Journal articles on the topic 'Bioterrorism – Prevention – Government policy'
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Parmet, Wendy E. "After September 11: Rethinking Public Health Federalism." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 2 (2002): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00387.x.
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In the fall of 2001, the need for a vigorous and effective public health system became more apparent than it had been for many decades. With the advent of the first widescale bioterrorist attack on the United States, the government's obligation to respond and take steps to protect the public health became self-evident.Also obvious was the need for of an effective partnership between federal, state, and local officials. Local officials are almost always on the front lines of the struggle against bioterrorism. They are the first to recognize a suspicious case and to provide testing and treatment for the affected population. At the same time, state officials are needed to support and coordinate local efforts, providing an expertise that may be lacking in many communities, especially smaller ones.But few would doubt that the federal government has a key role to play. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is expected to lead the epidemiological investigation and provide expertise on how to cope with diseases that remain unfamiliar to most physicians.
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Graham, Bob, and Jim Talent. "Bioterrorism: Redefining Prevention." Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 7, no. 2 (June 2009): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2009.0610.
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Roffey, Paul, and Michelle Gahan. "Responses to Security Sensitive Biological Agents (SSBA) risks by the Australian Federal Police." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 3 (2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20034.
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As Australia’s national law enforcement agency the Australia Federal Police (AFP) plays a number of roles, broadly grouped under intelligence and investigation, in supporting a whole of government approach to responding to, and mitigating, risks from Security Sensitive Biological Agents (SSBA). The AFP is responsible for coordinating the investigation of national and transnational crimes, which includes acts of bioterrorism, and preventing, countering and responding to attacks in Australia and on Australian interests overseas. This paper provides an overview of the responses to SSBA risks by the AFP.
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Misita, Caron P., Andrea B. Boosinger, and Michael G. Kendrach. "Bioterrorism Web Sites for Pharmacists." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 37, no. 1 (January 2003): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1c275.
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OBJECTIVE To identify Internet Web sites for ease of accessibility to bioterrorism-related information, comprehensive provision of bioterrorism-related information, and provision of bioterrorism information that specifically pertains to the pharmacy profession. DATA SOURCES Web sites of national pharmacy organizations, US government agencies, and medical organizations, as well as Web sites related to bioterrorism. DATA SYNTHESIS Pharmacists need access to relevant bioterrorism information in a timely manner. An evaluation of Web sites was performed to identify those that include a discussion of the potential infectious microorganisms and prevention and treatment methods, as well as unique features for pharmacy practice. RESULTS The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists and American Pharmaceutical Association Web sites provide pharmacy-specific recommendations. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides biological agent information and health department contact numbers. Additional agent-specific data are provided by the American Medical Association, The Johns Hopkins University, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Web sites. Information addressing food safety is provided by the FDA. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacy-specific bioterrorism information is available only at selected national pharmacy organization Internet Web sites. However, other Web sites provide comprehensive bioterrorism information useful for pharmacists.
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Hodge, James G. "Bioterrorism Law and Policy: Critical Choices in Public Health." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 2 (2002): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00391.x.
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There is perhaps no duty more fundamental to American government than the protection of the public's health, safety, and welfare. On September 11, 2001, this governmental duty was severely tested through a series of terrorist acts. The destruction of the World Trade Towers in New York City and a portion of the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., presented many Americans with a new, visible reality of the potential harms that terrorists can cause. The staggering loss of lives (estimated from 2,600 to 2,900) damaged the national psyche in ways far exceeding the physical scars to American institutions.As horrific as the images of destruction and loss of human lives may be, events that unfolded after September 11 revealed another dreaded, and potentially more catastrophic, threat to Americans sense of security and public health: bioterrorism. Unlike terrorists that use bombs, explosives, or other tools for mass destruction, a bioterrorist's weapon is an infectious agent.
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Ali, Rubina, Inamullah Jan, and Muhammad Shoaib Malik. "Emerging Health Security Threats and Impact of Bioterrorism on the U.S. National Security." Global Political Review V, no. I (March 30, 2020): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(v-i).11.
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Bioterrorism fear increases after the deliberate release of biological agents at the end of the twentieth century. Letters containing anthrax powder were posted through the U.S. postal system which produces fear among the population. The anthrax assaults after 9/11 made the nation conscious that the public health system is ill-prepared to administer a large-scale emergency. Bioterrorism issue is associated with the deliberate spreading of dangerous diseases thus how comprehensive bioterrorism prevention measures should be taken. Hence, the emergence of bioterrorism has enforced the US administration to transform its national security policy against nontraditional threats. The article shows how bioterror remains a credible threat and poses substantial challenges to the U.S. public health system. Additionally, analysis reveals how resilient public health infrastructure is dominant not only to shielding and enhancing the publics health security but also crucial for the nations security.
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Ehsanpour, Seyed Reza, and Nafiseh Hashempour. "Agroterrorism; Iranian Criminal Policy." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 5, no. 6 (October 8, 2019): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v5i6.1048.
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Background and Aim: This article presents some perspective on bioterrorism by focuses on Agroterrorism cases. This study focuses attention on the issue of Agroterrorismand discusses criminal response against it in Iranian Criminal law. Materials and Methods: A handful of studies and researches have been reviewed for preparing this study.Ethical Considerations:Honesty in the literature and citation analysis and reporting were considered.Findings: Agroterrorism attack may results in the agricultural and food industries, loss of confidence in government, and possibly human casualties. The fear of a bioterrorist attack in the world have changed public health in countries. Based on these facts, a sharp and quick response including criminal responses against this kind of terrorism to protect the safety of community as well as health policies is necessary.Conclusion: Agroterrorism is a new form of terrorism which falls in the realm of bioterrorism. This kind of offence against the community attracts policy makers’ high level of attentions. Iranian legislator amongst other policies prosecute offenders with article 286 of Penal Code: “Corruption on Earth”. This question that this title is appropriate to combat Agroterrorism depends on the extent of the behaviors results. This title belongs to situation that vast geographic area or huge number of populations was affected due to terroristic attacks. The punishment of offender(s) is capital punishment.
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Lillibridge, Scott R., April J. Bell, and Richard S. Roman. "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bioterrorism preparedness and response." American Journal of Infection Control 27, no. 6 (December 1999): 463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-6553(99)70020-9.
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Hodge, James G., Erin Fuse Brown, and Jessica P. O'Connell. "The HIPAA Privacy Rule and Bioterrorism Planning, Prevention, and Response." Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 2, no. 2 (June 2004): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/153871304323146360.
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Horton, Heather H., James J. Misrahi, Gene W. Matthews, and Paula L. Kocher. "Critical Biological Agents: Disease Reporting as a Tool for Determining Bioterrorism Preparedness." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 2 (2002): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00392.x.
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Before September 11, 2001, a mass-casualty terrorist attack on American soil was generally considered a remote possibility. Similarly, before October 4, 2001—the first confirmed case of anthrax caused by intentional release — widespread bioterrorism seemed implausible. Among the arguments that such a biological artack was unlikely included: the lack of a historical precedent; the technological and organizational challenges to acquiring and weaponizing a biological agent; and the almost universal moral opprobrium that would certainly accompany the use by terrorists of such a weapon. In the wake of September 11th and October 4th, however, many are reconsidering the likelihood of a large-scale bioterrorist attack against civilians.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines bioterrorism as the intentional release of viruses, bacteria, or toxins for the purpose of harming or killing civilian. One measurement of the public health system's level of bioterrorism preparedness is the quality and distribution of laws mandating the reporting of diseases caused by certain biological agents.
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Stein, Rob. "Internal Dissension Grows as CDC Faces Big Threats to Public Health." International Journal of Health Services 35, no. 4 (October 2005): 779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/488w-fjjf-n720-8t4t.
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According to current and former CDC officials and several outside experts, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is being roiled by internal dissension as it faces such unprecedented threats as bioterrorism, a potential flu pandemic, and the obesity epidemic. The agency has been thrown into turmoil by a combination of factors, including a drawn-out restructuring, the departure of dozens of its most respected scientists, concerns about political interference, and a pending budget cut of nearly $500 million. The impact remains a matter of debate, but the uproar is causing widespread alarm among public health authorities.
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Kambo, Gustiana. "Securitization: Terrorism prevention policy in Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi." Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 35, no. 3 (August 22, 2022): 364–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v35i32022.364-379.
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The existence of terrorism in Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi is triggered by a communal conflict among religions since 2000. A series of acts of terrorism have disrupted the regulation of government and public order and security, so that the regional government carried out special handling of this case. The objective of this study is to analyze the pattern of terrorism prevention carried out by the regional government in Poso Regency. This study used a qualitative method with a case study approach to conduct an in-depth descriptive study regarding the pattern of strengthening the terrorism prevention policy and its follow-up. In analyzing this case, this study used the concept of securitization developed by Buzan (1991) through the principles of social, economic, and political security. The results of the study showed that the regional government has made efforts to prevent acts of terrorism by (1) Strengthening the Early Detection of Terrorism Tendency Program, (2) Strengthening the Religious Harmony Program, (3) Strengthening the Community Social Life Program, (4) Strengthening the Entrepreneurship Program that covers various activities, including; establishing Village of Harmony and Early Awareness Forum, carrying out counseling on Pancasila values, providing social assistance and entrepreneurship training for the poor and families of ex-terrorism convicts. This study concludes that the regional government has made systematic efforts with a securitization approach in a strict security pattern with community involvement.
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WAGSTAFF, ADAM. "Government Prevention Policy and the Relevance of Social Cost Estimates." Addiction 82, no. 5 (May 1987): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01502.x.
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Hanifa Muslimah, Rifa’at, and Handar Subhandi Bakhtiar. "Bekasi City Government Policy In Financing Stunting In Children." KESANS : International Journal of Health and Science 1, no. 2 (November 20, 2021): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54543/kesans.v1i2.10.
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Currently, nutritional problems in Indonesia are still in the spotlight, one of which is the problem of stunting in toddlers. The government shows its commitment to tackling stunting by making regulations regarding the acceleration of stunting reduction as stated in Presidential Regulation No. 72 of 2021. The health financing system is an effort to fund the health sector to support the implementation of health with the aim of achieving the highest health status. This study aims to provide an overview of the Bekasi City government's policy in financing stunting prevention in Bekasi City. The research method used is normative juridical, with a statutory approach. The policies issued by the Bekasi City Government regarding the Prevention and Control of Stunting are contained in the Bekasi Mayor's Instruction No: 440/1914/Bappeda and the establishment of the Task Force for the Acceleration of Stunting Prevention and Control is contained in Decree Number: 440/Kep.277-Bappelitbangda/V/ 2020. The results of this study show that the participation of the Bekasi City government has been very good from issuing policies related to stunting reduction efforts, forming and implementing 8 integration actions by involving multi-sectoral roles in government which is an effort to prevent stunting. The financing used in the stunting prevention process is funded by the Bekasi City Government from the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD) and or other funds that can be utilized by the relevant government sector to be in charge of 8 integration actions.
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Backer, Thomas E. "Policy issues in government-media-community partnerships for drug abuse prevention." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 36, no. 2 (June 1990): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(90)90474-v.
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Ahmed, Anya, Iolo Madoc-Jones, Andrea Gibbons, Katy Jones, Michaela Rogers, and Mark Wilding. "Challenges to Implementing the New Homelessness Prevention Agenda in Wales." Social Policy and Society 19, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474641900040x.
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Devolution presented an opportunity for the Welsh Government to introduce changes to housing and homelessness policy, and the subsequent homelessness reforms are seen as one of the best examples to date of the Welsh Government using its powers. However, devolved governments in small countries face a number of challenges in terms of realising their housing policy ambitions. In this article we argue that there is inevitable dissonance between the policy behind the Welsh Government legislation (prevention) and practice (implementation) associated with structural challenges (for example, austerity and budget restrictions, Welfare Reform and the availability of affordable accommodation). In response we propose a number of actions the Welsh Government might undertake to attempt to mitigate such structural challenges which also resonate in the English context where welfare retrenchment and homelessness prevention policies operate simultaneously.
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Wagner, PhD, BCE, ME, Vaughn E., and Elichia A. Venso, PhD. "Chemical and bioterrorism: An integrated emergency management approach at the undergraduate level." Journal of Emergency Management 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2004.0045.
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The accredited Environmental Health Science BS degree program at Salisbury University, a member institution of the University System of Maryland, has developed an integrated chemical and bioterrorism course for undergraduate students and emergency management professionals. The one-credit class meets once a week. Course design is adapted from the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) integrated approach to chemical and bioterrorist defensive training strategies. Course objectives are to gain knowledge of specific chemical and biological agents; become familiar with peacetime equivalents and surrogate agents; understand biomedical and environmental factors related to agent exposures; become familiar with integrated response strategies; and gain understanding of government policy issues, agency coordination, and field operations.Student input is based on specific discipline group response and participation in a simulated bioagent release. Discipline groups include public and emergency health, media, critical incident stress analysis, and conflict resolution. Student evaluations of the first course offered in the fall semester of 2002 indicated that the simulated release exercise gave each student an increased awareness of multiagency response necessary to mitigate bioterrorist-initiated events. Evaluation results also suggested the following modifications: include at least one community professional in each discipline group, extend the course to two credits, and schedule the class in late afternoon to accommodate working professionals.
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den Heyer, Garth. "Is the development of policy in New Zealand based on Prevention First?" Public Policy and Administration 33, no. 2 (January 9, 2017): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952076716687354.
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The New Zealand Police, in response to the global financial crisis and escalating operating costs, implemented in 2008 the first of a number of change programs to increase its service delivery efficiency and effectiveness. The programs concentrated on reallocating resources from reactive service delivery to more proactive or preventative activities. By 2012, the change in emphasis enabled the police to reduce its organizational costs and achieve a number of government outcomes. It was hypothesized that owing to the success of the New Zealand Police, other New Zealand Government departments have adopted a preventative approach to reduce long-term social costs. By analyzing the strategic documents of three randomly selected, nonjustice sector government agencies, it was found that all three agencies had changed the focus of their service delivery to concentrate on specific prevention outputs with the intention of improving services and decreasing operating costs.
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McDonald, Bob, and Yaser Mir. "Al‐Qaida‐influenced violent extremism, UK government prevention policy and community engagement." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2011): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5042/jacpr.2011.0020.
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Cairney, Paul. "Prevention is Better than Cure, so why isn't Government Policy more Preventive?" Political Insight 6, no. 3 (November 17, 2015): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-9066.12114.
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Freeman, Richard. "Prevention and Government: Health Policy Making in the United Kingdom and Germany." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 20, no. 3 (1995): 745–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-20-3-745.
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Brotestes Panjaitan, Raffles, Sumartono Sumartono, Sarwono Sarwono, and Choirul Saleh. "The role of central government and local government and the moderating effect of good governance on forest fire policy in Indonesia." Benchmarking: An International Journal 26, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-12-2017-0336.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate forest fires and their relationship to prevention and mitigation strategies based on the empirical problems raised by this study. Public policy implementation (in this case, the policy of forest fire management) is influenced by the role played by government and by the participation of the public and stakeholders (in this case, companies), as well as the effects of good governance. Thus, from the empirical problems associated with theoretical problems and normative problems, this study raises the influence of the role of central and local government on the implementation of forest fire prevention policy in Indonesia, which is moderated by the good governance variable. Design/methodology/approach This study used a quantitative approach by adopting survey methodology. The study has aimed to assess both large and small population groups, by selecting and reviewing carefully chosen samples of the population to find the incidence, distribution and relative interrelation of the variables considered (Kerlinger and Lee, 2000). The survey was undertaken in areas of Indonesia that have a high level of vulnerability to forest fires. There are currently six provinces – Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, West Kalimantan, East Kalimantan and South Kalimantan – that have the highest intensity of forest fires. The study population was taken from 105 villages in those six major provinces experiencing forest fires. Sample size precision was determined by using Slovin’s formula with a precision of 10 percent and, thus, a sample size of 52 was obtained. Findings The central government’s activities have no significant effect on regional forest fire prevention. However, the results found that there is a significant effect caused by the interaction between the central and local governments and their governance of forest fire prevention. Even though the direct effect is not significant, the interaction effect significantly influences the forest fire prevention governance variable, which is a pure moderator. This study found that the role of central government has no effect on forest fire prevention. If the role of the central government is high, it will not impact the effectiveness of forest fire prevention, which is reflected in the aspects of prevention and early warning, reward and punishment, the improvement and management of ecosystems by reviewing courts, law enforcement and national and regional synergy. Originality/value This is one of the few public administration science studies to have investigated the relationship between good governance and forest fire policy in Indonesia, particularly the combined roles played by central and local governments.
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Augustynowicz, Anna, Aleksandra Czerw, Mariola Borowska, Andrzej Deptała, Grażyna Dykowska, and Adam Fronczak. "Prevention of overweight and obesity undertaken by local government units in Poland." Health Policy 123, no. 5 (May 2019): 499–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.03.006.
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Absori, Absori, Hartotok Hartotok, Khudzaifah Dimyati, Heru Santoso Wahito Nugroho, Arief Budiono, and Rizka Rizka. "Public Health-Based Policy on Stunting Prevention in Pati Regency, Central Java, Indonesia." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, E (January 2, 2022): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8392.
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BACKGROUND: In Indonesia, the Law on Long-Term Development Goals and the implementing regulations, namely the Health Law and the Food Law and their implementing regulations have stipulated nutritional adequacy for all ages including toddlers to prevent stunting. However, stunting still occurs, including in Pati Regency, Central Java Province. AIM: This research aims to know and evaluate the stunting program from the Pati Regency, Province of Central Java, Indonesia and to found the solution. METHODS: This is empirical (non-doctrinal) legal research which aims to analyze the public health-based local government policy in tackling the stunting problem in Pati Regency. RESULTS: The results of the study indicate that there are eight stages of convergence actions from the public health-based local government policies to accelerate stunting prevention in the Pati Regency. However, the stunting prevention policy as a form of legal protection for children has not succeeded in reducing the stunting prevalence rate in this regency. CONCLUSION: The conclusion of this research is beneficial to become an input for the Pati Regency Government, Central Java Provincial Government in formulating and evaluating stunting prevention policies in their areas.
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Hendriks, Anna-Marie, Mere Y. Delai, Anne-Marie Thow, Jessica S. Gubbels, Nanne K. De Vries, Stef P. J. Kremers, and Maria W. J. Jansen. "Perspectives of Fijian Policymakers on the Obesity Prevention Policy Landscape." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/926159.
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In Fiji and other Pacific Island countries, obesity has rapidly increased in the past decade. Therefore, several obesity prevention policies have been developed. Studies show that their development has been hampered by factors within Fiji’s policy landscape such as pressure from industry. Since policymakers in the Fijian national government are primarily responsible for the development of obesity policies, it is important to understand their perspectives; we therefore interviewed 15 policymakers from nine Fijian ministries. By applying the “attractor landscape” metaphor from dynamic systems theory, we captured perceived barriers and facilitators in the policy landscape. A poor economic situation, low food self-sufficiency, power inequalities, inappropriate framing of obesity, limited policy evidence, and limited resource sharing hamper obesity policy developments in Fiji. Facilitators include policy entrepreneurs and policy brokers who were active when a window of opportunity opened and who strengthened intersectoral collaboration. Fiji’s policy landscape can become more conducive to obesity policies if power inequalities are reduced. In Fiji and other Pacific Island countries, this may be achievable through increased food self-sufficiency, strengthened intersectoral collaboration, and the establishment of an explicit functional focal unit within government to monitor and forecast the health impact of policy changes in non-health sectors.
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Clarke, Brydie, Boyd Swinburn, and Gary Sacks. "Understanding Health Promotion Policy Processes: A Study of the Government Adoption of the Achievement Program in Victoria, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (October 29, 2018): 2393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112393.
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Despite the growing health and economic burden associated with overweight and obesity, preventive policy progress has been deficient globally. This study investigated the policy process involved in the adoption of the Achievement Program, a settings-based health promotion intervention that was a key pillar of the Healthy Together Victoria obesity prevention initiative. The qualitative study utilised multiple theories of the policy process, as well as Causal Loop Diagramming (CLD) methods, to understand the policy systems underlying the decision to adopt the Achievement Program. Factors that impacted this obesity prevention policy adoption included problem prioritisation at Federal and state government levels; political risks regarding policy action and inaction, and framing used by policy advocates to reduce risks and highlight the opportunities related to the Achievement Program policy implementation. The use of CLD methods was advantageous to further conceptualise potential leverage points and effective ways to influence obesity prevention policy in future. As such, the findings contribute to the obesity prevention policy evidence base and toward developing a number of recommended actions for policy actors seeking to increase future policy action.
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Yuan, Yong Qiang. "A New Water Pollution Hierarchical Governance Policy for Liaohe River." Applied Mechanics and Materials 700 (December 2014): 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.700.413.
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Liaohe is one of our country key management “Three rivers and Three lakes” , Liaoning provincial government introduced a number of key policies to control pollution in the Liaohe River. Such as, local government leaders response for river pollution prevention in his Jurisdictions policy, source control and prevention policy, and so on. This articles makes river grading partition as guiding thought, and select microscopic scale’s three indicators-monitoring and assessment value ratio, the ratio of the total amount of pollutant emissions and water environmental capacity , environmental investment index as assessment indicators . These three indicators consturcted a Liaohe river management policy of river hierarchical governance and water quality achieve standard by period. The two ratios-monitoring and assessment value , the total amount of pollutant emissions and water environmental capacity’s value confirmation is based on Liaohe Tieling’s seven sections monitoring data. What this new water pollution hierarchical governance policy can do is support an positive and effective method for Liaohe river pollution prevention.
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Goldman, Lynn, Henry Falk, Philip J. Landrigan, Sophie J. Balk, J. Routt Reigart, and Ruth A. Etzel. "Environmental Pediatrics and Its Impact on Government Health Policy." Pediatrics 113, Supplement_3 (April 1, 2004): 1146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.s3.1146.
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Recent public recognition that children are different from adults in their exposures and susceptibilities to environmental contaminants has its roots in work that began >46 years ago, when the American Academy of Pediatrics (APA) established a standing committee to focus on children’s radiation exposures. We summarize the history of that important committee, now the AAP Committee on Environmental Health, including its statements and the 1999 publication of the AAP Handbook of Pediatric Environmental Health, and describe the recent emergence of federal and state legislative and executive actions to evaluate explicitly environmental health risks to children. As a result in large part of these efforts, numerous knowledge gaps about children’s health and the environment are currently being addressed. Government efforts began in the 1970s to reduce childhood lead poisoning and to monitor birth defects and cancer. In the 1990s, federal efforts accelerated with the Food Quality Protection Act, an executive order on children’s environmental health, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry/Environmental Protection Agency Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units, and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/Environmental Protection Agency Centers of Excellence in Research in Children’s Environmental Health. In this decade, the Children’s Environmental Health Act authorized the National Children’s Study, which has the potential to address a number of critical questions about children’s exposure and health. The federal government has expanded efforts in control and prevention of childhood asthma and in tracking of asthma, birth defects, and other diseases that are linked to the environment. Efforts continue on familiar problems such as the eradication of lead poisoning, but new issues, such as prevention of childhood exposure to carcinogens and neurotoxins other than lead, and emerging issues, such as endocrine disruptors and pediatric drug evaluations, are in the forefront. More recently, these issues have been taken up by states and in the international arena.
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Hendriks, Anna-Marie, Stef P. J. Kremers, Jessica S. Gubbels, Hein Raat, Nanne K. de Vries, and Maria W. J. Jansen. "Towards Health in All Policies for Childhood Obesity Prevention." Journal of Obesity 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/632540.
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The childhood obesity epidemic can be best tackled by means of an integrated approach, which is enabled by integrated public health policies, orHealth in All Policies. Integrated policies are developed through intersectoral collaboration between local government policy makers from health and nonhealth sectors. Suchintersectoral collaborationhas been proved to be difficult. In this study, we investigated which resources influence intersectoral collaboration. Thebehavior change wheelframework was used to categorize motivation-, capability-, and opportunity-related resources for intersectoral collaboration. In-depth interviews were held with eight officials representing 10 non-health policy sectors within a local government. Results showed that health and non-health policy sectors did not share policy goals, which decreased motivation for intersectoral collaboration. Awareness of the linkage between health and nonhealth policy sectors was limited, and management was not involved in creating such awareness, which reduced the capability for intersectoral collaboration. Insufficient organizational resources and structures reduced opportunities for intersectoral collaboration. To stimulate intersectoral collaboration to prevent childhood obesity, we recommend that public health professionals should reframe health goals in the terminology of nonhealth policy sectors, that municipal department managers should increase awareness of public health in non-health policy sectors, and that flatter organizational structures should be established.
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Wynn, Matthew. "Patient expectations of pressure ulcer prevention in the NHS, healthcare demands and national policy: a critical commentary." British Journal of Nursing 29, no. 20 (November 12, 2020): S26—S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2020.29.20.s26.
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Preventive care was recently identified as a Government priority, which is likely to affect pressure ulcer (PU) preventive care in the NHS. Contemporary economic analyses of PU prevention interventions are undermined by factors including methodological challenges and poor inter-rater reliability of PU risk assessment tools. Healthcare demands on the NHS created by PU prevention remain unclear, although the burden is high, with litigation costs rising continuously. The poorly understood economics of PU prevention may create variation in practice. Patient expectations of PU prevention may be influenced by mainstream media, national awareness campaigns and the varied information and advice offered by professionals. Patient expectations and low levels of functional health literacy may create confusion and unrealistic expectations. This article critically examines the impact of recent changes in Government priorities related to PU prevention, considering the effects of healthcare demand, economics and patient expectations.
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LOU, Zhaohui, Changqian SONG, and Junhao WANG. "Public Epidemic Prevention Policy:Key Decision Points and Their Dynamic Switching." Journal of Chinese Economy 1, no. 1 (September 28, 2022): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.48014/jce.20220612002.
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Based on the uncertainty of unexpected events and the dilemma and even polylemma of balancing the choices under the condition of multi-objective conflict-coordination in government public management, this paper puts forward the basic principle framework and key points of policy dynamic switching for government decision-making to approach the best comprehensive economic and social results in the face of uncertain impacts.
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Hakim, Bhustomy, and Akhmat Fauzi. "INDONESIAN COVID-19 PREVENTION POLICIES ANALYSIS USING CUMULATIVE CASES DATA REGRESSION." OISAA Journal of Indonesia Emas 4, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52162/jie.2021.004.01.4.
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The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or called COVID-19 which occurred in China at the end of 2019 has become a global public health problem. Indonesia government made and apply some public health prevention policy against coronavirus outbreak. They applied their first big scale social distancing (PSBB policy) that order people to stay, work, study, and pray at home. Indonesia government also warned people not to travel through outer city due to Eid Al-Fitr, Islamic big annual event, (MUDIK policy) which usually lead people to travel through the cities to meet their family to celebrate. Indonesian PSBB policy has flattened 7.30% of the curve according to the prediction of situation with and without PSBB. But for MUDIK policy, it seems people get scared of they couldn’t make it to cross the city to meet their family and travel instead then make the spreading of the cases were increased. The publishing move of the policy also should be calculated, because people will take future act regarding to the information they get.
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Gostin, Lawrence O. "When Terrorism Threatens Health: How Far are Limitations on Human Rights Justified." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, no. 4 (2003): 524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00120.x.
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A single defining question perennially intrigues scholars and practitioners interested in public heath: To what extent should human rights be limited to protect the community’s health and safety? The question achieved prominence in the aftermath of the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon on September 11, 2001 and with the intentional dispersal of anthrax spores through the U.S. Postal Systein. The conflict between security and public health intensified with the development of the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (“Model Act”), drafted by the Center for Law and the Public’s Health at the request of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Model Act grants states consiclernble powers to control persons and property in response to a public health emergency, defined to inclucle bioterrorism or the appearance of novel or previously controlled or eradicated infectious agents or biological toxins.
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Sheperdson, Patrick, Garner Clancey, Murray Lee, and Thomas Crofts. "Community Safety and Crime Prevention Partnerships: Challenges and Opportunities." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 3, no. 1 (April 2, 2014): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v3i1.135.
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In many jurisdictions around the world, community safety and crime prevention activity is supported by interagency committees. In the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW), local government Community Safety Officers (CSOs) lead, support or participate in a range of interagency and ‘whole of government’ networks, most of which were established to support central NSW state government crime prevention and community safety initiatives. Research was conducted with the aim of exploring the CSOs’ experience of the ‘whole of government’ partnerships established to support community safety and crime prevention in NSW.[i] The findings support international research which suggests that central-local partnerships are inhibited by different agendas, responsibilities and power dynamics across different levels of government. Some of the key contextual challenges for this work include concerns about costs shifting from State to local government and about shifting State government priorities; barriers to funding and to accessing crime (and other) data; and various administrative burdens. Consequently, we argued that there is a need for formal engagement and negotiation between, on the one hand, State government agencies that steer NSW crime prevention and, on the other, community safety policy initiatives and local government. Such engagement could help overcome the perception, indeed the reality, that shifting and dumping costs and responsibilities to local government is creating a range of burdens for CSOs. [i] The authors thank the NSW Local Government Community Safety and Crime Prevention Network and the individual local government CSOs who kindly assisted and contributed to this research.
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Greenberg, M. "Research Policy and Review 16. Geographical Disparities in State Cancer-Prevention Policies: The Need for Strong Federal Intervention." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 19, no. 6 (June 1987): 715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a190715.
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Analysis of changes in cancer mortality rates and cancer prevention programs shows that the states that experienced the sharpest increases in cancer mortality during the last thirty years have the weakest cancer-prevention programs. The federal government should intervene to increase cancer prevention, especially in these laggard states.
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Yuan, Ping, Fanghui Ju, Yuan Cheng, and Yanbin Liu. "Influence of sense of power on epidemic control policy compliance." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 49, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.10555.
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Incidences of noncompliance with COVID-19 prevention and control policies have occurred worldwide, increasing the risk to public safety and making epidemic control more difficult. We applied the approach–inhibition theory of power perception to investigate the underlying mechanisms and boundary conditions of the relationship between individuals' power perception and their prevention and control policy compliance. This study collected data from 303 participants in 45 counties (districts) spanning one province in China. Results show that individuals' sense of power was negatively related to their prevention and control policy compliance, with risk perception mediating and group policy control moderating this relationship. The findings provide a reference for assessing the effectiveness and relevance of government epidemic prevention and control. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Blank, Robert Daniel, Yoonah Choi, Hae-Jin Song, Ding-Cheng (Derrick) Chan, and Joon Kiong Lee. "Targeting the Fragility Fracture Prevention Message." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A249—A250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.508.
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Abstract Background: The impact of fragility fractures on human suffering is underappreciated. Fragility fractures increase mortality and the risk of recurrent fracture. Notwithstanding these facts, only a minority of patients suffering osteoporotic fractures receive fracture preventing therapy. Education about the burden of disease and the benefits of prompt treatment are important means to increase the treatment rate. We propose that the focus of the educational message should be varied for distinct audiences. Method: We searched existing literature to determine perceptions about the importance of treating fractures and osteoporosis among the following groups: the general population, primary care physicians, specialist physicians, hospital administrators, and government health officials. Result: Extensive data focusing on patients and primary care physicians exist about barriers to treatment initiation. In these groups, lack of perceived treatment benefit is a widespread, common finding. To address this gap, we have produced a primary care education toolkit, patient booklet and education directory as Asia Pacific Fragility Fracture Alliance (APFFA)-sponsored initiatives. Data are more limited for specialist physicians, hospital administrators, and government officials. Health economic arguments have been found to be persuasive among policy makers. Conclusion: Information about the importance of treating fragility fractures and osteoporosis is far more abundant with reference to patients and primary care providers than to specialty physicians, hospital administrators, and government officials. Understanding the state of knowledge and belief is an essential first step in developing educational materials that address the concerns and misperceptions of each key constituency. Existing data suggest that patients will be more receptive to materials emphasising independence and quality of life, while policy makers will be more receptive to materials highlighting the burden of disease.
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Ramdhan, Gilang. "Implementasi Kebijakan Penanggulangan Banjir dI DKI Jakarta 2013-2017." Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi: Media Pengembangan Ilmu dan Praktek Administrasi 15, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31113/jia.v15i1.136.
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The flood problem is the long-time housework which is continuously done by the DKI Jakarta Government, to overcome the problem of the flood as the output from the policy of DKI Jakarta Government is the implementation of the flood prevention policy, both short-term, medium-term and long-term programs. In the implementation of the policy there are factors that can hamper and support the success of policy implementation there are communication, resources, bureaucratic or implementing attitude, and organizational structure including bureaucratic workflow. In terms of communication the real obstacle is the government are still difficult to establish communication with intermediary parties as one of the stakeholders. In terms of bureaucratic attitudes emphasized the independence of the apparatus to policy makers who have an important role in the success of policy implementation. In the government organization of DKI Jakarta itself has been applied innovation with the yellow, blue, and orange “soldiers” that can support the success of policy implementation. But unfortunately from DKI government's own policy environment does not yet have the full support of Jakarta DPRD so it can hamper the policies to be published by the executive. The conclusion of this paper is the government of DKI has a scope of problems that must be well compromised and which is still a wedge is the communication aspect, both internal and external so that the implementation of flood prevention policy in Jakarta can run well.
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Havers, Sally M., Elizabeth Kate Martin, Andrew Wilson, and Lisa Hall. "A systematic review and meta-synthesis of policy intervention characteristics that influence the implementation of government-directed policy in the hospital setting: implications for infection prevention and control." Journal of Infection Prevention 21, no. 3 (May 2020): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757177420907696.
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Background: Government-directed policy plays an important role in the regulation and supervision of healthcare quality. Effective implementation of these policies has the potential to significantly improve clinical practice and patient outcomes, including the prevention of healthcare-associated infections. A systematic review of research describing the implementation of government-directed policy in the hospital setting was performed with the aim to identify policy intervention characteristics that influence implementation. Methods: A systematic search of four electronic databases was undertaken to identify eligible articles published between 2007 and 2017. Studies were included if published in the English language and described the implementation of government-directed policy in a high-income country hospital setting. Data on policy and implementation were extracted for each article and interpretive syntheses performed. Results: A total of 925 articles were retrieved and titles and abstracts reviewed, with 69 articles included after review of abstract and full text. Qualitative synthesis of implementation data showed three overarching themes related to intervention characteristics associated with implementation: clarity; infrastructure; and alignment. Conclusion: Better understanding and consideration of policy intervention characteristics during development and planning will facilitate more effective implementation although research describing implementation of government-directed policy in the hospital setting is limited and of variable quality. The findings of this study provide guidance to staff tasked with the development or implementation of government-directed policy in the hospital setting, infection prevention and control professionals seeking to maximise the impact of policy on practice and improve patient outcomes.
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Sukiman, Maman, and Deva Fosterharoldas Swasto. "Slums Prevention from A Policy Perspective in Indonesia." UNIFIKASI : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 9, no. 1 (June 16, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/unifikasi.v9i1.4975.
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Many studies on aspects of slums area improvement and the causes of slums settlements have been carried out, but studies that focus on aspects of slums prevention are still challenging to find. One reason for the emergence of slums is the Government's failure of policies and their implementation. This article aims to examine the prevention of slums settlements in the policy perspective of Law Number 1 of 2011 concerning Housing and Settlements Areas and the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Number 14/PRT/M/2018 concerning Prevention and Quality Improvement of Slums. They are analyzed using a qualitative method with a normative juridical approach. The results of the analysis show that the slums prevention policy has several weaknesses; namely, prevention policy should start from planning not directly to control and supervision, slums prevention settlements is still focused on urban areas, slums prevention is not considered urgent, and there are some biases in the prevention of slums measurement of slums criteria which has the potential to make the policy of preventing slums settlements, not on target. For these reasons, the Government needs to make policies that are more operational in preparing plans of slums prevention; considering aspects of the causes of slums in policymaking; synergizing slum area improvement policies with slum prevention policies; campaigning for the importance of preventing slum in both urban and rural areas; refining slums criteria or indicators; involving stakeholders in the formulation and implementation of slum prevention policies; and increasing community social capital.
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Yang, Joshua S., Hadii M. Mamudu, and Timothy K. Mackey. "Governing Noncommunicable Diseases Through Political Rationality and Technologies of Government: A Discourse Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 4413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124413.
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In the last two decades, global action to address noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) has accelerated, but policy adoption and implementation at the national level has been inadequate. This analysis examines the role of rationalities of governing, or governmentality, in national-level adoption of global recommendations. Critical discourse analysis was conducted using 49 formal institutional and organizational documents obtained through snowball sampling methodology. Text were coded using a framework of five forms of governmentality and analyzed to describe the order of discourse which has emerged within the global NCD policy domain. The dominant political rationality used to frame NCDs is rooted in risk governmentality. Recommendations for tobacco control and prevention of harmful alcohol use rely on a governmentality of police mixed with discipline. The promotion of physical activity relies heavily on disciplinary governmentality, and the prevention of unhealthy diet mixed disciplinary measures, discipline, and neoliberal governmentalities. To translate global NCD prevention and control strategies to national action, acceptability for the political rationalities embodied in policy options must be nurtured as new norms, procedures, and institutions appropriate to the political rationalities of specific interventions are developed.
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Sukadana, I. Ketut, I. Nyoman Sutama, and Ni Made Sukaryati Karma. "Covid-19 Prevention Handling Model Bali Province Government." Sociological Jurisprudence Journal 5, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/scj.5.1.2022.25-31.
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According to data from the Indonesian Covid Task Force, as of Augustus 2, 2021, there were 3,462,800 cases and 97,291 deaths. Even though in terms of the quantity of Balinese people affected by COVID-19, which is around 2,3% of the sufferers nationally (2,231 deaths), the social impact it causes is very broad, especially in the tourism sector which is almost totally not operating. The government has taken policies or steps to overcome the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. All parties are also expected to be able to make efforts to prevent transmission and mitigate the impact that occurs, from the Government, Provincial Government, Regency / City Government, and all levels of society. Efforts to improve the health status of the highest in the form of efforts to prevent disease transmission by involving the community at large. Interesting legal issues to study are as follows: Policies implemented by the Bali Provincial Government in Preventing the Transmission of Covid-19. This study aims to obtain and examine the model applied by the Bali Provincial Government in handling the spread of COVID-19. The results of the study show The policies carried out by the Provincial Government of Bali in the Prevention of Covid-19 Transmission are to realize the acceleration of handling health related to COVID-19, to realize the acceleration of handling the impact of COVID-19 on the economy, and to realize the acceleration of handling the impact of COVID-19 on the community, in the form of a Social Safety Net. The scope of the policy includes: budget reallocation, handling health related to COVID-19, handling the impact of COVID-19 on the economy, and handling the impact of COVID-19 on the community in the form of a Social Safety Net. Handling the Prevention of Covid-19 Transmission is by forming a Task Force based on Traditional Villages and handling health by the Provincial Task Force. The involvement of the traditional village at the behest of the ruler means not respecting the traditional village as an institution that has genuine autonomy that cannot be governed by parties outside the traditional village. Conditions would be different if the initiative to assist the implementation of the handling of Covid-19 came from the traditional village itself.
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Hadna, Agus Heruanto, and Nasrulhaq Nasrulhaq. "Collaborating Local Government Agencies to Prevention Adolescent Reproductive Health in Makassar, Indonesia." Otoritas : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan 9, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/ojip.v9i1.2025.
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Collaboration is an approach and concept of managing public policy in Makassar, Indonesia. Recently, the municipality of Makassar has capitalized on the collaboration of local government agencies regarding public affairs to prevent issues of Adolescent Reproductive Health (ARH). ARH is a strategic issue for local government so that it is solved collaboratively. The collaborating governmental organization comprises the Department of Education, Health, Family Planning, and all of the Urban Villages. This research employed a qualitative method focusing on the analysis of collaborative phenomena of local government agencies in Generation Planning Program through Adolescent Counseling Information Center (ACIC) and Adolescent Families Development (AFD) in Makassar. Data were obtained and analyzed in an orderly and structured manner with general qualitative approach. Based on the field research, the local government agencies collaborate in two ways. The first collaboration deals with the sectoral term which is the involvement of the government agencies related to adolescent reproductive health policy. The second collaboration deals with the regional term including the involvement of the Sub-District and Urban Villages in Makassar as grassroots bureaucracy. Collaborative themes and relations are the main findings in this article. An interesting theme in the idea of collaboration is mutual interdependence, while an exciting theme in the implementation of collaborative action is joint interaction. Organizational relationships in collaboration between local government agencies are coordination, consolidation, consultation, and command. This study concluded that sectoral and regional collaboration is proper in bringing a solution to public health affairs that are very complex.
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Rasim, Idul Adnan. "GOVERNMENT POLICY IN PREVENTION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN WEST LOMBOK REGENCY NUSA TENGGARA BARAT." Bilancia: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Syariah dan Hukum 16, no. 2 (December 18, 2022): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.24239/blc.v16i2.968.
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Based on data from the Crisis Centre belonging to the National Agency for the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers which is called BNP2TKI, there were 1,759 complaints from workers assigned abroad as of/January-March 2019, where 71 cases were confirmed as human trafficking. and 2,430 cases which have indicators of human trafficking and there are 32 cases of trafficking in persons from the province of Nusa Tenggara Barat where as many as 59 victims are from West Lombok Regency. Using normative empirical research or also best known as field research, this paper applied the descriptive analysis method in analysing the data and found the following: forms and models of human trafficking in West Lombok Regency, Nusa Tenggara Barat done by a scalper who approached potential target induvidually ( home-to-home / door-to-door), then offered a job with a big number of salary to the victim, using nonprocedural ways, document falsification and persuading victims to escape from legal corporate. The duties of the West Lombok government are to prevent the occurrence of the criminal act of human trafficking there for socialization in the community and schools in West Lombok about procedurally being legal workers migrants and law enforcement on the criminal offender are crucial to be born in mind.
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Ati, Nurul Umi. "The Collaboration Model of Stakeholders Perspective Implementation of Prostitutional Prevention and Handling Policy." Khazanah Sosial 4, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/ks.v4i2.17849.
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The phenomenon of human trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation has long been developed in various countries, including Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia. Prostitution prevention and handling efforts can be carried out by the government through the formulation of policies or regulations and implemented with a collaboration of various government actors and non-government actors, both national, regional, and local stakeholders. This research aims to study the collaboration model of stakeholders in the perspective of implementation of prostitutional prevention and to handle policy in Surabaya as the closure of Dolly, the largest prostitution area in Southeast Asia. In conclusion, state collaboration with the community in handling prostitution will be a strong root because here will create a synergy together to always supervise and seek mutual solutions in preventing and handling the problem of prostitution, so that can be an example for other local governments in making prevention and handling policies of prostitution in their region. The method used in this research is the experimental method. The first step is a survey to get research subjects. The survey was conducted using the snowball method. Researchers also evaluated several potential groups. Then the process is continued by using a SWOT analysis to determine the best pilot location. Participatory Focus Group Discussion and interviews to deepen the diagnosis. The diagnostic results are developed and compiled manually. This study found that the main causes of prostitution were mostly related to family problems, personal problems, the trauma of sexual harassment, and unemployment. The existence of teenagers who fall into prostitution is a social problem in society. The negative impact is moral degradation. Implications of research to strengthen the Social work profession to prevent prostitution and provide clear and factual information about the reasons why young people may fall into prostitution. This solution should involve both formal and informal institutions.
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Sundari, Cici, Eko Priyo Purnomo, and Aqil Teguh Fathani. "Civil Society Participation Model: Forest and Land Fire Prevention Policy in Jambi Province." Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 12, no. 4 (November 15, 2022): 669–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.12.4.669-678.
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This study aimed to analyze the factors that influence community participation in forest and land fire prevention. The focus of this research is on Jambi Province. This study used a qualitative descriptive method, and the data sources were obtained through interviews, online media, online news, and research-related journals. Data analysis used the NVivo 12 plus data processing application, a qualitative document analysis tool with the help of a computer. They are easy to use and can process words and explore word frequency, attributes, and cases from big data, generating factor categories in journalistic and research applications related to the research topic. The results showed that the government made a strategy to encourage community participation in environmental management cooperation, especially in overcoming the problem of forest and land fires in Jambi Province. Informal reactions from the community can be seen through the government's policy to create a Fire Care Group program that is motivated by community aspirations for forest and land fires. The government formed the Fire Care Group to reduce the number of forest and land fires.
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Hodge, James G., Lawrence O. Gostin, Kristine Gebbie, and Deborah L. Erickson. "Transforming Public Health Law: The Turning Point Model State Public Health Act." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34, no. 1 (2006): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00010.x.
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Protecting the public's health has recently regained prominence in political and public discussions. Threats of bioterrorism following September 11, 2001 and the deliberate dissemination of anthrax later that fall, the reemergence of novel or resurgent infectious diseases, (such as the West Nile Virus, SARS, influenza, avian flu) and rapid increases in diseases associated with sedentary lifestyles, poor diets, and smoking (e.g., heart disease, diabetes, cancer) have all raised the profile of public health. The U.S. government has responded with increased funding, reorganization, and new policies for the population's health, safety, and security. Politicians and the public more clearly understand the importance of law in improving the public's health. Recognizing that many public health laws have not been meaningfully reformed in decades, law- and policy-makers and public health practitioners have focused on the legal foundations for public health. Laws provide the mission, functions, and powers of public health agencies, set standards for their (and their partners’) actions, and safeguard individual rights.
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Phulkerd, Sirinya, Parichat Nakraksa, Ladda Mo-suwan, and Mark Lawrence. "Progress towards Achieving the Recommendations of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis of Current Policies, Actions and Implementation Gaps in Thailand." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 1927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061927.
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Despite a significant commitment to tackling childhood overweight and obesity, questions remain about the progress the Thai Government has made in implementing childhood obesity prevention policies and actions. This study aimed to review and assess the implementation of the government’s policies and actions for childhood obesity prevention in Thailand compared with the recommendations of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity and to identify the implementation gaps. Policy data were collected from governmental and NGO websites and publications and via direct contact with government officials. Stakeholder meetings were held to seek further information and advice on implementation gaps and to give recommendations. The analysis of each policy was conducted against pre-determined criteria formulated from literature assessments and stakeholder consultations. The policies and actions that were implemented by the Government were consistent with 33 broad policy actions and 55 specific policy actions. Preconception and pregnancy care was the policy area that was most implemented. Six broad policy actions were assessed as ‘high’ performance, these were: sugar-sweetened beverage taxation, nutrient labeling, nutrition guidance for preconception and pregnancy care, the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, regulatory measures for supporting maternal breastfeeding, and regulations on the marketing of complementary foods and beverages. Policy coherence and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) were identified as major implementation gaps. Increasing the effectiveness of childhood obesity prevention in Thailand will require national immediate attention towards building infrastructure to enhance coherence among the policies and to put in place M&E mechanisms for each policy.
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Clarke, Brydie, Janelle Kwon, Boyd Swinburn, and Gary Sacks. "Understanding the dynamics of obesity prevention policy decision-making using a systems perspective: A case study of Healthy Together Victoria." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): e0245535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245535.
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Introduction Despite global recommendations for governments to implement a comprehensive suite of policies to address obesity, policy adoption has been deficient globally. This paper utilised political science theory and systems thinking methods to examine the dynamics underlying decisions regarding obesity prevention policy adoption within the context of the Australian state government initiative, Healthy Together Victoria (HTV) (2011–2016). The aim was to understand key influences on policy processes, and to identify potential opportunities to increase the adoption of recommended policies. Methods Data describing government processes in relation to the adoption of six policy interventions considered as part of HTV were collected using interviews (n = 57), document analyses (n = 568) and field note observations. The data were analysed using multiple political science theories. A systematic method was then used to develop a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) for each policy intervention. A simplified meta-CLD was generated from synthesis of common elements across each of the six policy interventions. Results The dynamics of policy change could be explained using a series of feedback loops. Five interconnected balancing loops served to reduce the propensity for policy change. These pertained to an organisational norm of risk aversion, and the complexity resulting from a whole-of-government policy approach and in-depth stakeholder consultation. However, seven virtuous reinforcing loops helped overcome policy resistance through policy actor capabilities that were improved over time as policy actors gained experience in advocating for change. Conclusion Policy processes for obesity prevention are complex and resistant to change. In order to increase adoption of recommended policies, several capabilities of policy actors, including policy skills, political astuteness, negotiation skills and consensus building, should be fostered and strengthened. Strategies to facilitate effective and broad-based consultation, both across and external to government, need to be implemented in ways that do not result in substantial delays in the policy process.
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Zhang, Liyu. "Cause Analysis of Dilemma of Emergency Management and Adding Code Layer by Layer under Public Health Emergencies." BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 18 (June 30, 2022): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v18i.1135.
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As a major public health emergency, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic is a big challenge for emergency management ability. This paper holds that the emergency management dilemma faced by local governments at all levels and the logic in the implementation of the policy of returning home are as follows: the tension between emergency management ability and pandemic prevention demand at the macro level leads to the excessive pandemic prevention pressure of local governments. At the micro-level, the imbalance between the ability and quality of government officials and the pressure of internal and external subjects also gives birth to the phenomenon of avoiding responsibility and lazy administration. It is embodied in the pressure of policy transmission from the central government, the criticism of the public opinion, the distorted view of achievements of members of bureaucratic organizations, and the lag of pandemic prevention technology. In order to minimize the negative impact, a moderate adding code layer by layer may better help realize the policy value.