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Journal articles on the topic 'Biotransformation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Yildirim, Kudret, Ahmet Uzuner, and Emine Yasemin Gulcuoglu. "Biotransformation of some steroids by Aspergillus terreus MRC 200365." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 75, no. 6 (2010): 665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2009545.

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The biotransformations of testosterone, epiandrosterone, progesterone and pregnenolone byAspergillus terreusMRC 200365 for five days were described. The biotransformation of testosterone afforded testolactone. The biotransformation of epiandrosterone afforded 3β-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-5α-androstan-17-one. The biotransformation of progesterone afforded androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and testolactone. The biotransformation of pregnenolone afforded 3β-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homoandrost-5-en-17-one and testolactone.

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2

Yildirim, Kudret, and Semra Yilmazer-Keskin. "Biotransformation of (–)-verbenone by Aspergillus tamarii and Aspergillus terreus." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 75, no. 6 (2010): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2009092.

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The biotransformations of (–)-verbenone by Aspergillus tamarii and Aspergillus terreus were described. The biotransformation of (–)-verbenone with A. tamarii and A. terreus for 7 days gave (–)-10-hydroxyverbenone. The biotransformation of (–)-verbenone by A. tamarii resulted in a higher yield. A. tamarii and A. terreus were first two microorganisms to hydroxylate (–)-verbenone.

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3

Fu, Yu Wan, Hua Sun, Yan Jun Shen, Xi Chen, and Min Wang. "Biotransformation of Digitoxin by Aspergillus Ochraceus." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 1281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.1281.

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Biotransformations of natural products have great potential for preparation of lead compounds. In this paper, the biotransformation of digitoxin (1) with Aspergillus ochraceus afforded two products, identified as digitoxigenin (2) and sarmentogenin (3) by HR-MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR.

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4

Li, Peng, Ruixue Su, Ruya Yin, Daowan Lai, Mingan Wang, Yang Liu, and Ligang Zhou. "Detoxification of Mycotoxins through Biotransformation." Toxins 12, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020121.

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Mycotoxins are toxic fungal secondary metabolites that pose a major threat to the safety of food and feed. Mycotoxins are usually converted into less toxic or non-toxic metabolites through biotransformation that are often made by living organisms as well as the isolated enzymes. The conversions mainly include hydroxylation, oxidation, hydrogenation, de-epoxidation, methylation, glycosylation and glucuronidation, esterification, hydrolysis, sulfation, demethylation and deamination. Biotransformations of some notorious mycotoxins such as alfatoxins, alternariol, citrinin, fomannoxin, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone analogues are reviewed in detail. The recent development and applications of mycotoxins detoxification through biotransformation are also discussed.

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5

Sorrentino, Julia Medeiros, Rafaela Martins Sponchiado, Natália Olegário Dos Santos, Sendy Salles Oliveira, Karina Galle, Cassia Virginia Garcia, Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria, and Martin Steppe. "BIOTRANSFORMATION OF METRONIDAZOLE BY CUNNINGHAMELLA ELEGANS ATCC 9245." Drug Analytical Research 3, no. 1 (July 17, 2019): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2527-2616.94032.

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Drug biotransformation studies appear as an alternative to pharmacological studies of metabolites, development of new drug candidates with reduced investment as well as the most efficient production of chemical structures involves and drug quality control studies. A wide range of reactions in biotransformations process is catalyzed by microorganisms. Fungi can be considered as a promising source of new biotransformation reactions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of metronidazole biotransformation through the filamentous fungus Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 9245. The monitoring of metabolite formation was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. The results of the biotransformation of metronidazole showed drug consumption in culture and the formation of four new chromatographic peaks of chemical structures not elucidated. The method showed it became linear over 10-70 μg/mL (r = 0.999953). Accuracy, precision and stability studies agree with international guidelines. Results are consistent in accordance with the principles of green chemistry as the experimental conditions had a low environmental impact, and few solvents use.

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6

Johnson, David R., Damian E. Helbling, Tae Kwon Lee, Joonhong Park, Kathrin Fenner, Hans-Peter E. Kohler, and Martin Ackermann. "Association of Biodiversity with the Rates of Micropollutant Biotransformations among Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant Communities." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 2 (November 14, 2014): 666–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03286-14.

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ABSTRACTBiodiversities can differ substantially among different wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) communities. Whether differences in biodiversity translate into differences in the provision of particular ecosystem services, however, is under active debate. Theoretical considerations predict that WWTP communities with more biodiversity are more likely to contain strains that have positive effects on the rates of particular ecosystem functions, thus resulting in positive associations between those two variables. However, if WWTP communities were sufficiently biodiverse to nearly saturate the set of possible positive effects, then positive associations would not occur between biodiversity and the rates of particular ecosystem functions. To test these expectations, we measured the taxonomic biodiversity, functional biodiversity, and rates of 10 different micropollutant biotransformations for 10 full-scale WWTP communities. We have demonstrated that biodiversity is positively associated with the rates of specific, but not all, micropollutant biotransformations. Thus, one cannot assume whether or how biodiversity will associate with the rate of any particular micropollutant biotransformation. We have further demonstrated that the strongest positive association is between biodiversity and the collective rate of multiple micropollutant biotransformations. Thus, more biodiversity is likely required to maximize the collective rates of multiple micropollutant biotransformations than is required to maximize the rate of any individual micropollutant biotransformation. We finally provide evidence that the positive associations are stronger for rare micropollutant biotransformations than for common micropollutant biotransformations. Together, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that differences in biodiversity can indeed translate into differences in the provision of particular ecosystem services by full-scale WWTP communities.

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7

Holland, Herbert L., Nancy Ihasz, and Brendan J. Lounsbery. "Formation of single diastereomers of β-hydroxy sulfoxides by biotransformation of β-ketosulfides using Helminthosporium species NRRL 4671." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 80, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 640–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v02-091.

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Single biotransformations of 1-(phenylthio)-2-propanone and 1-(p-methoxyphenylthio)-2-propanone by the fungus Helminthosporium species NRRL 4671 resulted in both sulfur oxidation to the sulfoxide and carbonyl reduction to the alcohol. The corresponding (SS,SC)-1-sulfinyl-2-propanols were obtained as single diastereomers following simple crystallization.Key words: biocatalysis, biotransformation, carbonyl reduction, Helminthosporium sp. NRRL 4671, sulfoxidation.

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8

Łużny, Mateusz, Dagmara Kaczanowska, Barbara Gawdzik, Alicja Wzorek, Aleksandra Pawlak, Bożena Obmińska-Mrukowicz, Monika Dymarska, Ewa Kozłowska, Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow, and Tomasz Janeczko. "Regiospecific Hydrogenation of Bromochalcone by Unconventional Yeast Strains." Molecules 27, no. 12 (June 8, 2022): 3681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123681.

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This research aimed to select yeast strains capable of the biotransformation of selected 2′-hydroxybromochalcones. Small-scale biotransformations were carried out using four substrates obtained by chemical synthesis (2′-hydroxy-2″-bromochalcone, 2′-hydroxy-3″-bromochalcone, 2′-hydroxy-4″-bromochalcone and 2′-hydroxy-5′-bromochalcone) and eight strains of non-conventional yeasts. Screening allowed for the determination of the substrate specificity of selected microorganisms and the selection of biocatalysts that carried out the hydrogenation of tested compounds in the most effective way. It was found that the position of the bromine atom has a crucial influence on the degree of substrate conversion by the tested yeast strains. As a result of the biotransformation of the 2′-hydroxybromochalcones, the corresponding 2′-hydroxybromodihydrochalcones were obtained. The products obtained belong to the group of compounds with high potential as precursors of sweet substances.

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9

Ward, O. P. "Application of baker's yeast in bioorganic synthesis." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 1043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-355.

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Baker's yeast has been widely used as a biocatalyst in organic synthesis, primarily because it is inexpensive and readily available. The majority of studies on the biotransformation capability of yeast deal with reductions of carbonyl groups and carbon–carbon double bonds. Reactions involving carbon–carbon bond formation are of great interest in chemical synthesis. Most of these biocatalytic reactions have been carried out in aqueous media. The conversion of benzaldehyde and pyruvate to L-phenylacetyl carbinol (a precursor of ephedrine) was one of the first commercial processes to utilize an enzyme biotransformation step. During this biotransformation, a proportion of the benzaldehyde is also reduced to benzyl alcohol. Detailed investigations have been carried out on factors affecting product formation by whole yeast cells, mainly in aqueous systems. The reaction mechanisms involved in pyruvate decarboxylase mediated formation of L-phenylacetyl carbinol have been reported. Recent studies on biocatalysis of benzaldehyde and substituted benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol by whole cells of wild-type and mutant strains of baker's yeast in nonconventional media have established the effects of organic solvents and substrate hydrophobicity on reaction performance. The effect of solvent and substituted benzaldehyde substrate hydrophobicity on the kinetics of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzed reactions in nonconventional media will also be discussed. Key words: Saccharomyces, baker's yeast, biotransformations, organic synthesis.

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10

Ito, S. "Biotransformation." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 96, no. 3 (September 2014): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2014.133.

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11

Sakamoto, Takeshi, John M. Joern, Akira Arisawa, and Frances H. Arnold. "Laboratory Evolution of Toluene Dioxygenase To Accept 4-Picoline as a Substrate." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 3882–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.9.3882-3887.2001.

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ABSTRACT We are using directed evolution to extend the range of dioxygenase-catalyzed biotransformations to include substrates that are either poorly accepted or not accepted at all by the naturally occurring enzymes. Here we report on the oxidation of a heterocyclic substrate, 4-picoline, by toluene dioxygenase (TDO) and improvement of the enzyme's activity by laboratory evolution. The biotransformation of 4-picoline proceeds at only ∼4.5% of the rate of the natural reaction on toluene. Random mutagenesis, saturation mutagenesis, and screening directly for product formation using a modified Gibbs assay generated mutant TDO 3-B38, in which the wild-type stop codon was replaced with a codon encoding threonine. Escherichia coli-expressed TDO 3-B38 exhibited 5.6 times higher activity toward 4-picoline and ∼20% more activity towards toluene than wild-type TDO. The product of the biotransformation of 4-picoline is 3-hydroxy-4-picoline; no cis-diols of 4-picoline were observed.

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12

Holland, Herbert L., Cynthia G. Rand, Peter Viski, and Frances M. Brown. "Microbial oxidation of benzyl sulfides and bibenzyl by Mortierella isabellina and Helminthosporium species." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 1989–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-287.

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The biotransformation of 1,2-diphenylethane by the fungus Mortierella isabellina ATCC 42613, and that of a series of alkyl benzyl sulfides by the fungi M. isabellina and Helminthosporium species NRRL 4671 have been studied. Mortierella hydroxylates 1,2-diphenylethane in low yield, giving (S)-1,2-diphenylethanol with an enantiomeric purity of 33%. Bioconversions of deuterium-labelled and racemic 1,2-diphenylethanol by M. isabellina demonstrate that this organism performs reversible oxidation/reduction of the alcohol. Biotransformations of n-alkyl benzyl sulfides by H. species give predominantly the (S) enantiomer of sulfoxide, with no sulfone formation, but M. isabellina, although showing a general preference for the oxidation of alkyl benzyl sulfides to (R) sulfoxides, also generates sulfones from n-alkyl benzyl sulfides in a time-dependent manner that suggests a stereoselective removal of (R) sulfoxide. The latter microorganism can be used, however, for the production of (R)-benzyl methyl and benzyl isopropyl sulfoxides, and gives (S)-benzyl tert-butyl sulfoxide in low yield. Key words: biotransformation, enzymes, sulfoxides.

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13

Schwenk, Michael. "Mucosal Biotransformation." Toxicologic Pathology 16, no. 2 (February 1988): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019262338801600206.

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14

Marks, Gerald S., Brian E. McLaughlin, Heather F. MacMillan, Kanji Nakatsu, and James F. Brien. "Differential biotransformation of glyceryl trinitrate by red blood cell – supernatant fraction and pulmonary vein homogenate." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y89-066.

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We have demonstrated previously that glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) undergoes biotransformation to two glyceryl dinitrate (GDN) metabolites in the human red blood cell – supernatant fraction (RBC–SF) by hemoglobin-mediated and sulfhydryl-dependent enzymatic mechanisms. In the present study, we have shown that biotransformation of GTN in rabbit RBC–SF yields a glyceryl-1,2-dinitrate (1,2-GDN)/glyceryl-1,3-dinitrate (1,3-GDN) ratio of 5.3. Following inhibition of hemoglobin-mediated biotransformation of GTN by carbon monoxide (CO), the 1,2-GDN/1,3-GDN ratio was 2.1. Following inhibition of sulfhydryl-dependent biotransformation by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), the 1,2-GDN/1,3-GDN ratio was 30.0. We have demonstrated previously that for GTN-induced vasodilation of isolated bovine pulmonary vein (BPV), the 1,2-GDN/1,3-GDN ratio was 7.1, which indicated that a hemoprotein-dependent process was involved in GTN biotransformation. To determine if this was the case, the biotransformation of GTN (0.51 μM) was studied in BPV homogenates; 31.1 pmol GDN/mg BPV protein was formed in 20 min. The 1,2-GDN/1,3-GDN ratio was 1.1, which indicated that hemoprotein-mediated biotransformation did not occur. This conclusion was supported by the fact that CO did not inhibit GTN biotransformation. GTN biotransformation by BPV homogenate was inhibited 62% by NEM, 89% by boiling of the homogenate, and almost completely by boiling plus NEM. These results indicated that biotransformation of GTN by the BPV homogenate involved in a combination of enzymatic and nonenzymatic processes that were mostly sulfhydryl dependent. It is concluded that the mechanism for GTN biotransformation in isolated intact BPV, which yielded preferential formation of 1,2-GDN, was rendered nonfunctional upon tissue homogenization.Key words: glyceryl trinitrate, glyceryl dinitrate, biotransformation, erythrocyte, pulmonary vein.

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15

Abraham, Wolf-Rainer. "Phylogeny and Biotransformation. Part 5*: Biotransformation of Isopinocampheol." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 49, no. 9-10 (October 1, 1994): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1994-9-1004.

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Abstract Biotransformation of isopinocampheol with 100 bacterial and fungal strains yielded 1-, 2-, 4-, 5-, 7-, 8 - and 9-hydroxy-isopinocampheol besides three rearranged monoterpenes, one of them bearing the novel isocarane skeleton. A pronounced enantioselectivity between (+)- and (-)-isopinocampheol was observed. The phylogenetic position of the individual strains could be seen in their ability to form the products from (+)-isopinocampheol. The formation of 1,3-dihydroxypinane is a domain of bacteria, while 3,5- or 3,7-dihydroxypinane was mainly formed by fungi, especially those of the phylum Zygomycotina. The activity of Basidiomycotina towards oxidation of isopinocampheol was rather low. Such informations can be used in a more effective selection of strains for screening.

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16

Majeed, Atheer Ahmed. "Biocatalysis and Biotransformation for Pharmaceuticals Synthesis." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 6279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr2020608.

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17

Özşen Batur, Ö., Ö. Atlı, and İ. Kıran. "Biotransformation of oleic acid and antimicrobial and anticancer activities of its biotransformatıon extracts." Bulgarian Chemical Communications 51, no. 2 (2019): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.34049/bcc.51.2.4831.

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Oleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid found in significant quantities in various edible oils. Scientific studies have shown that oleic acid and its derivatives exhibit a variety of biological activities including antimicrobial and anticancer activities. In the present work, biotransformation of oleic acid was carried out initially using 27 different microbial strains. Extracts obtained from biotransformation with Alternaria alternata (clinical isolate) and Aspergillus terreus var. africanus (clinical isolate) were used in antimicrobial and anticancer activity studies. The in vitro antimicrobial activities of the extracts were evaluated against 9 different pathogenic microorganisms. The results indicated that the microbial extracts were more active than oleic acid itself and showed good inhibitory activity against all tested microorganisms. In in vitro anticancer activity studies, extract 2 obtained from biotransformation with Alternaria alternata exhibited notable anticancer activity against A549 cell line with an IC50 value of 62.5 μg/ml whereas positive control cisplatin showed an IC50 value of 43.5 μg/ml. The anticancer activity of extract 2 was also found to be selective according to its higher IC50 value (122.7 μg/ml) obtained against the healthy cell line, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, NIH3T3. Due to its anticancer effect, extract 2 is considered to participate in further research.

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18

Li, Hui, and Zhenyu Wang. "Comparison in antioxidant and antitumor activities of pine polyphenols and its seven biotransformation extracts by fungi." PeerJ 5 (May 23, 2017): e3264. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3264.

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Microbial transformation can strengthen the antioxidant and antitumor activities of polyphenols. Polyphenols contents, antioxidant and antitumor activities of pine polyphenols and its biotransformation extracts byAspergillus niger,Aspergillus oryzae,Aspergillus carbonarius,Aspergillus candidus,Trichodermas viride, Mucor wutungkiaoand Rhizopus spwere studied. Significant differences were noted in antioxidant and antitumor activities. The highest antioxidant activities in Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay and antitumor activity against LoVo cells were biotransformation extract ofAspergillus carbonarius(BAC), biotransformation extract ofMucor wutungkiao(BMW), biotransformation extract ofAspergillus carbonarius(BAC), biotransformation extract ofAspergillus niger(BAN), biotransformation extract ofAspergillus oryzae(BAO) and BMW, respectively. Correlation analysis found that antioxidant and antitumor activities were associated with polyphenols contents and types of free radicals and tumors.A. carbonariuscan make polyphenol oxidation, hydroxylation and methylation, and form new polyphenols. In conclusion,A. carbonarius,A. niger and M. wutungkiaoare valuable microorganisms used for polyphenols biotransformation and enhance the antioxidant and antitumor activities of polyphenols.

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19

Grabarczyk, Małgorzata, Anna Duda-Madej, Fedor Romanenko, Gabriela Maciejewska, Wanda Mączka, Agata Białońska, and Katarzyna Wińska. "New Hydroxylactones and Chloro-Hydroxylactones Obtained by Biotransformation of Bicyclic Halolactones and Their Antibacterial Activity." Molecules 29, no. 12 (June 13, 2024): 2820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29122820.

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The aim of this study was to obtain new halolactones with a gem-dimethyl group in the cyclohexane ring (at the C-3 or C-5 carbon) and a methyl group in the lactone ring and then subject them to biotransformations using filamentous fungi. Halolactones in the form of mixtures of two diasteroisomers were subjected to screening biotransformations, which showed that only compounds with a gem-dimethyl group located at the C-5 carbon were transformed. Strains from the genus Fusarium carried out hydrolytic dehalogenation, while strains from the genus Absidia carried out hydroxylation of the C-7 carbon. Both substrates and biotransformation products were then tested for antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant strains of both bacteria and yeast-like fungi. The highest antifungal activity against C. dubliniensis and C. albicans strains was obtained for compound 5b, while antimicrobial activity against S. aureus MRSA was obtained for compound 4a.

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20

Ravindran, Selvan, Amlesh J. Tambe, Jitendra K. Suthar, Digamber S. Chahar, Joyleen M. Fernandes, and Vedika Desai. "Nanomedicine: Bioavailability, Biotransformation and Biokinetics." Current Drug Metabolism 20, no. 7 (August 7, 2019): 542–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200220666190614150708.

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Background: Nanomedicine is increasingly used to treat various ailments. Biocompatibility of nanomedicine is primarily governed by its properties such as bioavailability, biotransformation and biokinetics. One of the major advantages of nanomedicine is enhanced bioavailability of drugs. Biotransformation of nanomedicine is important to understand the pharmacological effects of nanomedicine. Biokinetics includes both pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics of nanomedicine. Physicochemical parameters of nanomaterials have extensive influence on bioavailability, biotransformation and biokinetics of nanomedicine. Method: We carried out a structured peer-reviewed research literature survey and analysis using bibliographic databases. Results: Eighty papers were included in the review. Papers dealing with bioavailability, biotransformation and biokinetics of nanomedicine are found and reviewed. Bioavailability and biotransformation along with biokinetics are three major factors that determine the biological fate of nanomedicine. Extensive research work has been done for drugs of micron size but studies on nanomedicine are scarce. Therefore, more emphasis in this review is given on the bioavailability and biotransformation of nanomedicine along with biokinetics. Conclusion: Bioavailability results based on various nanomedicine are summarized in the present work. Biotransformation of nanodrugs as well as nanoformulations is also the focus of this article. Both in vitro and in vivo biotransformation studies on nanodrugs and its excipients are necessary to know the effect of metabolites formed. Biokinetics of nanomedicine is captured in details that are complimentary to bioavailability and biotransformation. Nanomedicine has the potential to be developed as a personalized medicine once its physicochemical properties and its effect on biological system are well understood.

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21

Doong, R. A., and S. C. Wu. "The Effect of Oxidation-Reduction Potential on the Biotransformations of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1992): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0396.

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Two batch experiments with acetate as the primary substrate and different combinations of chlorinated hydrocarbons as the secondary substrate were carried out to evaluate the effect of the redox potential of the environment on the biotransformations of chlorinated hydrocarbons. In both single and mixed contaminant(s) systems, biotransformations of 100 µg/L of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and carbon tetrachloride (CT) were observed, but that of 1,1,1-trichloroethane(1,1,1-TCA) was not observed within 108 days. Chlorinated hydrocarbons acted as electron traps and scavenged the electrons when they underwent reductive dechlorination. Adequate activity of free available electrons is necessary for chlorinated hydrocarbons to undergo reductive dechlorination. The environment with low redox potential has relatively strong electron activity and therefore facilitates the biotransformation of the chlorinated hydrocarbons more readily. Disappearance of 17 to 62 % and 22 to 99.9 % of the original concentration of PCE and CT were observed when the redox potentials of the microcosms were ranged from 225 to -263 mV and 188 to -263 mV, respectively. The viable count of microorganisms determined by the epifluorescence technique showed that higher concentration of primary substrate produced more biomass than lower concentration of primary substrate did, but the DNA content of the microbes was not a good biochemical indicator for the biotransformability of the chlorinated hydrocarbons. It is concluded that oxidation-reduction potential is the major factor controlling the biotransformation efficiencies of chlorinated hydrocarbons. In the case of in-situ biorestoration, proper control of redox potential of the environment will give a good result of remediation of the groundwater contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons.

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22

Pereira dos Santos, Valmore Henrique, Dorval Moreira Coelho Neto, Valdemar Lacerda Júnior, Warley de Souza Borges, and Eliane de Oliveira Silva. "Fungal Biotransformation: An Efficient Approach for Stereoselective Chemical Reactions." Current Organic Chemistry 24, no. 24 (December 31, 2020): 2902–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272824999201111203506.

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Abstract:: There is great interest in developing chemical technologies to achieve regioselective and stereoselective reactions since only one enantiomer is required for producing the chiral leads for drug development. These selective reactions are provided by traditional chemical synthetic methods, even under expensive catalysts and long reaction times. Filamentous fungi are efficient biocatalysts capable of catalyzing a wide variety of reactions with significant contributions to the development of clean and selective processes. Although some enzymes have already been employed in isolated forms or as crude protein extracts as catalysts for conducting selective reactions, the use of whole-cell provides advantages regarding cofactor regenerations. It is also possible to carry out conversions at chemically unreactive positions and to perform racemic resolution through microbial transformation. The current literature contains several reports on the biotransformation of different compounds by fungi, which generated chemical analogs with high selectivity, using mild and eco-friendly conditions. Prompted by the enormous pharmacological interest in the development of stereoselective chemical technologies, this review covers the biotransformations catalyzed by fungi that yielded chiral products with enantiomeric excesses published over the period 2010-2020. This work highlights new approaches for the achievement of a variety of bioactive chiral building blocks, which can be a good starting point for the synthesis of new compounds combining biotransformation and synthetic organic chemistry.

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23

Roy, Proloy Sankar Dev, Brajeshwar Singh, Vikas Sharma, and Chandan Thappa. "Biotransformation: A Novel Approach of Modulating and Synthesizing Compounds." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 1, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.1.2.8.

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Transformation of potential compounds into utilizable and beneficial forms is often cost involving and time consuming. Chemical transformation though was an existing opportunity catering our needs but due to environmental impacts and cost- benefit ratio analysis it proved futile and a new branch of transformation came into existence termed as biotransformation. Biotransformation is an excellent opportunity of tailoring compounds to cater our needs in a simple and is an eco-friendly approach. Biotransformation allows conversion of one component to another compound by application of biological systems. Fermentation based biotransformation of plant extract is a well-established world-wide standard technique used to maximize shelf-life, nutritional and organoleptic properties and to eliminate harmful substances from primary food substrates. Biotransformation by microbes has grown greatly from a small involvement in highly active fields of green chemistry, including the preparation of pharmaceutical drugs, in recent years. In addition fermentation processes have been targeted and optimized to enhance the production of active microbial metabolites using sufficient or suitable nutrients and with the correct microbial target for functional benefits. At present, significant attention has been given to biotransformation technology worldwide to develop medicines through the processing and enrichment of additional medicinally essential bioactive metabolites including terpenes, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids and saponins. Biotransformation utilizing various biological systems can be used to modulate and in the enhancement of bioactive compounds in an environment promising way. Biotransformation is assumed to play a key role in green chemistry in future because of its sustainable approach. This review represents an overview of biotransformation techniques and its applications in a nutshell.

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24

Dvořáková, Marcela, Irena Valterová, and Tomáš Vaněk. "Biotransformation of a Monoterpene Mixture by in vitro Cultures of Selected Conifer Species." Natural Product Communications 2, no. 3 (March 2007): 1934578X0700200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0700200302.

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Biotransformation of monoterpenes is a mild and promising method for the production of stereospecific and regiospecific organic compounds. It is advantageous, especially for the preparation of substances with complicated structures and for those that need to be classed as “natural products“. Our study has focused on the biotransformation of a monoterpenic mixture, turpentine, by Picea abies and Taxus baccata suspension cultures. We identified the biotransformation products and compared the metabolite compositions of the tissue cultures. The major biotransformation products of turpentine were trans-pinocarveol, trans-verbenol, verbenone, myrtenol, α-terpineol and trans-sobrerol, which correspond with the products of biotransformation of the individual monoterpenes, α-pinene and β-pinene, by P. abies suspension culture.

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Krawczyk-Łebek, Agnieszka, Monika Dymarska, Tomasz Janeczko, and Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow. "Fungal Biotransformation of 2′-Methylflavanone and 2′-Methylflavone as a Method to Obtain Glycosylated Derivatives." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (September 5, 2021): 9617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179617.

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Methylated flavonoids are promising pharmaceutical agents due to their improved metabolic stability and increased activity compared to unmethylated forms. The biotransformation in cultures of entomopathogenic filamentous fungi is a valuable method to obtain glycosylated flavones and flavanones with increased aqueous solubility and bioavailability. In the present study, we combined chemical synthesis and biotransformation to obtain methylated and glycosylated flavonoid derivatives. In the first step, we synthesized 2′-methylflavanone and 2′-methylflavone. Afterwards, both compounds were biotransformed in the cultures of two strains of entomopathogenic filamentous fungi Beauveria bassiana KCH J1.5 and Isaria fumosorosea KCH J2. We determined the structures of biotransformation products based on NMR spectroscopy. Biotransformations of 2′-methyflavanone in the culture of B. bassiana KCH J1.5 resulted in three glycosylated flavanones: 2′-methylflavanone 6-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside, 3′-hydroxy-2′-methylflavanone 6-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside, and 2-(2′-methylphenyl)-chromane 4-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside, whereas in the culture of I. fumosorosea KCH J2, two other products were obtained: 2′-methylflavanone 3′-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside and 2-methylbenzoic acid 4-O-β-d-(4′-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside. 2′-Methylflavone was effectively biotransformed only by I. fumosorosea KCH J2 into three derivatives: 2′-methylflavone 3′-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside, 2′-methylflavone 4′-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside, and 2′-methylflavone 5′-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside. All obtained glycosylated flavonoids have not been described in the literature until now and need further research on their biological activity and pharmacological efficacy as potential drugs.

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Serra, Stefano. "Enzyme-Mediated Synthesis of Sesquiterpenes." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 1 (January 2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000136.

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This review article focuses mainly on the scientific developments concerning the enzyme-mediated synthesis of sesquiterpenes which have been reported in the academic and patent literature during the last twenty years. Nevertheless, this is not a comprehensive description of every single biotransformation involving sesquiterpenes. Only synthetic approaches that have represented a new and innovative perspective from a scientific standpoint are reported. More specifically, the review describes in depth how the use of metabolic engineering of the microbial biotransformations and of the isolated enzymes were exploited in order to perform chemo- and stereoselective chemical transformations of interest for sesquiterpenes synthesis.

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27

McDonald, Bernard J., and Brian M. Bennett. "Cytochrome P-450 mediated biotransformation of organic nitrates." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 68, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 1552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y90-236.

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The vascular biotransformation of organic nitrates appears to be a prerequisite for their action as vasodilators. In the current study, we assessed the involvement of cytochrome P-450 in the denitration of glyceryl trinitrate and the enantiomers of isoidide dinitrate. Denitration of organic nitrates by the microsomal fraction of rat liver was NADPH dependent and followed apparent first-order kinetics. Under aerobic conditions, the t1/2 of D-isoidide dinitrate was significantly shorter than that of L-isoidide dinitrate (11.9 vs. 14.1 min, p ≤ 0.05), which is consistent with the greater potency of the D-enantiomer for vasodilation. Under anaerobic conditions, the denitration of glyceryl trinitrate was very rapid (t1/2 approximately 30 s). Organic nitrate biotransformation was inhibited by carbon monoxide, SKF 525A, and dioxygen. This suggests that the biotransformation of organic nitrates can occur through the direct interaction with the heme moiety of cytochrome P-450. The biotransformation of glyceryl trinitrate was catalyzed preferentially by those isoenzymes induced by phenobarbital. The biotransformation of glyceryl trinitrate was regioselective for 1,3-glyceryl dinitrate formation except in phenobarbital-induced microsomes under aerobic conditions, in which preferential formation of 1,2-glyceryl dinitrate occurred. These data suggest that cytochrome P-450 is involved in the biotransformation of organic nitrates and raises the possibility that vascular cytochrome P-450 may play a role in the mechanism-based biotransformation of organic nitrates, the result of which is vascular smooth muscle relaxation.Key words: cytochrome P-450, glyceryl trinitrate, isoidide dinitrate, biotransformation, liver.

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Yildirim, Kudret, Fatih Gulsan, and Ilknur Kupcu. "Biotransformation of testosterone and progesterone by Penicillium digitatum MRC 500787." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 75, no. 6 (2010): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2009550.

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The biotransformation of testosterone and progesterone by Penicillium digitatum MRC 500787 for 5 days is described. The biotransformation of testosterone afforded 5α-androstane-3,17-dione, 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione. The biotransformation of progesterone afforded 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione.

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Zappaterra, Federico, Stefania Costa, Daniela Summa, Valerio Bertolasi, Bruno Semeraro, Paola Pedrini, Raissa Buzzi, and Silvia Vertuani. "Biotransformation of Cortisone with Rhodococcus rhodnii: Synthesis of New Steroids." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051352.

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Cortisone is a steroid widely used as an anti-inflammatory drug able to suppress the immune system, thus reducing inflammation and attendant pain and swelling at the site of an injury. Due to its numerous side effects, especially in prolonged and high-dose therapies, the development of the pharmaceutical industry is currently aimed at finding new compounds with similar activities but with minor or no side effects. Biotransformations are an important methodology towards more sustainable industrial processes, according to the principles of “green chemistry”. In this work, the biotransformation of cortisone with Rhodococcus rhodnii DSM 43960 to give two new steroids, i.e., 1,9β,17,21-tetrahydoxy-4-methyl-19-nor-9β-pregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-11,20-dione and 1,9β,17,20β,21-pentahydoxy-4-methyl-19-nor-9β-pregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-11-one, is reported. These new steroids have been fully characterized.

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Kaur, Baljinder, Debkumar Chakraborty, and Balvir Kumar. "Phenolic Biotransformations during Conversion of Ferulic Acid to Vanillin by Lactic Acid Bacteria." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/590359.

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Vanillin is widely used as food additive and as a masking agent in various pharmaceutical formulations. Ferulic acid is an important precursor of vanillin that is available in abundance in cell walls of cereals like wheat, corn, and rice. Phenolic biotransformations can occur during growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and their production can be made feasible using specialized LAB strains that have been reported to produce ferulic acid esterases. The present study aimed at screening a panel of LAB isolates for their ability to release phenolics from agrowaste materials like rice bran and their biotransformation to industrially important compounds such as ferulic acid, 4-ethyl phenol, vanillic acid, vanillin, and vanillyl alcohol. Bacterial isolates were evaluated using ferulic acid esterase, ferulic acid decarboxylase, and vanillin dehydrogenase assays. This work highlights the importance of lactic acid bacteria in phenolic biotransformations for the development of food grade flavours and additives.

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Marti, Thierry D., Milo R. Schärer, and Serina L. Robinson. "Microbial Biocatalysis within Us: The Underexplored Xenobiotic Biotransformation Potential of the Urinary Tract Microbiota." CHIMIA 77, no. 6 (June 28, 2023): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2023.424.

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Enzymatic biotransformation of xenobiotics by the human microbiota mediates diet-drug-microbe-host interactions and affects human health. Most research on xenobiotics has focused on the gut microbiota while neglecting other body sites, yet over two-thirds of pharmaceuticals are primarily excreted in urine. As a result, the urinary microbiota is exposed to many xenobiotics in much higher concentrations than in the gut. Microbial xenobiotic biocatalysis in the bladder has implications for urinary tract infections and the emergence of antibiotic resistance. However, we have limited knowledge of biotransformations catalyzed by the urinary microbiota. In this perspective, we investigated differences in physicochemical conditions and microbial community composition between the gut and urinary tract. We used a comparative enzyme class mining approach to profile the distribution of xenobiotic-transforming enzyme homologs in genomes of urinary bacteria. Our analysis revealed a discontinuous distribution of enzyme classes even among closely related organisms. We detected diverse amidase homologs involved in pharmaceutical and dietary additive biotransformation pathways, pinpointing microbial candidates to validate for their involvement in xenobiotic transformations in urine. Overall, we highlight the biocatalytic potential of urinary tract bacteria as a lens to study how the human microbiota may respond and adapt to xenobiotic inputs.

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32

Stewart, David H., L. Douglas Hayward, and Brian M. Bennett. "Differential biotransformation of the enantiomers of isoidide dinitrate in isolated rat aorta." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 67, no. 11 (November 1, 1989): 1403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y89-225.

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Previous studies have demonstrated that the D-enantiomer of isoidide dinitrate (IIDN) is 10-fold more potent than the L-enantiomer for relaxation and cyclic GMP accumulation in isolated rat aorta. To test whether preferential biotransformation of D-IIDN to a species that activates guanylate cyclase is the basis for this observed enantioselectivity, paired segments of rat aorta were exposed to D- and L-IIDN and the tissue accumulation of the parent compound and the formation of their respective metabolites (D- and L-isoidide mononitrate, IIMN) were determined. The extent of relaxation of rat aorta following exposure to 2 μM D-IIDN was greater than that by L-IIDN over a 5-minute time course, and this was associated with a higher rate of D-IIDN biotransformation to D-IIMN at all time points. In addition, the rate of D-IIDN biotransformation was greater than that of L-IIDN at most IIDN concentrations tested. By contrast, the amount of D- and L-IIDN in the tissue was the same at all time points and concentrations tested, indicating that selective uptake of D-IIDN into blood vessels did not occur. When tissues were made tolerant to organic nitrate-induced relaxation by treatment with a high concentration of glyceryl trinitrate, the biotransformation of both D- and L-IIDN was attenuated. This suggests that mechanism-based biotransformation may be affected during tolerance development. Furthermore, the association of preferential D-IIDN biotransformation with its greater potency for vasodilation and cyclic GMP accumulation suggests than an enantioselective site for biotransformation is an important component of organic nitrate-induced vasodilation.Key words: biotransformation, vascular smooth muscle, organic nitrates, isoidide dinitrate, enantiomers.

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33

Holsztynska, Elzbieta J., and Edward F. Domino. "Biotransformation of Phencyclidine." Drug Metabolism Reviews 16, no. 3 (January 1985): 285–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03602538508991437.

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34

Y. Orabi, Khaled, Farouk S. El-Feraly, Waleed A. Al-Sulmy, and Mohammed A. Al-Yahya. "Biotransformation of Vulgarin." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 13, no. 5 (March 1, 2013): 777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557511313050013.

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35

Davidkova, Tatiana, Hirosato Kikuchi, Kohyu Fujii, Keiko Mukaida, Nobuyoshi Sato, Shoji Kawachi, and Michio Morio. "Biotransformation of Isoflurane." Anesthesiology 69, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198808000-00010.

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36

Bol, J., and J. E. Smith. "Biotransformation of Aflatoxin." Food Biotechnology 3, no. 2 (January 1989): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08905438909549704.

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37

Kharasch, Evan D. "Biotransformation of Sevoflurane." Anesthesia & Analgesia 81, Supplement (December 1995): 27S—38S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199512001-00005.

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DAVIDKOVA, T., H. KIKUCHI, F. FUJII, K. MUKAIDA, N. SATO, S. KAWACHI, M. MORIO, and L. Donald Bridenbaugh. "Biotransformation of Isoflurane." Survey of Anesthesiology 33, no. 1 (February 1989): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132586-198902000-00011.

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39

Fessner, Wolf-Dieter, and J. Bryan Jones. "Biocatalysis and biotransformation." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 5, no. 2 (April 2001): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-5931(00)00177-0.

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40

Dordick, Jonathan S., and Douglas S. Clark. "Biocatalysis and biotransformation." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 6, no. 2 (April 2002): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-5931(02)00315-0.

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41

Nakayama, Grace R. "Biocatalysis and biotransformation." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 6, no. 2 (April 2002): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-5931(02)00319-8.

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42

McGibbon, Graham A. "Interactive Biotransformation Maps." Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News 32, no. 10 (May 15, 2012): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/gen.32.10.09.

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43

Linhart, Igor, and Jaromír Novák. "Biotransformation of diethenylbenzenes." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 530 (January 1990): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82332-4.

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44

Chen, Tom S., Xiaohua Li, Dan Bollag, Yeuh-chuen Liu, and Ching-jer Chang. "Biotransformation of taxol." Tetrahedron Letters 42, no. 23 (June 2001): 3787–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00557-3.

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Akhtar, Muhammad T., Khozirah Shaari, and Robert Verpoorte. "Biotransformation of Tetrahydrocannabinol." Phytochemistry Reviews 15, no. 5 (September 16, 2015): 921–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-015-9438-9.

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Hauer, Bernhard, and Stanley M. Roberts. "Biocatalysis and biotransformation." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 8, no. 2 (April 2004): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2004.02.013.

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Robertson, Dan E., and Uwe T. Bornscheuer. "Biocatalysis and biotransformation." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 9, no. 2 (April 2005): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.02.015.

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Reetz, Manfred T., and Bernhard Hauer. "Biocatalysis and biotransformation." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 11, no. 2 (April 2007): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.02.035.

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Badria, F. A., A. M. Zaghloul, G. T. Maatooq, and S. H. El-Sharkawy. "BIOTRANSFORMATION OFα-SANTONIN." International Journal of Pharmacognosy 35, no. 5 (January 1997): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09251619708951286.

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Rico-Martínez, María, Fernanda G. Medina, Joaquín G. Marrero, and Soraya Osegueda-Robles. "Biotransformation of diterpenes." RSC Adv. 4, no. 21 (2014): 10627–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ra45146a.

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