Journal articles: 'Biosynthetic processes'

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Asrar, Jawed, and James C. Hill. "Biosynthetic processes for linear polymers." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 83, no. 3 (November 29, 2001): 457–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.2253.

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Usatîi, Agafia, Natalia Chiseliţa, Nadejda Efremova, and Tamara Borisova. "The Using of Millimeter Waves for Biosynthetic Processes Stimulation in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae." Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aucft-2014-0002.

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Abstract The results of influence of three frequencies of electromagnetic radiation of highfrequency range (EMR EHF) on the biosynthesis of carbohydrates, β-glucan, proteins, catalase activity by Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNMN -Y-20 yeast strain were analysed. It was established that frequency of f= 53,33 GHz stimulates the biosynthesis of carbohydrates, including β-glucan and frequency of f= 42,19 GHz promotes the increase of protein content and catalase. The indicated frequencies of EMR EHF are offered for the use in the biotechnology of cultivation of yeasts with the purpose to increase biosynthetic properties of yeast strain

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ETTLER, P., and J. NUTIL. "Construction of fermenters for sterile biosynthetic processes." Kvasny Prumysl 32, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18832/kp1986025.

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Bumpus, Stefanie B., and Neil L. Kelleher. "Accessing natural product biosynthetic processes by mass spectrometry." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 12, no. 5 (October 2008): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.07.022.

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Storbeck, Sonja, Sarah Rolfes, Evelyne Raux-Deery, Martin J. Warren, Dieter Jahn, and Gunhild Layer. "A Novel Pathway for the Biosynthesis of Heme inArchaea: Genome-Based Bioinformatic Predictions and Experimental Evidence." Archaea 2010 (2010): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/175050.

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Heme is an essential prosthetic group for many proteins involved in fundamental biological processes in all three domains of life. InEukaryotaandBacteriaheme is formedviaa conserved and well-studied biosynthetic pathway. Surprisingly, inArchaeaheme biosynthesis proceedsviaan alternative route which is poorly understood. In order to formulate a working hypothesis for this novel pathway, we searched 59 completely sequenced archaeal genomes for the presence of gene clusters consisting of established heme biosynthetic genes and colocalized conserved candidate genes. Within the majority of archaeal genomes it was possible to identify such heme biosynthesis gene clusters. From this analysis we have been able to identify several novel heme biosynthesis genes that are restricted to archaea. Intriguingly, several of the encoded proteins display similarity to enzymes involved in hemed1biosynthesis. To initiate an experimental verification of our proposals twoMethanosarcina barkeriproteins predicted to catalyze the initial steps of archaeal heme biosynthesis were recombinantly produced, purified, and their predicted enzymatic functions verified.

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Fujiwara, Tohru, and Hideo Harigae. "Biology of Heme in Mammalian Erythroid Cells and Related Disorders." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/278536.

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Heme is a prosthetic group comprising ferrous iron (Fe2+) and protoporphyrin IX and is an essential cofactor in various biological processes such as oxygen transport (hemoglobin) and storage (myoglobin) and electron transfer (respiratory cytochromes) in addition to its role as a structural component of hemoproteins. Heme biosynthesis is induced during erythroid differentiation and is coordinated with the expression of genes involved in globin formation and iron acquisition/transport. However, erythroid and nonerythroid cells exhibit distinct differences in the heme biosynthetic pathway regulation. Defects of heme biosynthesis in developing erythroblasts can have profound medical implications, as represented by sideroblastic anemia. This review will focus on the biology of heme in mammalian erythroid cells, including the heme biosynthetic pathway as well as the regulatory role of heme and human disorders that arise from defective heme synthesis.

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Jørgensen, Hanne, Kristin F. Degnes, Alexander Dikiy, Espen Fjærvik, Geir Klinkenberg, and Sergey B. Zotchev. "Insights into the Evolution of Macrolactam Biosynthesis through Cloning and Comparative Analysis of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster for a Novel Macrocyclic Lactam, ML-449." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 1 (October 23, 2009): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00744-09.

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ABSTRACT A new compound, designated ML-449, structurally similar to the known 20-membered macrolactam BE-14106, was isolated from a marine sediment-derived Streptomyces sp. Cloning and sequencing of the 83-kb ML-449 biosynthetic gene cluster revealed its high level of similarity to the BE-14106 gene cluster. Comparison of the respective biosynthetic pathways indicated that the difference in the compounds' structures stems from the incorporation of one extra acetate unit during the synthesis of the acyl side chain. A phylogenetic analysis of the β-ketosynthase (KS) domains from polyketide synthases involved in the biosynthesis of macrolactams pointed to a common ancestry for the two clusters. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrated the formation of a macrolactam-specific subclade for the majority of the KS domains from several macrolactam-biosynthetic gene clusters, indicating a closer relationship between macrolactam clusters than with the macrolactone clusters included in the analysis. Some KS domains from the ML-449, BE-14106, and salinilactam gene clusters did, however, show a closer relationship with KS domains from the polyene macrolide clusters, suggesting potential acquisition rather than duplication of certain PKS genes. Comparison of the ML-449, BE-14106, vicenistatin, and salinilactam biosynthetic gene clusters indicated an evolutionary relationship between them and provided new insights into the processes governing the evolution of small-ring macrolactam biosynthesis.

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Hayes, J. M. "Fractionation of Carbon and Hydrogen Isotopes in Biosynthetic Processes." Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 225–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gsrmg.43.1.225.

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Chen, Ming, Jingyu Liu, Panpan Duan, Mulin Li, and Wen Liu. "Biosynthesis and molecular engineering of templated natural products." National Science Review 4, no. 4 (August 11, 2016): 553–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nww045.

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Abstract Bioactive small molecules that are produced by living organisms, often referred to as natural products (NPs), historically play a critical role in the context of both medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. How nature creates these chemical entities with stunning structural complexity and diversity using a limited range of simple substrates has not been fully understood. Focusing on two types of NPs that share a highly evolvable ‘template’-biosynthetic logic, we here provide specific examples to highlight the conceptual and technological leaps in NP biosynthesis and witness the area of progress since the beginning of the twenty-first century. The biosynthesis of polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides and their hybrids that share an assembly-line enzymology of modular multifunctional proteins exemplifies an extended ‘central dogma’ that correlates the genotype of catalysts with the chemotype of products; in parallel, post-translational modifications of ribosomally synthesized peptides involve a number of unusual biochemical mechanisms for molecular maturation. Understanding the biosynthetic processes of these templated NPs would largely facilitate the design, development and utilization of compatible biosynthetic machineries to address the challenge that often arises from structural complexity to the accessibility and efficiency of current chemical synthesis.

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Thapa, Pandey, Park, and Kyung Sohng. "Biotechnological Advances in Resveratrol Production and its Chemical Diversity." Molecules 24, no. 14 (July 15, 2019): 2571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142571.

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The very well-known bioactive natural product, resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene), is a highly studied secondary metabolite produced by several plants, particularly grapes, passion fruit, white tea, and berries. It is in high demand not only because of its wide range of biological activities against various kinds of cardiovascular and nerve-related diseases, but also as important ingredients in pharmaceuticals and nutritional supplements. Due to its very low content in plants, multi-step isolation and purification processes, and environmental and chemical hazards issues, resveratrol extraction from plants is difficult, time consuming, impracticable, and unsustainable. Therefore, microbial hosts, such as Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Corynebacterium glutamicum, are commonly used as an alternative production source by improvising resveratrol biosynthetic genes in them. The biosynthesis genes are rewired applying combinatorial biosynthetic systems, including metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, while optimizing the various production processes. The native biosynthesis of resveratrol is not present in microbes, which are easy to manipulate genetically, so the use of microbial hosts is increasing these days. This review will mainly focus on the recent biotechnological advances for the production of resveratrol, including the various strategies used to produce its chemically diverse derivatives.

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Kawada, Kojiro, Yuya Uchida, Ikuo Takahashi, Takahito Nomura, Yasuyuki Sasaki, Tadao Asami, Shunsuke Yajima, and Shinsaku Ito. "Triflumizole as a Novel Lead Compound for Strigolactone Biosynthesis Inhibitor." Molecules 25, no. 23 (November 25, 2020): 5525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235525.

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Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived plant hormones involved in the development of various plants. SLs also stimulate seed germination of the root parasitic plants, Striga spp. and Orobanche spp., which reduce crop yield. Therefore, regulating SL biosynthesis may lessen the damage of root parasitic plants. Biosynthetic inhibitors effectively control biological processes by targeted regulation of biologically active compounds. In addition, biosynthetic inhibitors regulate endogenous levels in developmental stage- and tissue-specific manners. To date, although some chemicals have been found as SL biosynthesis inhibitor, these are derived from only three lead chemicals. In this study, to find a novel lead chemical for SL biosynthesis inhibitor, 27 nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivatives were screened for inhibition of SL biosynthesis. Triflumizole most effectively reduced the levels of rice SL, 4-deoxyorobanchol (4DO), in root exudates. In addition, triflumizole inhibited endogenous 4DO biosynthesis in rice roots by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of Os900, a rice enzyme that converts the SL intermediate carlactone to 4DO. A Striga germination assay revealed that triflumizole-treated rice displayed a reduced level of germination stimulation for Striga. These results identify triflumizole as a novel lead compound for inhibition of SL biosynthesis.

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Tupec, Michal, Aleš Buček, Irena Valterová, and Iva Pichová. "Biotechnological potential of insect fatty acid-modifying enzymes." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 72, no. 9-10 (September 26, 2017): 387–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2017-0031.

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AbstractThere are more than one million described insect species. This species richness is reflected in the diversity of insect metabolic processes. In particular, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, such as defensive compounds and chemical signals, encompasses an extraordinarily wide range of chemicals that are generally unparalleled among natural products from other organisms. Insect genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes thus offer a valuable resource for discovery of novel enzymes with potential for biotechnological applications. Here, we focus on fatty acid (FA) metabolism-related enzymes, notably the fatty acyl desaturases and fatty acyl reductases involved in the biosynthesis of FA-derived pheromones. Research on insect pheromone-biosynthetic enzymes, which exhibit diverse enzymatic properties, has the potential to broaden the understanding of enzyme specificity determinants and contribute to engineering of enzymes with desired properties for biotechnological production of FA derivatives. Additionally, the application of such pheromone-biosynthetic enzymes represents an environmentally friendly and economic alternative to the chemical synthesis of pheromones that are used in insect pest management strategies.

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Ahn, Hye Ryun, Yu-Jin Kim, You Jin Lim, Shucheng Duan, Seok Hyun Eom, and Ki-Hong Jung. "Key Genes in the Melatonin Biosynthesis Pathway with Circadian Rhythm Are Associated with Various Abiotic Stresses." Plants 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010129.

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Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a well-known animal hormone, is involved in several biological processes including circadian rhythm and the regulation of abiotic stress. A systematic understanding of the circadian regulation of melatonin biosynthesis-related genes has not been achieved in rice. In this study, key genes for all of the enzymes in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway that showed a peak of expression at night were identified by microarray data analysis and confirmed by qRT–PCR analysis. We further examined the expression patterns of the four genes under drought, salt, and cold stresses. The results showed that abiotic stresses, such as drought, salt, and cold, affected the expression patterns of melatonin biosynthetic genes. In addition, the circadian expression patterns of tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H), and serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) genes in wild-type (WT) plants was damaged by the drought treatment under light and dark conditions. Conversely, N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT) retained the circadian rhythm. The expression of ASMT was down-regulated by the rice gigantea (OsGI) mutation, suggesting the involvement of the melatonin biosynthetic pathway in the OsGI-mediated circadian regulation pathway. Taken together, our results provide clues to explain the relationship between circadian rhythms and abiotic stresses in the process of melatonin biosynthesis in rice.

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Ahn, Hye-Ryun, Yu-Jin Kim, You-Jin Lim, Shucheng Duan, Seok-Hyun Eom, and Ki-Hong Jung. "Key Genes in the Melatonin Biosynthesis Pathway with Circadian Rhythm Are Associated with Various Abiotic Stresses." Plants 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010129.

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Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a well-known animal hormone, is involved in several biological processes including circadian rhythm and the regulation of abiotic stress. A systematic understanding of the circadian regulation of melatonin biosynthesis-related genes has not been achieved in rice. In this study, key genes for all of the enzymes in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway that showed a peak of expression at night were identified by microarray data analysis and confirmed by qRT–PCR analysis. We further examined the expression patterns of the four genes under drought, salt, and cold stresses. The results showed that abiotic stresses, such as drought, salt, and cold, affected the expression patterns of melatonin biosynthetic genes. In addition, the circadian expression patterns of tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H), and serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) genes in wild-type (WT) plants was damaged by the drought treatment under light and dark conditions. Conversely, N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT) retained the circadian rhythm. The expression of ASMT was down-regulated by the rice gigantea (OsGI) mutation, suggesting the involvement of the melatonin biosynthetic pathway in the OsGI-mediated circadian regulation pathway. Taken together, our results provide clues to explain the relationship between circadian rhythms and abiotic stresses in the process of melatonin biosynthesis in rice.

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Barb, C. Richard, Gary J. Hausman, Romdhane Rekaya, Clay A. Lents, Sender Lkhagvadorj, L. Qu, W. Cai, et al. "Gene expression in hypothalamus, liver, and adipose tissues and food intake response to melanocortin-4 receptor agonist in pigs expressing melanocortin-4 receptor mutations." Physiological Genomics 41, no. 3 (May 2010): 254–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00006.2010.

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Transcriptional profiling was used to identify genes and pathways that responded to intracerebroventricular injection of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist [Nle4, d-Phe7]-α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (NDP-MSH) in pigs homozygous for the missense mutation in the MC4R, D298 allele ( n = 12), N298 allele ( n = 12), or heterozygous ( n = 12). Food intake (FI) was measured at 12 and 24 h after treatment. All pigs were killed at 24 h after treatment, and hypothalamus, liver, and back-fat tissue was collected. NDP-MSH suppressed ( P < 0.004) FI at 12 and 24 h in all animals after treatment. In response to NDP-MSH, 278 genes in hypothalamus ( q ≤ 0.07, P ≤ 0.001), 249 genes in liver ( q ≤ 0.07, P ≤ 0.001), and 5,066 genes in fat ( q ≤ 0.07, P ≤ 0.015) were differentially expressed. Pathway analysis of NDP-MSH-induced differentially expressed genes indicated that genes involved in cell communication, nucleotide metabolism, and signal transduction were prominently downregulated in the hypothalamus. In both liver and adipose tissue, energy-intensive biosynthetic and catabolic processes were downregulated in response to NDP-MSH. This included genes encoding for biosynthetic pathways such as steroid and lipid biosynthesis, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid synthesis. Genes involved in direct energy-generating processes, such as oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport, and ATP synthesis, were upregulated, whereas TCA-associated genes were prominently downregulated in NDP-MSH-treated pigs. Our data also indicate a metabolic switch toward energy conservation since genes involved in energy-intensive biosynthetic and catabolic processes were downregulated in NDP-MSH-treated pigs.

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Tan, Dun-Xian, and Russel J. Reiter. "An evolutionary view of melatonin synthesis and metabolism related to its biological functions in plants." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 16 (May 15, 2020): 4677–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa235.

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Abstract Plant melatonin research is a rapidly developing field. A variety of isoforms of melatonin’s biosynthetic enzymes are present in different plants. Due to the different origins, they exhibit independent responses to the variable environmental stimuli. The locations for melatonin biosynthesis in plants are chloroplasts and mitochondria. These organelles have inherited their melatonin biosynthetic capacities from their bacterial ancestors. Under ideal conditions, chloroplasts are the main sites of melatonin biosynthesis. If the chloroplast pathway is blocked for any reason, the mitochondrial pathway will be activated for melatonin biosynthesis to maintain its production. Melatonin metabolism in plants is a less studied field; its metabolism is quite different from that of animals even though they share similar metabolites. Several new enzymes for melatonin metabolism in plants have been cloned and these enzymes are absent in animals. It seems that the 2-hydroxymelatonin is a major metabolite of melatonin in plants and its level is ~400-fold higher than that of melatonin. In the current article, from an evolutionary point of view, we update the information on plant melatonin biosynthesis and metabolism. This review will help the reader to understand the complexity of these processes and promote research enthusiasm in these fields.

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Goo, Eunhye, and Ingyu Hwang. "Essential roles of Lon protease in the morpho-physiological traits of the rice pathogen Burkholderia glumae." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): e0257257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257257.

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The highly conserved ATP-dependent Lon protease plays important roles in diverse biological processes. The lon gene is usually nonessential for viability; however, lon mutants of several bacterial species, although viable, exhibit cellular defects. Here, we show that a lack of Lon protease causes pleiotropic effects in the rice pathogen Burkholderia glumae. The null mutation of lon produced three colony types, big (BLONB), normal (BLONN), and small (BLONS), in Luria–Bertani (LB) medium. Colonies of the BLONB and BLONN types were re-segregated upon subculture, while those of the BLONS type were too small to manipulate. The BLONN type was chosen for further studies, as only this type was fully genetically complemented. BLONN-type cells did not reach the maximum growth capacity, and their population decreased drastically after the stationary phase in LB medium. BLONN-type cells were defective in the biosynthesis of quorum sensing (QS) signals and exhibited reduced oxalate biosynthetic activity, causing environmental alkaline toxicity and population collapse. Addition of excessive N-octanoyl-homoserine lactone (C8-HSL) to BLONN-type cell cultures did not fully restore oxalate biosynthesis, suggesting that the decrease in oxalate biosynthesis in BLONN-type cells was not due to insufficient C8-HSL. Co-expression of lon and tofR in Escherichia coli suggested that Lon negatively affects the TofR level in a C8-HSL-dependent manner. Lon protease interacted with the oxalate biosynthetic enzymes, ObcA and ObcB, indicating potential roles for the oxalate biosynthetic activity. These results suggest that Lon protease influences colony morphology, growth, QS system, and oxalate biosynthesis in B. glumae.

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Lombo, F., B. Pfeifer, T. Leaf, S. Ou, Y. S. Kim, D. E. Cane, P. Licari, and C. Khosla. "Enhancing the Atom Economy of Polyketide Biosynthetic Processes through Metabolic Engineering." Biotechnology Progress 17, no. 4 (August 3, 2001): 612–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bp010045j.

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Sazonova, E. N., D. V. Yakovenko, O. A. Lebedko, A. Yu Marochko, S. L. Zharskiy, Dobrykh VA, Rzyankina MF, and T. V. Chepel'. "Biosynthetic processes in cardiomyocytes of albino rats after administration of dihydroquercetin." Yakut Medical Journal, no. 3 (2018): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25789/ymj.2018.63.36.

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Yokoi, Takeru, Keisuke Isobe, Tohru Yoshimura, and Hisashi Hemmi. "Archaeal Phospholipid Biosynthetic Pathway Reconstructed inEscherichia coli." Archaea 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/438931.

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A part of the biosynthetic pathway of archaeal membrane lipids, comprised of 4 archaeal enzymes, was reconstructed in the cells ofEscherichia coli. The genes of the enzymes were cloned from a mesophilic methanogen,Methanosarcina acetivorans, and the activity of each enzyme was confirmed using recombinant proteins.In vitroradioassay showed that the 4 enzymes are sufficient to synthesize an intermediate of archaeal membrane lipid biosynthesis, that is, 2,3-di-O-geranylgeranyl-sn-glycerol-1-phosphate, from precursors that can be produced endogenously inE. coli. Introduction of the 4 genes intoE. coliresulted in the production of archaeal-type lipids. Detailed liquid chromatography/electron spray ionization-mass spectrometry analyses showed that they are metabolites from the expected intermediate, that is, 2,3-di-O-geranylgeranyl-sn-glycerol and 2,3-di-O-geranylgeranyl-sn-glycerol-1-phosphoglycerol. The metabolic processes, that is, dephosphorylation and glycerol modification, are likely catalyzed by endogenous enzymes ofE. coli.

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Dansie, Lorraine E., Stacy Reeves, Karen Miller, Stephen P. Zano, Matthew Frank, Caroline Pate, Jina Wang, and Suzanne Jackowski. "Physiological roles of the pantothenate kinases." Biochemical Society Transactions 42, no. 4 (August 1, 2014): 1033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20140096.

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CoA (coenzyme A) is an essential cofactor that is involved in many metabolic processes. CoA is derived from pantothenate in five biosynthetic reactions. The CoA biosynthetic pathway is regulated by PanKs (pantothenate kinases) and four active isoforms are expressed in mammals. The critical physiological functions of the PanKs are revealed by systematic deletion of the Pank genes in mice.

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Nett, Markus, and Bradley S. Moore. "Exploration and engineering of biosynthetic pathways in the marine actinomycete Salinispora tropica." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 6 (May 5, 2009): 1075–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-08-08.

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In recent years, members of the marine actinomycete genus Salinispora have proven to be a precious source of structurally diverse secondary metabolites, including the potent anticancer agent salinosporamide A and the enediyne-derived sporolides. The tremendous potential of these marine-dwelling microbes for natural products biosynthesis, however, was not fully realized until sequencing of the Salinispora tropica genome revealed the presence of numerous orphan biosynthetic loci besides a plethora of rare metabolic pathways. This contribution summarizes the biochemical exploration of this prolific organism, highlighting studies in which genome-based information was exploited for the discovery of new enzymatic processes and the engineering of unnatural natural products. Inactivation of key genes within the salinosporamide pathway has expanded its inherent metabolic plasticity and enabled access to various salinosporamide derivatives by mutasynthesis. New insights into the biosynthesis of the sporolides allowed us to increase production titers of these structurally complex molecules, thereby providing the means to search for the DNA cleaving presporolide enediyne.

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Zhang, Yafen, Bo Liu, Xiaohui Li, Zhigang Ouyang, Lei Huang, Yongbo Hong, Huijuan Zhang, Dayong Li, and Fengming Song. "The de novo Biosynthesis of Vitamin B6 Is Required for Disease Resistance Against Botrytis cinerea in Tomato." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 27, no. 7 (July 2014): 688–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-01-14-0020-r.

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Vitamin B6 (VB6), an essential cofactor for numerous metabolic enzymes, has recently been shown to act as a potent antioxidant and play important roles in developmental processes and stress responses. However, little is known about the possible function of VB6 in plant disease resistance response against pathogen infection. In the present study, we explored the possible involvement of VB6 in defense response against Botrytis cinerea through functional analysis of tomato VB6 biosynthetic genes. Three de novo VB6 biosynthetic genes (SlPDX1.2, SlPDX1.3, and SlPDX2) and one salvage pathway gene (SlSOS4) were identified and the SlPDX1.2, SlPDX1.3, and SlPDX2 genes were shown to encode functional enzymes involved in de novo biosynthesis of VB6, as revealed by complementation of the VB6 prototrophy in yeast snz1 and sno1 mutants. Expression of SlPDX1.2, SlPDX1.3, and SlSOS4 genes was induced by infection with B. cinerea. Virus-induced gene silencing-mediated knockdown of SlPDX1.2 or SlPDX1.3 but not SlPDX2 and SlSOS4 led to increased severity of disease caused by B. cinerea, indicating that the VB6 de novo biosynthetic pathway but not the salvage pathway is involved in tomato defense response against B. cinerea. Furthermore, the SlPDX1.2- and SlPDX1.3-silenced tomato plants exhibited reduced levels of VB6 contents and reactive oxygen species scavenging capability, increased levels of superoxide anion and H2O2 generation, and increased activity of superoxide dismutase after infection by B. cinerea. Our results suggest that VB6 and its de novo biosynthetic pathway play important roles in regulation of defense response against B. cinerea through modulating cellular antioxidant capacity.

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Schafhauser, Thomas, Linda Jahn, Norbert Kirchner, Andreas Kulik, Liane Flor, Alexander Lang, Thibault Caradec, et al. "Antitumor astins originate from the fungal endophyteCyanodermella asterisliving within the medicinal plantAster tataricus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 52 (December 6, 2019): 26909–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910527116.

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Medicinal plants are a prolific source of natural products with remarkable chemical and biological properties, many of which have considerable remedial benefits. Numerous medicinal plants are suffering from wildcrafting, and thus biotechnological production processes of their natural products are urgently needed. The plantAster tataricusis widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and contains unique active ingredients named astins. These are macrocyclic peptides showing promising antitumor activities and usually containing the highly unusual moiety 3,4-dichloroproline. The biosynthetic origins of astins are unknown despite being studied for decades. Here we show that astins are produced by the recently discovered fungal endophyteCyanodermella asteris. We were able to produce astins in reasonable and reproducible amounts using axenic cultures of the endophyte. We identified the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for astin biosynthesis in the genome ofC. asterisand propose a production pathway that is based on a nonribosomal peptide synthetase. Striking differences in the production profiles of endophyte and host plant imply a symbiotic cross-species biosynthesis pathway for astin C derivatives, in which plant enzymes or plant signals are required to trigger the synthesis of plant-exclusive variants such as astin A. Our findings lay the foundation for the sustainable biotechnological production of astins independent from aster plants.

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Paul, Matthew J., Deveraj Jhurreea, Yuhua Zhang, Lucia F. Primavesi, Thierry Delatte, Henriette Schluepmann, and Astrid Wingler. "Up-regulation of biosynthetic processes associated with growth by trehalose 6-phosphate." Plant Signaling & Behavior 5, no. 4 (April 2010): 386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.5.4.10792.

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Ruuska, Sari A., Jörg Schwender, and John B. Ohlrogge. "The Capacity of Green Oilseeds to Utilize Photosynthesis to Drive Biosynthetic Processes." Plant Physiology 136, no. 1 (September 2004): 2700–2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.047977.

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Rokas, Antonis, Matthew E. Mead, Jacob L. Steenwyk, Huzefa A. Raja, and Nicholas H. Oberlies. "Biosynthetic gene clusters and the evolution of fungal chemodiversity." Natural Product Reports 37, no. 7 (2020): 868–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9np00045c.

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This highlight synthesizes knowledge of the molecular evolutionary processes – functional divergence, horizontal transfer, and de novo assembly – that govern biosynthetic gene cluster diversification and the generation of chemodiversity in fungi.

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Weber, Christian, Christine Brückner, Sheila Weinreb, Claudia Lehr, Christine Essl, and Eckhard Boles. "Biosynthesis ofcis,cis-Muconic Acid and Its Aromatic Precursors, Catechol and Protocatechuic Acid, from Renewable Feedstocks by Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 23 (September 21, 2012): 8421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01983-12.

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ABSTRACTAdipic acid is a high-value compound used primarily as a precursor for the synthesis of nylon, coatings, and plastics. Today it is produced mainly in chemical processes from petrochemicals like benzene. Because of the strong environmental impact of the production processes and the dependence on fossil resources, biotechnological production processes would provide an interesting alternative. Here we describe the first engineeredSaccharomyces cerevisiaestrain expressing a heterologous biosynthetic pathway converting the intermediate 3-dehydroshikimate of the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway via protocatechuic acid and catechol intocis,cis-muconic acid, which can be chemically dehydrogenated to adipic acid. The pathway consists of three heterologous microbial enzymes, 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase, protocatechuic acid decarboxylase composed of three different subunits, and catechol 1,2-dioxygenase. For each heterologous reaction step, we analyzed several potential candidates for their expression and activity in yeast to compose a functionalcis,cis-muconic acid synthesis pathway. Carbon flow into the heterologous pathway was optimized by increasing the flux through selected steps of the common aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway and by blocking the conversion of 3-dehydroshikimate into shikimate. The recombinant yeast cells finally produced about 1.56 mg/litercis,cis-muconic acid.

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Nagahara, Noriyuki, and Maria Wróbel. "H2S, Polysulfides, and Enzymes: Physiological and Pathological Aspects." Biomolecules 10, no. 4 (April 21, 2020): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10040640.

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We have been studying the general aspects of the functions of H2S and polysulfides, and the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis, for more than 20 years. Our aim has been to elucidate novel physiological and pathological functions of H2S and polysulfides, and unravel the regulation of the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis, including cystathionine β-synthase (EC 4.2.1.22), cystathionine γ-lyase (EC 4.4.1.1), thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (rhodanese, EC 2.8.1.1), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (EC 2.8.1.2). Physiological and pathological functions, alternative biosynthetic processes, and additional functions of H2S and polysulfides have been reported. Further, the structure and reaction mechanisms of related enzymes have also been reported. We expect this issue to advance scientific knowledge regarding the detailed functions of H2S and polysulfides as well as the general properties and regulation of the enzymes involved in their metabolism. We would like to cover four topics: the physiological and pathological functions of H2S and polysulfides, the mechanisms of the biosynthesis of H2S and polysulfides, the properties of the biosynthetic enzymes, and the regulation of enzymatic activity. The knockout mouse technique is a useful tool to determine new physiological functions, especially those of H2S and polysulfides. In the future, we shall take a closer look at symptoms in the human congenital deficiency of each enzyme. Further studies on the regulation of enzymatic activity by in vivo substances may be the key to finding new functions of H2S and polysulfides.

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Fornazier, Ricardo Francisco, Ricardo Antunes Azevedo, Renato Rodrigues Ferreira, and Vanderlei Aparecido Varisi. "Lysine catabolism: flow, metabolic role and regulation." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 15, no. 1 (April 2003): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202003000100002.

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Lysine is an essential amino acid, synthesized in plants in the aspartic acid pathway. The lysine catabolism is performed by the action of two consecutive enzymes, lysine 2-oxoglutarate reductase (LOR) and saccharopine dehydrogenase (SDH). The steady state of lysine is controlled by both, synthesis and catabolism rates, with the final soluble lysine concentration in cereal seeds a direct result of these processes. In the last 40 years, the enzymes involved in lysine biosynthesis have been purified and characterized from some plant species such as carrot, maize, barley, rice, and coix. Recent reports have revealed that lysine degradation might be related to various physiological processes, for instance growth, development and response to environmental changes and stress. The understanding of the regulatory aspects of the lysine biosynthetic and catabolic pathways and manipulation of related enzymes is important for the production of high-lysine plants.

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Rodriguez Benavente, Maria C., and Pablo Argüeso. "Glycosylation pathways at the ocular surface." Biochemical Society Transactions 46, no. 2 (March 9, 2018): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20170408.

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Glycosylation is a major form of enzymatic modification of organic molecules responsible for multiple biological processes in an organism. The biosynthesis of glycans is controlled by a series of glycosyltransferases, glycosidases and glycan-modifying enzymes that collectively assemble and process monosaccharide moieties into a diverse array of structures. Many studies have provided insight into various pathways of glycosylation at the ocular surface, such as those related to the biosynthesis of mucin-type O-glycans and N-glycans on proteins, but many others still remain largely unknown. This review provides an overview of the different classes of glycans described at the ocular surface focusing on their biosynthetic pathways and biological relevance. A precise understanding of these pathways under physiological and pathological conditions could help identify biomarkers and novel targets for therapeutic intervention.

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Dai, Meilleko C., Mary J. Garson, and John C. Coll. "Biosynthetic processes in soft corals. I. A comparison of terpene biosynthesis in Alcyonium molle (Alcyoniidae) and Heteroxenia sp. (xeniidae)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 99, no. 4 (January 1991): 775–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(91)90141-y.

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Riegger, Jana, Julia Baumert, Frank Zaucke, and Rolf E. Brenner. "The Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway as a Therapeutic Target after Cartilage Trauma: Modification of Chondrocyte Survival and Metabolism by Glucosamine Derivatives and PUGNAc in an Ex Vivo Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 7247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147247.

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The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) is essential for the production of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), the building block of glycosaminoglycans, thus playing a crucial role in cartilage anabolism. Although O-GlcNAcylation represents a protective regulatory mechanism in cellular processes, it has been associated with degenerative diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). The present study focuses on HBP-related processes as potential therapeutic targets after cartilage trauma. Human cartilage explants were traumatized and treated with GlcNAc or glucosamine sulfate (GS); PUGNAc, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase; or azaserine (AZA), an inhibitor of GFAT-1. After 7 days, cell viability and gene expression analysis of anabolic and catabolic markers, as well as HBP-related enzymes, were performed. Moreover, expression of catabolic enzymes and type II collagen (COL2) biosynthesis were determined. Proteoglycan content was assessed after 14 days. Cartilage trauma led to a dysbalanced expression of different HBP-related enzymes, comparable to the situation in highly degenerated tissue. While GlcNAc and PUGNAc resulted in significant cell protection after trauma, only PUGNAc increased COL2 biosynthesis. Moreover, PUGNAc and both glucosamine derivatives had anti-catabolic effects. In contrast, AZA increased catabolic processes. Overall, “fueling” the HBP by means of glucosamine derivatives or inhibition of deglycosylation turned out as cells and chondroprotectives after cartilage trauma.

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Wu, Alex C., Torsten Witt, and Robert G. Gilbert. "Characterization Methods for Starch-Based Materials: State of the Art and Perspectives." Australian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 12 (2013): 1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch13397.

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Improving starch-containing materials, whether food, animal feed, high-tech biomaterials, or engineering plastics, is best done by understanding how biosynthetic processes and any subsequent processing control starch structure, and how this structure controls functional properties. Starch structural characterization is central to this. This review examines how information on the three basic levels of the complex multi-scale structure of starch – individual chains, the branching structure of isolated molecules, and the way these molecules form various crystalline and amorphous arrangements – can be obtained from experiment. The techniques include fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis, multiple-detector size-exclusion chromatography, and various scattering techniques (light, X-ray, and neutron). Some examples are also given to show how these data provide mechanistic insight into how biosynthetic processes control the structure and how the various structural levels control functional properties.

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Li, Zhongkui, Zhijian Ni, Xiangsong Chen, Gang Wang, Jinyong Wu, and Jianming Yao. "Multi-Enzymatic Cascade One-Pot Biosynthesis of 3′-Sialyllactose Using Engineered Escherichia coli." Molecules 25, no. 16 (August 6, 2020): 3567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163567.

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Among the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), one of the most abundant oligosaccharides and has great benefits for human health is 3′-sialyllactose (3′-SL). Given its important physiological functions and the lack of cost-effective production processes, we constructed an in vitro multi-enzymatic cofactor recycling system for the biosynthesis of 3′-SL from a low-cost substrate. First, we constructed the biosynthetic pathway and increased the solubility of cytidine monophosphate kinase (CMK) with chaperones. We subsequently identified that β-galactosidase (lacZ) affects the yield of 3′-SL, and hence with the lacZ gene knocked out, a 3.3-fold increase in the production of 3′-SL was observed. Further, temperature, pH, polyphosphate concentration, and concentration of divalent metal ions for 3′-SL production were optimized. Finally, an efficient biotransformation system was established under the optimized conditions. The maximum production of 3′-SL reached 38.7 mM, and a molar yield of 97.1% from N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc, sialic acid, SA) was obtained. The results demonstrate that the multi-enzymatic cascade biosynthetic pathway with cofactor regeneration holds promise as an industrial strategy for producing 3′-SL.

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Shin, Yesol, Andrea Chane, Minjung Jung, and Yuree Lee. "Recent Advances in Understanding the Roles of Pectin as an Active Participant in Plant Signaling Networks." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 1712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081712.

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Pectin is an abundant cell wall polysaccharide with essential roles in various biological processes. The structural diversity of pectins, along with the numerous combinations of the enzymes responsible for pectin biosynthesis and modification, plays key roles in ensuring the specificity and plasticity of cell wall remodeling in different cell types and under different environmental conditions. This review focuses on recent progress in understanding various aspects of pectin, from its biosynthetic and modification processes to its biological roles in different cell types. In particular, we describe recent findings that cell wall modifications serve not only as final outputs of internally determined pathways, but also as key components of intercellular communication, with pectin as a major contributor to this process. The comprehensive view of the diverse roles of pectin presented here provides an important basis for understanding how cell wall-enclosed plant cells develop, differentiate, and interact.

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Rolland, Norbert, Gilles Curien, Giovanni Finazzi, Marcel Kuntz, Eric Maréchal, Michel Matringe, Stéphane Ravanel, and Daphné Seigneurin-Berny. "The Biosynthetic Capacities of the Plastids and Integration Between Cytoplasmic and Chloroplast Processes." Annual Review of Genetics 46, no. 1 (December 15, 2012): 233–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132544.

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Stephanopoulos, Gregory, and Kyle L. Jensen. "Metabolic engineering: Developing new products and processes by constructing functioning biosynthetic pathwaysin vivo." AIChE Journal 51, no. 12 (October 26, 2005): 3091–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.10725.

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Campbell, Kate, Jakub Westholm, Sergo Kasvandik, Francesca Di Bartolomeo, Maurizio Mormino, and Jens Nielsen. "Building blocks are synthesized on demand during the yeast cell cycle." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 14 (March 25, 2020): 7575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1919535117.

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For cells to replicate, a sufficient supply of biosynthetic precursors is needed, necessitating the concerted action of metabolism and protein synthesis during progressive phases of cell division. A global understanding of which biosynthetic processes are involved and how they are temporally regulated during replication is, however, currently lacking. Here, quantitative multiomics analysis is used to generate a holistic view of the eukaryal cell cycle, using the budding yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Protein synthesis and central carbon pathways such as glycolysis and amino acid metabolism are shown to synchronize their respective abundance profiles with division, with pathway-specific changes in metabolite abundance also being reflected by a relative increase in mitochondrial volume, as shown by quantitative fluorescence microscopy. These results show biosynthetic precursor production to be temporally regulated to meet phase-specific demands of eukaryal cell division.

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Majumder, Saurav, Mari Kono, Y. Terry Lee, Colleen Byrnes, Cuiling Li, Galina Tuymetova, and Richard L. Proia. "A genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen reveals that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor stimulates sphingolipid levels." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 13 (February 6, 2020): 4341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ac119.011170.

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Sphingolipid biosynthesis generates lipids for membranes and signaling that are crucial for many developmental and physiological processes. In some cases, large amounts of specific sphingolipids must be synthesized for specialized physiological functions, such as during axon myelination. How sphingolipid synthesis is regulated to fulfill these physiological requirements is not known. To identify genes that positively regulate membrane sphingolipid levels, here we employed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function screen in HeLa cells using selection for resistance to Shiga toxin, which uses a plasma membrane-associated glycosphingolipid, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), for its uptake. The screen identified several genes in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway that are required for Gb3 synthesis, and it also identified the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor widely involved in development and physiology, as being required for Gb3 biosynthesis. AHR bound and activated the gene promoter of serine palmitoyltransferase small subunit A (SPTSSA), which encodes a subunit of the serine palmitoyltransferase that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis. AHR knockout HeLa cells exhibited significantly reduced levels of cell-surface Gb3, and both AHR knockout HeLa cells and tissues from Ahr knockout mice displayed decreased sphingolipid content as well as significantly reduced expression of several key genes in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. The sciatic nerve of Ahr knockout mice exhibited both reduced ceramide content and reduced myelin thickness. These results indicate that AHR up-regulates sphingolipid levels and is important for full axon myelination, which requires elevated levels of membrane sphingolipids.

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Moser, Daniel, Alessandro Castrogiovanni, Dominik Lotter, Reto M. Witzig, Vincent C. Fäseke, Felix C. Raps, and Christof Sparr. "Catalytic Cascade Reactions Inspired by Polyketide Biosynthesis." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 74, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2020.699.

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Aldol reactions belong to the most important methods for carbon–carbon bond formation and are also involved in one of the most astonishing biosynthetic processes: the biosynthesis of polyketides governed by an extraordinarily sophisticated enzymatic machinery. In contrast to the typical linear or convergent strategies followed in chemical synthesis, this late-stage catalysis concept allows Nature to assemble intermediates that are diversified into a broad range of scaffolds, which assume various crucial biological functions. To transfer this concept to small-molecule catalysis to access products beyond the natural systems, a stepwise approach to differentiate increasingly complex substrates was followed by investigating arene-forming polyketide cyclizations. An outline of our efforts to develop and apply these concepts are presented herein.

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Cherenkov, Aleksander, Taras Hutsol, Igor Garasymchuk, Jurii Pancyr, Dmytro Terenov, and Vitalii Dubyna. "Analysis of Broadband Antenna Radiation Pulses." Agricultural Engineering 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2018-0002.

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AbstractElectromagnetic energy can alter metabolic and biosynthetic processes and under certain parameters of pulsed EMF it can change pulse repetition frequency, operation cycle, power, exposure, as well as it can slow down and inhibit cell growth. MW irradiation range of RNA and DNA – containing virus reduces their infectivity. Inhibition of bacterial cultures growth, changes in phagocytic activity of protein biosynthesis, ultrastructural changes in the cells when exposed to EMF EHF. It was found in experiments with micro-organisms that biological effects of EMF on microorganisms wore a resonant character. One of the basic mechanisms of inhibitory action of EHF radiation on harmful microorganisms is the role of membranes in biological reactions of microorganisms on the EMR.

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Hedden, Peter. "The Current Status of Research on Gibberellin Biosynthesis." Plant and Cell Physiology 61, no. 11 (July 11, 2020): 1832–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcaa092.

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Abstract Gibberellins are produced by all vascular plants and several fungal and bacterial species that associate with plants as pathogens or symbionts. In the 60 years since the first experiments on the biosynthesis of gibberellic acid in the fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, research on gibberellin biosynthesis has advanced to provide detailed information on the pathways, biosynthetic enzymes and their genes in all three kingdoms, in which the production of the hormones evolved independently. Gibberellins function as hormones in plants, affecting growth and differentiation in organs in which their concentration is very tightly regulated. Current research in plants is focused particularly on the regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis and inactivation by developmental and environmental cues, and there is now considerable information on the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. There have also been recent advances in understanding gibberellin transport and distribution and their relevance to plant development. This review describes our current understanding of gibberellin metabolism and its regulation, highlighting the more recent advances in this field.

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Kong, In Chul, Xin Yang, Wonil Wi, Minji Kim, and Kyung-Seok Ko. "Toxic Effects of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Based on the Enzymatic Activity and Biosynthesis of β-Galactosidase Using a Mutant Strain of E. coli." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 1440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17156.

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The effects of six metal oxide nanoparticles (MO-NPs) on the activity and biosynthesis of an enzyme (β-galactosidase) were examined using a mutant strain of E. coli. Different sensitivities were observed according to the type of NP and metabolic process. The toxic effects on enzyme activity were significantly greater than on biosynthesis (p < 0.011), except in the presence of NiO. In both cases, ZnO NP caused the greatest inhibition among the tested NPs, followed by CuO. The EC50s for ZnO were 0.19 and 3.68 mg/L for enzyme activity and biosynthesis, respectively. Similar orders of toxicity were observed as follows: ZnO > CuO > NiO > Co3O4 > TiO2, Al2O3 for enzyme activity; and ZnO > CuO > NiO ≫ Al2O3, TiO2, Co3O4 for the biosynthetic process. More systematic research, including in-depth studies like investigation of the molecular mechanisms, is necessary to elucidate the detailed mechanisms of inhibition involved in both metabolic processes.

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Mikkola, Satu. "Nucleotide Sugars in Chemistry and Biology." Molecules 25, no. 23 (December 6, 2020): 5755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235755.

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Nucleotide sugars have essential roles in every living creature. They are the building blocks of the biosynthesis of carbohydrates and their conjugates. They are involved in processes that are targets for drug development, and their analogs are potential inhibitors of these processes. Drug development requires efficient methods for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and nucleotide sugar building blocks as well as of modified structures as potential inhibitors. It requires also understanding the details of biological and chemical processes as well as the reactivity and reactions under different conditions. This article addresses all these issues by giving a broad overview on nucleotide sugars in biological and chemical reactions. As the background for the topic, glycosylation reactions in mammalian and bacterial cells are briefly discussed. In the following sections, structures and biosynthetic routes for nucleotide sugars, as well as the mechanisms of action of nucleotide sugar-utilizing enzymes, are discussed. Chemical topics include the reactivity and chemical synthesis methods. Finally, the enzymatic in vitro synthesis of nucleotide sugars and the utilization of enzyme cascades in the synthesis of nucleotide sugars and oligosaccharides are briefly discussed.

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Chiseliţa, Natalia, Agafia Usatii, and Nadejda Efremova. "The Effects of ZnO Nanoparticles in Combination with Alcohol on Biosynthetic Potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology 21, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aucft-2017-0011.

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Abstract This paper reports about experimental results concerning the influence of 30 nm ZnO nanoparticles on biomass, carbohydrates, β-glucans, proteins accumulation and catalase enzyme activity at Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNMN-Y-20 yeast strain exposed to alcohol action. Alcohol in concentrations of 2%, 5% and 10% added to culture medium has been reported to stimulate β-glucans biosynthesis and to inhibit protein synthesis. Low biomass production, with 71% less that control, was detected in the experiments with 10% alcohol. ZnO nanoparticles in combination with alcohol do not offer sufficient protection for the proteins biosynthesis, but efficiently protect the carbohydrates and β-glucans biosynthetic processes, which contents in the biomass are with 16.6% and 19.9% higher than control, respectively. The maximum value of β-glucans content was established in case of cultivation of selected yeast strain on YPD medium supplemented with 5 mg/L nanoparticles ZnO and 2% alcohol. The obtained results allowed the elaboration of new procedure for directed synthesis of β-glucans that contributed to an increase of this component with 30.7%, compared to control.

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Zaprasis, Adrienne, Monika Bleisteiner, Anne Kerres, Tamara Hoffmann, and Erhard Bremer. "Uptake of Amino Acids and Their Metabolic Conversion into the Compatible Solute Proline Confers Osmoprotection to Bacillus subtilis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 1 (October 24, 2014): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02797-14.

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ABSTRACTThe data presented here reveal a new facet of the physiological adjustment processes through whichBacillus subtiliscan derive osmostress protection. We found that the import of proteogenic (Glu, Gln, Asp, Asn, and Arg) and of nonproteogenic (Orn and Cit) amino acids and their metabolic conversion into proline enhances growth under otherwise osmotically unfavorable conditions. Osmoprotection by amino acids depends on the functioning of the ProJ-ProA-ProH enzymes, but different entry points into this biosynthetic route are used by different amino acids to finally yield the compatible solute proline. Glu, Gln, Asp, and Asn are used to replenish the cellular pool of glutamate, the precursor for proline production, whereas Arg, Orn, and Cit are converted into γ-glutamic semialdehyde/Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, an intermediate in proline biosynthesis. The import of Glu, Gln, Asp, Asn, Arg, Orn, and Cit did not lead to a further increase in the size of the proline pool that is already present in osmotically stressed cells. Hence, our data suggest that osmoprotection ofB. subtilisby this group of amino acids rests on the savings in biosynthetic building blocks and energy that would otherwise have to be devoted either to the synthesis of the proline precursor glutamate or of proline itself. Since glutamate is the direct biosynthetic precursor for proline, we studied its uptake and found that GltT, an Na+-coupled symporter, is the main uptake system for both glutamate and aspartate inB. subtilis. Collectively, our data show how effectivelyB. subtiliscan exploit environmental resources to derive osmotic-stress protection through physiological means.

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Metzl-Raz, Eyal, Moshe Kafri, Gilad Yaakov, and Naama Barkai. "Gene Transcription as a Limiting Factor in Protein Production and Cell Growth." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 3229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401303.

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Abstract Cell growth is driven by the synthesis of proteins, genes, and other cellular components. Defining processes that limit biosynthesis rates is fundamental for understanding the determinants of cell physiology. Here, we analyze the consequences of engineering cells to express extremely high levels of mCherry proteins, as a tool to define limiting processes that fail to adapt upon increasing biosynthetic demands. Protein-burdened cells were transcriptionally and phenotypically similar to mutants of the Mediator, a transcription coactivator complex. However, our binding data suggest that the Mediator was not depleted from endogenous promoters. Burdened cells showed an overall increase in the abundance of the majority of endogenous transcripts, except for highly expressed genes. Our results, supported by mathematical modeling, suggest that wild-type cells transcribe highly expressed genes at the maximal possible rate, as defined by the transcription machinery’s physical properties. We discuss the possible cellular benefit of maximal transcription rates to allow a coordinated optimization of cell size and cell growth.

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Lee, Hong Gil, Mid-Eum Park, Bo Yeon Park, Hyun Uk Kim, and Pil Joon Seo. "The Arabidopsis MYB96 Transcription Factor Mediates ABA-Dependent Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Vegetative Tissues under Drought Stress Conditions." Plants 8, no. 9 (August 22, 2019): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8090296.

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Triacylglycerols (TAGs), a major lipid form of energy storage, are involved in a variety of plant developmental processes. While carbon reserves mainly accumulate in seeds, significant amounts of TAG have also been observed in vegetative tissues. Notably, the accumulation of leaf TAGs is influenced by environmental stresses such as drought stress, although underlying molecular networks remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that the R2R3-type MYB96 transcription factor promotes TAG biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Core TAG biosynthetic genes were up-regulated in myb96-ox seedlings, but down-regulated in myb96-deficient seedlings. In particular, ABA stimulates TAG accumulation in the vegetative tissues, and MYB96 plays a fundamental role in this process. Considering that TAG accumulation contributes to plant tolerance to drought stress, MYB96-dependent TAG biosynthesis not only triggers plant adaptive responses but also optimizes energy metabolism to ensure plant fitness under unfavorable environmental conditions.

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Liu, Yi, Wenjin Su, Lianjun Wang, Jian Lei, Shasha Chai, Wenying Zhang, and Xinsun Yang. "Integrated transcriptome, small RNA and degradome sequencing approaches proffer insights into chlorogenic acid biosynthesis in leafy sweet potato." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): e0245266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245266.

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Leafy sweet potato is rich in total phenolics (TP) which play key roles in health protection, the chlorogenic acid (CGA) constitutes the major components of phenolic compounds in leafy sweet potato. Unfortunately, the mechanism of CGA biosynthesis in leafy sweet potato is unclear. To dissect the mechanisms of CGA biosynthesis, we performed transcriptome, small RNA (sRNA) and degradome sequencing of one low-CGA content and one high-CGA content genotype at two stages. A total of 2,333 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and the enriched DEGs were related to photosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The functional genes, such as CCR, CCoAOMT and HCT in the CGA biosynthetic pathway were down-regulated, indicating that the way to lignin was altered, and two possible CGA biosynthetic routes were hypothesized. A total of 38 DE miRNAs were identified, and 1,799 targets were predicated for 38 DE miRNAs by using in silico approaches. The target genes were enriched in lignin and phenylpropanoid catabolic processes. Transcription factors (TFs) such as apetala2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) and Squamosa promoter binding protein-like (SPL) predicated in silico were validated by degradome sequencing. Association analysis of the DE miRNAs and transcriptome datasets identified that miR156 family negatively targeted AP2/ERF and SPL. Six mRNAs and six miRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR, and the results showed that the expression levels of the mRNAs and miRNAs were consistent with the sequencing data. This study established comprehensive functional genomic resources for the CGA biosynthesis, and provided insights into the molecular mechanisms involving in this process. The results also enabled the first perceptions of the regulatory roles of mRNAs and miRNAs, and offered candidate genes for leafy sweet potato improvements.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Biosynthetic processes'

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