Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bioterrorism – Prevention – Government policy

Academic literature on the topic 'Bioterrorism – Prevention – Government policy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Bioterrorism – Prevention – Government policy"

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Parmet, Wendy E. "After September 11: Rethinking Public Health Federalism." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 2 (2002): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00387.x.

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In the fall of 2001, the need for a vigorous and effective public health system became more apparent than it had been for many decades. With the advent of the first widescale bioterrorist attack on the United States, the government's obligation to respond and take steps to protect the public health became self-evident.Also obvious was the need for of an effective partnership between federal, state, and local officials. Local officials are almost always on the front lines of the struggle against bioterrorism. They are the first to recognize a suspicious case and to provide testing and treatment for the affected population. At the same time, state officials are needed to support and coordinate local efforts, providing an expertise that may be lacking in many communities, especially smaller ones.But few would doubt that the federal government has a key role to play. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is expected to lead the epidemiological investigation and provide expertise on how to cope with diseases that remain unfamiliar to most physicians.
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Graham, Bob, and Jim Talent. "Bioterrorism: Redefining Prevention." Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 7, no. 2 (June 2009): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2009.0610.

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Roffey, Paul, and Michelle Gahan. "Responses to Security Sensitive Biological Agents (SSBA) risks by the Australian Federal Police." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 3 (2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20034.

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As Australia’s national law enforcement agency the Australia Federal Police (AFP) plays a number of roles, broadly grouped under intelligence and investigation, in supporting a whole of government approach to responding to, and mitigating, risks from Security Sensitive Biological Agents (SSBA). The AFP is responsible for coordinating the investigation of national and transnational crimes, which includes acts of bioterrorism, and preventing, countering and responding to attacks in Australia and on Australian interests overseas. This paper provides an overview of the responses to SSBA risks by the AFP.
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Misita, Caron P., Andrea B. Boosinger, and Michael G. Kendrach. "Bioterrorism Web Sites for Pharmacists." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 37, no. 1 (January 2003): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1c275.

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OBJECTIVE To identify Internet Web sites for ease of accessibility to bioterrorism-related information, comprehensive provision of bioterrorism-related information, and provision of bioterrorism information that specifically pertains to the pharmacy profession. DATA SOURCES Web sites of national pharmacy organizations, US government agencies, and medical organizations, as well as Web sites related to bioterrorism. DATA SYNTHESIS Pharmacists need access to relevant bioterrorism information in a timely manner. An evaluation of Web sites was performed to identify those that include a discussion of the potential infectious microorganisms and prevention and treatment methods, as well as unique features for pharmacy practice. RESULTS The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists and American Pharmaceutical Association Web sites provide pharmacy-specific recommendations. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides biological agent information and health department contact numbers. Additional agent-specific data are provided by the American Medical Association, The Johns Hopkins University, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Web sites. Information addressing food safety is provided by the FDA. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacy-specific bioterrorism information is available only at selected national pharmacy organization Internet Web sites. However, other Web sites provide comprehensive bioterrorism information useful for pharmacists.
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Hodge, James G. "Bioterrorism Law and Policy: Critical Choices in Public Health." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 2 (2002): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00391.x.

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There is perhaps no duty more fundamental to American government than the protection of the public's health, safety, and welfare. On September 11, 2001, this governmental duty was severely tested through a series of terrorist acts. The destruction of the World Trade Towers in New York City and a portion of the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., presented many Americans with a new, visible reality of the potential harms that terrorists can cause. The staggering loss of lives (estimated from 2,600 to 2,900) damaged the national psyche in ways far exceeding the physical scars to American institutions.As horrific as the images of destruction and loss of human lives may be, events that unfolded after September 11 revealed another dreaded, and potentially more catastrophic, threat to Americans sense of security and public health: bioterrorism. Unlike terrorists that use bombs, explosives, or other tools for mass destruction, a bioterrorist's weapon is an infectious agent.
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Ali, Rubina, Inamullah Jan, and Muhammad Shoaib Malik. "Emerging Health Security Threats and Impact of Bioterrorism on the U.S. National Security." Global Political Review V, no. I (March 30, 2020): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(v-i).11.

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Bioterrorism fear increases after the deliberate release of biological agents at the end of the twentieth century. Letters containing anthrax powder were posted through the U.S. postal system which produces fear among the population. The anthrax assaults after 9/11 made the nation conscious that the public health system is ill-prepared to administer a large-scale emergency. Bioterrorism issue is associated with the deliberate spreading of dangerous diseases thus how comprehensive bioterrorism prevention measures should be taken. Hence, the emergence of bioterrorism has enforced the US administration to transform its national security policy against nontraditional threats. The article shows how bioterror remains a credible threat and poses substantial challenges to the U.S. public health system. Additionally, analysis reveals how resilient public health infrastructure is dominant not only to shielding and enhancing the publics health security but also crucial for the nations security.
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Ehsanpour, Seyed Reza, and Nafiseh Hashempour. "Agroterrorism; Iranian Criminal Policy." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 5, no. 6 (October 8, 2019): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v5i6.1048.

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Background and Aim: This article presents some perspective on bioterrorism by focuses on Agroterrorism cases. This study focuses attention on the issue of Agroterrorismand discusses criminal response against it in Iranian Criminal law. Materials and Methods: A handful of studies and researches have been reviewed for preparing this study.Ethical Considerations:Honesty in the literature and citation analysis and reporting were considered.Findings: Agroterrorism attack may results in the agricultural and food industries, loss of confidence in government, and possibly human casualties. The fear of a bioterrorist attack in the world have changed public health in countries. Based on these facts, a sharp and quick response including criminal responses against this kind of terrorism to protect the safety of community as well as health policies is necessary.Conclusion: Agroterrorism is a new form of terrorism which falls in the realm of bioterrorism. This kind of offence against the community attracts policy makers’ high level of attentions. Iranian legislator amongst other policies prosecute offenders with article 286 of Penal Code: “Corruption on Earth”. This question that this title is appropriate to combat Agroterrorism depends on the extent of the behaviors results. This title belongs to situation that vast geographic area or huge number of populations was affected due to terroristic attacks. The punishment of offender(s) is capital punishment.
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Lillibridge, Scott R., April J. Bell, and Richard S. Roman. "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bioterrorism preparedness and response." American Journal of Infection Control 27, no. 6 (December 1999): 463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-6553(99)70020-9.

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Hodge, James G., Erin Fuse Brown, and Jessica P. O'Connell. "The HIPAA Privacy Rule and Bioterrorism Planning, Prevention, and Response." Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 2, no. 2 (June 2004): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/153871304323146360.

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Horton, Heather H., James J. Misrahi, Gene W. Matthews, and Paula L. Kocher. "Critical Biological Agents: Disease Reporting as a Tool for Determining Bioterrorism Preparedness." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 2 (2002): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00392.x.

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Before September 11, 2001, a mass-casualty terrorist attack on American soil was generally considered a remote possibility. Similarly, before October 4, 2001—the first confirmed case of anthrax caused by intentional release — widespread bioterrorism seemed implausible. Among the arguments that such a biological artack was unlikely included: the lack of a historical precedent; the technological and organizational challenges to acquiring and weaponizing a biological agent; and the almost universal moral opprobrium that would certainly accompany the use by terrorists of such a weapon. In the wake of September 11th and October 4th, however, many are reconsidering the likelihood of a large-scale bioterrorist attack against civilians.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines bioterrorism as the intentional release of viruses, bacteria, or toxins for the purpose of harming or killing civilian. One measurement of the public health system's level of bioterrorism preparedness is the quality and distribution of laws mandating the reporting of diseases caused by certain biological agents.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bioterrorism – Prevention – Government policy"

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Morris, Gehring Alison. "International studies in violence prevention : a policy analysis." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4470.

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Violence is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Drawing on the disciplines of Political Science and Public Health the purpose of this study is to understand the conditions that determine political traction for the issue of violence and facilitate the adoption of a strategy of prevention. Using multiple-case study methodology, it draws on data collected from 42 in-depth semi-structured interviews, eight weeks of direct observations and more than 200 pieces of documentary evidence to examine violence prevention policy development in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, Jamaica and the Republic of Lithuania. The Shiffman Public Health Policy Priority Framework is applied to identify the factors that influenced the advancement of violence prevention policy in each case and to draw cross-case comparisons. The employment of this public health specific framework in the field of violence prevention allows the study to reach conclusions as to the utility of this framework for broader public health policy analysis and to proffer some refinements. Further findings suggest that bringing together academics, advocates and policy- makers into networks, focused on a shared concept of violence, gains political traction for the issue of violence and a strategy of prevention. It is found that the conceptualisation of violence and perception of prevention are framed in a case specific historical context and that an examination of this context is necessary to understand the conditions that shape the status of violence prevention policy. The results suggest that the development of violence prevention policy in other countries would be expedited by the coalescing and informed engagement of the violence prevention policy community in the web of institutions, interests and ideas that underpin the public health policy process.
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Zheng, Yizheng, and 郑一郑. "Coordination of a distributive policy: the case of infection control in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4474965X.

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Ho, Chi-keung Albert, and 何志強. "A policy analysis of the prevention of human infection of Avian Flu inHong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45012428.

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Yau, Wai-keung, and 邱偉強. "A study on fire protection policy in Hong Kong: devolution from bureaucracy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36443311.

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Andersen, Martin. "Consequences of Government Provision and Regulation of Health Insurance." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10534.

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The first two chapters of this dissertation concern the effect of public catastrophic insurance programs. In the first chapter, I show how these programs, which only protect against large health shocks, induce advantageous selection in private insurance. I use data on older Americans with Medicare insurance from the Health and Retirement Study to test if individuals with supplemental private health insurance are systematically lower-risk in states with public catastrophic insurance programs. I find that these programs decrease the average health risk for the privately insured by $700 and that a one standard deviation increase in an individual’s health risk decreases her probability of having private insurance by 4 percentage points. In the second chapter, I show that these programs reduce the incentive to invest in risk-reducing activities. I find large decreases in self-protection after a program is introduced and that individuals for whom the program is less generous are more likely to engage in self-protection. These effects are stronger for women than for men and apply to a variety of investments in health, including decisions about smoking, obesity, and cancer screening. The third chapter considers a different form of government intervention in insurance markets. In this chapter, I study laws mandating that employer-sponsored health insurance provide coverage for mental illness. I show that industries for which mental health coverage became more generous had larger increases in the average mental distress of their insured workforce. Part of the increase in generosity was due to regulations mandating coverage of mental health benefits. I then show that these regulations affected the behavior of individuals in the labor market—individuals who value more generous mental health benefits and switch jobs work longer hours after these regulations take effect, but individuals who do not value mental health benefits decrease their labor supply. These results are consistent with firms cutting back on their demand for labor due to the cost of the mandate, which leads to lower wages and a decrease in labor supply by individuals who do not value mental health benefits, but an increase in labor supply by individuals who do value mental health benefits highly.
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Au, Yeung Man-bun Francis, and 歐陽文彬. "An examination of policy entrepreneur using the case study central slaughtering policy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46779334.

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Lee, Pui-chun Dinah, and 李佩珍. "An evaluation of the Social Welfare Department's policy to control or limit substance abuse." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31965301.

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Parry, Charles, and Bronwyn Myers. "Beyond the rhetoric : towards a more effective and humane drug policy framework in South Africa." Health and Medical Publishing Group (HMPG), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18783.

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The original publication is available at http://www.samj.org.za
The March 2011 Anti-Substance Abuse Summit in Durban continued the outdated approach to policy around illicit drugs in South Africa. It missed opportunities for discussing how to impact significantly on the health and social harms associated with problematic drug use and reduce the burden of drug-related cases in the criminal justice system. The government needs to move away from the political rhetoric of a ‘drug-free society’ and start the real work of formulating and implementing an evidence-based drug policy that learns from the experiences of other countries around decriminalising drug use; takes into account differences in the harms resulting from different classes of drugs; adopts a rights-based, public health approach to policy; and identifies a single (accountable) agency that has the authority to oversee policy implementation. In addition, consensus is needed on the short-, medium- and long-term priorities for drug policy implementation. The 17 evidence-based drug policy strategies identified by Babor et al. may serve as a useful starting point for policy development.
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Lam, Yu-chau, and 林雨舟. "A study of the drainage policy in the context of flood prevention in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31965908.

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Stoneham, Melissa J. "Healthy public policy in local government facilitating and inhibiting factors: Shade creation as a case study." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36761/1/36761_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.

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Sun safe behaviour is a modifiable behaviour and therefore the potential for change is large. Targeted interventions that use multi-strategy or healthy public policy approaches may be successful at increasing sun safe behaviours and creating supportive environments that promote positive health outcomes. This research considered sun safety, and more specifically shade creation, within the domain of public places that integrate human leisure-time exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). It was felt that the potential for behaviour change through the adoption of healthy public policy was probably greatest in this domain. Specifically this research considered the creation of shade as a complementary strategy to individual sun safe behaviours, and investigated how best local governments can create shade at public facilities. Policy considerations that have the potential to increase shade creation were identified within the many activities at the local government level. For example, legislation and regulations that control a community's infrastructure may be modified to mandate shade for walkways, public parks and swimming pools for new communities. Policy changes may also promote or change behaviours related to sun safety. Authors have stated that strategies such as governmental legislation and policies that are being used to diffuse an innovation should be investigated to determine the factors that have played crucial roles in the process (Oldenburg, Hardcastle & Kok, 1997a). This research considered these comments and aimed to identify public health efforts to increase shade that expanded beyond targeting individuals, to include activities that create complex changes in community design and facilities through the introduction of healthy public policies. Aims: The research described in this thesis was designed to provide local governments throughout Australia, and more specifically Queensland, with information and a model of how best to develop and adopt healthy public policy to ensure public health issues that had no legal standing were integrated into their core business. An important aspect of the study was to investigate local governments that were at different stages of the policy process to enable the identification of a range of inhibiting and facilitating factors. Methods: This research relied on case studies of local governments that examined the variables such as policy design, key stakeholders, resources, sources of diffusion, community involvement, environment receptivity, policy outcomes and barriers to successful healthy public policy development, adoption and where possible, implementation. In total, fifteen local governments were included in this study. Qualitative research methods were used extensively to gather data within each case study setting. Open-ended questionnaires were used to target three groups of professionals. These included key informants, additional stakeholders and professionals external to the local government setting. Key informants were identified as the primary policy adopter. Additional stakeholders had the potential to influence shade creation within the Local government context, and the professionals external to the local government were identified as being able to assist in developing, adopting and implementing shade creation policies within the community setting. Data were predominantly analysed through content analysis where major themes were identified in responses, coded and counted to identify the leading trends. Relation to Previous Work: All Queensland local governments (n=125) were forwarded a copy of "Shade Creation for Local Government - Policy Guidelines" (AIEH, 1995) which contained a model shade creation policy, in 1995. This dissemination occurred prior to this research commencing. Results: This research subsequent to this dissemination of information identified a number of facilitating and inhibiting factors for the development and adoption of healthy public policy at the local government level. The facilitating factors that promoted policy development and adoption included the nature and position of local government within the community, the perceived priority of the policy process, the disposition of local government Officers and the extent of community or external stakeholder input. Five primary barriers to the development and adoption of healthy public policy at the local level included deficiencies in policy design, inadequate political support, organisational barriers, resource constraints and external factors such as the risk of vandalism. Based on these findings a systems model was developed with the objective of guiding the development and adoption of healthy public policy at the local level. Conclusion: This research identified that although many local governments have been creating shade for many years, this has been occurring on an ad hoc basis, without support from formal policies or procedures. Without formal policy, there is little galvanising infrastructure to ensure shade creation activities occur into the future, regardless of staffing levels and interests or funding. This research investigated this process and identified a number of factors that inhibit and facilitate the healthy public policy process in the local government setting.
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Books on the topic "Bioterrorism – Prevention – Government policy"

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Zilinskas, Raymond A. Responding to bioterrorism: Assessing California's preparedness. Sacramento, CA: California State Library, California Research Bureau, 2002.

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National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism. Sooner Spring final report: Validating Oklahoma bioterrorism planning, Oklahoma City, OK, April 12, 2002. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma City National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, 2002.

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Comprehensive medical care for bioterrorism exposure: Are we making evidenced-based decisions? : what are the research needs : hearing before the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session, November 14, 2001. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.

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Project Bioshield reauthorization issues: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, April 6, 2006. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2006.

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How effectively is the federal government assisting state and local governments in preparing for a biological, chemical or nuclear attack?: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management and Intergovernmental Relations of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, second session, August 22, 2002. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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Strengthening disease surveillance: Eighth report. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2006.

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Biological threats: Is the current U.S. vaccine production system prepared? : hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, special hearing, August 21, 2009, Pittsburgh, PA. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2010.

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California. Legislature. Senate. Select Committee on Anti-Terrorism Policy. California's response to the emerging threat of terrorism. Sacramento, Calif. (1020 N St., Sacramento 95814): Senate Publications, 2002.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform. Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management and Intergovernmental Relations. How effectively are federal, state, and local governments working together to prepare for a biological, chemical, or nuclear attack?: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management and Intergovernmental Relations of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One hundred Seventh Congress, second session, March 25, 2002. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform. Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management and Intergovernmental Relations. How effectively are federal, state and local governments working together to prepare for a biological, chemical or nuclear attack?: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management and Intergovernmental Relations of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One hundred Seventh Congress, second session, March 28, 2002. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bioterrorism – Prevention – Government policy"

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Wang, Han. "From Passive Response to Active Transformation—Government Reengineering in the Field of Disaster Prevention and Emergency Management in China." In Applied Economics and Policy Studies, 433–41. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0564-3_45.

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Taki, Kentaro. "Flood Management Policy in Shiga Prefecture, Japan: Implementation Approach of a Risk-Based Flood Management System at Catchment Scale." In Ecological Research Monographs, 43–59. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6791-6_4.

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AbstractShiga Prefectural Government uses “site safety level” to assess the flood risk of major floodplains in the prefecture in order to implement an integrated floodplain management system in society. Site safety level is determined based on a risk matrix expressing the relationship between the frequency of inundation and the degree of damage at sites surrounding a river channel complex. A department has been set up for floodplain management separate from river management. The Department of Floodplain Management promotes disaster mitigation measures, such as land use and construction regulations, and conservation of traditional flood control facilities, including flood prevention forests, open levees, and ring levees. Such traditional facilities are highly functional as green infrastructure because they are focused not only on disasters but also on a daily basis in order to wisely utilize local ecosystem service.
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Cairney, Paul, and Emily St Denny. "Prevention Policy in the UK." In Why Isn't Government Policy More Preventive?, 87–115. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793298.003.0005.

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This chapter zooms out to identify the overall ‘weight’ of post-war initiatives, under the general banner of UK prevention policy, across multiple policy areas. Many UK governments have faced the same basic prevention puzzle, and the vague idea of prevention policy has risen up and fallen down the UK government policy agenda for most of the post-war era. However, there was a step-change of activity from 1997. The newly elected and self-styled New Labour government, led by Prime Minister Tony Blair, identified something akin to a ‘window of opportunity’ for major changes in policy and policymaking. Compared to its predecessors, it used the language of prevention more frequently, and was far more likely to describe it as a vehicle to address socio-economic inequalities, join up government, and pursue ‘evidence-based policy’. Initially, we find in its social construction of target populations some shift of emphasis from personal responsibility to structural causes of poor outcomes. Yet, we also detect a growing frustration with limited progress and more explicit moral judgements of target populations over time, prompting a more centralized approach to policymaking and a greater focus on ‘problem’ families towards the end of New Labour’s era of government. Most of this prevention agenda continued under the Conservative–Liberal Democrat Coalition government from 2010 to 2015, albeit with a greater focus on the economy, employability, ‘troubled families’, and individual responsibility.
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Cairney, Paul, and Emily St Denny. "Prevention Policy and Public Health." In Why Isn't Government Policy More Preventive?, 137–54. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793298.003.0007.

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Health policy is the traditional home of prevention policies. Public health is at the heart of policies designed to improve population health, and perhaps reduce health inequalities, often through changes in behaviour at an early age. Public health policy tends to be a hub for advocates of EBPM. In theory, healthcare and public health are symbiotic, particularly if early public health interventions reduce demand for acute healthcare. However, in practice, public health is an exemplar of the wide gap between expectations for ‘evidence-based’ prevention policy and actual outcomes. To demonstrate, first, we apply our theoretical approach, outlined in Chapters 1 to 3, to present a broad examination of health policy and the role of prevention within it, considering what a window of opportunity for prevention policy within a complex system means in relation to health and public health policy. Second, we show that the UK and Scottish governments have described different policy styles, but faced and addressed the ambiguity and complexity of preventive health policy in similar ways. Third, our comparison of broad prevention versus specific tobacco policies shows why substantive policy change is more apparent in the latter: there is a clearer definition of the policy problem, a more supportive environment for meaningful policy change, and more windows of opportunity for specific policy changes. These three conditions are not yet fulfilled in the broader prevention agenda.
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Cairney, Paul, and Emily St Denny. "Prevention and Mental Health Policy." In Why Isn't Government Policy More Preventive?, 155–76. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793298.003.0008.

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In health and public health policy in general, the conditions to support prevention policy are not yet apparent. Attention is low or fleeting, ambiguity is high, and debates on the meaning and application of prevention policies are wide. A supportive policymaking environment, producing regular windows of opportunity for specific policy changes, is difficult to identify. Such problems are accentuated when prevention and public health meet mental health. Recently, there have been meaningful calls for greater attention and resources to mental health policy, to pursue ‘parity’ between mental and physical health, and to stress the need for ‘public mental health’ to play a larger part in the public health agenda. However, this agenda remains in its infancy following decades of relative neglect, low public and policymaker attention, and uncertainty about what public mental health means (beyond the vague aim to promote mental well-being and prevent mental illness). At the same time, other policy agendas may undermine these fragile developments, such as when employment policy reforms affect the ability of people with mental ill health to receive social security benefits. In that context, we show that a firm and sincere commitment to public health and mental health is not enough to guarantee the success of preventive mental health initiatives.
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Cairney, Paul, and Emily St Denny. "Prevention and Criminal Justice." In Why Isn't Government Policy More Preventive?, 201–20. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793298.003.0010.

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First, we describe the general issues that governments face when pursuing social and criminal justice policies in a multi-centric environment. Both governments manage the same tensions between relatively punitive and individual versus supportive and population-wide measures to reduce crime, as part of an overall cross-cutting focus on prevention and early intervention. Second, we identify the historic policymaking strategies that UK governments have used to combine social policy and criminal justice policy, often with reference to target populations who—according to several UK ministers—do not pay their fair share to society and do not deserve state help. Third, we show how such trends influence preventive policies in specific areas such as drugs policy, in which the UK still reserves responsibility for drugs classification. Fourth, we use this UK context to identify the extent to which Scottish policy has a greater emphasis of social over criminal justice. To do so, we use the case study of a window of opportunity for a public health approach to serious violence. We focus on Scotland as the relatively innovative government on this issue, to provide context for initial analysis of the UK government’s proposed policy shift.
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Cairney, Paul, and Emily St Denny. "Conclusion: Revisiting the Prevention Puzzle." In Why Isn't Government Policy More Preventive?, 221–40. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793298.003.0011.

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Prevention is the ultimate example of a policy problem with an intuitively appealing, but ultimately elusive, solution. There is a profound gap between policymaker expectations and policy outcomes. Governments describe a high commitment to radical changes in prevention policy and preventive policymaking, but fail to deliver. We reject the idea that this puzzle can be explained primarily with reference to insincere politics or low political will. The danger with such conclusions is that they encourage a cycle of failure. Each new generation of policymakers will think that it will perform differently, and make a difference, simply because it exhibits high and sincere commitment. Or, each new generation of advocates will think that they just have to get the evidence, strategy, and language right, to inspire politicians to make the kinds of ‘evidence-based’ decisions whose value they take for granted. Advocates will struggle to understand their failure to close an ‘evidence–policy gap’, and policymakers will fall into the same basic trap that we describe in this chapter. Instead, our explanation helps policymakers and practitioners solve the puzzle of prevention policy by facing up to its ever-present challenges.
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Cairney, Paul, and Emily St Denny. "Prevention Policy as the Ultimate ‘Wicked’ Problem." In Why Isn't Government Policy More Preventive?, 1–26. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793298.003.0001.

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This book shows how to analyse, and seek to solve, the most enduring, puzzling, and important problems in public policy. Policy scholars often begin by relating such problems to two broad questions: why does policymaker attention and action seem disproportionate to the size of policy problems, and why is there such a gap between their policy aims and outcomes? The answer relates to (a) the limited resources of policymakers, in relation to (b) the complexity of their environments: policymakers only have the ability to pay attention to, and influence, a tiny proportion of their responsibilities, and they engage in a policymaking environment of which they have limited understanding and even less control. This insight resonates particularly in Westminster systems, in which most political debate rests on the idea that ministers are accountable because they can exert central government control. Rather, policymaking systems are complex and ‘multi-centric’ and a focus on the choices of a small number of powerful actors does not help us understand the system as a whole.
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Cairney, Paul, and Emily St Denny. "Environmental and Systemic Effects on Prevention Policy." In Why Isn't Government Policy More Preventive?, 45–63. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793298.003.0003.

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Policy actors may combine cognition and emotion to simplify their choices, or turn a complex problem into a small number of issues and objectives. However, they do so in an environment that remains complex and affects the impact of any policy. Policymakers try to deliver policy in environments containing many policymakers and influencers spread across many levels and types of government, operating in many organizations and networks with their own rules and language, and responding in different ways to relevant socio-economic conditions and events. Or, policymaking takes place in a ‘complex system’ that can amplify or dampen policymaker energy, and policy outcomes can ‘emerge’ at local levels, often despite central government attempts to control them. Consequently, it is relatively straightforward to identify central government policies, as collections of statements of intent and policy instruments, but difficult to predict or track their effects. Instead, policy theories and concepts help us understand the impact of choice in a ‘multi-centric’ policymaking environment.
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Cairney, Paul, and Emily St Denny. "The Scottish Government’s Decisive Shift to Prevention." In Why Isn't Government Policy More Preventive?, 116–36. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793298.003.0006.

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The Scottish Government faces the same ‘prevention puzzle’ as the UK government, but often argues that it deals with it in different ways. Some of this potential distinctiveness relates to a Scottish ‘policy style’ or ‘approach’, in which it encourages relatively consensual policy consultation and delivery. However, as Chapter 4 suggests, a lot of the ‘Scottish approach’ is aspirational. Further, many policymaking differences relate to the size of the Scottish Government, its responsibilities, and the scale of its task. If we account for such differences, the Scottish and UK governments often seem to respond in similar ways to the dilemmas posed by multi-centric policymaking and Westminster-style accountability. In the absence of clear and systematic differences between them, we need to produce empirical analysis of how each government: (a) makes sense of prevention policy, and (b) produces models of preventive policymaking. In that context, the Scottish Government experience provides a rich source of case study evidence on how governments address policy problems, and how territorial governments act while operating within wider multi-level systems.
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Conference papers on the topic "Bioterrorism – Prevention – Government policy"

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حسين عبد الجبوري, احمد. "Forced displacement from the outskirts of Kirkuk in 2014 challenges and hopes for return." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/9.

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"Introduction: Military and political crises and conflicts have been part of the reality of many countries of the world, which are witnessing political, economic, social, intellectual, cultural and sectarian changes that have made violence and terrorism an essential material for expressing the content of the conflict and its extensions, then turning to other societies. In mid-2014, Iraq was subjected to a fierce attack by the so-called Islamic State (ISIS) on the governorates of Mosul, Kirkuk, Salah al-Din, Diyala and Anbar, which led to the occupation of some of them by the organization's forces, and thus led to the forced migration of hundreds of thousands of people to the safe provinces. Stable, the extension of this crisis and its various effects made it a strategic challenge for Iraq that requires exceptional national efforts to achieve stability and ensure the return of the displaced to their areas of residence within a legal framework of a humanitarian nature. The problem of the study: The problem of the research lies in answering several questions that were raised in the study, which are what are the reasons that led to this forced migration and mass displacement, and what are the challenges facing the displaced and displaced in Kirkuk, and how to coexist amid the charged atmosphere in the city of Kirkuk, which is threatened by invasion from Before the forces of the organization, and how to reach solutions that satisfy all parties and end this crisis and ensure the dignified return of the displaced families to their homes after the liberation of the region and the restoration of security to it. Study hypothesis: The hypothesis that the researcher starts from in order to answer the questions raised by the problematic, confirmed or denied by the data of the study. Therefore, the absence of a unified national strategy that addresses the crisis of forced displacement and mass displacement in Iraq in general and in Kirkuk in particular and responds to the requirements of their relief and return to their areas would reduce the The quality of the humanitarian response policy and achieve social justice befitting the life of the Iraqi citizen. The importance of the study: The importance of this research comes since the crisis of forced displacement and mass displacement began in mid-2014, after ISIS took control of the northern and central regions of Iraq, the humanitarian emergency in Iraq became more severe, according to United Nations estimates, as the number of displaced people in Iraq exceeded Nearly three million displaced people, while more than eight million people are in need of humanitarian assistance, and with the lack of funding by the United Nations, and the presence of the Iraqi government and the Kurdistan Regional Government also under economic pressure as a result of the war on ISIS, the protection of human rights and the provision of assistance are at risk Also at great risk. Objectives of the study: 1- Getting to know the international evidence for the displaced. 2- The impact of the characteristics of the displaced in Kirkuk and the effects of the crisis. 3- Knowing the national efforts to curb the effects of the crisis. 4- Defining the general framework for the sustainable solutions required to ensure the success of return or resettlement cases. Study methodology: The study adopted the analytical method of an inductive nature based on reality, as a method in proving the hypothesis in order to reach the research objectives. Structure of the study: The study was divided into two sections. The first section included the challenges facing the displaced in Kirkuk, which included three main axes: first the political and security challenges, secondly the economic challenges, and thirdly the social challenges. The second topic dealt with the procedures used to deal with the crisis, which was divided into the situation The government from the crisis, the position of local associations and international organizations from the crisis, and finally the proposed solutions to end the crisis of forced displacement and displacement in Iraq in general and Kirkuk in particular. Results of the study: The study reached several results, including 1- The relief programs and the humanitarian response policy were unable to mitigate the economic, social and psychological impact of the displaced, which deepened the severity of the crisis and its repercussions. 2- Doubling the national and international effort is a necessity to limit the spillover effects of the crisis, provided that these efforts are linked and encapsulated by legal frameworks. 3- Returning to the liberated areas is among the most sustainable solutions. Therefore, the return of the displaced must be accompanied by achieving stability, providing services and security. Sources study: The sources of the study varied from the reports of the High Commission for Human Rights in Iraq, UNICEF, Amnesty International of the United Nations, and the reports of the International Organization for Migration and other organizations that used to issue their periodic reports and in numbers on the tragic conditions experienced by the Iraqi diaspora, including the book The Displacement Crisis in Safe Iraq. And protection issued by the Cisfire Center for Civilian Rights in London, the national report on human development in Iraq, the reports of the World Food Program, and other sources in the course of the study. "
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Kusuma, Mutiara Tirta Prabandari Lintang. "Understanding the Contextual Idiosyncrasies of Stunting Prevention Program at District and Village Levels in Indonesia Using the Ecological Approach." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.34.

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ABSTRACT Background: Despite rapid economic growth, stunting affects one third of the child­ren under five population in Indonesia. The Government of Indonesia (GoI) realizing the problem, established the National Strategy to Accelerate Stunting Prevention as a national priority program for 2017 to 2021. The GoI plans to maximize the use of resources, policies, and programs that encompasses nutrition-specific and sensitive interventions directed to the first 100 days of life. This study aimed to explore the extent of program planning, budgeting, and implementation related to stunting prevention at district and village level as well as to understand the challenges presented to converge intervention. Subjects and Method: A case study with ecological approach was conducted in 10 villages from five districts in Indonesia. The study method included focus group discussions with 70 district officials and 100 village representatives, interviews with 12 key informants from district planning agency, document analysis, and reflective journaling. The data were reported descriptively. Results: Most head districts, officials from relevant departments and village leaders committed to stunting prevention following the vice president decree of stunting as a national priority. As a result, programs and budget were in place and local initiatives to prevent stunting were on the rise. Despite the commitment, many expressed ambivalences and disregarded the issue as a mere short stature (genetic variation). Thus, problems related to efficiency, coverage, and sustainability persists as maintaining motivation among staffs were difficult. In some settings, the situation was exacerbated by factors such as high financial dependency, misconception, and poor gender relation. Conclusion: The policy and programs to control stunting among children in Indonesia are in place. However, challenges occur due to the complexity in governance system as well as lack of political will. Better communication and cooperation are essential for well implemented policies. Keywords: stunting, ecological approach, case study, nutrition intervention, nutrition policy Correspondence: Mutiara Tirta Prabandari Lintang Kusuma. Department of Health Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Public Health, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. Jl. Farmako, Sekip Utara Yogyakarta 55281. Email: mutiara.tirta@gmail.com. Mobile: +62­8­139880­320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.34
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Wutyi Hnin, Su, Amna Javed, Chawalit Jeenanunta, Jessada Karnjana, and Youji Kohda. "Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on electricity load demand in Thailand." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002556.

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Electricity demand is typically affected by many exogenous and endogenous factors to which utility generation, transmission, and distribution systems respond accordingly. The outbreak of COVID -19 caused a sudden change in every aspect in many countries. The number of cases increased exponentially from mid-March 2020 in Thailand. The Thai government has taken many pandemic-prevention measures such as requiring people to stay home to reduce human-to-human transmission of the virus. Many human activities stopped, such as businesses, services, and transportation. The preventive measures taken to curb the spread of COVID -19 have drastically changed the behavioral patterns of people. The energy sector is one of the sectors most affected by COVID-19. After the government-imposed restrictions to prevent COVID -19 within the country, there were extreme fluctuations in demand for electricity on the grid. We compared the electricity load patterns before and after introducing the countrywide restrictions by the government. Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand provided the daily 30-minute load data. This study provides valuable insights into the Thai power system during the global crisis. This is to support decision making, especially for policy-makers, grid operators, and regulators, by quantifying the short-term impact and identifying the long-term impact of pandemic waves on the power system.
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Alade, Idowu Mojeed. "In Quest for Sanctity and Inviolability of Human Life: Capital Punishment in Herodotus Book 1." In 27th iSTEAMS-ACity-IEEE International Conference. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v27p33.

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It is a common knowledge that workers both in the public and private sector spends their wages on critical needs such as rent, school fees, food, transportation, recharge cards and healthcare (moller,2004). They are also predominantly expose to economic risk, natural risk, health risk, life cycle risks, policy based and institutional risks, social and political risk (Geneva, ILO-STEP). Various government including Nigeria, historically have been able to introduce some forms of ad-hoc interventions programmes such as mortgage rent reduction, reduction in taxes, cancellation or postponement of loan payment and other form of direct subsidies (Townsend, 1994). Majority of these measures are privileges and not “right” in most developing countries including Nigeria (Sigma, 2005; UNDP 2003). Practiced in almost all ancient and traditional societies, with debates for and against, among lawgivers and philosophers, Capital punishment, also known as death penalty, was a part of the Athenian Greek law code as early as the time of Draco during the 7th Century BC. The debates and controversies continue until date. Is it just, unjust or a false justice? As at the year 2018, according to Amnesty International,1 55 countries of modern civilized world retain death penalty while a certain number have completely abolished it. Herodotus, the ancient Greek historian, in his Histories, record many instances of state sanctioned capital punishments. This paper, an attempt to accentuate the unjust nature of capital punishment and support its complete universal abolition, identifies three references to death penalty in Herodotus Book 1: combing, impaling and stoning. Book I of Herodotus was context analysed and interpreted with evidence from other relevant literary and historical sources. Arguments for death penalty include serving as deterrent to potential offenders and some sort of justice for the victims and family, especially in the case of murder; and the state, in the case of treason and other capital offences. Findings, however, revealed that capital punishment seldom curb potential criminals and might embittered and encouraged grievous crimes while discoveries of errors in judgment, among other reasons, could make death sentences unjust. The paper concluded by recommending prevention of such crimes necessitating capital punishments and proffered making greater efforts towards total abolition. Keywords: Capital punishment, Herodotus, Herodotus Histories, Justice, Death penalty.
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Reports on the topic "Bioterrorism – Prevention – Government policy"

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Alemu, Dawit, and Abebaw Assaye. A Multi-Phase Assessment of the Effects of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Ethiopia: The Case of Fogera Plain. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.036.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has not only led to the loss of human life and resulted in an unprecedented challenge to public health, but has also seriously affected food systems and work opportunities. As a global pandemic, COVID-19 has impacted food systems and livelihoods as a result of both economic and health challenges that emanate from domestic public policy measures, and also actions taken by other countries, mainly in the form of trade restrictions. Following the confirmation of the first COVID-19 case in Ethiopia on 13 March 2020, and concerns about the sharp increase in cases, the federal government declared a state of emergency on 8 April 2020 which lasted for five months. This paper presents the assessment of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and its prevention measures on agricultural commercialisation, food and nutrition security, labour and employment, as well as poverty and well-being in rural Ethiopia.
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Herbert, Sian. Reducing Criminal Violence Through Public Sector-led Multisectoral Approaches. Institute of Development Studies, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.043.

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The last decades have seen increased consensus for the need to understand and address violence through a public health approach, and a preventative approach, as embodied by Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16. This necessitates a multi-sector and multi-stakeholder approach, yet poor governance continues to threaten progress on this agenda. Many policy approaches to urban violence tend to take an approach that is either place-based; people-based; or behaviour-based and include a range of initiatives. The INSPIRE initiative is a key global response to tackling violence against women (VAW) and violence against children (VAC) A multisector approach is needed to address the complexity and multifactorial origins of violence. Yet multisector engagement can complicate institutional responses due to different goals, concepts, instruments, etc. Increased collaboration and joined-up approaches across government departments have led to changes in institutions and approaches. The literature base on violence prevention initiatives is varied and uneven across the different types of violence, e.g. with more literature available on interventions focussed on interpersonal and urban violence compared to organised crime-related violence. Evaluations are limited and face many methodological challenges (Cuesta & Alda, 2021) – e.g. the scale and complexity of violence limits the extent to which interventions can be rigorously evaluated or comparable, and most focus on interventions in the Global North. Most importantly, the literature base for this specific question – focussed on the wider institutional context and lessons for a multisectoral approach – is very limited, as most of the available literature focusses on lessons relating to the outcomes of the interventions. In line with the operational focus of this paper, this review draws mainly on practitioner and policy publications. The approaches, interventions, and lessons detailed below are illustrative and are not comprehensive of the many complex lessons relating to this broad area of programming.
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Community approaches and government policy reduce HIV risk in the Dominican Republic. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv15.1003.

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Effective programs that avert new HIV infections among sex workers and their partners, and hence the general population, are critical components of national HIV-prevention strategies. Prevention efforts have frequently relied on interventions that reach members of these vulnerable groups as individuals, such as condom promotion and STI management. Now, many researchers and program implementers are increasingly turning to “environmental-structural” interventions that address the physical, social, and political contexts in which individual behavior takes place. A recent Horizons study conducted jointly with two Dominican NGOs—Centro de Orientación e Investigación Integral and Centro de Promoción e Solidaridad Humana—and the National Program for the Control of STDs and AIDS assessed the impact of two environmental-structural models in reducing HIV-related risk among female sex workers in the Dominican Republic and compared their cost-effectiveness. As detailed in this brief, the models, built on years of experience gained from sex worker peer education programs, drew from the strengths of both community solidarity and government policy initiatives and engaged community members in both program and policy development.
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A model of costs of RTI case management services in Uttar Pradesh. Population Council, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1996.1007.

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The Government of India has adopted a Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) approach as the basis of its new family welfare policy. One component of RCH is management of reproductive tract infections (RTIs). The Population Council's Asia and the Near East Operations Research and Technical Assistance (ANE OR/TA) Project, in collaboration with the State of Uttar Pradesh, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, is conducting a study on the feasibility and cost of providing RTI case management at the primary-care level. The estimated annual cost of RTI case management at the district level would be about US$64,000. From the analysis, it is clear that the average annual drug budget of a Primary Health Care Centre in India is inadequate even if used only for subsidized RTI case management. Policymakers and program managers are examining the initial and continuing costs of RTI case management within the overall RCH package in India, with a focus on quality and sustainability. As noted in this paper, alternatives for controlling costs include better efforts at primary prevention, partner participation to reduce reinfection, user fees, and more private-sector involvement in reproductive health care.
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