Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biotechniques'

Le phénomène naturel d'érosion des berges peut menacer des infrastructures humaines. Des protections végétales peuvent être installées afin de mimer les dynamiques de végétation et armer la berge grâce aux racines. Cependant, les changements climatiques globaux sont susceptibles d'entraîner et d'aggraver les sécheresses, ce qui va stresser les végétaux présents et compromettre la bonne réussite des ouvrages de génie végétal. La principale question est donc " Quelles sont les caractéristiques biotechniques et les facultés d'acclimatation à la sécheresse de boutures de Salicaceae et Tamaricaceae, espèces utilisées ou potentiellement utilisables en génie végétal ? ". L'étude de différentes populations d'espèces classiquement utilisées que sont les saules démontre une résistance à la sécheresse plus efficace des populations méridionales tandis que les productions de biomasses restent plus élevées chez les populations septentrionales. L'étude des traits biotechniques et du comportement racinaire d'espèces potentielles appartenant aux Tamaricaceae (Tamarix gallica et Myricaria germanica) montre un taux élevé de reprise au bouturage, une forte production de biomasses et une stratégie de prospection racinaire différente des saules, ce qui leur confère une résistance à la sécheresse accrue. Ceci confirme une utilisation possible de ces espèces dans des ouvrages de génie végétal soumis à sécheresse.

Les techniques biologiques actuelles, en particulier celles qui concernent le génie génétique, sont devenues un domaine de discussion philosophique très actif. Elles soulèvent un nombre considérable d’inquiétudes dont le centre problématique réside dans cette interrogation : doit-on laisser à la technique la possibilité d’une fabrication intégrale de l’homme ? Les réponses habituelles avancées se heurtent soit aux problèmes philosophiques de l’essentialisme naturaliste, soit aux limitations des discours utopiques qui prônent l’arrivée du posthumain. Nous tenterons d’emprunter dans cette recherche une perspective différente, impliquant une double démarche conceptuelle : d’une part, une interrogation de l’image de l’homme à l’oeuvre dans les différents projets biotechniques ; d’autre part, la formulation d’une philosophie de la vie capable d’élucider la signification biologique et humaine de ces projets. Nous affirmerons à cet égard que l’image de l’homme-machine élaborée aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles trouve son accomplissement dans les biotechniques actuelles, dans lesquelles l’homme acquiert la condition de locus technicus par excellence. À l’intérieur de cet espace, il s’ouvre la possibilité d’une production technique de l’homme où les capacités normatives de la vie sont mises en question. Nous soutiendrons que les biotechniques s’offrent à l’homme comme une forme d’activité vitale paradoxale, dans la mesure où elles travaillent pour dépasser ou supprimer la polarité dynamique propre au vivant. Il s’agira donc d’analyser– à l’aune de Canguilhem – les fondements de la « fabrique » biotechnique et ses répercussions à l’égard de la valeur biologique de la vie
Current biological techniques, in particular those concerning genetic engineering have become a veryactive domain of philosophical discussion. These raise a series of significant concerns amongst which thefundamental problem lies in the following issue: should we or should we not allow the technique toassume on its own human improvement in all its dimensions? The customary answers to such matter,encounter with either the philosophical problems of naturalist essentialism, or else, the limitations ofutopian discourses which advocate the virtues of the arrival of the post-human concept. In this research,however, we will attempt to answer through a double conceptual approach. On one hand, a questioningof man’s image, at work in the diverse biotechnical projects; and on the other, the formulation of aphilosophy of life capable of clarifying the human and biological significance of these projects. In thisregard, we will claim that the image of the man-machine outlined in the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries isfully accomplished by present ongoing biotechnologies in which man acquires the condition of locustechnicus par excellence. This scenario opens up the possibility of a technical production of man, one inwhich life’s normative capacities are currently questioned. We will affirm that biotechnologies imply avital yet paradoxical form of activity insofar as these work towards surpassing or suppressing thedynamic polarity peculiar to living beings. Therefore, our approach will analyse – from the standpoint ofCanguilhem – the basis of the “biotechnical fabric” of the human body and its repercussions regardingthe biological value of life itself

Depuis 1980, les objectifs fixés a l'enseignement des sciences au niveau secondaire sont d'introduire des connaissances d'actualité en favorisant la méthode "active". A notre époque, les biotechniques occupent une place importance dans la société et les medias. De ce fait, la culture in vitro est enseignee depuis 1987 en classe de seconde sous forme de tp. Or, les professeurs, qui se plaignent d'un manque de formation dans ce domaine, ont constate que cet enseignement cree beaucoup de difficultés aux élèves. A l'aide des questionnaires nous avons repère certaines erreurs (par rapport a un référentiel scientifique), et nous avons identifie au moins deux origines possibles. D'abord, l'insuffisance, dans les programmes (collège et seconde) des preacquis nécessaires a l'assimilation des concepts de base de la culture in vitro (totipotentialite, différenciation. . . ). L'analyse des manuels de seconde (1987-1991) montre également l'absence d'un développement de ces concepts de base. La deuxième source vient de la complexité de la nature même de la matière enseignee (aspects théoriques et techniques). Afin d'aider les élèves a surmonter certaines difficultés, nous leurs avons propose un cours et un TP avec un développement des concepts de base de la culture in vitro et des explicitations au niveau de la cellule. L'évaluation qualitative de leurs connaissances après cette séquence montre que certains élèves ont mieux assimile quelques concepts. Cependant, des obstacles persistent, d'ou l'intérêt de poursuivre cette recherche et de l'élargir a d'autres niveaux ou la culture in vitro ou d'autres biotechniques (génie génétique) sont enseignées. Enfin, comme l'enseignement de la culture in vitro ne se fait pas sans difficultés en classe de seconde, il importe donc de réfléchir aux choix des contenus d'enseignement qui devraient faire l'objet de discussions associant enseignants, spécialistes de contenus et didacticiens. .
The objectives fixed to teaching sciences in high school (since 1980) is to introduce up to date knowledge encourging the "active" method. Today, the biotechnics occupy an important place in the society and the media. Therefore, the culture in vitro is being taught since 1987 in high school as a practical training. However, the professors who complain of lack of trainig in this domain have ascertained the difficulties faced by students. By meazns of questionnaires, we have found specific errors (in proportion to a scientifical referentiel) with at least two possible origins. First, the insufficiency in the curriculum of prerequists (high school, college) necessary to assimilate the basic concepts of culture in vitro (totipotentiality, differentiation. . . ). An analysis of high school books (1987-1991) shows also the absence of such basic concepts. The second origin comes from the natural comlexity itself of the subject being taught (theortical and technical aspects) to help the students to overcome certain difficulties, a course and practical training with the developpement of the basic concepts of culture in vitro and some explicitations at the cellular level, have been proposed. A qualitative evaluation of this experiment shows a better assimilation for some concepts (for some students). Nevertheless obstacles persists. Carrying out such a research and extending it to other levels where the culture in vitro or other biotechnics (engeenirinc genetic) could be taught, is valuable. Finaly, as teaching culture in vitro is not simple in high school, one should thinc about of the content of material being taught which merits the discussion of teaching advisors, specialist of contents and searchers in science education

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
O devido conhecimento dos eventos ovarianos associados à manipulação do ciclo estral se faz necessário para que se tenha um perfeito aproveitamento desta biotecnologia, tendo-se como objetivo final à concentração das ovulações no intervalo de tempo conhecido. Neste experimento avaliou-se a resposta ovariana ao protocolo de curta duração associado ou não a lecirelina (análogo de GnRH) e/ou benzoato de estradiol. 24 ovelhas Santa Inês cíclicas foram divididas em quatro grupos: Grupo controle (GC; n=06) – com administração de 45μg de d-cloprostenol (Prolise® - Tecnopec) no dia zero, colocação da esponja vaginal impregnada com acetato de medroxi-progesterona (MAP60® - Tecnopec) no dia três, retirada da esponja juntamente com aplicação de 400UI de eCG e 45 μg de d-cloprostenol no dia sete; Grupo BE (BE; n=06) - submetido ao mesmo tratamento do GC, adicionando-se a aplicação de 1 mg de benzoato de estradiol (BE) no dia um; Grupo GnRH (GNRH; n=06) – tratado de forma similar ao GC com a aplicação de 25μg de lecirelina (Gestran plus® - Tecnopec), 30 horas após a retirada da esponja; Grupo BE-GnRH (BE-GnRH; n=06) - tratado de forma similar ao GC, com a administração de 1 mg de BE no dia um e 25μg de lecirelina 30 horas após a retirada da esponja. As ovelhas tiveram os ovários monitorados através de ultrassonografia (US) transretal. O desaparecimento do folículo pré-ovulatório foi constatado em 23 dos 24 animais, uma ovelha do BE-GnRH não ovulou e foi excluída do experimento. O tamanho médio do maior folículo pré-ovulatório foi de 7,3mm (GC); 7,0mm (BE); 6,8mm (GnRH); 7,4mm (BE-GnRH) não havendo diferença entre eles (P>0,05), sendo encontrado 1,83; 1,16; 2; 1,4 folículos ovulados por animal para os grupos G1, G2, G3 e G4, respectivamente. Dados relacionados ao início do estro após a retirada da esponja e duração do estro obteve-se...
It is necessary to have good knowledge of the ovarian events that are associated with estrus cycle manipulation in order to assemble ovulations in a predicted time interval. This experiment assessed the ovarian response to a short-time protocol associated or not with lecirelin (GnRH analogous) and/or estradiol benzoate. 24 cycling Santa Inês ewes were divided into four groups as folllow: control group (CG; n=06) with the administration of 45μg of d-cloprostenol (Prolise® - Tecnopec) on day 0, insertion of vaginal sponge soaked with medroxi-progesterone acetate (MAP60® - Tecnopec) on day 3, and sponge withdrawal together with the injection of 400UI of eCG, and 45 μg of d-cloprostenol on day 7; EB group (EB; n=06) – subjected to the same G1 treatment but it was added the injection of 1 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) on Day 1; GnRH group (GnRH; n=06) that had similar treatment to CG with the application of 25μg of lecirelin (Gestran plus® - Tecnopec), 30 hours after sponge withdrawal; EB-GnRH group (EB-GnRH; n=06) that had similar treatment to CG with the administration of 1 mg of EB on Day 1 and 25μg of lecirelin 30 hours after sponge withdrawal. Ewes had their ovaries monitored via transrectal ultrasound examination. It was observed the disappearance of the preovulatory follicle in 23 out of 24 animals, and one ewe from G4 did not ovulated and thus was excluded from the experiment. The average size of the biggest preovulatory follicle was 7.3mm (CG); 7.0mm (GnRH); 6.8mm (EB); 7.4mm (EB-GnRH) with no significant difference among groups (P>0.05), As for ovulated follicles per animal, it was found 1.83; 1.16; 2; 1.4 for groups CG, GnRH, EB and EB-GnRH, respectively. Related data to the onset of estrus after sponge removal and estrus length was for the duration of CG 32/38, 6, GnRH 37/69, 3; EB 29.3 / 37.3, EB-GnRH 44/68 hours, respectively. Ovulation time was 65.3; 88; 53; 82.4 hours... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Sony Dimas Bicudo
Banca: Nereu Carlos Preste
Banca: Alberto Lopes Gusmão
Resumo: O devido conhecimento dos eventos ovarianos associados à manipulação do ciclo estral se faz necessário para que se tenha um perfeito aproveitamento desta biotecnologia, tendo-se como objetivo final à concentração das ovulações no intervalo de tempo conhecido. Neste experimento avaliou-se a resposta ovariana ao protocolo de curta duração associado ou não a lecirelina (análogo de GnRH) e/ou benzoato de estradiol. 24 ovelhas Santa Inês cíclicas foram divididas em quatro grupos: Grupo controle (GC; n=06) - com administração de 45μg de d-cloprostenol (Prolise® - Tecnopec) no dia zero, colocação da esponja vaginal impregnada com acetato de medroxi-progesterona (MAP60® - Tecnopec) no dia três, retirada da esponja juntamente com aplicação de 400UI de eCG e 45 μg de d-cloprostenol no dia sete; Grupo BE (BE; n=06) - submetido ao mesmo tratamento do GC, adicionando-se a aplicação de 1 mg de benzoato de estradiol (BE) no dia um; Grupo GnRH (GNRH; n=06) - tratado de forma similar ao GC com a aplicação de 25μg de lecirelina (Gestran plus® - Tecnopec), 30 horas após a retirada da esponja; Grupo BE-GnRH (BE-GnRH; n=06) - tratado de forma similar ao GC, com a administração de 1 mg de BE no dia um e 25μg de lecirelina 30 horas após a retirada da esponja. As ovelhas tiveram os ovários monitorados através de ultrassonografia (US) transretal. O desaparecimento do folículo pré-ovulatório foi constatado em 23 dos 24 animais, uma ovelha do BE-GnRH não ovulou e foi excluída do experimento. O tamanho médio do maior folículo pré-ovulatório foi de 7,3mm (GC); 7,0mm (BE); 6,8mm (GnRH); 7,4mm (BE-GnRH) não havendo diferença entre eles (P>0,05), sendo encontrado 1,83; 1,16; 2; 1,4 folículos ovulados por animal para os grupos G1, G2, G3 e G4, respectivamente. Dados relacionados ao início do estro após a retirada da esponja e duração do estro obteve-se... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: It is necessary to have good knowledge of the ovarian events that are associated with estrus cycle manipulation in order to assemble ovulations in a predicted time interval. This experiment assessed the ovarian response to a short-time protocol associated or not with lecirelin (GnRH analogous) and/or estradiol benzoate. 24 cycling Santa Inês ewes were divided into four groups as folllow: control group (CG; n=06) with the administration of 45μg of d-cloprostenol (Prolise® - Tecnopec) on day 0, insertion of vaginal sponge soaked with medroxi-progesterone acetate (MAP60® - Tecnopec) on day 3, and sponge withdrawal together with the injection of 400UI of eCG, and 45 μg of d-cloprostenol on day 7; EB group (EB; n=06) - subjected to the same G1 treatment but it was added the injection of 1 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) on Day 1; GnRH group (GnRH; n=06) that had similar treatment to CG with the application of 25μg of lecirelin (Gestran plus® - Tecnopec), 30 hours after sponge withdrawal; EB-GnRH group (EB-GnRH; n=06) that had similar treatment to CG with the administration of 1 mg of EB on Day 1 and 25μg of lecirelin 30 hours after sponge withdrawal. Ewes had their ovaries monitored via transrectal ultrasound examination. It was observed the disappearance of the preovulatory follicle in 23 out of 24 animals, and one ewe from G4 did not ovulated and thus was excluded from the experiment. The average size of the biggest preovulatory follicle was 7.3mm (CG); 7.0mm (GnRH); 6.8mm (EB); 7.4mm (EB-GnRH) with no significant difference among groups (P>0.05), As for ovulated follicles per animal, it was found 1.83; 1.16; 2; 1.4 for groups CG, GnRH, EB and EB-GnRH, respectively. Related data to the onset of estrus after sponge removal and estrus length was for the duration of CG 32/38, 6, GnRH 37/69, 3; EB 29.3 / 37.3, EB-GnRH 44/68 hours, respectively. Ovulation time was 65.3; 88; 53; 82.4 hours... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

A seleção e produção de touros para o mercado pecuário tornam-se foco de muitos estudos, e um grande desafio para o segmento em se tratando da constante busca de melhorias nos desempenhos produtivos dessa categoria animal. A tese teve por objetivo simular o que poderá acontecer com a produção de reprodutores, em termos de quantidades produzidas e custos operacionais efetivos, sob a influência dos métodos de acasalamentos e das biotécnicas reprodutivas disponíveis no mercado nacional. A hipótese em questão é a de testar se acasalar matrizes, classificadas por genótipo, suas produções serão melhores do que quando comparada à produção de matrizes classificadas por fenótipo. Foram simulados 42 cenários produtivos, divididos em 21 cenários com acasalamento genotípico e 21 com acasalamento fenotípico. Em cada divisão constam simulações com uso de Monta Natural, Inseminação Artificial padrão e com sêmen sexado para machos, Transferência de Embriões padrão e com sêmen sexado para machos, Fecundação in vitro padrão e com sêmen sexado para machos, sendo que em todos os casos três níveis diferentes de taxas de concepção foram testados. Os resultados apontaram que o sistema de acasalamento teve influência direta na produção de tourinhos, sendo que o acasalamento por genótipo foi mais eficiente do que o acasalamento por fenótipo. As taxas de concepção influenciaram negativamente mais os resultados dos sistemas de acasalamento fenotípico. Há um grande aumento no custo operacional efetivo dos sistemas que utilizaram as biotécnicas reprodutivas de Transferência de Embriões e Fecundação in vitro, e consequentemente uma redução na lucratividade destes sistemas. As simulações com Monta Natural apresentaram as maiores Margens Brutas e as simulações com Inseminação Artificial com uso de sêmen sexado para machos apresentaram os maiores Lucros Brutos.
The selection and production of bulls for the cattle market have both become the goal of many studies, as well as a great challenge for the segment, providing the constant search for performance improvement of that sort of animal. The target of this thesis is to simulate what may happen to the production of stud, in terms of quantity and effective operational costs, under the influence of the mating methods and the available reproduction biotechniques in the national market. The hypothesis under analysis consists of testing if mating matrices, classed by their genotype, their produce will be better than when compared to the produce of phenotype-classed matrices. 42 productive-scenes, divided into 21 genotype mating and 21 phenotype mating were simulated. In each of the scene divisions there were the following simulations: Natural Breeding, standard Artificial Insemination, Artificial Insemination with male-gendered semen, standard Embryo Transference, Embryo Transference with male-gendered semen, standard In-vitro Fecundation and In-vitro Fecundation with male-gendered semen, so that in all the cases, three different conception rates were tested. The results displayed that the mating system directly influenced the young bull production, once the genotype mating was more efficient than the phenotype mating. The conception rates negatively influenced the results of the phenotype mating mainly. There was a dramatic increase in the effective operational cost of the systems that used the reproductive biotechniques of Embryo Transference and In-vitro Fecundation, and, consequently, profitability reduction of those systems. The Natural Breeding simulations presented the highest Gross Margin, and the simulations of Artificial Insemination with male-gendered semen showed the highest Gross Profit.

Application à la pisciculture intensive en circuit fermé de techniques décrivant de l'aquariologie. La truite arc-en-ciel a été retenue pour tester l'ensemble des matériels et techniques. Une expérimentation à plus petite échelle a été réalisée parallélement sur le saumon atlantique, expèce dont la maitrise du cycle est plus complexe. Dans une première partie, l'auteur passe en revues les aspects biologiques et physiologiques liés en particulier à la reproduction, à l'alimentation et à la pathologie des espèces étudiées. Un rappel sommaire des divers procédés de pisciculture industrielle déjà commercialisés complète la partie consacrée à l'expérimentation proprement dite

L'utilisation directe d'effluents de lagunage a permis des productions piscicoles de 0. 9 a 2. 0 tonnes/ha. Le phytoplancton determine la qualite de l'eau. Des tanches et des rotengles, apres quatre annees passees dans une lagune, n'ont pas revele de contamination par les metaux lourds (cadmium, plomb, mercure) ou les pesticides organo-chlores. Apres une analyse des facteurs limitants d'autres modes de valorisation sont envisages. La production recoltable de zooplancton a ete evaluee a 10 tonnes/ha/an (poids frais) repartie en deux pics: printanier (daphnies) et hivernal (cyclopides). Son utilisation comme proies vivantes pour l'elevage de juveniles de poissons est interessante pendant 3-4 semaines apres l'entree en phase trophique. Sa teneur en proteines (60% poids sec) et sa composition en acides amines sont discutees en reference aux exigences des poissons. On test de croissance avec un aliment a base de zooplancton permet d'avancer un taux de substitution de 40% de proteines conventionnelles. Sa forte humidite (90%) est un handicap. Un logiciel ecrit en prolog, capable de simuler et d'expliquer l'interpretation de mesures, analyses et observations, a ete concu dans un but d'aide au controle de ces ecosystemes. On propose une methode de formalisation des connaissances et un systeme de raisonnement qualitatif

2009/2010
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a biological process which allows the removal of high organic-loading and potentially polluting substances by their transformation into biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide, prevalently. AD presents many other advantages: it has a low energy consumption and low construction costs with a relatively simple plant technology. Actually, since anaerobic bacteria work more efficiently at room temperature or higher, AD can be profitably applied in developing countries. Biogas production is a foundamental parameter of AD because it is the main index to be considered in a process economic evaluation and also because it gives a measure of its efficiency as well. Moreover, biogas production, and more frequently methane production, is often used as an index set to control the process. With the increase of energy price, the specific biogas production (SGP) of primary and residuals crops has become a goal for economic energy supply and, as a consequence, a rapid and effective method for measuring the gas produced has to be put forward, because there is not an accepted international standard yet. The effective knowledge of biogas production rate allows study of the biological process through macroscopic indicators, easily usable in industrial field, as well. The present study concerns the development and the validation of a technique for biogas production measurement and kinetic determination which adopts bench-mark laboratory-scale experiments with complex solid substrates, i.e. primary and residual energy crops. A laboratory-scale plant was designed and put up to perform this task. The equipment permits to carry out 4 contemporary tests because it is composed of 4 independent gas-lines, each of which connecting an anaerobic reactor to a gas-meter. Data from the experiments were continuously recorded by a data logger. The equipment was tested with synthetic substrate feeds of ethanol and sodium acetate. By a comparison between experimental gas production data and the theoretical ones, stoichiometrically calculated, the range of the error on methane productions resulted within ± 5%. In addition, the presence of oxygen amounts in the mixture, revealed the inconsistency of a test. These positive results allowed the implementation of different experiments to measure biogas produced from natural substrates. Apple, onion, corn straw, potato and winery wastes mixture were therefore tested in various experiments in order to calculate the SGP and SMA of the different crops. A new mathematical model for the description of complex substrate degradation was developed as well. The model was calibrated on the different biological systems and then applyed on real substrates to carry out their COD fractionation, to analyse the biological variable trends and to test the reliability of results. Finally, the reliability of a procedure for the evaluation of a two-step AD as compared to the one-step AD was tested by using apple and potato substrates.
La digestione anaerobica è un processo biologico che permette la rimozione di sostanze con alto carico organico, potenzialmente inquinanti, e la trasformazione di queste in biogas, costituito prevalentemente da metano e anidride carbonica. La digestione anaerobica ha anche ulteriori vantaggi: ha un basso consumo energetico, bassi costi di costruzione degli impianti, uniti ad una tecnologia impiantistica relativamente semplice. Inoltre, poiché i batteri anaerobici lavorano meglio a temperatura ambiente o superiore, si può applicare con profitto nei paesi in via di sviluppo. La produzione di biogas è un parametro fondamentale della digestione anaerobica perché è il principale indicatore cui fare riferimento nella valutazione economica del processo e perché allo stesso tempo fornisce anche una stima della sua efficienza. Inoltre, la produzione di biogas, o ancor più frequentemente quella di metano, è spesso usata come indice cui fare riferimento per un controllo di processo. Con l'aumento del costo energetico, risulta necessario definire correttamente ed efficacemente un metodo di misura del biogas prodotto, in particolare la produzione specifica (SGP) di biogas da biomasse primarie e residuali. Ad es, il test di attività metanogenica specifica (SMA), non ha ancora uno standard internazionale riconosciuto. La conoscenza effettiva della velocità di produzione di metano, infatti, apre la strada alla possibilità di studiare il processo biologico attraverso indicatori macroscopici, facili da applicare anche in un contesto industriale. Il presente lavoro riguarda lo sviluppo e la validazione di un metodo per effettuare la misurazione del biogas e la determinazione delle cinetiche di processo con esperimenti in scala di laboratorio effettuati su substrati complessi, ovvero biomasse primarie e residuali. Per fare ciò, è stato progettato e realizzato un impianto in scala di laboratorio. L'apparecchiatura permette di effettuare 4 prove contemporanee perché è provvista di 4 linee gas indipendenti, ciascuna delle quali connette un reattore anaerobico ad un gasometro. All'impianto è stato affiancato un sistema automatico di acquisizione dati, che permette la registrazione in continuo dei dati di produzione. L'impianto è stato verificato utilizzando alimentazioni di substrati sintetici quali etanolo e acetato di sodio. A seguito del confronto tra i dati di produzione di gas sperimentale e quelli di produzione teorica, calcolata stechiometricamente, l'errore nella risposta è risultato essere contenuto tra i valori di ± 5%. In aggiunta, la verifica del contenuto in ossigeno della miscela ha permesso di scartare le prove non conformi. Questi risultati positivi hanno consentito di passare ad esperimenti condotti su substrati naturali. Sono stati così testati, con i successivi esperimenti, mela, cipolla, patata, paglia di mais e residui solidi della lavorazione del vino, al fine di calcolarne l'SGP e l'SMA. E' anche stato sviluppato un nuovo modello matematico per simulare la degradazione di un substrato complesso. Tale modello è stato dapprima calibrato sui diversi sistemi biologici e in seguito applicato su alcuni substrati reali al fine di operare un frazionamento del COD, analizzare l'andamento delle variabili biologiche e verificare la compatibilità con i risultati sperimentali. Da ultimo, è stata verificata l'affidabilità di una procedura per la valutazione della digestione anaerobica a due fasi e il confronto con quella a fase singola, condotta con campioni di mele e di patate.
XXIII Ciclo
1979

L’objectif est de déterminer quelles sont les voies d’amélioration de la pisciculture en étang dans le cadre du développement durable des Exploitations Familiales Agricoles (EFA) en Afrique. Trois approches ont été réalisées : une typologie suivie d’une évaluation environnementale par Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) des types de pisciculture et une expérimentation sur l’influence de facteurs de production du système. Quatre types de pisciculture et formes d’intégration au sein de l’EFA se distinguent au Cameroun. L’ACV des piscicultures analysées montre que les impacts environnementaux varient avec les pratiques. Ces résultats se révèlent importants comparés à ceux d’autres systèmes aquacoles équivalents à cause de leur faible rendement et de l’origine d’apports trophiques. La gestion de l’eau est un des facteurs de production responsable de la faiblesse des rendements. Une expérimentation en plan multifactoriel fractionnaire montre que la densité d’empoissonnement et l’ajout de pain, remoulage, chaux ou de cendre influent sur le rendement agronomique et économique d’une polyculture Tilapia - Clarias. L’urée et la cendre se sont révélées néfastes pour l’environnement, de par les rejets respectivement azotés et phosphatés qu’elles engendrent. Émergent deux logiques de pisciculture durable : (1) à faible densité (1,2 poissons/m²) et à faibles niveau d’intrants et (2) à forte densité d’élevage (2,2 poissons/m²) avec des espèces associées et fort niveau d’intrants. Ces deux stratégies peuvent répondre aux objectifs des producteurs selon le contexte socio-économique
To determine ways to improve fish farming in ponds within the framework of sustainable development of family farms in Africa, a three-step approach was performed: classification of fish farming systems, assessment of their environmental impacts via Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and an experiment to identify the factors that most influence them. Four types of fish farm and forms of integration within family farms in Cameroon were classified. The LCA showed that environmental impacts of analyzed fish farms varied with farm practices. These results were higher compared to those of similar aquaculture systems because of their low yields and different origins of trophic inputs. Poor water management is one production factor responsible for low yields in Cameroon. The experiment, following a fractional factorial design, showed that stocking density and addition of bread, wheat bran, lime or ash to ponds acted on the agronomic and economic performances of tilapia and catfish polycultures. In particular, urea and ash have been found harmful to the environment due to the discharges of nitrogen and phosphate they generate, respectively. Two rationales for sustainable fish farming emerged from this study: (1) low stocking density (1. 2 fish/m²) with low levels of inputs and (2) high stocking density (2. 2 fish/m²) with associated species and high levels of inputs. Together, these strategies can meet the economic and sustainability objectives of producers in different socio-economic contexts

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The lower San Francisco river had changed their hidrossedimentological behavior by changes in river channel through the impoundment of water reservoirs for the implementation of large hydropower projects. These direct impact on the stability of river banks, demands actions to mitigate the erosion resulting from soil mass movements. Soil bioengineering, which is a correct technique from the standpoint of ecological and aesthetic, makes use of biological knowledge for slope stabilization and banks of watercourses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of slope of São Francisco river throught physical parameters and development of vetiver grass composing the technique of soil bioengineering. Before the deployment of this biotechnique undisturbed samples of soil were collected and deformed to run the auger boreholes down to the water being removed layers representing the slope. Subsequent to sampling laboratory tests were performed allowing the characterization and identification of physical and mechanical properties of the soil. The experimental site studied was located on the Sergipe side of the lower course of the São Francisco river, has vertical slope, a decrease of margin collapse mass of soil and undermining the base with no riparian vegetation. For deployment of the biotechnique, at the experimental base of the slope technique was used to vegetated riprap with live cuttings of thrush (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth) and planting of vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides L (Roberty) with different levels of phosphorus and on top of slope sediment retainers were placed Bermalonga ®. The soil texture of the slope is closely related to susceptibility to erosion and the mechanical behavior of the same. The performance of the ongoing struggles of the water flow at its base promotes different values of moisture in the soil causing different levels of densities that change their mechanical properties by developing a dynamic behavior in the soil. The levels of phosphorus and developmental stages morphological parameters interact in shoot dry weight, root dry weight, fresh air, fresh root, root density, density of root length, root number, external surface, shoot length, root length.
O baixo curso do rio São Francisco teve seu comportamento hidrossedimentológico alterado pelas modificações no canal fluvial, através do represamento das águas para implantação de reservatórios de grandes projetos hidrelétricos. Estes impactaram diretamente na estabilidade das margens do rio, demandando ações de mitigação dos processos erosivos resultantes dos movimentos de massa de solo. A bioengenharia de solo, que é uma técnica correta do ponto de vista ecológico e estético, utiliza-se de conhecimentos biológicos para estabilização de encostas de terrenos e margens de cursos de água. O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de talude da margem do rio São Francisco por meio de atributos físicos e desenvolvimento do capim vetiver compondo à técnica de bioengenharia de solos. Antes da implantação da biotécnica foram realizadas coletas de amostras indeformadas e deformadas de solo com execução de furos de sondagem a trado até o nível d água sendo retiradas camadas representativas do talude. Posteriormente, a coleta de amostras foram realizados ensaios laboratoriais possibilitando a caracterização e identificação das propriedades físicas e mecânicas do solo. O sítio experimental estudado está localizado na margem sergipana do baixo curso do Rio São Francisco, apresenta talude verticalizado, recuo de margem, desmoronamento de massa de solo e solapamento da base com ausência de vegetação ripária. Para implantação da biotécnica, na área experimental base do talude foi utilizada a técnica do enrocamento vegetado, com estacas vivas de sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth) e plantio da gramínea vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides L (Roberty) com diferentes doses de fósforo e no topo do talude foram colocados retentores de sedimento Bermalonga®. A granulometria do material do talude se mostrou intimamente relacionada com a suscetibilidade ao processo erosivo e com o comportamento mecânico do mesmo. A atuação dos embates da corrente fluvial permanente em sua base promove diferentes valores de umidade no solo provocando níveis diferentes de densidades que modificam suas propriedades mecânicas desenvolvendo um comportamento dinâmico no solo. Doses de fósforo aplicadas ao capim vetiver e os períodos de desenvolvimento morfológico interagiram nos parâmetros massa seca parte aérea, massa seca raíz, massa fresca aérea, massa fresca raiz, densidade de raíz, densidade de comprimento da raiz, numero de raíz, superficie externa, comprimento parte aérea, comprimento raíz.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The use of frozen semen is a practice still little spread among the sheep producers and shows pregnancy results unsatisfactory. Because this the addition of antioxidant in the extenders to improve the sperm quality after your handing is the goal of many researchers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze in vitro effects of different concentrations of cysteine anti-oxidant in extenders on the sheep sperm storage fresh, cooled and frozen. After sperm sampling and the individual analysis, the semen of six-sheep were pooled and divided in equal aliquots to be diluted in PBS (fresh semen), Equimix® (cooled semen) or Bovimix® (frozen semen). For each of these groups were added cysteine in different concentrations 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mM, so were made the respective experimental groups Control, Cys2.5, Cys5.0 and Cys7.5. The fresh semen was stored in room temperature during two hours, the cooled semen was stored among four to eight hours in 16ºC and the frozen semen was stored into liquid nitrogen. The analyzed variables to the fresh and cooled semen were motility, vigor, viability and mitochondrial potential of the spermatozoids. To the frozen semen, the parameters evaluated were the plasmatic and acrossomal membranes integrity, kinect by the computer system (CASA) and the mitochondrial potential. The group Cys7.5 showed the highest values of motility in the fresh semen (73.50%), however there was not different (p>0.05) than the group Cys5.0 in the cooled semen after four (68.00 vs 66.50%) and eight hours (57.00 vs 55.00%). For the frozen semen, the addition of 7.5 mM cysteine promoted the highest percentage of spermatozoids with integrate plasmatic membrane (23.2%), followed by the Cys5.0 group (20.0%), however there was not statistic different (p<0.05) among the group in the acrosomal integrity. The addition of cysteine in the frozen extender promoted increased in the capacity of mobility to the spermatozoa. There was not difference (p>0.05) among the groups Cys5.0 and Cys7.5 mM for the variables average-path (VAP), straight-line (VSL) and curvilinear velocity (VCL), however the concentration of 7.5 mM cysteine was more efficient in the protection of plasmatic membrane and increased the beat/cross frequency (BCF).
O uso de sêmen conservado é uma prática pouco difundida na ovinocultura nacional, e ainda apresenta resultados insatisfatórios de prenhez. Por isso, a adição de antioxidantes aos diluidores para preservar a qualidade seminal após sua manipulação tem sido alvo de muitas pesquisas. Sendo assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito in vitro da adição de diferentes concentrações do antioxidante cisteína ao meio diluente no sêmen ovino mantido fresco, refrigerado e congelado. Após a colheita e análise individual, o sêmen de seis carneiros formaram um pool, iguais alíquotas deste foram diluídas em PBS (sêmen fresco), Equimix® (sêmen refrigerado) ou Bovimix® (sêmen congelado), e adicionado 0, 2.5, 5.0 e 7.5 mM de cisteína para formar os respectivos grupos experimentais: Controle, Cys2.5, Cys5.0 e Cys7.5. O sêmen fresco foi mantido em temperatura ambiente durante duas horas, o sêmen refrigerado permaneceu durante quatro e oito horas à 16°C e o sêmen congelado foi armazenado em nitrogênio líquido. As variáveis analisadas do sêmen fresco e refrigerado foram motilidade, vigor, viabilidade e potencial mitocondrial dos espermatozoides. Avaliaram-se no sêmen congelado a integridade de membrana plasmática e acrossomal, cinética espermática computadorizada e potencial mitocondrial. O grupo Cys7.5 apresentou os maiores valores de motilidade no sêmen fresco (73,50%), porém não diferiu (p>0,05) com o grupo Cys5.0 no sêmen refrigerado após quatro (68,00 vs 66,50%) e oito horas (57,00 vs 55,00%). No sêmen congelado, a adição de 7.5 mM de cisteína promoveu maior porcentagem de espermatozoides com a membrana plasmática íntegra (23,2%), seguido pelo grupo Cys5.0 (20,0%), más não houve diferença estatística (p>0,05) entre os grupos na integridade acrossomal. A adição de cisteína ao diluente de congelação promoveu aumento na capacidade de deslocamento dos espermatozoides. Não houve diferença (p>0,05) entre os grupos Cys5.0 e Cys7.5 para as variáveis velocidade de trajeto (VAP), velocidade retilínea (VSL) e velocidade curvilínea (VCL), porém a concentração de 7.5 mM de cisteína foi mais eficiente na proteção da membrana plasmática e promoveu maior frequência de batimento flagelar (BCF).

碩士
逢甲大學
化學工程學所
93
Overproduction of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli commonly results in the formation of insoluble aggregates. Prior to the performance of immobilization, the requisite calls for the renaturation of the insoluble proteins, a process usually laborious, inefficient, and costly. In this study, a new method based on artificial oil bodies (AOBs) was proposed to achieve protein refolding and immobilization in one step. To demonstrate the feasibility, D-hydantoinase was fused to the C terminus of oleosin, a storage protein of plant oil body. As a result, the hybrid protein in the form of inclusion bodies was largely produced in E. coli to reach 30% of total cell protein content. Without the additional need of denaturant, the insoluble fusion protein combined with plant oil was readily incorporated into AOBs upon sonication. Subsequent analysis by the protease accessibility confirmed the presence of active D-hydantoinase on AOBs’s surfaces. As compared to its free counterpart, the immobilized D-hydantoinase exhibited higher tolerance to heat. Moreover, the immobilized enzyme was maintained stable for at least 21 days as stored at 4℃. Moreover, the usefulness of the immobilized D-hydantoinase was investigated in a bioconversion process. At the end of each reaction, the enzyme immobilized on AOBs was recovered from the top of solution simply by a brief centrifugation. Consequently, it gave a conversion yield exceeding 80% by the repeated use of enzymes for 7 cycles. Overall, the AOBs-based system is featured with simplicity, efficiency, as well as economy and is practically useful for the immobilization of enzymes with low solubility.

博士
國立臺灣大學
生物科技研究所
102
Most of the traditional assay used for biologics evaluation &; clinical diagnosis, such as direct culturing and counting Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) for potency assay of live attenuated vaccine or direct sequencing for virus genotyping are labor-intensive or time-consuming, and depend upon visual read-out of the image, which may cause different results due to different operators. Since the novel techniques for rapid or multiplexing detection are getting more popular, we therefore tried to improve the potency assay for biologics evaluation and the virus genotyping detection assay using the novel biotechniques. The Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine prepared from a strain of Mycobacterium bovis. The conventional method to determine the potency of the BCG vaccine is to count the number of colony forming units (CFU). However, M. bovis is a slow growing organism and it takes at least four weeks incubation for the potency assay. The results of the potency assay could also vary due to manual counting. Therefore, we developed a rapid and reliable method to determine the potency of M. bovis BCG. The total handing time of the assay is only 4 hours and the results showed a very good agreement with the results from conventional CFU method. In addition, there are more than six different genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) around the world and they play an important role in the treatment of Hepatitis C patients. However, most of the current genotyping methods are unable to detect mixed genotypes from two or more HCV infections. In order to detect different HCV genotypes in a sample, we applied suspension bead array technology to identify HCV genotypes simultaneously. The assay is capable to detect two different HCV genotypes within a sample and identify HCV in HCV/HIV mixed samples. The features of rapid and reliable make this assay became a potential genotyping method for HCV genotyping in the future. Our studies demonstrate that the novel biotechniques can improve the potency assay for biologics evaluation and the virus genotyping assay. Therefore, improvement strategies utilizing novel biotechniques for virus genotyping and biologics’ potency measurement could be constantly applied in the future.

博士
國立陽明大學
醫學生物技術暨檢驗學系暨研究所
96
siRNA (small interfering RNA), ribozyme and DNAzyme now are widely used to suppress target gene with homologous sequence. Ribozyme and siRNA are made by chemical synthesis, or by in vitro enzymatic production using T7 RNA polymerase. However, RNA produced by these methods are still cost-ineffective. To facilitate the efficacy of gene-targeted knock-down as well as overcome the time and cost-related shortcoming associated with the current methods, we have explored the advantage of T7 RNA polymerase in conjunction with oligonucleotide (ODN) templates allowing expression high level of shRNA or ribozyme expression in mammaian cells. Commonly-used cell lines, e.g. HEK, HeLa, CHO, and H1299, were stably transfected with T7 RNA polymerase gene. The cytoplasm-restricted transcription activity of T7 RNA polymerase confers a continuous and robust transcription from T7 promoter-containing ODN template, and leads to 70-80% inhibition of the tested target genes. Compared with the use of siRNA/ribozyme expressing plasmids, our system skipped time-consuming preparations of recombinant plasmids and enrichment of transfected cells. In addition, our system can also be applied to synthesize protein in which different levels of translation could be achieved depending on the presence of poly A tail or IRES (internal ribosome binding site) in the T7-transcribed RNAs. Thus this system provides a plateform for a quick in vivo screening and test of RNAs and proteins. In another part of our research, we used 10-23 DNAzyme which is an oligodeoxyribonucleotide-based ribonuclease and has been shown to effectively cleave target mRNA at purine (R)-pyrimidine (Y) dinucleotide to selectively inhibit the expression of mutant p53. In this report, a p53-R249S (AGG�莧GT) mutant and another common SNP p53-P72R (CCC�彪GC) were tested. 10-23 DNAzyme was used to cut mutant mRNA at RY dinucleotide of p53. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that this DNAzyme could specifically cut the mutant p53 allele, leaving the wildtype un-affected. This proof-of-concept experiment provided a new way to knock down expression of a given allele with special single-base transversion. Finally, we report the use of Alu I to destroy undesired DNA contamination just before the PCR program. Alu I is a restriction enzyme cutting double-stranded DNA at “AGCT” which is an abundant sequence dispersed in human genome. This process is simple with a requirement that the target sequence must contain Alu I site(s). Aliquots of reverse-transcribed products are mixed with all PCR integrants and Alu I in PCR vials. The vials are kept at 42℃ for 90 min to inactivate DNA contamination followed by the normal PCR or real-time PCR program. Experimental results showed that the addition of Alu I effectively destroy undesired DNA contamination without affecting the performance of PCR.

碩士
逢甲大學
化學工程學所
96
To achieve targeting, imaging, and treatment of human breast cancer cells, in this study we constuctured a hybrid gene and expressed in Escherichia coli. The resulting protein was produced in the soluble form. With the aid of IMAC column, the fusion protein was purified and shown to be able to bind speficically to human breast cancer cells. Moreover, we have developed the non-penetrating and targeted as well as the penetrating methods for delivery of bacteria to human cancer breast cells. The former relied on the use of an E. coli strain able to recognize human breast cancer cells. The latter exploited an invasive E. coli.