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1
Biniaz, Yaser, Aminallah Tahmasebi, Alireza Afsharifar, Ahmad Tahmasebi, and Péter Poczai. "Meta-Analysis of Common and Differential Transcriptomic Responses to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana." Plants 11, no. 4 (February 12, 2022): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11040502.
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Environmental stresses adversely affect crop growth and yield, resulting in major losses to plants. These stresses occur simultaneously in nature, and we therefore conducted a meta-analysis in this study to identify differential and shared genes, pathways, and transcriptomic mechanisms involved in Arabidopsis response to biotic and abiotic stresses. The results showed a total of 436/21 significant up-/downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to biotic stresses, while 476 and 71 significant DEGs were respectively up- and downregulated in response to abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition, 21 DEGs (2.09%) were commonly regulated in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Except for WRKY45 and ATXTH22, which were respectively up-/down- and down-/upregulated in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, other common DEGs were upregulated in response to all biotic and abiotic treatments. Moreover, the transcription factors (TFs) bHLH, MYB, and WRKY were the common TFs in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, ath-miR414 and ath-miR5658 were identified to be commonly expressed in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. The identified common genes and pathways during biotic and abiotic stresses may provide potential candidate targets for the development of stress resistance breeding programs and for the genetic manipulation of crop plants.
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Berens, Matthias L., Katarzyna W. Wolinska, Stijn Spaepen, Jörg Ziegler, Tatsuya Nobori, Aswin Nair, Verena Krüler, et al. "Balancing trade-offs between biotic and abiotic stress responses through leaf age-dependent variation in stress hormone cross-talk." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 6 (January 23, 2019): 2364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817233116.
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In nature, plants must respond to multiple stresses simultaneously, which likely demands cross-talk between stress-response pathways to minimize fitness costs. Here we provide genetic evidence that biotic and abiotic stress responses are differentially prioritized inArabidopsis thalianaleaves of different ages to maintain growth and reproduction under combined biotic and abiotic stresses. Abiotic stresses, such as high salinity and drought, blunted immune responses in older rosette leaves through the phytohormone abscisic acid signaling, whereas this antagonistic effect was blocked in younger rosette leaves byPBS3, a signaling component of the defense phytohormone salicylic acid. Plants lackingPBS3exhibited enhanced abiotic stress tolerance at the cost of decreased fitness under combined biotic and abiotic stresses. Together with this role,PBS3is also indispensable for the establishment of salt stress- and leaf age-dependent phyllosphere bacterial communities. Collectively, our work reveals a mechanism that balances trade-offs upon conflicting stresses at the organism level and identifies a genetic intersection among plant immunity, leaf microbiota, and abiotic stress tolerance.
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Manghwar, Hakim, and Wajid Zaman. "Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stresses." Life 14, no. 3 (March 12, 2024): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life14030372.
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In the complex field of plant science, knowledge of the many difficulties that plants encounter from both living and non-living stresses is essential for maintaining biodiversity and managing natural resources in a sustainable manner, in addition to guaranteeing global food security [...]
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Suzuki, Nobuhiro, Rosa M. Rivero, Vladimir Shulaev, Eduardo Blumwald, and Ron Mittler. "Abiotic and biotic stress combinations." New Phytologist 203, no. 1 (April 11, 2014): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12797.
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Jain, Ritika, and Meenu Saraf. "EXPLORING THE ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE POTENTIAL OF RHIZOBACTERA ISOLATED FROM CYAMOPSIS." Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 12, no. 03 (August 31, 2021): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202112327.
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Agriculture plays a vital role for any economy primarily for developing and under developed economies. Increasing abiotic as well as biotic stresses adversely affects crop productivity across the world. Microorganisms inhabiting the Rhizospheric region of plant soil are known to play an important role in alleviating these stresses, thus enhancing crop productivity and yield. The present study was carried out to isolate the Rhizospheric bacteria from Cyamopsis showing potential to tolerate abiotic and biotic stresses. To carry out this, bacteria were isolated from Rhizospheric soil of Cyamopsis which were collected from different regions of Gujarat. These isolates were screened for tolerance to different abiotic stresses such as temperature, pH, salt and drought. Highly abiotic stress tolerant isolates were further tested for biotic stress against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Among the 80 bacterial isolates, best grown 30 cultures were tested for different abiotic stress. Four cultures i.e. MN40, KM1, KM6 and AK17 showing high tolerance to abiotic stresses were further investigated for biotic stress tolerance. Selected cultures were tested for their antagonistic activity against pathogenic fungi viz., Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporium, Sclerotinum rolfissii and Trichoderma spp. Furthermore, antimicrobial activities of all 4 selected bacterial strains were tested against different test organisms viz., Gram negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi) and Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus). Amongst the 4 selected bacterial strains, KM6 shows highest antagonistic activity.
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Romero-Puertas, María C., Laura C. Terrón-Camero, M. Ángeles Peláez-Vico, Eliana Molina-Moya, and Luisa M. Sandalio. "An update on redox signals in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress crosstalk: insights from cadmium and fungal pathogen interactions." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 16 (June 10, 2021): 5857–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab271.
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Abstract Complex signalling pathways are involved in plant protection against single and combined stresses. Plants are able to coordinate genome-wide transcriptional reprogramming and display a unique programme of transcriptional responses to a combination of stresses that differs from the response to single stresses. However, a significant overlap between pathways and some defence genes in the form of shared and general stress-responsive genes appears to be commonly involved in responses to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, as well as redox signals, are key molecules involved at the crossroads of the perception of different stress factors and the regulation of both specific and general plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we focus on crosstalk between plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, in addition to possible plant protection against pathogens caused by previous abiotic stress. Bioinformatic analyses of transcriptome data from cadmium- and fungal pathogen-treated plants focusing on redox gene ontology categories were carried out to gain a better understanding of common plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. The role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the complex network involved in plant responses to changes in their environment is also discussed.
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Jatana, Bhupinder Singh, Sajjan Grover, Hari Ram, and Gurjinder Singh Baath. "Seed Priming: Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms Underlying Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance." Agronomy 14, no. 12 (December 5, 2024): 2901. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122901.
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Seed priming is a state-of-the-art, low-cost, and environment-friendly strategy to improve seed germination, seed vigor, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, and the yield of field and horticultural crops. Seed priming involves imbibing the seeds in a priming solution under a desired set of environmental conditions for a period followed by drying before the radicle protrusion. Several seed priming approaches including hydropriming, osmopriming, bio-priming, hormonal priming, nutrient priming, nanoparticle priming, and electropriming can be effectively employed under different environmental conditions to improve crop growth and stress resilience. Seed priming is known to trigger enzymatic, hormonal, physiological, transcriptomic, metabolomic, and proteomic regulations in seed embryos during seed germination and plant growth, which leads to faster and synchronized seed germination and higher abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Furthermore, seed priming can induce cross-tolerance between abiotic and biotic stressors and induce stress memory for higher resilience of the next generation to environmental stresses. The present review paper discusses the applications of seed priming in biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and the underlying abiotic and biotic stress tolerance physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of seed priming. Furthermore, we discuss the current challenges/bottlenecks in the widespread application of seed priming in crop production.
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Masmoudi, Fatma, Mohammed Alsafran, Hareb AL Jabri, Hoda Hosseini, Mohammed Trigui, Sami Sayadi, Slim Tounsi, and Imen Saadaoui. "Halobacteria-Based Biofertilizers: A Promising Alternative for Enhancing Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses—A Review." Microorganisms 11, no. 5 (May 9, 2023): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051248.
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Abiotic and biotic stresses such as salt stress and fungal infections significantly affect plant growth and productivity, leading to reduced crop yield. Traditional methods of managing stress factors, such as developing resistant varieties, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides, have shown limited success in the presence of combined biotic and abiotic stress factors. Halotolerant bacteria found in saline environments have potential as plant promoters under stressful conditions. These microorganisms produce bioactive molecules and plant growth regulators, making them a promising agent for enhancing soil fertility, improving plant resistance to adversities, and increasing crop production. This review highlights the capability of plant-growth-promoting halobacteria (PGPH) to stimulate plant growth in non-saline conditions, strengthen plant tolerance and resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, and sustain soil fertility. The major attempted points are: (i) the various abiotic and biotic challenges that limit agriculture sustainability and food safety, (ii) the mechanisms employed by PGPH to promote plant tolerance and resistance to both biotic and abiotic stressors, (iii) the important role played by PGPH in the recovery and remediation of agricultural affected soils, and (iv) the concerns and limitations of using PGHB as an innovative approach to boost crop production and food security.
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Zhuang, Wei-Bing, Yu-Hang Li, Xiao-Chun Shu, Yu-Ting Pu, Xiao-Jing Wang, Tao Wang, and Zhong Wang. "The Classification, Molecular Structure and Biological Biosynthesis of Flavonoids, and Their Roles in Biotic and Abiotic Stresses." Molecules 28, no. 8 (April 20, 2023): 3599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083599.
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With the climate constantly changing, plants suffer more frequently from various abiotic and biotic stresses. However, they have evolved biosynthetic machinery to survive in stressful environmental conditions. Flavonoids are involved in a variety of biological activities in plants, which can protect plants from different biotic (plant-parasitic nematodes, fungi and bacteria) and abiotic stresses (salt stress, drought stress, UV, higher and lower temperatures). Flavonoids contain several subgroups, including anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavones, flavanols, flavanones, chalcones, dihydrochalcones and dihydroflavonols, which are widely distributed in various plants. As the pathway of flavonoid biosynthesis has been well studied, many researchers have applied transgenic technologies in order to explore the molecular mechanism of genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis; as such, many transgenic plants have shown a higher stress tolerance through the regulation of flavonoid content. In the present review, the classification, molecular structure and biological biosynthesis of flavonoids were summarized, and the roles of flavonoids under various forms of biotic and abiotic stress in plants were also included. In addition, the effect of applying genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis on the enhancement of plant tolerance under various biotic and abiotic stresses was also discussed.
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Dresselhaus, Thomas, and Ralph Hückelhoven. "Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses in Crop Plants." Agronomy 8, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8110267.
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Agricultural productivity depends on increasingly extreme weather phenomena, and the use of germplasm that has to be continuously improved by plant breeders to become tolerant to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Molecular plant biologists try to understand the mechanisms associated with stress responses and provide knowledge that could be used in breeding programs. To provide a partial overview about our current understanding about molecular and physiological stress responses, and how this knowledge can be used in agriculture, we have edited a special issue on “Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses in Crop Plants”. Contributions are from different fields including heat stress responses, stress responses during drought and salinity, as well as during flooding, and resistance and susceptibility to pathogenetic stresses and about the role of plant functional metabolites in biotic stress responses. Future research demand in particular areas of crop stress physiology is discussed, as well as the importance of translational research and investigations directly in elite crop plants and in the genetic resources available for breeding.
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Amoroso, Ciro Gianmaria, Daniela D’Esposito, Riccardo Aiese Cigliano, and Maria Raffaella Ercolano. "Comparison of Tomato Transcriptomic Profiles Reveals Overlapping Patterns in Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 4061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24044061.
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Until a few years ago, many studies focused on the transcriptomic response to single stresses. However, tomato cultivations are often constrained by a wide range of biotic and abiotic stress that can occur singularly or in combination, and several genes can be involved in the defensive mechanism response. Therefore, we analyzed and compared the transcriptomic responses of resistant and susceptible genotypes to seven biotic stresses (Cladosporium fulvum, Phytophthora infestans, Pseudomonas syringae, Ralstonia solanacearum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Tuta absoluta) and five abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, low temperatures, and oxidative stress) to identify genes involved in response to multiple stressors. With this approach, we found genes encoding for TFs, phytohormones, or participating in signaling and cell wall metabolic processes, participating in defense against various biotic and abiotic stress. Moreover, a total of 1474 DEGs were commonly found between biotic and abiotic stress. Among these, 67 DEGs were involved in response to at least four different stresses. In particular, we found RLKs, MAPKs, Fasciclin-like arabinogalactans (FLAs), glycosyltransferases, genes involved in the auxin, ET, and JA pathways, MYBs, bZIPs, WRKYs and ERFs genes. Detected genes responsive to multiple stress might be further investigated with biotechnological approaches to effectively improve plant tolerance in the field.
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Shahwar, Durre, Zeba Khan, and Younghoon Park. "Molecular Markers for Marker-Assisted Breeding for Biotic and Abiotic Stress in Melon (Cucumis melo L.): A Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 12 (June 7, 2024): 6307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126307.
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Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a globally grown crop renowned for its juice and flavor. Despite growth in production, the melon industry faces several challenges owing to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses throughout the growth and development of melon. The aim of the review article is to consolidate current knowledge on the genetic mechanism of both biotic and abiotic stress in melon, facilitating the development of robust, disease-resistant melon varieties. A comprehensive literature review was performed, focusing on recent genetic and molecular advancements related to biotic and abiotic stress responses in melons. The review emphasizes the identification and analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTLs), functional genes, and molecular markers in two sections. The initial section provides a comprehensive summary of the QTLs and major and minor functional genes, and the establishment of molecular markers associated with biotic (viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens, and nematodes) and abiotic stress (cold/chilling, drought, salt, and toxic compounds). The latter section briefly outlines the molecular markers employed to facilitate marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) and identify cultivars resistant to biotic and abiotic stressors, emphasizing their relevance in strategic marker-assisted melon breeding. These insights could guide the incorporation of specific traits, culminating in developing novel varieties, equipped to withstand diseases and environmental stresses by targeted breeding, that meet both consumer preferences and the needs of melon breeders.
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Demaria, D., D. Valentino, A. Matta, and F. Cardinale. "Cross-protection mechanisms between biotic and abiotic stresses in plants." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (December 31, 2017): 490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10532-pps.
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In order to investigate cross-protection mechanisms between stresses of different origins, greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine whether resistance levels to the fungal pathogen P. capsici were affected on wounded plants. To this purpose, tomato roots were wounded at 24h-intervals and allowed to age for up to 7 days before inoculation. Data from preliminary experiments indicate first (0–48 h old wounds) an increase in disease severity in wounded as compared to unwounded tomato plants infected with P. capsici. Then, as the wounds age, disease severity decreases to the point that plants wounded 3 days before inoculation are less susceptible than nonwounded plants. Here, with the use of tomato mutant lines, we suggest the involvement of ethylene (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>) and jasmonates (Ja) in the development of these responses towards P. capsici upon wounding of tomato plants.
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Soltabayeva, Aigerim, Nurbanu Dauletova, Symbat Serik, Margulan Sandybek, John Okoth Omondi, Assylay Kurmanbayeva, and Sudhakar Srivastava. "Receptor-like Kinases (LRR-RLKs) in Response of Plants to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses." Plants 11, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 2660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11192660.
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Plants live under different biotic and abiotic stress conditions, and, to cope with the adversity and severity, plants have well-developed resistance mechanisms. The mechanism starts with perception of the stimuli followed by molecular, biochemical, and physiological adaptive measures. The family of LRR-RLKs (leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases) is one such group that perceives biotic and abiotic stimuli and also plays important roles in different biological processes of development. This has been mostly studied in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, and to some extent in other plants, such as Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana benthamiana, Brassica napus, Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Brachypodium distachyon, Medicago truncatula, Gossypium barbadense, Phaseolus vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum, and Malus robusta. Most LRR-RLKs tend to form different combinations of LRR-RLKs-complexes (dimer, trimer, and tetramers), and some of them were observed as important receptors in immune responses, cell death, and plant development processes. However, less is known about the function(s) of LRR-RLKs in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we give recent updates about LRR-RLK receptors, specifically focusing on their involvement in biotic and abiotic stresses in the model plant, A. thaliana. Furthermore, the recent studies on LRR-RLKs that are homologous in other plants is also reviewed in relation to their role in triggering stress response processes against biotic and abiotic stimuli and/or in exploring their additional function(s). Furthermore, we present the interactions and combinations among LRR-RLK receptors that have been confirmed through experiments. Moreover, based on GENEINVESTIGATOR microarray database analysis, we predict some potential LRR-RLK genes involved in certain biotic and abiotic stresses whose function and mechanism may be explored.
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Lestari, Puji, Sutrisno Sutrisno, and I. Made Tasma. "QTL Study to Reveal Soybean Response on Abiotic and Biotic Stresses." Jurnal AgroBiogen 10, no. 3 (August 23, 2016): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v10n3.2014.p109-114.
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<p>As an important grain legume, the improved soybean<br />(Glycine max [L.] Merr.) adaptive to environmental changes<br />is a valuable genetic resource. Strategy to minimize the<br />impact of climate effects should be underlined on soybean<br />production encompassing advanced genomics and well<br />predicted future climate. Crops including soybean respond<br />to climate change in the aspect of abiotic and biotic<br />environmental factors. To predict soybean response to<br />abiotic and biotic stresses, current progress of quantitative<br />trait loci (QTL) for abiotic and biotic stresses and flowering<br />and related genomic resources could be accessed at<br />SoyBase (http://www.soybase.org) and Phytozome<br />(http://www.phytozome.net). As the involvement of abiotic<br />and biotic stresses modulating flowering in soybean, genes<br />linked to QTL for abiotic/biotic stress and flowering/maturity<br />were also potential for resisting the environmental changes.<br />By mapping QTLs for flowering using one population in<br />different locations (Korea and China) with distinctive<br />longitude, latitude, and altitude, syntenic correlation<br />between these two QTLs on soybean chromosomes 6 and<br />13 indicates the environmental specific role of syntenic<br />regions. The information on QTL and related candidate<br />genes may assist marker-assisted breeding and enact<br />soybean as a model of adaptive legume crop under abiotic/<br />biotic stress.</p>
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ul Haq, Khan, Ali, Khattak, Gai, Zhang, Wei, and Gong. "Heat Shock Proteins: Dynamic Biomolecules to Counter Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stresses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 21 (October 25, 2019): 5321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215321.
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Due to the present scenario of climate change, plants have to evolve strategies to survive and perform under a plethora of biotic and abiotic stresses, which restrict plant productivity. Maintenance of plant protein functional conformation and preventing non-native proteins from aggregation, which leads to metabolic disruption, are of prime importance. Plant heat shock proteins (HSPs), as chaperones, play a pivotal role in conferring biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Moreover, HSP also enhances membrane stability and detoxifies the reactive oxygen species (ROS) by positively regulating the antioxidant enzymes system. Additionally, it uses ROS as a signal to molecules to induce HSP production. HSP also enhances plant immunity by the accumulation and stability of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins under various biotic stresses. Thus, to unravel the entire plant defense system, the role of HSPs are discussed with a special focus on plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses, which will be helpful in the development of stress tolerance in plant crops.
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Müller-Schüssele, Stefanie J., Markus Schwarzländer, and Matthias Hahn. "Das geheime Leben der Nutzpflanzen – neue Einblicke mit Biosensoren." BIOspektrum 30, no. 5 (September 2024): 586–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12268-024-2225-7.
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AbstractA key goal of plant biotechnology is the targeted improvement of resilience to biotic and abiotic stress. Genetically encoded biosensors can contribute to understanding stress physiology of crops by providing real-time information on dynamics of metabolism and signalling across different scales. Recently, barley plants equipped with the glutathione redox sensor Grx1-roGFP2 in their cytosol provided novel insights in the specific responses of barley to abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Sun, Xiaoye, Xue Xia, and Xin Guan. "Genome-Wide Identification and Characterisation of Stress-Associated Protein Gene Family to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses of Grapevine." Pathogens 11, no. 12 (November 27, 2022): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121426.
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Grapevine is one of the earliest domesticated fruit crops and prized for its table fruits and wine worldwide. However, the concurrence of a number of biotic/abiotic stresses affects their yield. Stress-associated proteins (SAPs) play important roles in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Despite the growing number of studies on the genomic organisation of SAP gene family in various species, little is known about this family in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). In this study, a total of 15 genes encoding proteins possessing A20/AN1 zinc-finger were identified based on the analysis of several genomic and proteomic grapevine databases. According to their structural and phylogenetics features, the identified SAPs were classified into three main groups. Results from sequence alignments, phylogenetics, genomics structure and conserved domains indicated that grapevine SAPs are highly and structurally conserved. In order to shed light on their regulatory roles in growth and development, as well as the responses to biotic/abiotic stresses in grapevine, the expression profiles of SAPs were examined in publicly available microarray data. Bioinformatics analysis revealed distinct temporal and spatial expression patterns of SAPs in various tissues, organs and developmental stages, as well as in response to biotic/abiotic stresses. This study provides insight into the evolution of SAP genes in grapevine and may aid in efforts for further functional identification of A20/AN1-type proteins in the signalling cross-talking induced by biotic/abiotic stresses.
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Hura, Tomasz. "Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (October 8, 2020): 7423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197423.
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Twelve articles (ten research papers and two reviews) included in the Special Issue entitled “Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress” are summed up here to present the latest research on the molecular background of adaptation to environmental stresses in two cereal species. Crucial research results were presented and discussed, as they may be of importance in breeding aimed at increasing wheat and barley tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Li, Menglin, Xuanyu Dong, Guozhang Long, Zongying Zhang, Chenggui Han, and Ying Wang. "Genome-Wide Analysis of Q-Type C2H2 ZFP Genes in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Sugar Beet." Biology 12, no. 10 (October 4, 2023): 1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12101309.
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A plant’s Q-type C2H2-type ZFP plays key roles in plant growth and development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is an important crop for sugar production. Salt stress and viral infection significantly reduce the root yield and sugar content of sugar beet. However, there is a lack of comprehensive genome-wide analyses of Q-type C2H2 ZFPs and their expression patterns in sugar beet under stress. In this study, 35 sugar beet Q-type C2H2 ZFPs (BvZFPs) containing at least one conserved “QALGGH” motif were identified via bioinformatics techniques using TBtools software. According to their evolutionary relationship, the BvZFPs were classified into five subclasses. Within each subclass, the physicochemical properties and motif compositions showed strong similarities. A Ka/Ks analysis indicated that the BvZFPs were conserved during evolution. Promoter cis-element analysis revealed that most BvZFPs are associated with elements related to phytohormone, biotic or abiotic stress, and plant development. The expression data showed that the BvZFPs in sugar beet are predominantly expressed in the root. In addition, BvZFPs are involved in the response to abiotic and biotic stresses, including salt stress and viral infection. Overall, these results will extend our understanding of the Q-type C2H2 gene family and provide valuable information for the biological breeding of sugar beet against abiotic and biotic stresses in the future.
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Abdellatef, Eltayb, Nasrein Mohamed Kamal, and Hisashi Tsujimoto. "Tuning Beforehand: A Foresight on RNA Interference (RNAi) and In Vitro-Derived dsRNAs to Enhance Crop Resilience to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 7687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147687.
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Crop yield is severely affected by biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants adapt to these stresses mainly through gene expression reprogramming at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Recently, the exogenous application of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) and RNA interference (RNAi) technology has emerged as a sustainable and publicly acceptable alternative to genetic transformation, hence, small RNAs (micro-RNAs and small interfering RNAs) have an important role in combating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. RNAi limits the transcript level by either suppressing transcription (transcriptional gene silencing) or activating sequence-specific RNA degradation (post-transcriptional gene silencing). Using RNAi tools and their respective targets in abiotic stress responses in many crops is well documented. Many miRNAs families are reported in plant tolerance response or adaptation to drought, salinity, and temperature stresses. In biotic stress, the spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) provides an intelligent method of using dsRNA as a trigger to silence target genes in pests and pathogens without producing side effects such as those caused by chemical pesticides. In this review, we focus on the potential of SIGS as the most recent application of RNAi in agriculture and point out the trends, challenges, and risks of production technologies. Additionally, we provide insights into the potential applications of exogenous RNAi against biotic stresses. We also review the current status of RNAi/miRNA tools and their respective targets on abiotic stress and the most common responsive miRNA families triggered by stress conditions in different crop species.
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Prajapati, Niraj Kumar, Ramesh Chand Meena, Pradeep Kumar, Kajol Chand, Pankaj Kumar, and Sanjay Kumar. "Cabbage breeding tools for biotic and abiotic resistance." Romanian journal of Horticulture 5 (December 13, 2024): 23–32. https://doi.org/10.51258/rjh.2024.03.
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Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is an important vegetable crop grown globally for its nutritional value and economic importance. However, cabbage production faces significant challenges from various biotic and abiotic stresses, including pests, diseases, and environmental factors such as drought, heat, and salinity. Developing cabbage cultivars with improved resistance to these stresses is crucial for sustainable and productive agriculture. This review article examines the latest breeding tools and approaches used to enhance biotic and abiotic stress resistance in cabbage. It explores traditional breeding methods, marker-assisted selection, genetic engineering, genome editing techniques like CRISPR/Cas9, and emerging technologies such as genomic selection and speed breeding. Furthermore, the article discusses the integration of -omics approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, to accelerate the development of stress-resistant cabbage cultivars. The study also highlights the importance of incorporating farmer preferences and participatory breeding strategies to ensure the adoption and success of these improved cabbage cultivars.
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Song, Weiyi, Hongbo Shao, Aizhen Zheng, Longfei Zhao, and Yajun Xu. "Advances in Roles of Salicylic Acid in Plant Tolerance Responses to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses." Plants 12, no. 19 (October 4, 2023): 3475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12193475.
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A multitude of biotic and abiotic stress factors do harm to plants by bringing about diseases and inhibiting normal growth and development. As a pivotal signaling molecule, salicylic acid (SA) plays crucial roles in plant tolerance responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses, thereby maintaining plant normal growth and improving yields under stress. In view of this, this paper mainly discusses the role of SA in both biotic and abiotic stresses of plants. SA regulates the expression of genes involved in defense signaling pathways, thus enhancing plant immunity. In addition, SA mitigates the negative effects of abiotic stresses, and acts as a signaling molecule to induce the expression of stress-responsive genes and the synthesis of stress-related proteins. In addition, SA also improves certain yield-related photosynthetic indexes, thereby enhancing crop yield under stress. On the other hand, SA acts with other signaling molecules, such as jasmonic acid (JA), auxin, ethylene (ETH), and so on, in regulating plant growth and improving tolerance under stress. This paper reviews recent advances in SA’s roles in plant stress tolerance, so as to provide theoretical references for further studies concerning the decryption of molecular mechanisms for SA’s roles and the improvement of crop management under stress.
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Khan, Murtaza, Sajid Ali, Hakim Manghwar, Saddam Saqib, Fazal Ullah, Asma Ayaz, and Wajid Zaman. "Melatonin Function and Crosstalk with Other Phytohormones under Normal and Stressful Conditions." Genes 13, no. 10 (September 22, 2022): 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13101699.
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Melatonin was discovered in plants in the late nineties, but its role, signaling, and crosstalk with other phytohormones remain unknown. Research on melatonin in plants has risen dramatically in recent years and the role of this putative plant hormone under biotic and abiotic stress conditions has been reported. In the present review, we discuss the main functions of melatonin in the growth and development of plants, its role under abiotic stresses, such as water stress (waterlogging and drought), extreme temperature (low and high), salinity, heavy metal, and light-induced stress. Similarly, we also discuss the role of melatonin under biotic stresses (antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal effects). Moreover, the present review meticulously discusses the crosstalk of melatonin with other phytohormones such as auxins, gibberellic acids, cytokinins, ethylene, and salicylic acid under normal and stressful conditions and reports melatonin receptors and signaling in plants. All these aspects of melatonin suggest that phytomelatonin is a key player in crop improvement and biotic and abiotic stress regulation.
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Wang, Ruiqi, Wenna Zhao, Wenjing Yao, Yuting Wang, Tingbo Jiang, and Huanzhen Liu. "Genome-Wide Analysis of Strictosidine Synthase-like Gene Family Revealed Their Response to Biotic/Abiotic Stress in Poplar." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 12 (June 14, 2023): 10117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210117.
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The strictosidine synthase-like (SSL) gene family is a small plant immune-regulated gene family that plays a critical role in plant resistance to biotic/abiotic stresses. To date, very little has been reported on the SSL gene in plants. In this study, a total of thirteen SSLs genes were identified from poplar, and these were classified into four subgroups based on multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis, and members of the same subgroup were found to have similar gene structures and motifs. The results of the collinearity analysis showed that poplar SSLs had more collinear genes in the woody plants Salix purpurea and Eucalyptus grandis. The promoter analysis revealed that the promoter region of PtrSSLs contains a large number of biotic/abiotic stress response elements. Subsequently, we examined the expression patterns of PtrSSLs following drought, salt, and leaf blight stress, using RT-qPCR to validate the response of PtrSSLs to biotic/abiotic stresses. In addition, the prediction of transcription factor (TF) regulatory networks identified several TFs, such as ATMYB46, ATMYB15, AGL20, STOP1, ATWRKY65, and so on, that may be induced in the expression of PtrSSLs in response to adversity stress. In conclusion, this study provides a solid basis for a functional analysis of the SSL gene family in response to biotic/abiotic stresses in poplar.
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Wang, Yaxin, Naeem Zafar, Qurban Ali, Hakim Manghwar, Guanying Wang, Lu Yu, Xiao Ding, et al. "CRISPR/Cas Genome Editing Technologies for Plant Improvement against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses: Advances, Limitations, and Future Perspectives." Cells 11, no. 23 (December 5, 2022): 3928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11233928.
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Crossbreeding, mutation breeding, and traditional transgenic breeding take much time to improve desirable characters/traits. CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing (GE) is a game-changing tool that can create variation in desired traits, such as biotic and abiotic resistance, increase quality and yield in less time with easy applications, high efficiency, and low cost in producing the targeted edits for rapid improvement of crop plants. Plant pathogens and the severe environment cause considerable crop losses worldwide. GE approaches have emerged and opened new doors for breeding multiple-resistance crop varieties. Here, we have summarized recent advances in CRISPR/Cas-mediated GE for resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses in a crop molecular breeding program that includes the modification and improvement of genes response to biotic stresses induced by fungus, virus, and bacterial pathogens. We also discussed in depth the application of CRISPR/Cas for abiotic stresses (herbicide, drought, heat, and cold) in plants. In addition, we discussed the limitations and future challenges faced by breeders using GE tools for crop improvement and suggested directions for future improvements in GE for agricultural applications, providing novel ideas to create super cultivars with broad resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.
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Dr. Amit Upadhyay, Dr. Ashish Lambat, Dr. Mrs. Prachi Lambat, and Dr. Madhusmita Borthakur. "Secondary Metabolite Production In Plants: In Response To Biotic And Abiotic Stress Factors." Journal of Advanced Zoology 45, S1 (January 13, 2024): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v45is1.3402.
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Secondary metabolites (SMs) play vital roles in plant defence mechanisms, adaptation to environmental conditions, and interactions with other organisms. Biotic and abiotic stress factors can significantly influence the production, accumulation, and composition of SMs in plants. Understanding the intricate relationship between stress and SM production is crucial for enhancing plant resilience, agricultural productivity, and the development of novel phytopharmaceuticals. This research provides current knowledge regarding the impact of biotic and also abiotic stress on SMs in plants. Biotic stress factors such as pathogen infection, and herbivore attacks, as well as abiotic stress factors like drought, along with temperature extremes, and also salinity, can profoundly influence the biosynthesis and accumulation of SMs in plants. We discussed the methodology based on secondary sources underlying physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms involved in stress-induced SM synthesis and highlight the potential implications for plant biology, agriculture, and human health. The study also emphasizes the functions of SMs in plants including defence against herbivores, pathogens, and abiotic stresses. The mechanism by which thesecompounds act as allelochemicals and signalling molecules is also discussed.
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P, Singh. "PGPR-Mediated Defense Priming: A Sustainable Paradigm for Combating Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Agriculture." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 9, no. 2 (April 2, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000297.
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In the face of complex biotic and abiotic stresses, modern agriculture seeks innovative solutions to ensure sustainable crop production. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) emerges as powerful allies, offering a sustainable approach to fortifying plant defense mechanisms. This review delves into harnessing PGPR-mediated defense priming to combat both biotic and abiotic stresses in agriculture. Defense priming, a sophisticated mechanism acquired through exposure to primary stimuli, empowers plants to mount quicker and more resilient defense responses against subsequent challenges. PGPR induce a pre-conditioned state of heightened alertness, enabling rapid and robust defense responses upon stress encounters. This paradigm not only enhances plant resilience to pathogens and environmental stressors but also promotes sustainable practices by reducing chemical inputs. The review critically evaluates the mechanisms underlying PGPR-mediated priming, emphasizing its potential to modulate plant physiology, metabolite production, increased antioxidants enzymes, defense related enzymes activities and enhance stress tolerance. It further explores how PGPR can improve plant responses to a spectrum of stressors. This review also highlights PGPR-mediated defense priming as a cost-effective, enduring, chemical-free, and sustainable method for managing abiotic and biotic stresses in agriculture. Implementing this strategy offers effective crop protection with minimal fitness and environmental costs, even in harsh conditions.
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Gowtham, H. G., P. Hema, Mahadevamurthy Murali, N. Shilpa, K. Nataraj, G. L. Basavaraj, Sudarshana Brijesh Singh, Mohammed Aiyaz, A. C. Udayashankar, and Kestur Nagaraj Amruthesh. "Fungal Endophytes as Mitigators against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Crop Plants." Journal of Fungi 10, no. 2 (January 30, 2024): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof10020116.
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The escalating global food demand driven by a gradually expanding human population necessitates strategies to improve agricultural productivity favorably and mitigate crop yield loss caused by various stressors (biotic and abiotic). Biotic stresses are caused by phytopathogens, pests, and nematodes, along with abiotic stresses like salt, heat, drought, and heavy metals, which pose serious risks to food security and agricultural productivity. Presently, the traditional methods relying on synthetic chemicals have led to ecological damage through unintended impacts on non-target organisms and the emergence of microbes that are resistant to them. Therefore, addressing these challenges is essential for economic, environmental, and public health concerns. The present review supports sustainable alternatives, emphasizing the possible application of fungal endophytes as innovative and eco-friendly tools in plant stress management. Fungal endophytes demonstrate capabilities for managing plants against biotic and abiotic stresses via the direct or indirect enhancement of plants’ innate immunity. Moreover, they contribute to elevated photosynthesis rates, stimulate plant growth, facilitate nutrient mineralization, and produce bioactive compounds, hormones, and enzymes, ultimately improving overall productivity and plant stress resistance. In conclusion, harnessing the potentiality of fungal endophytes represents a promising approach toward the sustainability of agricultural practices, offering effective alternative solutions to reduce reliance on chemical treatments and address the challenges posed by biotic and abiotic stresses. This approach ensures long-term food security and promotes environmental health and economic viability in agriculture.
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Kudapa, Himabindu, Abirami Ramalingam, Swapna Nayakoti, Xiaoping Chen, Wei-Jian Zhuang, Xuanqiang Liang, Guenter Kahl, David Edwards, and Rajeev K. Varshney. "Functional genomics to study stress responses in crop legumes: progress and prospects." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 12 (2013): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13191.
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Legumes are important food crops worldwide, contributing to more than 33% of human dietary protein. The production of crop legumes is frequently impacted by abiotic and biotic stresses. It is therefore important to identify genes conferring resistance to biotic stresses and tolerance to abiotic stresses that can be used to both understand molecular mechanisms of plant response to the environment and to accelerate crop improvement. Recent advances in genomics offer a range of approaches such as the sequencing of genomes and transcriptomes, gene expression microarray as well as RNA-seq based gene expression profiling, and map-based cloning for the identification and isolation of biotic and abiotic stress-responsive genes in several crop legumes. These candidate stress associated genes should provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance and ultimately help to develop legume varieties with improved stress tolerance and productivity under adverse conditions. This review provides an overview on recent advances in the functional genomics of crop legumes that includes the discovery as well as validation of candidate genes.
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Yan, Tengyue, Xiaochun Shu, Chuanli Ning, Yuhang Li, Zhong Wang, Tao Wang, and Weibing Zhuang. "Functions and Regulatory Mechanisms of bHLH Transcription Factors during the Responses to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Woody Plants." Plants 13, no. 16 (August 20, 2024): 2315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13162315.
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Environmental stresses, including abiotic and biotic stresses, have complex and diverse effects on the growth and development of woody plants, which have become a matter of contention due to concerns about the outcomes of climate change on plant resources, genetic diversity, and world food safety. Plant basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) are involved in a variety of physiological processes and play an important role in biotic and abiotic stress responses of woody plants. In recent years, an increasing body of studies have been conducted on the bHLH TFs in woody plants, and the roles of bHLH TFs in response to various stresses are increasingly clear and precise. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a systematic and comprehensive review of the progress of the research of woody plants. In this review, the structural characteristics, research history and roles in the plant growth process of bHLH TFs are summarized, the gene families of bHLH TFs in woody plants are summarized, and the roles of bHLH TFs in biotic and abiotic stresses in woody plants are highlighted. Numerous studies mentioned in this review have shown that bHLH transcription factors play a crucial role in the response of woody plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. This review serves as a reference for further studies about enhancing the stress resistance and breeding of woody plants. Also, the future possible research directions of bHLH TFs in response to various stresses in woody plants will be discussed.
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Wang, Yun, Salma Mostafa, Wen Zeng, and Biao Jin. "Function and Mechanism of Jasmonic Acid in Plant Responses to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 8568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168568.
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As sessile organisms, plants must tolerate various environmental stresses. Plant hormones play vital roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among these hormones, jasmonic acid (JA) and its precursors and derivatives (jasmonates, JAs) play important roles in the mediation of plant responses and defenses to biotic and abiotic stresses and have received extensive research attention. Although some reviews of JAs are available, this review focuses on JAs in the regulation of plant stress responses, as well as JA synthesis, metabolism, and signaling pathways. We summarize recent progress in clarifying the functions and mechanisms of JAs in plant responses to abiotic stresses (drought, cold, salt, heat, and heavy metal toxicity) and biotic stresses (pathogen, insect, and herbivore). Meanwhile, the crosstalk of JA with various other plant hormones regulates the balance between plant growth and defense. Therefore, we review the crosstalk of JAs with other phytohormones, including auxin, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroid, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Finally, we discuss current issues and future opportunities in research into JAs in plant stress responses.
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Kapoor, Rahul, and Tarvinder Pal Singh. "Breeding Oats for Biotic and Abiotic Stresses." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.901.032.
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Bela, Krisztina. "Crop Tolerance under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses." Agronomy 13, no. 12 (December 10, 2023): 3024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13123024.
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Salam, Uzma, Shakir Ullah, Zhong-Hua Tang, Ahmed A. Elateeq, Yaseen Khan, Jafar Khan, Asif Khan, and Sajid Ali. "Plant Metabolomics: An Overview of the Role of Primary and Secondary Metabolites against Different Environmental Stress Factors." Life 13, no. 3 (March 6, 2023): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13030706.
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Several environmental stresses, including biotic and abiotic factors, adversely affect the growth and development of crops, thereby lowering their yield. However, abiotic factors, e.g., drought, salinity, cold, heat, ultraviolet radiations (UVr), reactive oxygen species (ROS), trace metals (TM), and soil pH, are extremely destructive and decrease crop yield worldwide. It is expected that more than 50% of crop production losses are due to abiotic stresses. Moreover, these factors are responsible for physiological and biochemical changes in plants. The response of different plant species to such stresses is a complex phenomenon with individual features for several species. In addition, it has been shown that abiotic factors stimulate multi-gene responses by making modifications in the accumulation of the primary and secondary metabolites. Metabolomics is a promising way to interpret biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. The study of metabolic profiling revealed different types of metabolites, e.g., amino acids, carbohydrates, phenols, polyamines, terpenes, etc, which are accumulated in plants. Among all, primary metabolites, such as amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids polyamines, and glycine betaine, are considered the major contributing factors that work as osmolytes and osmoprotectants for plants from various environmental stress factors. In contrast, plant-derived secondary metabolites, e.g., phenolics, terpenoids, and nitrogen-containing compounds (alkaloids), have no direct role in the growth and development of plants. Nevertheless, such metabolites could play a significant role as a defense by protecting plants from biotic factors such as herbivores, insects, and pathogens. In addition, they can enhance the resistance against abiotic factors. Therefore, metabolomics practices are becoming essential and influential in plants by identifying different phytochemicals that are part of the acclimation responses to various stimuli. Hence, an accurate metabolome analysis is important to understand the basics of stress physiology and biochemistry. This review provides insight into the current information related to the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on variations of various sets of metabolite levels and explores how primary and secondary metabolites help plants in response to these stresses.
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Wang, Dengbao, Zimo Qiu, Tao Xu, Sheng Yao, Meijing Chen, Qianzi Li, Romaric Hippolyte Agassin, and Kongshu Ji. "Transcriptomic Identification of Potential C2H2 Zinc Finger Protein Transcription Factors in Pinus massoniana in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 15 (July 31, 2024): 8361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158361.
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Biotic and abiotic stresses have already seriously restricted the growth and development of Pinus massoniana, thereby influencing the quality and yield of its wood and turpentine. Recent studies have shown that C2H2 zinc finger protein transcription factors play an important role in biotic and abiotic stress response. However, the members and expression patterns of C2H2 TFs in response to stresses in P. massoniana have not been performed. In this paper, 57 C2H2 zinc finger proteins of P. massoniana were identified and divided into five subgroups according to a phylogenetic analysis. In addition, six Q-type PmC2H2-ZFPs containing the plant-specific motif ‘QALGGH’ were selected for further study under different stresses. The findings demonstrated that PmC2H2-ZFPs exhibit responsiveness towards various abiotic stresses, including drought, NaCl, ABA, PEG, H2O2, etc., as well as biotic stress caused by the pine wood nematode. In addition, PmC2H2-4 and PmC2H2-20 were nuclear localization proteins, and PmC2H2-20 was a transcriptional activator. PmC2H2-20 was selected as a potential transcriptional regulator in response to various stresses in P. massoniana. These findings laid a foundation for further study on the role of PmC2H2-ZFPs in stress tolerance.
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Radulovic, Zlatan, Dragan Karadzic, Ivan Milenkovic, Aleksandar Lucic, Ljubinko Rakonjac, Zoran Miletic, and Radojica Pizurica. "Declining of forests - biotic and abiotic stress." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, suppl. (2014): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf14s1071r.
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During the last several years, a significant decline of different forests in Serbia was recorded. The decline is more widespread in conifer stands, but occurence of decline was recorded in broadleaved forest stands as well. These declines are the result of abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors. According to the studies performed so far in Serbia, the predisposing factor were droughts during the 2012 and 2013 vegetation periods that caused physiological weakness of the trees. Among the biotic factors, the most important are fungi (mainly root rot, but rot fungi, and needle diseases) and insects (bark beetles in conifer species) and defoliators in broadleaved species).
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Peck, Scott, and Ron Mittler. "Plant signaling in biotic and abiotic stress." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 5 (March 12, 2020): 1649–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa051.
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Brestic, Marian, and Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev. "Photosynthesis under Biotic and Abiotic Environmental Stress." Cells 11, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 3953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11243953.
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Asselbergh, Bob, David De Vleesschauwer, and Monica Höfte. "Global Switches and Fine-Tuning—ABA Modulates Plant Pathogen Defense." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 21, no. 6 (June 2008): 709–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-6-0709.
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Plants are obliged to defend themselves against a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. Complex regulatory signaling networks mount an appropriate defense response depending on the type of stress that is perceived. In response to abiotic stresses such as drought, cold, and salinity, the function of abscisic acid (ABA) is well documented: elevation of plant ABA levels and activation of ABA-responsive signaling result in regulation of stomatal aperture and expression of stress-responsive genes. In response to pathogens, the role of ABA is more obscure and is a research topic that has long been overlooked. This article aims to evaluate and review the reported modes of ABA action on pathogen defense and highlight recent advances in deciphering the complex role of ABA in plant–pathogen interactions. The proposed mechanisms responsible for positive or negative effects of ABA on pathogen defense are discussed, as well as the regulation of ABA signaling and in planta ABA concentrations by beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms. In addition, the fast-growing number of reports that characterize antagonistic and synergistic interactions between abiotic and biotic stress responses point to ABA as an essential component in integrating and fine-tuning abiotic and biotic stress-response signaling networks.
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Sharif, Rahat, Chen Xie, Haiqiang Zhang, Marino Arnao, Muhammad Ali, Qasid Ali, Izhar Muhammad, et al. "Melatonin and Its Effects on Plant Systems." Molecules 23, no. 9 (September 14, 2018): 2352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092352.
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Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a nontoxic biological molecule produced in a pineal gland of animals and different tissues of plants. It is an important secondary messenger molecule, playing a vital role in coping with various abiotic and biotic stresses. Melatonin serves as an antioxidant in postharvest technology and enhances the postharvest life of fruits and vegetables. The application of exogenous melatonin alleviated reactive oxygen species and cell damage induced by abiotic and biotic stresses by means of repairing mitochondria. Additionally, the regulation of stress-specific genes and the activation of pathogenesis-related protein and antioxidant enzymes genes under biotic and abiotic stress makes it a more versatile molecule. Besides that, the crosstalk with other phytohormones makes inroads to utilize melatonin against non-testified stress conditions, such as viruses and nematodes. Furthermore, different strategies have been discussed to induce endogenous melatonin activity in order to sustain a plant system. Our review highlighted the diverse roles of melatonin in a plant system, which could be useful in enhancing the environmental friendly crop production and ensure food safety.
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Duca, Maria, and Ina Bivol. "The impact of biotic and abiotic stresses on plants: a literature review of historical and future directions in the context of climate change." Akademos, no. 4(75) (January 2025): 78–88. https://doi.org/10.52673/18570461.24.4-75.08.
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This article analyses the impact of biotic and abiotic stresses on plants, particularly on sunflower crops, in the context of climate change. Biotic stress, caused by pests and pathogens, and abiotic stress, caused by extreme weather conditions, are major challenges for agriculture. The analysis was carried out through a systematic review of the literature available on Google Scholar, covering the last 300 years of research. The results suggest that adaptation strategies based on knowledge of these types of stress can improve the resilience of agricultural systems, which is essential to manage current and future climate challenges. This article aims to provide an overview of research on biotic and abiotic stresses on plants throughout history and to highlight the research directions needed to address future challenges in the context of climate change. A historical analysis is important to understand the evolution of knowledge in this field and to identify solutions applied in the past. In addition, future projections are essential to anticipate changes and develop innovative methods to ensure food security and ecosystem conservation in a continuously changing climate.
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Patel, Sahab Kumar, Moni Thomas, Gopilal Anjana, Satyendra Thakur, Deep Kumar Pahalwan, Manish Bhan, Alok Bajpai, Anil Kumar Singh, and Niraj Tripathi. "Impact of Biotic and Abiotic Stress on Survival of Lac Insects Kerria lacca Kerr. on Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp)." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 11 (November 29, 2023): 3905–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i113571.
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Cajanus cajan is generally grown in rainfed condition. The crop is also a good annual host plant of lac insect. C. cajan is widely reported to have biotic stress due to insect pests on it. Lac insect is phloem sap feeder and hence imparts biotic stress. The present field study was conducted to evaluate the percent survival of lac insects on C. cajan by adjusting different levels of biotic and abiotic stress on the host plant. The biotic stress due to insect pests on C. cajan was minimised with periodic spray of contact insecticides. The varying level of biotic stress i.e., No, Low, Medium, and High level was maintained on C. cajan plants with lac insects on it. The three levels of abiotic stress in this experiment were considered in terms of soil moisture stress. It was managed through irrigation per plant through drip system, it was considered that creating different levels of moisture stress in soil will impact the host plant. The abiotic stress was of three levels i.e., Low, Medium, and High. The result reveals that survival percent of Lac insect from brood lac inoculation to the harvest of lac crop was highest 37.52 percent on C. cajan with one primary branch and its secondary branches with lac insect (L1- Low biotic stress). It was 32.13 percent (W3- Low soil moisture stress). The study indicates that biotic and abiotic stress play a major role in the survival of K. lacca.
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Rehman, Muhammad, Muhammad Sulaman Saeed, Xingming Fan, Abdul Salam, Raheel Munir, Muhammad Umair Yasin, Ali Raza Khan, et al. "The Multifaceted Role of Jasmonic Acid in Plant Stress Mitigation: An Overview." Plants 12, no. 23 (November 27, 2023): 3982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12233982.
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Plants, being sessile, have developed complex signaling and response mechanisms to cope with biotic and abiotic stressors. Recent investigations have revealed the significant contribution of phytohormones in enabling plants to endure unfavorable conditions. Among these phytohormones, jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives, collectively referred to as jasmonates (JAs), are of particular importance and are involved in diverse signal transduction pathways to regulate various physiological and molecular processes in plants, thus protecting plants from the lethal impacts of abiotic and biotic stressors. Jasmonic acid has emerged as a central player in plant defense against biotic stress and in alleviating multiple abiotic stressors in plants, such as drought, salinity, vernalization, and heavy metal exposure. Furthermore, as a growth regulator, JA operates in conjunction with other phytohormones through a complex signaling cascade to balance plant growth and development against stresses. Although studies have reported the intricate nature of JA as a biomolecular entity for the mitigation of abiotic stressors, their underlying mechanism and biosynthetic pathways remain poorly understood. Therefore, this review offers an overview of recent progress made in understanding the biosynthesis of JA, elucidates the complexities of its signal transduction pathways, and emphasizes its pivotal role in mitigating abiotic and biotic stressors. Moreover, we also discuss current issues and future research directions for JAs in plant stress responses.
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Rakhi B. Shambharkar, Abhay B. Solunke, Lalit P. Dewalkar, Nidhi D. Chahande, Vibha M. Nikose, and Vishal N. Patil. "Variations in production of bioactive compounds under abiotic stresses in the plants: A review." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 25, no. 2 (February 28, 2025): 1485–97. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.25.2.0425.
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Plants are surrounded by complex set of environmental conditions which are categories into abiotic and biotic factors. The growth, development and overall survival of plants are regulated by the intensity of stresses exerts by biotic and abiotic factors of the environment. Stresses act individually or co-occurrence of different stresses at a time on plants and its study is challenging and complex process. However, the response of plants to the stresses is equally complex. Plant produces bioactive compounds in response of stresses as a stress tolerance. These bioactive compounds are also called secondary metabolites which plays significant role in the adaptation of plants to the stress condition and changing environment.In the present chapter emphasis was given on the study of production of different bioactive compounds in response to different abiotic stresses. The subtitles, types of bioactive compounds studied in plants showed wide variety of bioactive compound produce by plants in response to stress. Plant encounter number of abiotic stresses in plants like cold, heat drought, salinity, temperature and flood etc. Another subtitle, the impacts of different abiotic stresses on production of bioactive compounds in plants showed, the species of the families like Asteraceae, Papvaraceae, Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae, Malvaceaeetc shows responses to abiotic stresses and effect of abiotic stresses on productivity of agricultural crop plants. Overall study concluded that in this technological era several changes in environmental condition exert tremendous pressure of abiotic stresses on plants especially interfering with the productivity of agricultural land plants. Review shows that many plants cope up with the abiotic stresses by synthesizing bioactive compounds as a stress tolerance, but some plants fail to acclimatize and eventually die.
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Shahid, Samiah, Wajeehah Shahid, Amna Ihsan, Fozia Anjum, and Muhammad Shahid. "Phytochemical and Antioxidant Profiling of Allium Sativum Germinated under Biotic and Abiotic Stress." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs20221611211.
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Purpose: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the potential of Allium sativum under biotic and abiotic stress in the quest to obtain more efficient phytoconstituents with improved antioxidant properties. Method: We investigated the effect of stress induction through biotic (Fusarium solani) and abiotic (NaCl salt of two different concentrations i.e. 50 mM and 100 mM) means in Allium sativum (garlic) to uncover its phytochemical and antioxidant potential. After stress induction, the leaves were harvested at different day’s post-inoculation (dpi) and analyzed for phytoconstituents and antioxidant assays. Results: The data showed statistically significant differences among proteins, reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, proteases and amylase of the samples at different dpi under biotic and abiotic stress (P<0.05). Moreover, total flavonoid, phenolic constituents, DPPH, ascorbic acid, catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were significantly increased under stress (P<0.05). The phytochemical and antioxidant activities were altered that proved its effectiveness under induced conditions. Conclusion and Practical Implications: The results obtained indicated that the Allium sativum (garlic) grown under biotic and abiotic stress have certain phytoconstituents with improved antioxidant activity that may serve as a rich source for antioxidants and proteins that may be used as an alternate to synthetic formulations in food and pharmaceuticalsto improve health outcome. Keywords: Allium sativum, antioxidant, biotic, abiotic, phytoconstituents, stress
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Wijerathna-Yapa, Akila, and Jayeni Hiti-Bandaralage. "Tissue Culture—A Sustainable Approach to Explore Plant Stresses." Life 13, no. 3 (March 14, 2023): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13030780.
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Plants are constantly faced with biotic or abiotic stress, which affects their growth and development. Yield reduction due to biotic and abiotic stresses on economically important crop species causes substantial economic loss at a global level. Breeding for stress tolerance to create elite and superior genotypes has been a common practice for many decades, and plant tissue culture can be an efficient and cost-effective method. Tissue culture is a valuable tool to develop stress tolerance, screen stress tolerance, and elucidate physiological and biochemical changes during stress. In vitro selection carried out under controlled environment conditions in confined spaces is highly effective and cheaper to maintain. This review emphasizes the relevance of plant tissue culture for screening major abiotic stresses, drought, and salinity, and the development of disease resistance. Further emphasis is given to screening metal hyperaccumulators and transgenic technological applications for stress tolerance.
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Xie, Songbo, and Min Liu. "Survival mechanisms to selective pressures and implications." Open Life Sciences 13, no. 1 (October 31, 2018): 340–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2018-0042.
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AbstractOrganisms have evolved a spectrum of strategies that facilitate survival in the face of adverse environmental conditions. In order to make full use of the unfavorable resources of nature, human beings usually impose selective pressures to breed phenotypic traits that can survive in adverse environments. Animals are frequently under attack by biotic stress, such as bacterial and viral infections, while plants are more often subjected to abiotic stress, including high salinity, drought, and cold. In response to these diverse stresses, animals and plants initiate wide-ranging changes in gene expression by altering regulation of transcriptional and post-transcriptional activities. Recent studies have identified a number of key responsive components that promote survival of animals and plants in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Importantly, with recent developments in genome-editing technology based on the CRISPR/Cas9 system, manipulation of genetic elements to generate stress-resistant animals and plants has become both feasible and cost-effective. Herein, we review important mechanisms that govern the response of organisms to biotic and abiotic stresses with the aim of applying our understanding to the agriculture and animal husbandry industries.
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Yang, Mengqi, Tian Min, Teja Manda, Liming Yang, and Delight Hwarari. "Genomic Survey of LRR-RLK Genes in Eriobotrya japonica and Their Expression Patterns Responding to Environmental Stresses." Plants 13, no. 17 (August 27, 2024): 2387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13172387.
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The impact of global warming is increasing and thus exacerbating environmental stresses that affect plant yield and distribution, including the Eriobotrya japonica Lindl (Loquat tree). Eriobotrya japonica, a member of the Rosaceae family, is valued not only for its nutritious fruit but also for its medicinal purposes, landscape uses, and other pharmacological benefits. Nonetheless, the productivity of Eriobotrya japonica has raised a lot of concern in the wake of adverse environmental conditions. Understanding the characteristics of the LRR-RLK gene family in loquat is crucial, as these genes play vital roles in plant stress responses. In this study, 283 LRR-RLK genes were identified in the genome of E. japonica that were randomly positioned on 17 chromosomes and 24 contigs. The 283 EjLRR-RLK proteins clustered into 21 classes and subclasses in the phylogenetic analysis based on domain and protein arrangements. Further explorations in the promoter regions of the EjLRR-RLK genes showed an abundance of cis-regulatory elements that functioned in growth and development, phytohormone, and biotic and abiotic responses. Most cis-elements were present in the biotic and abiotic responses suggesting that the EjLRR-RLK genes are invested in regulating both biotic and abiotic stresses. Additional investigations into the responses of EjLRR-RLK genes to abiotic stress using the RT-qPCR revealed that EjLRR-RLK genes respond to abiotic stress, especially heat and salt stresses. Particularly, EjapXI-1.6 and EjapI-2.5 exhibited constant upregulation in all stresses analyzed, indicating that these may take an active role in regulating abiotic stresses. Our findings suggest the pivotal functions of EjLRR-RLK genes although additional research is still required. This research aims to provide useful information relating to the characterization of EjLRR-RLK genes and their responses to environmental stresses, establishing a concrete base for the following research.
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Morcillo, Rafael, and Maximino Manzanera. "The Effects of Plant-Associated Bacterial Exopolysaccharides on Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance." Metabolites 11, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11060337.
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Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial soil microorganisms that can stimulate plant growth and increase tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Some PGPR are capable of secreting exopolysaccharides (EPS) to protect themselves and, consequently, their plant hosts against environmental fluctuations and other abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, or heavy metal pollution. This review focuses on the enhancement of plant abiotic stress tolerance by bacterial EPS. We provide a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms through EPS to alleviate plant abiotic stress tolerance, including salinity, drought, temperature, and heavy metal toxicity. Finally, we discuss how these abiotic stresses may affect bacterial EPS production and its role during plant-microbe interactions.