments. A large terrestrial fraction of organic matter and higher sedimentation velocity than generally found in marine sediments (0.3 ± 0.1 cm yr−1) may partially impact these results. However, the absence of a clear effect of bioturbation on total P burial puts into question the presumed importance of bioturbation for phosphorus burial.
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Ganglo, Caroline, Alessandro Manfrin, Clara Mendoza-Lera, and Andreas Lorke. "Effects of chironomid larvae density and mosquito biocide on methane and carbon dioxide dynamics in freshwater sediments." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (May 24, 2024): e0301913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301913.
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Small lentic water bodies are important emitters of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), but the processes regulating their dynamics and susceptibility to human-induced stressors are not fully understood. Bioturbation by chironomid larvae has been proposed as a potentially important factor controlling the dynamics of both gases in aquatic sediments. Chironomid abundance can be affected by the application of biocides for mosquito control, such as Bti (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis). Previous research has attributed increases in CH4 and CO2 emissions after Bti application to reduced bioturbation by chironomids. In this study, we separately tested the effect of chironomid bioturbation and Bti addition on CH4 production and emission from natural sediments. In a set of 15 microcosms, we compared CH4 and CO2 emission and production rates with high and low densities of chironomid larvae at the bioturbating stage, and standard and five times (5x) standard Bti dose, with control sediments that contained neither chironomid larvae nor Bti. Regardless of larvae density, chironomid larvae did not affect CH4 nor CO2 emission and production of the sediment, although both rates were more variable in the treatments with organisms. 5xBti dosage, however, led to a more than three-fold increase in CH4 and CO2 production rates, likely stimulated by bioavailable dissolved carbon in the Bti excipient and priming effects. Our results suggest weak effects of bioturbating chironomid larvae on the CH4 and CO2 dynamics in aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, our results point out towards potential functional implications of Bti for carbon cycling beyond those mediated by changes in the macroinvertebrate community.
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Selosse, Marc-André. "La bioturbation." Le Journal de botanique 87, no. 1 (2019): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/jobot.2019.1918.
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Wood, H. L., S. Widdicombe, and J. I. Spicer. "The influence of hypercapnia and macrofauna on sediment nutrient flux – will ocean acidification affect nutrient exchange?" Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 1 (February 25, 2009): 2387–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-2387-2009.
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Abstract. Rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and the concomitant increased uptake of this by the oceans is resulting in hypercapnia-related reduction of ocean pH. Research focussed on the direct effects of these physicochemical changes on marine invertebrates has begun to improve our understanding of impacts at the level of individual physiologies. However, CO2-related impairment of organisms' contribution to ecological or ecosystem processes has barely been addressed. The burrowing ophiuroid Amphiura filiformis, which has a physiology that makes it susceptible to reduced pH, plays a key role in sediment nutrient cycling by mixing and irrigating the sediment, a process known as bioturbation. Here we investigate the role of A. filiformis in modifying nutrient flux rates across the sediment-water boundary and the impact of CO2-related acidification on this process. A 40 day exposure study was conducted under predicted pH scenarios from the years 2100 (pH 7.7) and 2300 (pH 7.3), plus an additional treatment of pH 6.8. This study demonstrated strong relationships between A. filiformis density and cycling of some nutrients; A. filiformis activity increases the sediment uptake of phosphate and the release of nitrite and nitrate. No relationship between A. filiformis density and the flux of ammonium or silicate were observed. Results also indicated that, within the timescale of this experiment, effects at the individual bioturbator level appear not to translate into reduced ecosystem influence. Rather the effect of hypercapnia and lowered pH on bacteria and microphytobenthos may have been of greater significance in understanding the changes to nutrient fluxes seen here. However, long term survival of key bioturbating species is far from assured and changes in both bioturbation and microbial processes could alter key biogeochemical processes in future, more acidic oceans.
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Dundas, Shannon J., Lara Osborne, Anna J. M. Hopkins, Katinka X. Ruthrof, and Patricia A. Fleming. "Bioturbation by echidna (." Australian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 5 (August 3, 2022): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo22019.
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Bioturbation by digging animals is important for key forest ecosystem processes such as soil turnover, decomposition, nutrient cycling, water infiltration, seedling recruitment, and fungal dispersal. Despite their widespread geographic range, little is known about the role of the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) in forest ecosystems. We measured the density and size of echidna diggings in the Northern Jarrah Forest, south-western Australia, to quantify the contribution echidna make to soil turnover. We recorded an overall density of 298 echidna diggings per hectare, 21% of which were estimated to be less than 1 month old. The average size of digs was 50 ± 25 mm in depth and 160 ± 61 mm in length. After taking into account seasonal digging rates, we estimated that echidnas turn over 1.23 tonnes of soil ha−1 year−1 in this forest, representing an important role in ecosystem dynamics. Our work contributes to the growing body of evidence quantifying the role of these digging animals as critical ecosystem engineers. Given that the echidna is the only Australian digging mammal not severely impacted by population decline or range reduction, its functional contribution to health and resilience of forest ecosystems is increasingly important due to the functional loss of most Australian digging mammals.
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Hałuszko, Agata, Marcin Kadej, Grzegorz Gmyrek, and Maciej Guziński. "Let’s make a mess, maybe no one will notice. The impact of bioturbation activity on the urn fill condition." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 2, 2022): e0274068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274068.
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The research was carried out at the cremation cemetery of the Lusatian culture in Wtórek, Ostrów Wielkopolski district, Wielkopolska province, Poland. Contrary to the so-far-studied topics related to the CT imaging of burnt bones and their virtual exploration, we concentrated on the analysis of the structures formed by the soil fauna activity in the fills of urns and additional vessels, and reconstruction of the dynamics of the ecosystem variability within the cemetery area based on thereof. We also demonstrated the impact of macrofaunal activity on stratigraphy and bone fragmentation. From the total of 222 excavated burials in 18 urns and one additional vessel, the remains of macrofauna or its bioturbation activity were identified. Out of 19 vessels subjected to CT examinations, traces of macrofaunal activity were demonstrated in 13: in five vessels animal bioturbative activity was not observed and in one, observations was impossible (due to significant metal-related artifacts). In two vessels both macrofaunal remains and traces of activity were identified. Discovered bioturbations were associated with specific species or genera. Nests or their parts of the genus Geotrupes sp. beetles were the most frequently observed traces of macrofaunal activity. Tunnels and aestivation chambers of earthworms and chambers of the genus Harpalus sp. beetles filled with Setaria sp. caryopses were discovered. The chitinous parts of other insects and the humerus bones of the vole of the genus Microtus sp. were also identified. It was shown, especially due to the non-destructive method, that rodents activity had the most destructive effect on the bone stratigraphy as well as on the movement and fragmentation of the burnt bones. The chances of visualizing bioturbations decreased with time since their creation. The process of disappearance of traces of macrofaunal activity concerned both traces of rodent activity and nests set up by Geotrupes sp. and other species.
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Mao, Ruichen, Jintao Wu, Xin Qin, Chi Ma, Jinxi Song, Dandong Cheng, Haotian Sun, and Mingyue Li. "The Effect of Tubificid Bioturbation on Vertical Water Exchange across the Sediment–Water Interface." Water 12, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 3467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123467.
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The bioturbation activity of macroinvertebrates can affect the level of water exchange across the sediment–water interface. The impact of tubificid worm with different densities on the vertical water exchange at the sediment–water interface was investigated based on laboratory flume experiments. Vertical water fluxes, as well as physiochemical parameters, were measured at seven-day intervals, and the maximum penetration depths were obtained by dye injection before and after the tubificid bioturbation experiment, respectively. The bioturbation effects can be summarized in two aspects: (1) when the density was less than (or equal to) 20 individual/10 cm2, the volume of vertical water exchange positively correlated with the tubificid bioturbation. Once the density exceeded (or equaled) 25 individual/10 cm2, the vertical water flux decreased with increasing tubificid bioturbation. After 14 to 21 days, a negative correlation was identified between the bioturbation and the vertical water flux under all biological densities. (2) The maximum depth that the surface water can penetrate the sediment increased with increasing tubificid density. These results revealed that the vertical water was closely related to the biological density. The study has certain reference significance to understanding the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of hyporheic water exchange on a local scale.
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Mikuláš, Radek, Petr Skupien, Miroslav Bubík, and Zdeněk Vašíček. "Ichnology of the Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds (Outer Western Carpathians, Czech Republic)." Geologica Carpathica 60, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-009-0016-1.
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Ichnology of the Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds (Outer Western Carpathians, Czech Republic)Large differences in the intensity and overall character of bioturbational structures were found in five facies containing hemipelagic red beds. Red beds (CORB) of the Godula facies of the Silesian Unit and their equivalents (mostly not red) in the Kelč facies of the Silesian Unit and the CORB in the non-calcareous sediments of the Rača Unit display a very low degree of bioturbation. The CORB facies of the Rača Unit, containing calcareous intercalations, displays a very high degree of bioturbation as expressed by a high ichnofabric index. They contain trace fossilsChondrites, Zoophycos, Planolites, Thalassinoides, Palaeophycus, TeichichnusandPhycosiphon.The supply of food obviously acted as the controlling factor. The "calcareous" facies of the CORB of the Rača Unit has a considerably higher proportion of sand-dominated interbeds and also carbonates than the non-calcareous facies. This (especially the presence of carbonates) suggests a relative proximity of food-rich environments and an easy transport of nutrition-rich substrate by turbidite currents into the basin directly, not only by periodical fall-out of dead plankton (which is probably responsible for the rhythmicity of poor colonization horizons in weakly bioturbated units).
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Weinert, Michael, Ingrid Kröncke, Julia Meyer, Moritz Mathis, Thomas Pohlmann, and Henning Reiss. "Benthic ecosystem functioning under climate change: modelling the bioturbation potential for benthic key species in the southern North Sea." PeerJ 10 (October 26, 2022): e14105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14105.
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Climate change affects the marine environment on many levels with profound consequences for numerous biological, chemical, and physical processes. Benthic bioturbation is one of the most relevant and significant processes for benthic-pelagic coupling and biogeochemical fluxes in marine sediments, such as the uptake, transport, and remineralisation of organic carbon. However, only little is known about how climate change affects the distribution and intensity of benthic bioturbation of a shallow temperate shelf sea system such as the southern North Sea. In this study, we modelled and projected changes in bioturbation potential (BPp) under a continuous global warming scenario for seven southern North Sea key bioturbators: Abra alba, Amphiura filiformis, Callianassa subterranea, Echinocardium cordatum, Goniada maculata, Nephtys hombergii, and Nucula nitidosa. Spatial changes in species bioturbation intensity are simulated for the years 2050 and 2099 based on one species distribution model per species driven by bottom temperature and salinity changes using the IPCC SRES scenario A1B. Local mean bottom temperature was projected to increase between 0.15 and 5.4 °C, while mean bottom salinity was projected to moderately decrease by 1.7. Our results show that the considered benthic species are strongly influenced by the temperature increase. Although the total BP remained rather constant in the southern North Sea, the BPp for four out of seven species was projected to increase, mainly due to a simultaneous northward range expansion, while the BPp in the core area of the southern North Sea declined for the same species. Bioturbation of the most important species, Amphiura filiformis and Echinocardium cordatum, showed no substantial change in the spatial distribution, but over time. The BPp of E. cordatum remained almost constant until 2099, while the BPp of A. filiformis decreased by 41%. The northward expansion of some species and the decline of most species in the south led to a change of relative contribution to bioturbation in the southern North Sea. These results indicate that some of the selected key bioturbators in the southern North Sea might partly compensate the decrease in bioturbation by others. But especially in the depositional areas where bioturbation plays a specifically important role for ecosystem functioning, bioturbation potential declined until 2099, which might affect the biochemical cycling in sediments of some areas of the southern North Sea.
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Kanzaki, Yoshiki, Bernard P. Boudreau, Sandra Kirtland Turner, and Andy Ridgwell. "A lattice-automaton bioturbation simulator with coupled physics, chemistry, and biology in marine sediments (eLABS v0.2)." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 10 (October 24, 2019): 4469–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4469-2019.
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Abstract. Seawater–sediment interaction is a crucial factor in carbon and nutrient cycling on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This interaction is mediated not just through geochemistry but also via biology. Infauna vigorously mix sediment particles, enhance porewater–seawater exchange, and consequently, facilitate chemical reactions. In turn, the ecology and activity of benthic fauna are impacted by their environment, amplifying the sensitivity of seawater–sediment interaction to environmental change. However, numerical representation of the bioturbation of sediment has often been treated simply as an enhanced diffusion of solutes and solids. Whilst reasonably successful in representing the mixing of bulk and predominantly oxic marine sediments, the diffusional approach to bioturbation is limited by a lack of environmental sensitivity. To better capture the mechanics and effects of sediment bioturbation, we extend a published bioturbation model (Lattice-Automaton Bioturbation Simulator; LABS) by adopting a novel method to simulate realistic infaunal behavior that drives sediment mixing. In this new model (extended LABS – eLABS), simulated benthic organism action is combined with a deterministic calculation of water flow and oxygen and organic matter concentration fields to better reflect the physicochemical evolution of sediment in response to bioturbation. The predicted burrow geometry and mixing intensity thus attain a dependence on physicochemical sedimentary conditions. This interplay between biology, chemistry, and physics is important to mechanistically explain empirical observations of bioturbation and to account for the impact of environmental changes. As an illustrative example, we show how higher organic rain can drive more intense sediment mixing by “luring” benthic organisms deeper into sediments, while lower ambient dissolved oxygen restricts the oxic habitat depth and hence tends to reduce bulk mixing rates. Our model, with its oxygen and food availability controls, is a new tool to interpret the trace fossil record, e.g., burrows, as well as to explore biological engineering of past marine environments.
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Thomson, ACG, E. Kristensen, T. Valdemarsen, and CO Quintana. "Short-term fate of seagrass and macroalgal detritus in Arenicola marina bioturbated sediments." Marine Ecology Progress Series 639 (April 2, 2020): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13281.
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Seagrass meadows are globally important ecosystems for carbon (C) sequestration. However, bioturbation by benthic fauna can alter the distribution, degradation and overall preservation of C in the sediment. We performed a 4 wk laboratory experiment to investigate the short-term degradation and burial of 2 major C sources in bare sediments associated with seagrass ecosystems. Eelgrass Zostera marina and macroalgal (Fucus vesiculosus) detritus were amended in sediment with and without bioturbation by the common polychaete Arenicola marina. Bioturbation did not significantly affect the loss of eelgrass detritus (>0.5 mm), but caused a rapid burial of this material as a discrete layer (55% recovery) at sediment depths ranging from 8 to 14 cm. A. marina effects on macroalgal detritus were more pronounced, resulting, in total, in an 80% loss of macroalgal detritus by microbial degradation and worm ingestion. We conclude that A. marina bioturbation effectively buries eelgrass detritus into deep anoxic sediments, but we cannot confirm that this leads to enhanced C preservation in coastal ecosystems. In contrast, A. marina bioturbation significantly increases the degradation of macroalgal tissue, and it is unlikely that this detritus is a major source for permanent C burial.
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Miftakhutdinova, D. N., and R. V. Kutygin. "Биогенные структуры терригенных отложений пограничного пермо-триасового интервала Южного Верхоянья, Республика Саха (Якутия)." Bulletin of the North-East Science Center, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34078/1814-0998-2022-3-16-24.
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The article describes biogenic structures (trace fossils and bioturbation) of clastic rocks within the Permian-Triassic boundary interval in the Tiryakh-Kobyumeh section (Southern Verkhoyanye). The section is built by interbedding marine sandstones and siltstones, and is associated with the Late Permian mass extinction event. Most of the strata contain a variety of biogenic structures. Different taxonomic compositions of trace fossils and high bioturbation of Permian rocks indicate dense habitation of the basin bottom. In the Lower Triassic deposits, diversity of trace fossils sharply decreases as well as the degree of bioturbation. In the lower part of the Nekuchan suite's Triassic deposits, an interval of horizontally stratified rocks without bioturbation interbedded with rocks bioturbated by stratum has been identified. The interval is overlaid with highly bioturbated deposits, which indicates a rapid recovery of biodiversity after the Permian mass extinction.
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Mulsow, Sandor, Bernard P. Boudreau, and John A. Smith. "Bioturbation and porosity gradients." Limnology and Oceanography 43, no. 1 (January 1998): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1998.43.1.000i.
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Mulsow, Sandor, Bernard P. Boudreau, and John N. Smith. "Bioturbation and porosity gradients." Limnology and Oceanography 43, no. 1 (1998): l—9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1998.43.1.000l.
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Swift, D. J. "The macrobenthic infauna off Sellafield (north-eastern irish sea) with special reference to bioturbation." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 73, no. 1 (February 1993): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400032690.
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Between 1983 and 1989,66 stations in the north-eastern Irish Sea offshore from Sellafield, Cumbria, were sampled by Reineck box corer to assess the abundance and distribution of the benthic macro-infauna. A total of 40 taxa was identified, of which the predominant group was polychaetes. Cluster analysis of the abundance data showed a division into three station clusters. Simple discriminant analysis showed that the three clusters were correlated (P<0.01) with sand, silty sand and sandy silt sediments. However, the three station groups did not show any clear pattern of characterizing taxa with sediment classification. The bioturbating potential of each taxon is reviewed. A method of weighting abundance data by a factor representing an estimate of individual taxon bioturbating potential is also suggested. This technique is illustrated and discussed by using the weighted data in a further cluster analysis to identify probable areas of high inf aunal bioturbation off Sellafield.
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Don, Axel, Christina Hagen, Erik Grüneberg, and Cora Vos. "Simulated wild boar bioturbation increases the stability of forest soil carbon." Biogeosciences 16, no. 21 (October 30, 2019): 4145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4145-2019.
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Abstract. Most forest soils are characterised by a steep carbon gradient from the forest floor to the mineral soil, indicating that carbon is prevented from entry into the soil. Bioturbation can facilitate the incorporation of litter-derived carbon into the mineral soil. Wild boar are effective at mixing and grubbing in the soil and wild boar populations are increasing in many parts of the world. In a 6-year field study, we investigated the effect of simulated wild boar bioturbation on the stocks and stability of soil organic carbon in two forest areas. Regular bioturbation mimicking grubbing by wild boar was performed artificially in 23 plots, and the organic layer and mineral soil down to 15 cm depth were then sampled. No significant changes in soil organic carbon stocks were detected in the bioturbation plots compared with non-disturbed reference plots. However, around 50 % of forest floor carbon was transferred with bioturbation to mineral soil carbon, and the stock of stabilised mineral-associated carbon increased by 28 %. Thus, a large proportion of the labile carbon in the forest floor was transformed into more stable carbon. Carbon saturation of mineral surfaces was not detected, but carbon loading per unit mineral surface increased by on average 66 % in the forest floor due to bioturbation. This indicates that mineral forest soils have non-used capacity to stabilise and store carbon. Transfer of aboveground litter into the mineral soil is the only rate-limiting process. Wild boar may speed up this process with their grubbing activity.
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Remaili, Timothy M., Naiyi Yin, William W. Bennett, Stuart L. Simpson, Dianne F. Jolley, and David T. Welsh. "Contrasting effects of bioturbation on metal toxicity of contaminated sediments results in misleading interpretation of the AVS–SEM metal-sulfide paradigm." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 20, no. 9 (2018): 1285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8em00266e.
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The intensity of organism bioturbation complicates the assessment of risk of toxicity when applying the AVS–SEM paradigm. Increased bioturbation in oxidised sediments (SEM > AVS) resulted in less toxicity to amphipod reproduction and greater toxicity in sulfidic sediments (AVS > SEM).
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Lichte, Martin. "Bioturbation responsible for the concentration of stonelines?" Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 44, no. 4 (December 21, 2000): 533–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/44/2000/533.
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Bomer, Bernard. "Introduction à des recherches sur la bioturbation (Introduction to some researches on bioturbation)." Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français 71, no. 4 (1994): 442–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bagf.1994.1771.
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Eldridge, DJ, and J. Pickard. "Effects of ants on sandy soils in semi-arid eastern Australia .2. Relocation of nest entrances and consequences for bioturbation." Soil Research 32, no. 2 (1994): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940323.
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The rate of bioturbation by funnel ants (Aphaenogaster barbigula) was studied on an aeolian soil in western N.S.W. Nest entrances were tagged and monitored on permanent quadrats between May 1991 and May 1993. Nest entrances remained active for approximately 9 months and, on average, changed their location twice per year. Annual bioturbation was 336 g m-2 yr-1 which was equivalent to the annual development of a layer 0.28 mm thick. Bioturbation activity was poorly correlated with environmental variables. We estimate that 92% of the total volume of the soil would be removed from the profile during the construction of nest entrances within 100 years, and 100% within 200 years. This provides strong evidence that development of these soils is principally biogenic and may explain why there is little or no horizon development, or changes in particle size distribution with depth. Bioturbation is substantially greater than estimates of water erosion in these soils, suggesting that over time soil brought to the surface will lead to the development of a new layer. This deposition and subsequent incorporation of organic matter in the surface soils around the nest entrance may have consequences for enhanced nutrient development on a micro scale.
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Lougheed, Bryan C. "SEAMUS (v1.20): a Δ<sup>14</sup>C-enabled, single-specimen sediment accumulation simulator." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-155-2020.
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Abstract. The systematic bioturbation of single particles (such as foraminifera) within deep-sea sediment archives leads to the apparent smoothing of any temporal signal as recorded by the downcore, discrete-depth mean signal. This smoothing is the result of the systematic mixing of particles from a wide range of depositional ages into the same discrete-depth interval. Previous sediment models that simulate bioturbation have specifically produced an output in the form of a downcore, discrete-depth mean signal. However, palaeoceanographers analysing the distribution of single foraminifera specimens from sediment core intervals would be assisted by a model that specifically evaluates the effect of bioturbation upon single specimens. Taking advantage of advances in computer memory, the single-specimen SEdiment AccuMUlation Simulator (SEAMUS) was created for MATLAB and Octave, allowing for the simulation of large arrays of single specimens. This model allows researchers to analyse the post-bioturbation age heterogeneity of single specimens contained within discrete-depth sediment core intervals and how this heterogeneity is influenced by changes in sediment accumulation rate (SAR), bioturbation depth (BD) and species abundance. The simulation also assigns a realistic 14C activity to each specimen, by considering the dynamic Δ14C history of the Earth and temporal changes in reservoir age. This approach allows for the quantification of possible significant artefacts arising when 14C-dating multi-specimen samples with heterogeneous 14C activity. Users may also assign additional desired carrier signals to single specimens (stable isotopes, trace elements, temperature, etc.) and consider a second species with an independent abundance. Finally, the model can simulate a virtual palaeoceanographer by randomly picking whole specimens (whereby the user can set the percentage of older, “broken” specimens) of a prescribed sample size from discrete depths, after which virtual laboratory 14C dating and 14C calibration is carried out within the model. The SEAMUS bioturbation model can ultimately be combined with other models (proxy and ecological models) to produce a full climate-to-sediment model workflow, thus shedding light on the total uncertainty involved in palaeoclimate reconstructions based on sediment archives.
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Ayranci, Korhan, Isa E. Yildirim, Umair bin Waheed, and James A. MacEachern. "Deep Learning Applications in Geosciences: Insights into Ichnological Analysis." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 22, 2021): 7736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167736.
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Ichnological analysis, particularly assessing bioturbation index, provides critical parameters for characterizing many oil and gas reservoirs. It provides information on reservoir quality, paleodepositional conditions, redox conditions, and more. However, accurately characterizing ichnological characteristics requires long hours of training and practice, and many marine or marginal marine reservoirs require these specialized expertise. This adds more load to geoscientists and may cause distraction, errors, and bias, particularly when continuously logging long sedimentary successions. In order to alleviate this issue, we propose an automated technique to determine the bioturbation index in cores and outcrops by harnessing the capabilities of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) as image classifiers. In order to find a fast and robust solution, we utilize ideas from deep learning. We compiled and labeled a large data set (1303 images) composed of images spanning the full range (BI 0–6) of bioturbation indices. We divided these images into groups based on their bioturbation indices in order to prepare training data for the DCNN. Finally, we analyzed the trained DCNN model on images and obtained high classification accuracies. This is a pioneering work in the field of ichnological analysis, as the current practice is to perform classification tasks manually by experts in the field.
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McAuliffe, Joseph R., and Eric V. McDonald. "Holocene environmental change and vegetation contraction in the Sonoran Desert." Quaternary Research 65, no. 02 (March 2006): 204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.11.006.
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AbstractTwo types of microtopographic features (plant scar mounds and plant scar depressions) on surfaces of barren desert pavements provide a unique record of the former presence of large perennial plants. Evidence of bioturbation by burrowing animals extends more than 1 m beneath each type of plant scar, indicating that both features originated as large bioturbation mounds. Formation of bioturbation mounds in desertscrub environments is generally restricted to areas beneath widely separated, large perennial plants. The contrasting forms of plant scars (mounds vs. depressions) represent time-dependent changes following disappearance of the large plants and eventual cessation of bioturbation. Plant scar mounds represent a geologically recent episode of plant mortality, whereas plant scar depressions represent the disappearance of plants at a considerably earlier time, possibly at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition. Contrasting spatial distributions of the two kinds of plant scars indicate that vegetation on alluvial fans has progressively contracted from a more diffuse, former vegetation cover, yielding the wide, barren pavement surfaces present today. In less arid portions of the Sonoran Desert, spatial distribution of recent plant mortality due to persistent, severe drought provides an analog of the progressive loss of plants from different parts of the landscape in the past.
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Anzah, Faisal, and David R. Butler. "Revisiting an early classic on gopher bioturbation and geomorphology." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 41, no. 4 (July 21, 2017): 513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133317720836.
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Joseph Grinnell’s 1923 paper on the burrowing effects of pocket gophers is a classic in the literature of zoogeomorphology and ecology. It established the significance of gophers as agents of bioturbation, and provided quantitative data on the amount of sediment moved annually by them. Its citation in other classic bioturbation papers, and the citation of those papers to the present day, indicates its continuing significance as a classic paper in the field.
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Gonzalez-Meler, Miquel A., Armen Poghosyan, Yaniria Sanchez-de Leon, Eduardo Dias de Olivera, Richard J. Norby, and Neil C. Sturchio. "Does elevated atmospheric CO2affect soil carbon burial and soil weathering in a forest ecosystem?" PeerJ 6 (July 27, 2018): e5356. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5356.
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Most experimental studies measuring the effects of climate change on terrestrial C cycling have focused on processes that occur at relatively short time scales (up to a few years). However, climate-soil C interactions are influenced over much longer time scales by bioturbation and soil weathering affecting soil fertility, ecosystem productivity, and C storage. Elevated CO2can increase belowground C inputs and stimulate soil biota, potentially affecting bioturbation, and can decrease soil pH which could accelerate soil weathering rates. To determine whether we could resolve any changes in bioturbation or C storage, we investigated soil profiles collected from ambient and elevated-CO2plots at the Free-Air Carbon-Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) forest site at Oak Ridge National Laboratory after 11 years of13C-depleted CO2release. Profiles of organic carbon concentration,δ13C values, and activities of137Cs,210Pb, and226Ra were measured to ∼30 cm depth in replicated soil cores to evaluate the effects of elevated CO2on these parameters. Bioturbation models based on fitting advection-diffusion equations to137Cs and210Pb profiles showed that ambient and elevated-CO2plots had indistinguishable ranges of apparent biodiffusion constants, advection rates, and soil mixing times, although apparent biodiffusion constants and advection rates were larger for137Cs than for210Pb as is generally observed in soils. Temporal changes in profiles ofδ13C values of soil organic carbon (SOC) suggest that addition of new SOC at depth was occurring at a faster rate than that implied by the net advection term of the bioturbation model. Ratios of (210Pb/226Ra) may indicate apparent soil mixing cells that are consistent with biological mechanisms, possibly earthworms and root proliferation, driving C addition and the mixing of soil between ∼4 cm and ∼18 cm depth. Burial of SOC by soil mixing processes could substantially increase the net long-term storage of soil C and should be incorporated in soil-atmosphere interaction models.
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Lagauzère, S., M. Motelica-Heino, E. Viollier, G. Stora, and J. M. Bonzom. "Remobilisation of uranium from contaminated freshwater sediments by bioturbation." Biogeosciences 11, no. 12 (June 25, 2014): 3381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3381-2014.
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Abstract. Benthic macro-invertebrate bioturbation can influence the remobilisation of uranium (U) initially associated with freshwater sediments, resulting in a high release of this pollutant through the overlying water column. Given the potential negative effects on aquatic biocenosis and the global ecological risk, it appears crucial to improve our current knowledge concerning the biogeochemical behaviour of U in sediments. The present study aimed to assess the biogeochemical modifications induced by Tubifex tubifex (Annelida, Clitellata, Tubificidae) bioturbation within the sediment in order to explain such a release of U. To reach this goal, U distribution between solid and solute phases of a reconstructed benthic system (i.e. in mesocosms) inhabited or not by T. tubifex worms was assessed in a 12-day laboratory experiment. Thanks notably to fine-resolution (mm-scale) measurements (e.g. "diffusive equilibrium in thin-films" DET gel probes for porewater, bioaccumulation in worms) of U and main chemical species (iron, sulfate, nitrate and nitrite), this work (i) confirmed that the removal of bottom sediment particles to the surface through the digestive tract of worms greatly favoured oxidative loss of U in the water column, and (ii) demonstrated that both U contamination and bioturbation of T. tubifex substantially influenced major microbial-driven biogeochemical reactions in sediments (e.g. stimulation of denitrification, sulfate reduction and iron dissolutive reduction). This study provides the first demonstration of biogeochemical modifications induced by bioturbation in freshwater U-contaminated sediments.
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Lagauzère, S., M. Motelica-Heino, E. Viollier, G. Stora, and J. M. Bonzom. "Remobilisation of uranium from contaminated freshwater sediments by bioturbation." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 10 (October 30, 2013): 17001–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-17001-2013.
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Abstract. Previous studies have demonstrated that benthic macro-invertebrate bioturbation can influence the remobilization of uranium initially associated with freshwater sediments resulting in a high release of this pollutant through the overlying water column. Giving the potential negative effects on aquatic biocenosis and the global ecological risk, it appeared crucial to improve our current knowledge concerning the uranium biogeochemical behaviour in sediments. The present study aimed to assess the biogeochemical modifications induced by Tubifex tubifex (Annelida, Clitellata, Tubificidae) bioturbation within the sediment permitting to explain such a release of uranium. To reach this goal, uranium distribution between solid and solute phases of a reconstructed benthic system (i.e. in mesocosms) inhabited or not by T. tubifex worms was assessed in a 12 day laboratory experiment. Thanks notably to fine resolution (mm-scale) measurements (e.g. DET gels probes for porewater, bioaccumulation in worms) of uranium and main chemical species (iron, sulfate, nitrate, nitrite), this work permitted (i) to confirm that the removal of bottom sediment particles to the surface through the digestive tract of worms greatly favours the oxidative loss of uranium in the water column, and (ii) to demonstrate that both uranium contamination and bioturbation of T. tubifex substantially influence major microbial-driven biogeochemical reactions in sediments (e.g. stimulation of denitrification, sulfate-reduction and iron dissolutive reduction). This study provides the first demonstration of biogeochemical modifications induced by bioturbation in freshwater uranium-contaminated sediments.
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Lin, Feng, Cai Lin, Wen Yu, Xiuwu Sun, and Hui Lin. "Radium and Lead Radioisotopes Composition of Sediment and Its Biogeochemical Implication in Polymetallic Nodule Area of Clario-Clipperton Zone." Molecules 27, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 5061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165061.
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Radioactivity levels of 210Pb and 226Ra were detected in a sediment core obtained using a multi-corer from the polymetallic nodule area inside the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ), a contract area of the China Ocean Mineral Resources Association (COMR) in the eastern Pacific Ocean. The profile of excess 210Pb (210Pbex) shows that the specific activity of 210Pbex has three parts with different distributions at depths of 0–16 cm (I), 17–36 cm (II), and 37–48 cm (III). When the I section of nonlocal mixing was excluded, using a steady-state diffusion mode, the bioturbation coefficients of the core were estimated to be 24.2 cm2/a at 17–36 cm deep and 5.9 cm2/a at 37–48 cm deep, which were greater compared to previously published results. This is most likely owing to bioturbations caused by various organism species in the two sections.
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Tarhan, Lidya G., Mingyu Zhao, and Noah J. Planavsky. "Bioturbation feedbacks on the phosphorus cycle." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 566 (July 2021): 116961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116961.
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Mugnai, C., M. Gerino, M. Frignani, S. Sauvage, and L. G. Bellucci. "Bioturbation experiments in the Venice Lagoon." Hydrobiologia 494, no. 1-3 (March 2003): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1025430719520.
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Giangrande, Adriana, Margherita Licciano, and Giovanni Fanelli. "Bioturbation behaviour in two Mediterranean polychaetes." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 81, no. 2 (April 2001): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315401003836.
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To evaluate the potential for sediment reworking of two deposit-feeder polychaetes, daily sediment expelled per single worm has been estimated in laboratory experiments on 20 specimens of Nainerislaevigata and 20 of Notomastus latericeus. Both species showed very low values of daily sediment expelled especially when compared to literature data concerning other polychaetes. In both species reworking response was correlated to the dry weight of the worms and appeared higher in Nainerislaevigata, displaying the largest biomass. This species also revealed a greater mobility in situ than Notomastus latericeus which could be considered more as a tube dweller than a burrower.
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de Gibert, Jordi M., and Luis A. Buatois. "Lacustrine bioturbation and ichnofacies: An introduction." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 272, no. 3-4 (February 2009): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.10.014.
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MEADOWS, A., and P. S. MEADOWS. "Bioturbation in deep sea Pacific sediments." Journal of the Geological Society 151, no. 2 (March 1994): 361–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.151.2.0361.
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Officer, Charles B., and Daniel R. Lynch. "Bioturbation, sedimentation and sediment-water exchanges." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 28, no. 1 (January 1989): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(89)90037-1.
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Andree, Michael. "The Impact of Bioturbation on Ams 14C Dates On Handpicked Foraminifera: A Statistical Model." Radiocarbon 29, no. 2 (1987): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200056927.
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When single species of foraminifera picked from marine sediments are 14C dated with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS), bioturbation puts limits on the minimal sample size to be used, as uncertainty is added to the result by statistics of the picking process. The model presented here simulates the additional statistical uncertainty introduced into the measurement by the coupling of bioturbation and small sample amounts. As there is no general solution for this problem, we present two simple cases only. The model can also be used to simulate more complicated situations occurring in sediments.
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Hussein, Mohammad Ali, Mohammad Alqudah, and Olaf G. Podlaha. "Ichnofabrics of Eocene oil shales from central Jordan and their use for paleoenvironmental reconstructions." GeoArabia 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 85–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia190185.
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ABSTRACT The study of trace fossils is widely used in facies interpretation. It provides a crucial tool for reconstructing depositional paleoenvironments when used in combination with other sedimentological and paleontological proxies. Here we present the first detailed study of Eocene trace fossils from Jordan. Two sections of Early to Middle Eocene age, with a total thickness of 478.7 m, from central Jordan were cored and investigated. The results of individually occurring (isolated) or co-occurring (combined) ichnofabrics and bioturbation levels, in combination with results from biostratigraphic and geochemical studies, were used for stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental reconstructions. The bioturbation index (BI) was used to classify the burrowing density versus the preservation of the original sedimentary structures. The two cores show highly variable grades of bioturbation with BI ranging from 0 to 6. Four ichnogenera were identified: Thalassinoides, Chondrites, Teichichnus and Zoophycos. Both the ichnofabrics and the variations of the BI suggest a shallow, highly dynamic depositional system with rapid changes of water depth and degree of bottom-water oxygenation.
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Hantsoo, Kalev G., Alan J. Kaufman, Huan Cui, Rebecca E. Plummer, and Guy M. Narbonne. "Effects of bioturbation on carbon and sulfur cycling across the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition at the GSSP in Newfoundland, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 55, no. 11 (November 2018): 1240–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0274.
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The initiation of widespread penetrative bioturbation in the earliest Phanerozoic is regarded as such a significant geobiological event that the boundary between Ediacaran and Cambrian strata is defined by the appearance of diagnostic trace fossils. While ichnofabric analyses have yielded differing interpretations of the impact of Fortunian bioturbation, the disruption of sediments previously sealed by microbial mats is likely to have effected at least local changes in carbon and sulfur cycling. To assess the geochemical effects of penetrative bioturbation, we conducted a high resolution chemostratigraphic analysis of the siliciclastic-dominated basal Cambrian Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP; Chapel Island Formation, Newfoundland, Canada). A positive δ13C excursion in organic matter starts at the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary and returns to stably depleted values near the top of member 2, while the δ13C of carbonate carbon increases from strongly depleted values toward seawater values beginning near the top of member 2. Pyrite sulfur coincidently undergoes significant 34S depletion at the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary. These isotope anomalies most likely reflect progressive ventilation and oxygenation of shallow sediments as a consequence of bioturbation. In this interpretation, sediment ventilation in the earliest Cambrian may have spurred a temporary increase in microbial sulfate reduction and benthic sulfur cycling under low-oxygen conditions. In the late Fortunian, local carbon cycling appears to have stabilized as reductants were depleted and more oxygenated conditions predominated in the shallow substrate. Overall, these data attest to the geochemical significance of the initiation of sediment ventilation by animals at the dawn of the Phanerozoic.
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Tuma, Jiri, Susannah Fleiss, Paul Eggleton, Jan Frouz, Petr Klimes, Owen T. Lewis, Kalsum M. Yusah, and Tom M. Fayle. "Logging of rainforest and conversion to oil palm reduces bioturbator diversity but not levels of bioturbation." Applied Soil Ecology 144 (December 2019): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.07.002.
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Wilkinson, Marshall T., and Geoff S. Humphreys. "Exploring pedogenesis via nuclide-based soil production rates and OSL-based bioturbation rates." Soil Research 43, no. 6 (2005): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04158.
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New dating techniques are available for soil scientists to test fundamental pedogenic ideas. Recent developments in applications of terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides (TCN) from bedrock and saprolite allow the derivation of soil production rates, at scales ranging from local (sub-hillslope) to catchment wide, generally averaged over timescales of 104–105 years. Where soil depths are relatively constant over time, soil production rates equal transport rates and are thus essential to establishing sustainable erosion rates. TCN also allow the form of the soil production function to be compared to theoretical models—a difficult task previously. Furthermore, parameterised soil production functions can now be incorporated into numerical surface process models to test landscape evolution ideas. Bedrock and saprolite conversion to soil is demonstrably dependent on the overlying soil depth, and there is general agreement that weathering declines exponentially beyond maximum soil production, consistent with theory. Whether maximum soil production occurs under a finite or non-existent soil cover at particular sites remains unresolved. We suggest that, in general, soil production from saprolite declines exponentially with increasing depth, while production from bedrock follows a humped function. Estimates of the role of flora, fauna and processes such as freeze–thaw that mix soil mantles to depth, have been limited prior to optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating techniques. Recently derived OSL mixing rates extend the magnitude of previous partial, short-term bioturbation rates. In fact, bioturbation appears to be the most active pedogenic process operating in many soils, with freeze–thaw environments a noted exception. Although bioturbation far outweighs soil production, it does not always lead to homogenisation as is often reported. We maintain that the above-ground component of bioturbation, i.e. mounding, may alone, or particularly when combined with particle sorting via rainwash processes, lead to horizonisation and texture contrast soils in those materials that can be sorted such as mixtures of sand and clay. Together, TCN- and OSL-based estimates of hillslope soil transport and bioturbation, suggest significant rates of downslope soil mantle movement coupled with rapid mixing, contrary to in situ soil development models.
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Zeng, Jin, Da-Yong Zhao, Peng Liu, Zhong-Bo Yu, Rui Huang, and Qinglong L. Wu. "Effects of benthic macrofauna bioturbation on the bacterial community composition in lake sediments." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 60, no. 8 (August 2014): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2014-0132.
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Benthic macrofauna are considered to be an important part of the lacustrine ecosystem, and bioturbation may greatly affect the biogeochemical processes and microbial activities in sediments. In the present study, the bacterial community composition in sediments inhabited by 3 different types of benthic macrofauna (Corbicula fluminea, Chironomidae larvae, and tubificid worms) in the shallow and eutrophic Lake Taihu was studied to investigate the different effects of bioturbation on the composition of these communities. Microcosms were constructed, and culture-independent methods, including terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and clone library analysis, were performed to evaluate the bacterial communities. Analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) and multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis of T-RFLP patterns demonstrated that differences in the bacterial community composition between the control and the macrofauna-inhabited sediments were not as great as expected, although the chemical properties of the sediments changed remarkably. Nevertheless, the dominant bacterial group in each type of macrofauna-inhabited sediment was different. Acidobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria were the dominant bacterial groups in sediments inhabited by C. fluminea, tubificid worms, and Chironomidae larvae, respectively. The data obtained in this study are helpful for understanding the effects of bioturbation in a shallow, eutrophic lake.
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Vesal, Seyed Ehsan, Federica Nasi, Rocco Auriemma, and Paola Del Negro. "Effects of Organic Enrichment on Bioturbation Attributes: How Does the Macrofauna Community Respond in Two Different Sedimentary Impacted Areas?" Diversity 15, no. 3 (March 17, 2023): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15030449.
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We assessed the influence of different organic matter (OM) inputs associated with terrigenous/freshwater allochthonous and sewage derive on bioturbation and irrigation potential community indices (BPc and IPc) of the soft-bottom macrofauna community. The macrofauna was sampled from two different sedimentary impacted areas, in front of the Po River Delta (northern Adriatic Sea) and sewage discharge diffusion zone (Gulf of Trieste). The highest values of BPc and IPc were observed at the northward sampling stations of the prodelta and the stations 25 m distance in front of the main sewage outfall. Species richness showed high values in the prodelta likely due to the OM positive effect from the delta, and it increased with increasing distance from the pipeline due to the effect of OM from the sewage discharge. The bioturbation indices differed due to the presence of surface deposit feeders and the injection depth (from 2 to 5 cm) with limited movement at the station located northwards in the prodelta and 25 m distance in the diffusion zone. We infer that the difference in bioturbation indices was likely due to the effects of grain-size composition and the degree of organic enrichment in both study areas.
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PAZ, MAXIMILIANO, M. GABRIELA MÁNGANO, LUIS A. BUATOIS, PATRICIO R. DESJARDINS, RAÚL NOTTA, FEDERICO GONZÁLEZ TOMASSINI, and NOELIA B. CARMONA. "ICHNOLOGY OF MUDDY SHALLOW-WATER CONTOURITES FROM THE UPPER JURASSIC–LOWER CRETACEOUS VACA MUERTA FORMATION, ARGENTINA: IMPLICATIONS FOR TRACE-FOSSIL MODELS." PALAIOS 37, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2020.028.
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ABSTRACT Contourites are increasingly being recognized in ancient fine-grained depositional environments. However, detailed ichnologic analyses focusing on shallow-water examples of these deposits are scarce. The Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Vaca Muerta Formation from Argentina constitutes an important unconventional reservoir that displays dm- to m-thick, laminated, rippled and bioturbated, crinoidal mudstone and fine to coarse mudstone deposited by wind- and thermohaline-driven contour currents. Four ichnofabrics were recognized in three facies associations. The Palaeophycus heberti ichnofabric is dominant in facies association 1, forming highly bioturbated intervals. The Palaeophycus heberti, Nereites isp., and Phycosiphon incertum ichnofabrics are present in facies association 2, displaying highly, moderately and sparsely bioturbated intervals, respectively. This association is locally characterized by m-thick successions comprising an upward decrease and then increase in bioturbation index, which may have a similar origin to bigradational sequences. The Equilibrichnia-Fugichnia ichnofabric mostly occurs in facies association 3 and less commonly in 2, forming distinctive bioturbated intervals within sparsely bioturbated successions. Benthic activity was controlled by food distribution, oxygenation, hydrodynamic energy, and water turbidity. Food was delivered to the surface or in suspension by currents, promoting deposit- or suspension-feeding strategies in the infauna, respectively. Oxygen levels increased during contour current activity yet remained relatively low (upper dysoxic). Hydrodynamic energy controlled bioturbation intensity, resulting in lower degrees of bioturbation during higher energy events. Suspension-feeding strategies suggest that water turbidity was relatively low during current transport. The herein example increases our understanding of environmental controls of shallow-water contour currents, supporting the fact that high bioturbation levels are typical of contourite deposits and providing an example of muddy contourites showing high preservation of sedimentary structures due to oxygen deficiency in bottom waters.
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Andree, Michael, Hans Oeschger, W. S. Broecker, Nancy Beavan, Alan Mix, Georges Bonani, H. J. Hofmann, et al. "AMS Radiocarbon Dates on Foraminifera from Deep Sea Sediments." Radiocarbon 28, no. 2A (1986): 424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200007542.
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14C ages were determined on samples of foraminifera separated from cores from three areas of the tropical Pacific (East Pacific Rise, Oontong Java Plateau, and South China Sea). Analyses were made on four planktonic species and on mixed benthics. The purpose of the multiple analysis on planktonic species is to assess the importance of artifacts resulting from the bioturbation-abundance change couple, from the bioturbation-partial dissolution couple and from redeposition by bottom currents. The goal is to use the benthic-planktonic age difference as a means of establishing changes in deep sea ventilation rate over the past 25,000 years. Results of a part of this work are presented in this paper.
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Mikuś, Paweł. "Recent Vertebrate and Invertebrate Burrows in Lowland and Mountain Fluvial Environments (SE Poland)." Water 12, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 3413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123413.
Full textAbstract:
Over geological time, fauna inhabiting alluvial environment developed numerous traces of life, called bioturbation structures. However, present literature rarely offers comprehensive and comparative analyses of recent bioturbation structures between different types of environments. In this paper, the distribution of recent animal life traces in two different fluvial environments (lowland and mountain watercourse) was examined. An analysis of a set of vertical cross-sections of river bank enabled to determine physical and environmental features of the burrows, as well as degree of bioturbation in individual sections. Most of the burrows were assigned to their tracemakers and compared between two studied reaches in relation to the geomorphic zones of a stream channel. A mesocosm was conducted using glass terraria filled with river bank sediment and specimens of Lumbricus terrestris. The experiment confirmed field observations on the ability of earthworms to migrate into deep sediment layers along plant roots. The impact of floods on fauna survival was assessed on the basis of observations of large floods in 2016, 2018 and 2019. The abundance, distribution and activity of fauna in the sediment are mainly controlled by the occurrence of high and low flows (droughts and floods), which was particularly visible in lowland river reach.