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1
Tan, Dun-Xian, and Russel J. Reiter. "An evolutionary view of melatonin synthesis and metabolism related to its biological functions in plants." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 16 (May 15, 2020): 4677–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa235.
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Abstract Plant melatonin research is a rapidly developing field. A variety of isoforms of melatonin’s biosynthetic enzymes are present in different plants. Due to the different origins, they exhibit independent responses to the variable environmental stimuli. The locations for melatonin biosynthesis in plants are chloroplasts and mitochondria. These organelles have inherited their melatonin biosynthetic capacities from their bacterial ancestors. Under ideal conditions, chloroplasts are the main sites of melatonin biosynthesis. If the chloroplast pathway is blocked for any reason, the mitochondrial pathway will be activated for melatonin biosynthesis to maintain its production. Melatonin metabolism in plants is a less studied field; its metabolism is quite different from that of animals even though they share similar metabolites. Several new enzymes for melatonin metabolism in plants have been cloned and these enzymes are absent in animals. It seems that the 2-hydroxymelatonin is a major metabolite of melatonin in plants and its level is ~400-fold higher than that of melatonin. In the current article, from an evolutionary point of view, we update the information on plant melatonin biosynthesis and metabolism. This review will help the reader to understand the complexity of these processes and promote research enthusiasm in these fields.
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Thapa, Pandey, Park, and Kyung Sohng. "Biotechnological Advances in Resveratrol Production and its Chemical Diversity." Molecules 24, no. 14 (July 15, 2019): 2571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142571.
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The very well-known bioactive natural product, resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene), is a highly studied secondary metabolite produced by several plants, particularly grapes, passion fruit, white tea, and berries. It is in high demand not only because of its wide range of biological activities against various kinds of cardiovascular and nerve-related diseases, but also as important ingredients in pharmaceuticals and nutritional supplements. Due to its very low content in plants, multi-step isolation and purification processes, and environmental and chemical hazards issues, resveratrol extraction from plants is difficult, time consuming, impracticable, and unsustainable. Therefore, microbial hosts, such as Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Corynebacterium glutamicum, are commonly used as an alternative production source by improvising resveratrol biosynthetic genes in them. The biosynthesis genes are rewired applying combinatorial biosynthetic systems, including metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, while optimizing the various production processes. The native biosynthesis of resveratrol is not present in microbes, which are easy to manipulate genetically, so the use of microbial hosts is increasing these days. This review will mainly focus on the recent biotechnological advances for the production of resveratrol, including the various strategies used to produce its chemically diverse derivatives.
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Kawada, Kojiro, Yuya Uchida, Ikuo Takahashi, Takahito Nomura, Yasuyuki Sasaki, Tadao Asami, Shunsuke Yajima, and Shinsaku Ito. "Triflumizole as a Novel Lead Compound for Strigolactone Biosynthesis Inhibitor." Molecules 25, no. 23 (November 25, 2020): 5525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235525.
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Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived plant hormones involved in the development of various plants. SLs also stimulate seed germination of the root parasitic plants, Striga spp. and Orobanche spp., which reduce crop yield. Therefore, regulating SL biosynthesis may lessen the damage of root parasitic plants. Biosynthetic inhibitors effectively control biological processes by targeted regulation of biologically active compounds. In addition, biosynthetic inhibitors regulate endogenous levels in developmental stage- and tissue-specific manners. To date, although some chemicals have been found as SL biosynthesis inhibitor, these are derived from only three lead chemicals. In this study, to find a novel lead chemical for SL biosynthesis inhibitor, 27 nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivatives were screened for inhibition of SL biosynthesis. Triflumizole most effectively reduced the levels of rice SL, 4-deoxyorobanchol (4DO), in root exudates. In addition, triflumizole inhibited endogenous 4DO biosynthesis in rice roots by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of Os900, a rice enzyme that converts the SL intermediate carlactone to 4DO. A Striga germination assay revealed that triflumizole-treated rice displayed a reduced level of germination stimulation for Striga. These results identify triflumizole as a novel lead compound for inhibition of SL biosynthesis.
4
Hedden, Peter. "The Current Status of Research on Gibberellin Biosynthesis." Plant and Cell Physiology 61, no. 11 (July 11, 2020): 1832–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcaa092.
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Abstract Gibberellins are produced by all vascular plants and several fungal and bacterial species that associate with plants as pathogens or symbionts. In the 60 years since the first experiments on the biosynthesis of gibberellic acid in the fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, research on gibberellin biosynthesis has advanced to provide detailed information on the pathways, biosynthetic enzymes and their genes in all three kingdoms, in which the production of the hormones evolved independently. Gibberellins function as hormones in plants, affecting growth and differentiation in organs in which their concentration is very tightly regulated. Current research in plants is focused particularly on the regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis and inactivation by developmental and environmental cues, and there is now considerable information on the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. There have also been recent advances in understanding gibberellin transport and distribution and their relevance to plant development. This review describes our current understanding of gibberellin metabolism and its regulation, highlighting the more recent advances in this field.
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Schafhauser, Thomas, Linda Jahn, Norbert Kirchner, Andreas Kulik, Liane Flor, Alexander Lang, Thibault Caradec, et al. "Antitumor astins originate from the fungal endophyteCyanodermella asterisliving within the medicinal plantAster tataricus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 52 (December 6, 2019): 26909–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910527116.
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Medicinal plants are a prolific source of natural products with remarkable chemical and biological properties, many of which have considerable remedial benefits. Numerous medicinal plants are suffering from wildcrafting, and thus biotechnological production processes of their natural products are urgently needed. The plantAster tataricusis widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and contains unique active ingredients named astins. These are macrocyclic peptides showing promising antitumor activities and usually containing the highly unusual moiety 3,4-dichloroproline. The biosynthetic origins of astins are unknown despite being studied for decades. Here we show that astins are produced by the recently discovered fungal endophyteCyanodermella asteris. We were able to produce astins in reasonable and reproducible amounts using axenic cultures of the endophyte. We identified the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for astin biosynthesis in the genome ofC. asterisand propose a production pathway that is based on a nonribosomal peptide synthetase. Striking differences in the production profiles of endophyte and host plant imply a symbiotic cross-species biosynthesis pathway for astin C derivatives, in which plant enzymes or plant signals are required to trigger the synthesis of plant-exclusive variants such as astin A. Our findings lay the foundation for the sustainable biotechnological production of astins independent from aster plants.
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Fornazier, Ricardo Francisco, Ricardo Antunes Azevedo, Renato Rodrigues Ferreira, and Vanderlei Aparecido Varisi. "Lysine catabolism: flow, metabolic role and regulation." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 15, no. 1 (April 2003): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202003000100002.
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Lysine is an essential amino acid, synthesized in plants in the aspartic acid pathway. The lysine catabolism is performed by the action of two consecutive enzymes, lysine 2-oxoglutarate reductase (LOR) and saccharopine dehydrogenase (SDH). The steady state of lysine is controlled by both, synthesis and catabolism rates, with the final soluble lysine concentration in cereal seeds a direct result of these processes. In the last 40 years, the enzymes involved in lysine biosynthesis have been purified and characterized from some plant species such as carrot, maize, barley, rice, and coix. Recent reports have revealed that lysine degradation might be related to various physiological processes, for instance growth, development and response to environmental changes and stress. The understanding of the regulatory aspects of the lysine biosynthetic and catabolic pathways and manipulation of related enzymes is important for the production of high-lysine plants.
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Ahn, Hye Ryun, Yu-Jin Kim, You Jin Lim, Shucheng Duan, Seok Hyun Eom, and Ki-Hong Jung. "Key Genes in the Melatonin Biosynthesis Pathway with Circadian Rhythm Are Associated with Various Abiotic Stresses." Plants 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010129.
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Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a well-known animal hormone, is involved in several biological processes including circadian rhythm and the regulation of abiotic stress. A systematic understanding of the circadian regulation of melatonin biosynthesis-related genes has not been achieved in rice. In this study, key genes for all of the enzymes in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway that showed a peak of expression at night were identified by microarray data analysis and confirmed by qRT–PCR analysis. We further examined the expression patterns of the four genes under drought, salt, and cold stresses. The results showed that abiotic stresses, such as drought, salt, and cold, affected the expression patterns of melatonin biosynthetic genes. In addition, the circadian expression patterns of tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H), and serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) genes in wild-type (WT) plants was damaged by the drought treatment under light and dark conditions. Conversely, N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT) retained the circadian rhythm. The expression of ASMT was down-regulated by the rice gigantea (OsGI) mutation, suggesting the involvement of the melatonin biosynthetic pathway in the OsGI-mediated circadian regulation pathway. Taken together, our results provide clues to explain the relationship between circadian rhythms and abiotic stresses in the process of melatonin biosynthesis in rice.
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Ahn, Hye-Ryun, Yu-Jin Kim, You-Jin Lim, Shucheng Duan, Seok-Hyun Eom, and Ki-Hong Jung. "Key Genes in the Melatonin Biosynthesis Pathway with Circadian Rhythm Are Associated with Various Abiotic Stresses." Plants 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010129.
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Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a well-known animal hormone, is involved in several biological processes including circadian rhythm and the regulation of abiotic stress. A systematic understanding of the circadian regulation of melatonin biosynthesis-related genes has not been achieved in rice. In this study, key genes for all of the enzymes in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway that showed a peak of expression at night were identified by microarray data analysis and confirmed by qRT–PCR analysis. We further examined the expression patterns of the four genes under drought, salt, and cold stresses. The results showed that abiotic stresses, such as drought, salt, and cold, affected the expression patterns of melatonin biosynthetic genes. In addition, the circadian expression patterns of tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H), and serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) genes in wild-type (WT) plants was damaged by the drought treatment under light and dark conditions. Conversely, N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT) retained the circadian rhythm. The expression of ASMT was down-regulated by the rice gigantea (OsGI) mutation, suggesting the involvement of the melatonin biosynthetic pathway in the OsGI-mediated circadian regulation pathway. Taken together, our results provide clues to explain the relationship between circadian rhythms and abiotic stresses in the process of melatonin biosynthesis in rice.
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Sajid, Moon, Chaitanya N. Channakesavula, Shane R. Stone, and Parwinder Kaur. "Synthetic Biology towards Improved Flavonoid Pharmacokinetics." Biomolecules 11, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11050754.
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Flavonoids are a structurally diverse class of natural products that have been found to have a range of beneficial activities in humans. However, the clinical utilisation of these molecules has been limited due to their low solubility, chemical stability, bioavailability and extensive intestinal metabolism in vivo. Recently, the view has been formed that site-specific modification of flavonoids by methylation and/or glycosylation, processes that occur in plants endogenously, can be used to improve and adapt their biophysical and pharmacokinetic properties. The traditional source of flavonoids and their modified forms is from plants and is limited due to the low amounts present in biomass, intrinsic to the nature of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Access to greater amounts of flavonoids, and understanding of the impact of modifications, requires a rethink in terms of production, more specifically towards the adoption of plant biosynthetic pathways into ex planta synthesis approaches. Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, aided by protein engineering and machine learning methods, offer attractive and exciting avenues for ex planta flavonoid synthesis. This review seeks to explore the applications of synthetic biology towards the ex planta biosynthesis of flavonoids, and how the natural plant methylation and glycosylation pathways can be harnessed to produce modified flavonoids with more favourable biophysical and pharmacokinetic properties for clinical use. It is envisaged that the development of viable alternative production systems for the synthesis of flavonoids and their methylated and glycosylated forms will help facilitate their greater clinical application.
10
Killiny, Nabil, and Yasser Nehela. "Citrus Polyamines: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Physiological Functions." Plants 9, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9040426.
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Polyamines (PAs) are ubiquitous biogenic amines found in all living organisms from bacteria to Archaea, and Eukaryotes including plants and animals. Since the first description of putrescine conjugate, feruloyl-putrescine (originally called subaphylline), from grapefruit leaves and juice, many research studies have highlighted the importance of PAs in growth, development, and other physiological processes in citrus plants. PAs appear to be involved in a wide range of physiological processes in citrus plants; however, their exact roles are not fully understood. Accordingly, in the present review, we discuss the biosynthesis of PAs in citrus plants, with an emphasis on the recent advances in identifying and characterizing PAs-biosynthetic genes and other upstream regulatory genes involved in transcriptional regulation of PAs metabolism. In addition, we will discuss the recent metabolic, genetic, and molecular evidence illustrating the roles of PAs metabolism in citrus physiology including somatic embryogenesis; root system formation, morphology, and architecture; plant growth and shoot system architecture; inflorescence, flowering, and flowering-associated events; fruit set, development, and quality; stomatal closure and gas-exchange; and chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis. We believe that the molecular and biochemical understanding of PAs metabolism and their physiological roles in citrus plants will help citrus breeding programs to enhance tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses and provide bases for further research into potential applications.
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Sadre, Radin, Christian Pfaff, and Stephan Buchkremer. "Plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis in cyanobacteria differs from that in plants and involves a novel 4-hydroxybenzoate solanesyltransferase." Biochemical Journal 442, no. 3 (February 24, 2012): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20111796.
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PQ-9 (plastoquinone-9) has a central role in energy transformation processes in cyanobacteria by mediating electron transfer in both the photosynthetic as well as the respiratory electron transport chain. The present study provides evidence that the PQ-9 biosynthetic pathway in cyanobacteria differs substantially from that in plants. We identified 4-hydroxybenzoate as being the aromatic precursor for PQ-9 in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, and in the present paper we report on the role of the membrane-bound 4-hydroxybenzoate solanesyltransferase, Slr0926, in PQ-9 biosynthesis and on the properties of the enzyme. The catalytic activity of Slr0926 was demonstrated by in vivo labelling experiments in Synechocystis sp., complementation studies in an Escherichia coli mutant with a defect in ubiquinone biosynthesis, and in vitro assays using the recombinant as well as the native enzyme. Although Slr0926 was highly specific for the prenyl acceptor substrate 4-hydroxybenzoate, it displayed a broad specificity with regard to the prenyl donor substrate and used not only solanesyl diphosphate, but also a number of shorter-chain prenyl diphosphates. In combination with in silico data, our results indicate that Slr0926 evolved from bacterial 4-hydroxybenzoate prenyltransferases catalysing prenylation in the course of ubiquinone biosynthesis.
12
Yao, Liangchen, Peng Li, Qingzhang Du, Mingyang Quan, Lianzheng Li, Liang Xiao, Fangyuan Song, Wenjie Lu, Yuanyuan Fang, and Deqiang Zhang. "Genetic Architecture Underlying the Metabolites of Chlorogenic Acid Biosynthesis in Populus tomentosa." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 2386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052386.
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Chlorogenic acid (CGA) plays a crucial role in defense response, immune regulation, and the response to abiotic stress in plants. However, the genetic regulatory network of CGA biosynthesis pathways in perennial plants remains unclear. Here, we investigated the genetic architecture for CGA biosynthesis using a metabolite-based genome-wide association study (mGWAS) and expression quantitative trait nucleotide (eQTN) mapping in a population of 300 accessions of Populus tomentosa. In total, we investigated 204 SNPs which were significantly associated with 11 metabolic traits, corresponding to 206 genes, and were mainly involved in metabolism and cell growth processes of P. tomentosa. We identified 874 eQTNs representing 1066 genes, in which the expression and interaction of causal genes affected phenotypic variation. Of these, 102 genes showed significant signatures of selection in three geographical populations, which provided insights into the adaptation of CGA biosynthesis to the local environment. Finally, we constructed a genetic network of six causal genes that coordinately regulate CGA biosynthesis, revealing the multiple regulatory patterns affecting CGA accumulation in P. tomentosa. Our study provides a multiomics strategy for understanding the genetic basis underlying the natural variation in the CGA biosynthetic metabolites of Populus, which will enhance the genetic development of abiotic-resistance varieties in forest trees.
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Zhang, Yafen, Bo Liu, Xiaohui Li, Zhigang Ouyang, Lei Huang, Yongbo Hong, Huijuan Zhang, Dayong Li, and Fengming Song. "The de novo Biosynthesis of Vitamin B6 Is Required for Disease Resistance Against Botrytis cinerea in Tomato." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 27, no. 7 (July 2014): 688–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-01-14-0020-r.
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Vitamin B6 (VB6), an essential cofactor for numerous metabolic enzymes, has recently been shown to act as a potent antioxidant and play important roles in developmental processes and stress responses. However, little is known about the possible function of VB6 in plant disease resistance response against pathogen infection. In the present study, we explored the possible involvement of VB6 in defense response against Botrytis cinerea through functional analysis of tomato VB6 biosynthetic genes. Three de novo VB6 biosynthetic genes (SlPDX1.2, SlPDX1.3, and SlPDX2) and one salvage pathway gene (SlSOS4) were identified and the SlPDX1.2, SlPDX1.3, and SlPDX2 genes were shown to encode functional enzymes involved in de novo biosynthesis of VB6, as revealed by complementation of the VB6 prototrophy in yeast snz1 and sno1 mutants. Expression of SlPDX1.2, SlPDX1.3, and SlSOS4 genes was induced by infection with B. cinerea. Virus-induced gene silencing-mediated knockdown of SlPDX1.2 or SlPDX1.3 but not SlPDX2 and SlSOS4 led to increased severity of disease caused by B. cinerea, indicating that the VB6 de novo biosynthetic pathway but not the salvage pathway is involved in tomato defense response against B. cinerea. Furthermore, the SlPDX1.2- and SlPDX1.3-silenced tomato plants exhibited reduced levels of VB6 contents and reactive oxygen species scavenging capability, increased levels of superoxide anion and H2O2 generation, and increased activity of superoxide dismutase after infection by B. cinerea. Our results suggest that VB6 and its de novo biosynthetic pathway play important roles in regulation of defense response against B. cinerea through modulating cellular antioxidant capacity.
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Darnet, Sylvain, and Hubert Schaller. "Metabolism and Biological Activities of 4-Methyl-Sterols." Molecules 24, no. 3 (January 27, 2019): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030451.
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4,4-Dimethylsterols and 4-methylsterols are sterol biosynthetic intermediates (C4-SBIs) acting as precursors of cholesterol, ergosterol, and phytosterols. Their accumulation caused by genetic lesions or biochemical inhibition causes severe cellular and developmental phenotypes in all organisms. Functional evidence supports their role as meiosis activators or as signaling molecules in mammals or plants. Oxygenated C4-SBIs like 4-carboxysterols act in major biological processes like auxin signaling in plants and immune system development in mammals. It is the purpose of this article to point out important milestones and significant advances in the understanding of the biogenesis and biological activities of C4-SBIs.
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Shah, Ateeq, and Donald L. Smith. "Flavonoids in Agriculture: Chemistry and Roles in, Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses, and Microbial Associations." Agronomy 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081209.
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The current world of climate change, global warming and a constantly changing environment have made life very stressful for living entities, which has driven the evolution of biochemical processes to cope with stressed environmental and ecological conditions. As climate change conditions continue to develop, we anticipate more frequent occurrences of abiotic stresses such as drought, high temperature and salinity. Living plants, which are sessile beings, are more exposed to environmental extremes. However, plants are equipped with biosynthetic machinery operating to supply thousands of bio-compounds required for maintaining internal homeostasis. In addition to chemical coordination within a plant, these compounds have the potential to assist plants in tolerating, resisting and escaping biotic and abiotic stresses generated by the external environment. Among certain biosynthates, flavonoids are an important example of these stress mitigators. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites and biostimulants; they play a key role in plant growth by inducing resistance against certain biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, the function of flavonoids as signal compounds to communicate with rhizosphere microbes is indispensable. In this review, the significance of flavonoids as biostimulants, stress mitigators, mediators of allelopathy and signaling compounds is discussed. The chemical nature and biosynthetic pathway of flavonoid production are also highlighted.
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Tian, Xiu, Xin Fang, Jin-Quan Huang, Ling-Jian Wang, Ying-Bo Mao, and Xiao-Ya Chen. "A gossypol biosynthetic intermediate disturbs plant defence response." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1767 (January 14, 2019): 20180319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0319.
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Plant secondary metabolites and their biosynthesis have attracted great interest, but investigations of the activities of hidden intermediates remain rare. Gossypol and related sesquiterpenes are the major phytoalexins in cotton. Among the six biosynthetic intermediates recently identified, 8-hydroxy-7-keto-δ-cadinene (C234) crippled the plant disease resistance when accumulated upon gene silencing. C234 harbours an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl thus is a reactive electrophile species. Here, we show that C234 application also dampened the Arabidopsis resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ( Psm ). We treated Arabidopsis with C234, Psm and ( Psm +C234), and analysed the leaf transcriptomes. While C234 alone exerted a mild effect, it greatly stimulated an over-response to the pathogen. Of the 7335 genes affected in the ( Psm +C234)-treated leaves, 3476 were unresponsive without the chemical, in which such functional categories as ‘nucleotides transport’, ‘vesicle transport’, ‘MAP kinases’, ‘G-proteins’, ‘protein assembly and cofactor ligation’ and ‘light reaction’ were enriched, suggesting that C234 disturbed certain physiological processes and the protein complex assembly, leading to distorted defence response and decreased disease resistance. As C234 is efficiently metabolized by CYP71BE79, plants of cotton lineage have evolved a highly active enzyme to prevent the phytotoxic intermediate accumulation during gossypol pathway evolution. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management’.
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McCauley, Cara L., Scott A. M. McAdam, Ketaki Bhide, Jyothi Thimmapuram, Jo Ann Banks, and Bryan G. Young. "Transcriptomics in Erigeron canadensis reveals rapid photosynthetic and hormonal responses to auxin herbicide application." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 12 (March 12, 2020): 3701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa124.
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Abstract The perception pathway for endogenous auxin has been well described, yet the mode of action of synthetic auxin herbicides, used for >70 years, remains uncharacterized. We utilized transcriptomics and targeted physiological studies to investigate the unknown rapid response to synthetic auxin herbicides in the globally problematic weed species Erigeron canadensis. Synthetic auxin herbicide application consistently and rapidly down-regulated the photosynthetic machinery. At the same time, there was considerable perturbation to the expression of many genes related to phytohormone metabolism and perception. In particular, auxin herbicide application enhanced the expression of the key abscisic acid biosynthetic gene, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid deoxygenase (NCED). The increase in NCED expression following auxin herbicide application led to a rapid biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA). This increase in ABA levels was independent of a loss of cell turgor or an increase in ethylene levels, both proposed triggers for rapid ABA biosynthesis. The levels of ABA in the leaf after auxin herbicide application continued to increase as plants approached death, up to >3-fold higher than in the leaves of plants that were drought stressed. We propose a new model in which synthetic auxin herbicides trigger plant death by the whole-scale, rapid, down-regulation of photosynthetic processes and an increase in ABA levels through up-regulation of NCED expression, independent of ethylene levels or a loss of cell turgor.
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Qari, Sameer Hasan, and Ibrahim Tarbiyyah. "The Genetic Regulation of Secondary Metabolic Pathways in Response to Salinity and Drought as Abiotic Stresses." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 6668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156668.
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Global development has generated a plethora of unfavorable and adverse environmental factors for the living organisms in the ecosystem. Plants are sessile organisms, and they are crucial to sustain life on earth. Since plants are sessile, they face a great number of environmental challenges related to abiotic stresses, such as temperature fluctuation, drought, salinity, flood and metal contamination. Salinity and drought are considered major abiotic stresses that negatively affect the plants’ growth and production of useful content. However, plants have evolved various molecular mechanisms to increase their tolerance to these environmental stresses. There is a whole complex system of communication (cross-talk) through massive signaling cascades that are activated and modulated in response to salinity and drought. Secondary metabolites are believed to play significant roles in the plant’s response and resistance to salinity and drought stress. Until recently, attempts to unravel the biosynthetic pathways were limited mainly due to the inadequate plant genomics resources. However, recent advancements in generating high-throughput “omics” datasets, computational tools and functional genomics approach integration have aided in the elucidation of biosynthetic pathways of many plant bioactive metabolites. This review gathers comprehensive knowledge of plants’ complex system that is involved in the response and resistance to salinity and water deficit stresses as abiotic stress. Additionally, it offers clues in determining the genes involved in this complex and measures its activity. It covers basic information regarding the signaling molecules involved in salinity and drought resistance and how plant hormones regulate the cross-talking mechanism with emphasis on transcriptional activity. Moreover, it discusses many studies that illustrate the relationship between salinity and drought and secondary metabolite production. Furthermore, several transcriptome analysis research papers of medicinal plants are illustrated. The aim of this review is to be a key for any researcher that is aspiring to study the relationship between salinity and drought stresses and secondary metabolite production at the transcriptome and transcription level.
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Paciolla, Costantino, Stefania Fortunato, Nunzio Dipierro, Annalisa Paradiso, Silvana De Leonardis, Linda Mastropasqua, and Maria Concetta de Pinto. "Vitamin C in Plants: From Functions to Biofortification." Antioxidants 8, no. 11 (October 29, 2019): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8110519.
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Vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid) is an excellent free radical scavenger, not only for its capability to donate reducing equivalents but also for the relative stability of the derived monodehydroascorbate radical. However, vitamin C is not only an antioxidant, since it is also a cofactor for numerous enzymes involved in plant and human metabolism. In humans, vitamin C takes part in various physiological processes, such as iron absorption, collagen synthesis, immune stimulation, and epigenetic regulation. Due to the functional loss of the gene coding for l-gulonolactone oxidase, humans cannot synthesize vitamin C; thus, they principally utilize plant-based foods for their needs. For this reason, increasing the vitamin C content of crops could have helpful effects on human health. To achieve this objective, exhaustive knowledge of the metabolism and functions of vitamin C in plants is needed. In this review, the multiple roles of vitamin C in plant physiology as well as the regulation of its content, through biosynthetic or recycling pathways, are analyzed. Finally, attention is paid to the strategies that have been used to increase the content of vitamin C in crops, emphasizing not only the improvement of nutritional value of the crops but also the acquisition of plant stress resistance.
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Sauge-Merle, Sandrine, Stéphan Cuiné, Patrick Carrier, Catherine Lecomte-Pradines, Doan-Trung Luu, and Gilles Peltier. "Enhanced Toxic Metal Accumulation in Engineered Bacterial Cells Expressing Arabidopsis thaliana Phytochelatin Synthase." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 1 (January 2003): 490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.1.490-494.2003.
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ABSTRACT Phytochelatins (PCs) are metal-binding cysteine-rich peptides, enzymatically synthesized in plants and yeasts from glutathione in response to heavy metal stress by PC synthase (EC 2.3.2.15). In an attempt to increase the ability of bacterial cells to accumulate heavy metals, the Arabidopsis thaliana gene encoding PC synthase (AtPCS) was expressed in Escherichia coli. A marked accumulation of PCs was observed in vivo together with a decrease in the glutathione cellular content. When bacterial cells expressing AtPCS were placed in the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium or the metalloid arsenic, cellular metal contents were increased 20- and 50-fold, respectively. We discuss the possibility of using genes of the PC biosynthetic pathway to design bacterial strains or higher plants with increased abilities to accumulate toxic metals, and also arsenic, for use in bioremediation and/or phytoremediation processes.
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Cheng, Ling, Wanling Min, Man Li, Lili Zhou, Chuan-Chih Hsu, Xuelian Yang, Xue Jiang, et al. "Quantitative Proteomics Reveals that GmENO2 Proteins Are Involved in Response to Phosphate Starvation in the Leaves of Glycine max L." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020920.
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Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a major crop providing important source for protein and oil for human life. Low phosphate (LP) availability is a critical limiting factor affecting soybean production. Soybean plants develop a series of strategies to adapt to phosphate (Pi) limitation condition. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for LP stress response remain largely unknown. Here, we performed a label-free quantification (LFQ) analysis of soybean leaves grown under low and high phosphate conditions. We identified 267 induced and 440 reduced differential proteins from phosphate-starved leaves. Almost a quarter of the LP decreased proteins are involved in translation processes, while the LP increased proteins are accumulated in chlorophyll biosynthetic and carbon metabolic processes. Among these induced proteins, an enolase protein, GmENO2a was found to be mostly induced protein. On the transcriptional level, GmENO2a and GmENO2b, but not GmENO2c or GmENO2d, were dramatically induced by phosphate starvation. Among 14 enolase genes, only GmENO2a and GmENO2b genes contain the P1BS motif in their promoter regions. Furthermore, GmENO2b was specifically induced in the GmPHR31 overexpressing soybean plants. Our findings provide molecular insights into how soybean plants tune basic carbon metabolic pathway to adapt to Pi deprivation through the ENO2 enzymes.
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Florea, Simona, Daniel G. Panaccione, and Christopher L. Schardl. "Ergot Alkaloids of the Family Clavicipitaceae." Phytopathology® 107, no. 5 (May 2017): 504–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-12-16-0435-rvw.
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Ergot alkaloids are highly diverse in structure, exhibit diverse effects on animals, and are produced by diverse fungi in the phylum Ascomycota, including pathogens and mutualistic symbionts of plants. These mycotoxins are best known from the fungal family Clavicipitaceae and are named for the ergot fungi that, through millennia, have contaminated grains and caused mass poisonings, with effects ranging from dry gangrene to convulsions and death. However, they are also useful sources of pharmaceuticals for a variety of medical purposes. More than a half-century of research has brought us extensive knowledge of ergot-alkaloid biosynthetic pathways from common early steps to several taxon-specific branches. Furthermore, a recent flurry of genome sequencing has revealed the genomic processes underlying ergot-alkaloid diversification. In this review, we discuss the evolution of ergot-alkaloid biosynthesis genes and gene clusters, including roles of gene recruitment, duplication and neofunctionalization, as well as gene loss, in diversifying structures of clavines, lysergic acid amides, and complex ergopeptines. Also reviewed are prospects for manipulating ergot-alkaloid profiles to enhance suitability of endophytes for forage grasses.
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Ali, Md Sarafat, and Kwang-Hyun Baek. "Co-Suppression of NbClpC1 and NbClpC2, Encoding Clp Protease Chaperons, Elicits Significant Changes in the Metabolic Profile of Nicotiana benthamiana." Plants 9, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020259.
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Metabolites in plants are the products of cellular metabolic processes, and their differential amount can be regarded as the final responses of plants to genetic, epigenetic, or environmental stresses. The Clp protease complex, composed of the chaperonic parts and degradation proteases, is the major degradation system for proteins in plastids. ClpC1 and ClpC2 are the two chaperonic proteins for the Clp protease complex and share more than 90% nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarities. In this study, we employed virus-induced gene silencing to simultaneously suppress the expression of ClpC1 and ClpC2 in Nicotiana benthamiana (NbClpC1/C2). The co-suppression of NbClpC1/C2 in N. benthamiana resulted in aberrant development, with severely chlorotic leaves and stunted growth. A comparison of the control and NbClpC1/C2 co-suppressed N. benthamiana metabolomes revealed a total of 152 metabolites identified by capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The co-suppression of NbClpC1/C2 significantly altered the levels of metabolites in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the purine biosynthetic pathway, as well as polyamine and antioxidant metabolites. Our results show that the simultaneous suppression of ClpC1 and ClpC2 leads to aberrant morphological changes in chloroplasts and that these changes are related to changes in the contents of major metabolites acting in cellular metabolism and biosynthetic pathways.
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García-Calderón, Margarita, Carmen M. Pérez-Delgado, Peter Palove-Balang, Marco Betti, and Antonio J. Márquez. "Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids Biosynthesis in the Model Legume Lotus japonicus; Connections to Nitrogen Metabolism and Photorespiration." Plants 9, no. 6 (June 20, 2020): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060774.
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Phenylpropanoid metabolism represents an important metabolic pathway from which originates a wide number of secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine or tyrosine, such as flavonoids and isoflavonoids, crucial molecules in plants implicated in a large number of biological processes. Therefore, various types of interconnection exist between different aspects of nitrogen metabolism and the biosynthesis of these compounds. For legumes, flavonoids and isoflavonoids are postulated to play pivotal roles in adaptation to their biological environments, both as defensive compounds (phytoalexins) and as chemical signals in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobia. In this paper, we summarize the recent progress made in the characterization of flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathways in the model legume Lotus japonicus (Regel) Larsen under different abiotic stress situations, such as drought, the impairment of photorespiration and UV-B irradiation. Emphasis is placed on results obtained using photorespiratory mutants deficient in glutamine synthetase. The results provide different types of evidence showing that an enhancement of isoflavonoid compared to standard flavonol metabolism frequently occurs in Lotus under abiotic stress conditions. The advance produced in the analysis of isoflavonoid regulatory proteins by the use of co-expression networks, particularly MYB transcription factors, is also described. The results obtained in Lotus japonicus plants can be also extrapolated to other cultivated legume species, such as soybean, of extraordinary agronomic importance with a high impact in feeding, oil production and human health.
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Morales-Merida, Brandon Estefano. "Transcriptomic Analysis in Response to Combined Stress by UV-B Radiation and Cold in Belle Pepper (Capsicum annuum)." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25, no. 05 (May 1, 2021): 969–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1753.
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The bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is classified as a Solanaceae of economic importance with high nutritional value. However, its production is limited by abiotic factors such as low temperature and UV-B radiation, which can cause extensive damage to crops. Plants may respond to environmental stressors by inducing several morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular changes. RNA-seq technique is widely applied to study the global gene expression in numerous processes related to plant biology, including responses induced by abiotic stress, providing relevant information about the genes and the pathways that participate in stress-induced responses. In this study, we analyzed the differential gene expression in response to combined stress of UV-B radiation and cold after exposure at 1, 3 and 25 h in stems from C. annuum plants, to gain deeper insights about the temporal dynamic of genes and pathways modulated by these factors. We found that 281, 280 and 326 genes were differentially expressed at 1, 3 and 25 h, respectively. Functional annotation revealed that most of genes were associated with hydrolase activity, stress response, stimulus response, carbohydrate metabolic process, and biosynthetic process. Based on KEGG pathway analysis, we found that circadian rhythm-plant, flavonoids biosynthesis and MAPK signaling pathway were statistically significant in almost all the sampling times. In conclusion, we found that several genes related to defense against pathogens and cell wall expansion were down-regulated, meanwhile the up-regulated genes were related to chloroplast protection, hormone and flavonoids biosynthesis, and compound transport. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
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Blakeley, S. D., and D. T. Dennis. "Molecular approaches to the manipulation of carbon allocation in plants." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 765–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-088.
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In plants, sucrose is the end product of photosynthesis and is converted to a wide variety of storage compounds in tissues such as seeds and tubers. The allocation of carbon from sucrose to the various metabolic pathways leading to these products will determine the quantity of each synthesized in the respective storage organs. If the level of the enzymes involved in the allocation of carbon could be changed by genetic manipulation, it is probable that the relative yields of the various storage products can also be altered. The initial breakdown of sucrose occurs in the cytosol of the cell. Many biosynthetic pathways, however, including those involved in the synthesis of storage products such as fatty acids, starch, and amino acids, occur in the plastid. The distribution of carbon substrates for these processes will be determined, to a large extent, by the flux of carbon through the glycolytic pathways found in both the cytosolic and plastid compartments. This article will discuss the importance and consequences of compartmentation, review the extent of our understanding of glycolysis and other enzymes and pathways regulating carbon allocation, and will speculate on the potential for the genetic manipulation of these pathways. Key words: genetic manipulation, carbon allocation, metabolism, glycolysis.
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Goddard-Borger, Ethan D., and Spencer J. Williams. "Sulfoquinovose in the biosphere: occurrence, metabolism and functions." Biochemical Journal 474, no. 5 (February 20, 2017): 827–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20160508.
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The sulfonated carbohydrate sulfoquinovose (SQ) is produced in quantities estimated at some 10 billion tonnes annually and is thus a major participant in the global sulfur biocycle. SQ is produced by most photosynthetic organisms and incorporated into the sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG), as well as within some archaea for incorporation into glycoprotein N-glycans. SQDG is found mainly within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast, where it appears to be important for membrane structure and function and for optimal activity of photosynthetic protein complexes. SQDG metabolism within the sulfur cycle involves complex biosynthetic and catabolic processes. SQDG biosynthesis is largely conserved within plants, algae and bacteria. On the other hand, two major sulfoglycolytic pathways have been discovered for SQDG degradation, the sulfo-Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (sulfo-EMP) and sulfo-Entner–Doudoroff (sulfo-ED) pathways, which mirror the major steps in the glycolytic EMP and ED pathways. Sulfoglycolysis produces C3-sulfonates, which undergo biomineralization to inorganic sulfur species, completing the sulfur cycle. This review discusses the discovery and structural elucidation of SQDG and archaeal N-glycans, the occurrence, distribution, and speciation of SQDG, and metabolic pathways leading to the biosynthesis of SQDG and its catabolism through sulfoglycolytic and biomineralization pathways to inorganic sulfur.
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Riekhof, Wayne R., Surabhi Naik, Helmut Bertrand, Christoph Benning, and Dennis R. Voelker. "Phosphate Starvation in Fungi Induces the Replacement of Phosphatidylcholine with the Phosphorus-Free Betaine Lipid Diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-Trimethylhomoserine." Eukaryotic Cell 13, no. 6 (April 11, 2014): 749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00004-14.
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ABSTRACTDiacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS) is a phosphorus-free betaine-lipid analog of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) synthesized by many soil bacteria, algae, and nonvascular plants. Synthesis of DGTS and other phosphorus-free lipids in bacteria occurs in response to phosphorus (P) deprivation and results in the replacement of phospholipids by nonphosphorous lipids. The genes encoding DGTS biosynthetic enzymes have previously been identified and characterized in bacteria and the algaChlamydomonas reinhardtii. We now report that many fungal genomes, including those of plant and animal pathogens, encode the enzymatic machinery for DGTS biosynthesis, and that fungi synthesize DGTS during P limitation. This finding demonstrates that replacement of phospholipids by nonphosphorous lipids is a strategy used in divergent eukaryotic lineages for the conservation of P under P-limiting conditions. Mutants ofNeurospora crassawere used to show that DGTS synthase encoded by theBTA1gene is solely responsible for DGTS biosynthesis and is under the control of the fungal phosphorus deprivation regulon, mediated by the NUC-1/Pho4p transcription factor. Furthermore, we describe the rational reengineering of lipid metabolism in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, such that PtdCho is completely replaced by DGTS, and demonstrate that essential processes of membrane biogenesis and organelle assembly are functional and support growth in the engineered strain.
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Zhu, Xiaowei, Xiang Tai, Yunying Ren, Jinxiu Chen, and Tianyue Bo. "Genome-Wide Analysis of Coding and Long Non-Coding RNAs Involved in Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 11 (June 10, 2019): 2820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112820.
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Cuticular wax is a mixture of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and their derivatives, which determines vital roles for plant growth. In cabbage, the cuticular wax content of leaf blades is an important trait influencing morphological features of the head. Understanding the molecular basis of cuticular wax biosynthesis can help breeders develop high quality cabbage varieties. Here, we characterize a cabbage non-wax glossy (nwgl) plant, which exhibits glossy green phenotype. Cryo-scanning electron microscope analysis showed abnormal wax crystals on the leaf surfaces of nwgl plants. Cuticular wax composition analyzed by GC-MS displayed severely decreased in total wax loads, and individual wax components in nwgl leaves. We delimited the NWGL locus into a 99-kb interval between the at004 marker and the end of chromosome C08 through fine mapping. By high-throughput RNA sequencing, we identified 1247 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 148 differentially expressed lncRNAs in nwgl leaves relative to the wild-type. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs and cis-regulated target genes for differentially expressed lncRNAs were significantly enriched in wax and lipid biosynthetic or metabolic processes. Our results provide the novel foundation to explore the complex molecular basis of cuticular wax biosynthesis.
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Li, Jing, Yacen Xiong, Yi Li, Shiqi Ye, Qi Yin, Siqi Gao, Dong Yang, Mei Yang, E. Tapio Palva, and Xianbao Deng. "Comprehensive Analysis and Functional Studies of WRKY Transcription Factors in Nelumbo nucifera." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20 (October 10, 2019): 5006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205006.
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The WRKY family is one of the largest transcription factor (TF) families in plants and plays central roles in modulating plant stress responses and developmental processes, as well as secondary metabolic regulations. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is an aquatic crop that has significant food, ornamental and pharmacological values. Here, we performed an overview analysis of WRKY TF family members in lotus, and studied their functions in environmental adaptation and regulation of lotus benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) biosynthesis. A total of 65 WRKY genes were identified in the lotus genome and they were well clustered in a similar pattern with their Arabidopsis homologs in seven groups (designated I, IIa-IIe, and III), although no lotus WRKY was clustered in the group IIIa. Most lotus WRKYs were functionally paired, which was attributed to the recently occurred whole genome duplication in lotus. In addition, lotus WRKYs were regulated dramatically by salicilic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and submergence treatments, and two lotus WRKYs, NnWRKY40a and NnWRKY40b, were significantly induced by JA and promoted lotus BIA biosynthesis through activating BIA biosynthetic genes. The investigation of WRKY TFs for this basal eudicot reveals new insights into the evolution of the WRKY family, and provides fundamental information for their functional studies and lotus breeding.
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Fukushima, Atsushi, Miyako Kusano, Norihito Nakamichi, Makoto Kobayashi, Naomi Hayashi, Hitoshi Sakakibara, Takeshi Mizuno, and Kazuki Saito. "Impact of clock-associated Arabidopsis pseudo-response regulators in metabolic coordination." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 17 (April 9, 2009): 7251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900952106.
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In higher plants, the circadian clock controls a wide range of cellular processes such as photosynthesis and stress responses. Understanding metabolic changes in arrhythmic plants and determining output-related function of clock genes would help in elucidating circadian-clock mechanisms underlying plant growth and development. In this work, we investigated physiological relevance of PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATORS (PRR 9, 7, and 5) in Arabidopsis thaliana by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Metabolite profiling using gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry demonstrated well-differentiated metabolite phenotypes of seven mutants, including two arrhythmic plants with similar morphology, a PRR 9, 7, and 5 triple mutant and a CIRCADIAN CLOCK-ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1)-overexpressor line. Despite different light and time conditions, the triple mutant exhibited a dramatic increase in intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This suggests that proteins PRR 9, 7, and 5 are involved in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed that PRR 9, 7, and 5 negatively regulate the biosynthetic pathways of chlorophyll, carotenoid and abscisic acid, and α-tocopherol, highlighting them as additional outputs of pseudo-response regulators. These findings indicated that mitochondrial functions are coupled with the circadian system in plants.
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Mannino, Giuseppe, Carlo Pernici, Graziella Serio, Carla Gentile, and Cinzia M. Bertea. "Melatonin and Phytomelatonin: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Metabolism, Distribution and Bioactivity in Plants and Animals—An Overview." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (September 16, 2021): 9996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189996.
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Melatonin is a ubiquitous indolamine, largely investigated for its key role in the regulation of several physiological processes in both animals and plants. In the last century, it was reported that this molecule may be produced in high concentrations by several species belonging to the plant kingdom and stored in specialized tissues. In this review, the main information related to the chemistry of melatonin and its metabolism has been summarized. Furthermore, the biosynthetic pathway characteristics of animal and plant cells have been compared, and the main differences between the two systems highlighted. Additionally, in order to investigate the distribution of this indolamine in the plant kingdom, distribution cluster analysis was performed using a database composed by 47 previously published articles reporting the content of melatonin in different plant families, species and tissues. Finally, the potential pharmacological and biostimulant benefits derived from the administration of exogenous melatonin on animals or plants via the intake of dietary supplements or the application of biostimulant formulation have been largely discussed.
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Sharma, Anket, Babar Shahzad, Abdul Rehman, Renu Bhardwaj, Marco Landi, and Bingsong Zheng. "Response of Phenylpropanoid Pathway and the Role of Polyphenols in Plants under Abiotic Stress." Molecules 24, no. 13 (July 4, 2019): 2452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24132452.
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Phenolic compounds are an important class of plant secondary metabolites which play crucial physiological roles throughout the plant life cycle. Phenolics are produced under optimal and suboptimal conditions in plants and play key roles in developmental processes like cell division, hormonal regulation, photosynthetic activity, nutrient mineralization, and reproduction. Plants exhibit increased synthesis of polyphenols such as phenolic acids and flavonoids under abiotic stress conditions, which help the plant to cope with environmental constraints. Phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway is activated under abiotic stress conditions (drought, heavy metal, salinity, high/low temperature, and ultraviolet radiations) resulting in accumulation of various phenolic compounds which, among other roles, have the potential to scavenge harmful reactive oxygen species. Deepening the research focuses on the phenolic responses to abiotic stress is of great interest for the scientific community. In the present article, we discuss the biochemical and molecular mechanisms related to the activation of phenylpropanoid metabolism and we describe phenolic-mediated stress tolerance in plants. An attempt has been made to provide updated and brand-new information about the response of phenolics under a challenging environment.
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Nelly Sandrine, Ada Menie, Hailiang Zhao, Yao Qin, Qin Sun, Dianming Gong, Zhenyuan Pan, and Fazhan Qiu. "22KD Zein Content Coordinates Transcriptional Activity during Starch Synthesis in Maize Endosperm." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050624.
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Starch, the main form of stored energy in plants, plays an important role in maize (Zea mays L.) kernel development. The Shrunken-2 (Sh2) gene encodes the large subunit of the rate-limiting starch biosynthetic enzyme ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase). The sh2 mutant exhibits impaired AGPase activity, resulting in the partial or complete loss of starch synthesis. Here, we investigated the transcriptional regulatory framework of sh2 through transcriptome and co-expression network analysis using an F2 population derived from the maize reference line B73 and sweet corn inbred line HZ508. We identified 5175 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 2878 upregulated and 2297 downregulated genes in sh2 mutant lines. DEGs are associated with various biological processes including nutrient reservoir activity, transferase activity, catalytic activity, water deprivation and glycogen metabolism. At the genetic level, 2465 DEGs, including 357 transcription factors, were involved in transcription. In addition, the maize floury and opaque mutant genes fl1, ndk2, o7 and o2, which regulate the biosynthesis of 22KD zein, were co-expressed with the differential expressed transcription factor genes, thus suggesting that zein content might be a key regulator coordinating the expression of genes determining starch accumulation in maize endosperm.
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Schindler, M. "Interactive laser cytometry: Non-invasive microscopic approaches for the measurement of dynamic processes in animal and plant cells and tissue." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100102407.
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All aspects of cellular metabolic, biosynthetic, and replicative activity depend on the movement of signaling messenger molecules, macromolecules, and organelles between cellular compartments. On another level, individual cellular activity is coordinated and synchronized in tissues by the movement of molecules through trans-membrane structures forming aqueous channels between contiguous cells. The types of movement found in the cell can be discussed in terms of: a) diffusion, b) flow, and c) energy driven transport. Diffusive processes can be 1-, 2-, or 3-dimensional. An example of each type of diffusion would be the movement of control proteins along DNA/RNA strands (1-D), the lateral transport of proteins in membranes (2-D), and the intercellular movement of molecules through gap junctions or piasmodesmata (3-D). Flow processes have been most frequently observed in the bulk movement of animal cell plasma membrane and cytoplasmic streaming in plants, while energy driven transport has been most vividly demonstrated for the intracellular transport of vesicles along microtubule tracks.
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Takahashi, Taku. "Plant Polyamines." Plants 9, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9040511.
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Polyamines are small organic compounds found in all living organisms. According to the high degree of positive charge at physiological pH, they interact with negatively charged macromolecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, and modulate their activities. In plants, polyamines, some of which are presented as a conjugated form with cinnamic acids and proteins, are involved in a variety of physiological processes. In recent years, the study of plant polyamines, such as their biosynthetic and catabolic pathways and the roles they play in cellular processes, has flourished, becoming an exciting field of research. There is accumulating evidence that polyamine oxidation, the main catabolic pathway of polyamines, may have a potential role as a source of hydrogen peroxide. The papers in this Special Issue highlight new discoveries and research in the field of plant polyamine biology. The information will help to stimulate further research and make readers aware of the link between their own work and topics related to polyamines.
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Gomez-Casati, Diego F., Maria V. Busi, Julieta Barchiesi, Maria A. Pagani, Noelia S. Marchetti-Acosta, and Agustina Terenzi. "Fe-S Protein Synthesis in Green Algae Mitochondria." Plants 10, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020200.
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Iron and sulfur are two essential elements for all organisms. These elements form the Fe-S clusters that are present as cofactors in numerous proteins and protein complexes related to key processes in cells, such as respiration and photosynthesis, and participate in numerous enzymatic reactions. In photosynthetic organisms, the ISC and SUF Fe-S cluster synthesis pathways are located in organelles, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, respectively. There is also a third biosynthetic machinery in the cytosol (CIA) that is dependent on the mitochondria for its function. The genes and proteins that participate in these assembly pathways have been described mainly in bacteria, yeasts, humans, and recently in higher plants. However, little is known about the proteins that participate in these processes in algae. This review work is mainly focused on releasing the information on the existence of genes and proteins of green algae (chlorophytes) that could participate in the assembly process of Fe-S groups, especially in the mitochondrial ISC and CIA pathways.
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Zhang, Ning, Maike Wang, Jie Huang, Leiyun Yang, Zhixue Wang, Dianxing Wu, and Xiaoli Shu. "MOS1 Negatively Regulates Sugar Responses and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (September 26, 2020): 7095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197095.
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Sugars, which are important signaling molecules, regulate diverse biological processes in plants. However, the convergent regulatory mechanisms governing these physiological activities have not been fully elucidated. MODIFIER OF snc1-1 (MOS1), a modulator of plant immunity, also regulates floral transition, cell cycle control, and other biological processes. However, there was no evidence of whether this protein was involved in sugar responses. In this study, we found that the loss-of-function mutant mos1-6 (mos1) was hypersensitive to sugar and was characterized by defective germination and shortened roots when grown on high-sugar medium. The expression of MOS1 was enhanced by sucrose. Hexokinase 1, an important gene involved in sugar signaling, was upregulated in the mos1 mutant compared to wild-type Col-0 in response to sugar. Furthermore, the mos1 mutant accumulated more anthocyanin than did wild-type Col-0 when grown on high-sugar concentration medium or under high light. MOS1 was found to regulate the expression of flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in response to exogenous sucrose and high-light stress but with different underlying mechanisms, showing multiple functions in addition to immunity regulation in plant development. Our results suggest that the immune regulator MOS1 serves as a coordinator in the regulatory network, governing immunity and other physiological processes.
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Bryon, Astrid, Andre H. Kurlovs, Wannes Dermauw, Robert Greenhalgh, Maria Riga, Miodrag Grbić, Luc Tirry, et al. "Disruption of a horizontally transferred phytoene desaturase abolishes carotenoid accumulation and diapause in Tetranychus urticae." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 29 (July 3, 2017): E5871—E5880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706865114.
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Carotenoids underlie many of the vibrant yellow, orange, and red colors in animals, and are involved in processes ranging from vision to protection from stresses. Most animals acquire carotenoids from their diets because de novo synthesis of carotenoids is primarily limited to plants and some bacteria and fungi. Recently, sequencing projects in aphids and adelgids, spider mites, and gall midges identified genes with homology to fungal sequences encoding de novo carotenoid biosynthetic proteins like phytoene desaturase. The finding of horizontal gene transfers of carotenoid biosynthetic genes to three arthropod lineages was unprecedented; however, the relevance of the transfers for the arthropods that acquired them has remained largely speculative, which is especially true for spider mites that feed on plant cell contents, a known source of carotenoids. Pigmentation in spider mites results solely from carotenoids. Using a combination of genetic approaches, we show that mutations in a single horizontally transferred phytoene desaturase result in complete albinism in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, as well as in the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri. Further, we show that phytoene desaturase activity is essential for photoperiodic induction of diapause in an overwintering strain of T. urticae, consistent with a role for this enzyme in provisioning provitamin A carotenoids required for light perception. Carotenoid biosynthetic genes of fungal origin have therefore enabled some mites to forgo dietary carotenoids, with endogenous synthesis underlying their intense pigmentation and ability to enter diapause, a key to the global distribution of major spider mite pests of agriculture.
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Zhao, Zhe, Yifan Li, Songchao Zhao, Jiawen Zhang, Hong Zhang, Bo Fu, Fan He, Mingqin Zhao, and Pengfei Liu. "Transcriptome Analysis of Gene Expression Patterns Potentially Associated with Premature Senescence in Nicotiana tabacum L." Molecules 23, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 2856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112856.
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Senescence affects the remobilization of nutrients and adaption of the plant to the environment. Combined stresses can result in premature senescence in plants which exist in the field. In this study, transcriptomic analysis was performed on mature leaves and leaves in three stages of premature senescence to understand the molecular mechanism. With progressive premature senescence, a declining chlorophyll (chl) content and an increasing malonaldehyde (MDA) content were observed, while plasmolysis and cell nucleus pyknosis occurred, mitochondria melted, thylakoid lamellae were dilated, starch grains in chloroplast decreased, and osmiophilic granules increased gradually. Moreover, in total 69 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in three stages of premature senescing leaves were found, which were significantly enriched in summarized Gene Ontology (GO) terms of membrane-bounded organelle, regulation of cellular component synthesis and metabolic and biosynthetic processes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis suggested that the plant hormone signal transduction pathway was significantly enriched. The common DEGs and four senescence-related pathways, including plant hormone signal transduction, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, carotenoid biosynthesis, and regulation of autophagy were selected to be discussed further. This work aimed to provide potential genes signaling and modulating premature senescence as well as the possible dynamic network of gene expression patterns for further study.
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Maghiaoui, Amel, Eléonore Bouguyon, Candela Cuesta, Francine Perrine-Walker, Carine Alcon, Gabriel Krouk, Eva Benková, Philippe Nacry, Alain Gojon, and Liên Bach. "The Arabidopsis NRT1.1 transceptor coordinately controls auxin biosynthesis and transport to regulate root branching in response to nitrate." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 15 (May 19, 2020): 4480–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa242.
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Abstract In agricultural systems, nitrate is the main source of nitrogen available for plants. Besides its role as a nutrient, nitrate has been shown to act as a signal molecule in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In Arabidopsis, the NRT1.1 nitrate transceptor represses lateral root (LR) development at low nitrate availability by promoting auxin basipetal transport out of the LR primordia (LRPs). Here we show that NRT1.1 acts as a negative regulator of the TAR2 auxin biosynthetic gene in the root stele. This is expected to repress local auxin biosynthesis and thus to reduce acropetal auxin supply to the LRPs. Moreover, NRT1.1 also negatively affects expression of the LAX3 auxin influx carrier, thus preventing the cell wall remodeling required for overlying tissue separation during LRP emergence. NRT1.1-mediated repression of both TAR2 and LAX3 is suppressed at high nitrate availability, resulting in nitrate induction of the TAR2 and LAX3 expression that is required for optimal stimulation of LR development by nitrate. Altogether, our results indicate that the NRT1.1 transceptor coordinately controls several crucial auxin-associated processes required for LRP development, and as a consequence that NRT1.1 plays a much more integrated role than previously expected in regulating the nitrate response of root system architecture.
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Li, Xiuhong, Bin Zhang, Pengda Ma, Ruizhi Cao, Xiaobing Yang, and Juane Dong. "Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase SmPHA4 Negatively Regulates the Biosynthesis of Tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 3353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073353.
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Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge has been widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, due to the pharmacological action of its active components such as the tanshinones. Plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase plays key roles in numerous physiological processes in plants. However, little is known about the PM H+-ATPase gene family in S. miltiorrhiza (Sm). Here, nine PM H+-ATPase isoforms were identified and named SmPHA1–SmPHA9. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the genetic distance of SmPHAs was relatively far in the S. miltiorrhiza PM H+-ATPase family. Moreover, the transmembrane structures were rich in SmPHA protein. In addition, SmPHA4 was found to be highly expressed in roots and flowers. HPLC revealed that accumulation of dihydrotanshinone (DT), cryptotanshinone (CT), and tanshinone I (TI) was significantly reduced in the SmPHA4-OE lines but was increased in the SmPHA4-RNAi lines, ranging from 2.54 to 3.52, 3.77 to 6.33, and 0.35 to 0.74 mg/g, respectively, suggesting that SmPHA4 is a candidate regulator of tanshinone metabolites. Moreover, qRT-PCR confirmed that the expression of tanshinone biosynthetic-related key enzymes was also upregulated in the SmPHA4-RNAi lines. In summary, this study highlighted PM H+-ATPase function and provided new insights into regulatory candidate genes for modulating secondary metabolism biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Ranjan, Manish, Devanshi Khokhani, Sanjeeva Nayaka, Suchi Srivastava, Zachary P. Keyser, and Ashish Ranjan. "Genomic diversity and organization of complex polysaccharide biosynthesis clusters in the genus Dickeya." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): e0245727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245727.
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The pectinolytic genus Dickeya (formerly Erwinia chrysanthemi) comprises numerous pathogenic species which cause diseases in various crops and ornamental plants across the globe. Their pathogenicity is governed by complex multi-factorial processes of adaptive virulence gene regulation. Extracellular polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides present on bacterial envelope surface play a significant role in the virulence of phytopathogenic bacteria. However, very little is known about the genomic location, diversity, and organization of the polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic gene clusters in Dickeya. In the present study, we report the diversity and structural organization of the group 4 capsule (G4C)/O-antigen capsule, putative O-antigen lipopolysaccharide, enterobacterial common antigen, and core lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis clusters from 54 Dickeya strains. The presence of these clusters suggests that Dickeya has both capsule and lipopolysaccharide carrying O-antigen to their external surface. These gene clusters are key regulatory components in the composition and structure of the outer surface of Dickeya. The O-antigen capsule/group 4 capsule (G4C) coding region shows a variation in gene content and organization. Based on nucleotide sequence homology in these Dickeya strains, two distinct groups, G4C group I and G4C group II, exist. However, comparatively less variation is observed in the putative O-antigen lipopolysaccharide cluster in Dickeya spp. except for in Dickeya zeae. Also, enterobacterial common antigen and core lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis clusters are present mostly as conserved genomic regions. The variation in the O-antigen capsule and putative O-antigen lipopolysaccharide coding region in relation to their phylogeny suggests a role of multiple horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events. These multiple HGT processes might have been manifested into the current heterogeneity of O-antigen capsules and O-antigen lipopolysaccharides in Dickeya strains during its evolution.
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Karpinets, Tatiana V., Byung H. Park, Mustafa H. Syed, Martin G. Klotz, and Edward C. Uberbacher. "Metabolic Environments and Genomic Features Associated with Pathogenic and Mutualistic Interactions Between Bacteria and Plants." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 27, no. 7 (July 2014): 664–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-12-13-0368-r.
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Genomic characteristics discriminating parasitic and mutualistic relationship of bacterial symbionts with plants are poorly understood. This study comparatively analyzed the genomes of 54 mutualists and pathogens to discover genomic markers associated with the different phenotypes. Using metabolic network models, we predict external environments associated with free-living and symbiotic lifestyles and quantify dependences of symbionts on the host in terms of the consumed metabolites. We show that specific differences between the phenotypes are pronounced at the levels of metabolic enzymes, especially carbohydrate active, and protein functions. Overall, biosynthetic functions are enriched and more diverse in plant mutualists whereas processes and functions involved in degradation and host invasion are enriched and more diverse in pathogens. A distinctive characteristic of plant pathogens is a putative novel secretion system with a circadian rhythm regulator. A specific marker of plant mutualists is the co-residence of genes encoding nitrogenase and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). We predict that RuBisCO is likely used in a putative metabolic pathway to supplement carbon obtained heterotrophically with low-cost assimilation of carbon from CO2. We validate results of the comparative analysis by predicting correct phenotype, pathogenic or mutualistic, for 20 symbionts in an independent set of 30 pathogens, mutualists, and commensals.
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Li, Qian, Changkun Ma, Huanhuan Tai, Huan Qiu, and An Yang. "Comparative transcriptome analysis of two rice genotypes differing in their tolerance to saline-alkaline stress." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): e0243112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243112.
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Saline-alkaline stress is an abiotic stress that suppresses rice plant growth and reduces yield. However, few studies have investigated the mechanism by which rice plants respond to saline-alkaline stress at a global transcriptional level. Dongdao-4 and Jigeng-88, which differ in their tolerance to saline-alkaline stress, were used to explore gene expression differences under saline-alkaline stress by RNA-seq technology. In seedlings of Dongdao-4 and Jigeng-88, 3523 and 4066 genes with differential levels of expression were detected, respectively. A total of 799 genes were upregulated in the shoots of both Dongdao-4 and Jigeng-88, while 411 genes were upregulated in the roots of both genotypes. Among the downregulated genes in Dongdao-4 and Jigeng-88, a total of 453 and 372 genes were found in shoots and roots, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that upregulated genes were enriched in several GO terms such as response to stress, response to jasmonic acid, organic acid metabolic process, nicotianamine biosynthetic process, and iron homeostasis. The downregulated genes were enriched in several GO terms, such as photosynthesis and response to reactive oxygen species. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that Dongdao-4 seedlings were specifically enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as diterpenoids and phenylpropanoids. The upregulated genes that were involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, betalain biosynthesis, organic acid metabolic process, and iron homeostasis pathways may be central to saline-alkaline tolerance in both rice genotypes. In contrast, the genes involved in the diterpenoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways may contribute to the greater tolerance to saline-alkaline stress in Dongdao-4 seedlings than in Jigeng-88. These results suggest that Dongdao-4 was equipped with a more efficient mechanism involved in multiple biological processes to adapt to saline-alkaline stress.
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Ross, John J., and James B. Reid. "Evolution of growth-promoting plant hormones." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 9 (2010): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10063.
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The plant growth hormones auxin, gibberellins (GAs) and brassinosteroids (BRs) are major determinants of plant growth and development. Recently, key signalling components for these hormones have been identified in vascular plants and, at least for the GAs and BRs, biosynthetic pathways have been clarified. The genome sequencing of a range of species, including a few non-flowering plants, has allowed insight into the evolution of the hormone systems. It appears that the moss Physcomitrella patens can respond to auxin and contains key elements of the auxin signalling pathway, although there is some doubt as to whether it shows a fully developed rapid auxin response. On the other hand, P. patens does not show a GA response, even though it contains genes for components of GA signalling. The GA response system appears to be more advanced in the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii than in P. patens. Signalling systems for BRs probably arose after the evolutionary divergence of the mosses and vascular plants, although detailed information is limited. Certainly, the processes affected by the growth hormones (e.g. GAs) can differ in the different plant groups, and there is evidence that with the evolution of the angiosperms, the hormone systems have become more complex at the gene level. The intermediate nature of mosses in terms of overall hormone biology allows us to speculate about the possible relationship between the evolution of plant growth hormones and the evolution of terrestrial vascular plants in general.
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Castillo-Arteaga, Roger David, Edith Mariela Burbano-Rosero, Iván Dario Otero-Ramirez, Juan Camilo Roncallo, Sandra Patricia Hidalgo-Bonilla, and Pablo Fernández-Izquierdo. "Polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis by oxalotrophic bacteria from high Andean soil." Universitas Scientiarum 23, no. 1 (February 16, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.sc23-1.pbbo.
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<p class="ABSTRACT">Oxalate is a highly oxidized organic acid anion used as a carbon and energy source by oxalotrophic bacteria. Oxalogenic plants convert atmospheric CO2 into oxalic acid and oxalic salts. Oxalate-salt formation acts as a carbon sink in terrestrial ecosystems via the oxalate-carbonate pathway (OCP). Oxalotrophic bacteria might be implicated in other carbon-storage processes, including the synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). More recently, a variety of bacteria from the Andean region of Colombia in Nariño have been reported for their PHA-producing abilities. These species can degrade oxalate and participate in the oxalate-carbonate pathway. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize oxalotrophic bacteria with the capacity to accumulate PHA biopolymers. Plants of the genus <em>Oxalis</em> were collected and bacteria were isolated from the soil adhering to the roots. The isolated bacterial strains were characterized using biochemical and molecular biological methods. The consumption of oxalate in culture was quantified, and PHA production was monitored in batch fermentation. The polymeric composition was characterized using gas chromatography. Finally, a biosynthetic pathway based on our findings and on those from published sources is proposed. Strains of <em>Bacillus</em> spp. and <em>Serratia</em> sp. were found to metabolize calcium oxalate and synthesize PHA.</p>
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Vigani, Gianpiero, �d�m Solti, S�bastien Thomine, and Katrin Philippar. "Essential and Detrimental — an Update on Intracellular Iron Trafficking and Homeostasis." Plant and Cell Physiology 60, no. 7 (May 15, 2019): 1420–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcz091.
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Abstract Chloroplasts, mitochondria and vacuoles represent characteristic organelles of the plant cell, with a predominant function in cellular metabolism. Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis and therefore basic and essential for photoautotrophic growth of plants. Mitochondria produce energy during respiration and vacuoles act as internal waste and storage compartments. Moreover, chloroplasts and mitochondria are sites for the biosynthesis of various compounds of primary and secondary metabolism. For photosynthesis and energy generation, the internal membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria are equipped with electron transport chains. To perform proper electron transfer and several biosynthetic functions, both organelles contain transition metals and here iron is by far the most abundant. Although iron is thus essential for plant growth and development, it becomes toxic when present in excess and/or in its free, ionic form. The harmful effect of the latter is caused by the generation of oxidative stress. As a consequence, iron transport and homeostasis have to be tightly controlled during plant growth and development. In addition to the corresponding transport and homeostasis proteins, the vacuole plays an important role as an intracellular iron storage and release compartment at certain developmental stages. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge on iron transport and homeostasis in chloroplasts, mitochondria and vacuoles. In addition, we aim to integrate the physiological impact of intracellular iron homeostasis on cellular and developmental processes.
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Schuck, Sebastian. "Microautophagy – distinct molecular mechanisms handle cargoes of many sizes." Journal of Cell Science 133, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): jcs246322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.246322.
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ABSTRACTAutophagy is fundamental for cell and organismal health. Two types of autophagy are conserved in eukaryotes: macroautophagy and microautophagy. During macroautophagy, autophagosomes deliver cytoplasmic constituents to endosomes or lysosomes, whereas during microautophagy lytic organelles take up cytoplasm directly. While macroautophagy has been investigated extensively, microautophagy has received much less attention. Nonetheless, it has become clear that microautophagy has a broad range of functions in biosynthetic transport, metabolic adaptation, organelle remodeling and quality control. This Review discusses the selective and non-selective microautophagic processes known in yeast, plants and animals. Based on the molecular mechanisms for the uptake of microautophagic cargo into lytic organelles, I propose to distinguish between fission-type microautophagy, which depends on ESCRT proteins, and fusion-type microautophagy, which requires the core autophagy machinery and SNARE proteins. Many questions remain to be explored, but the functional versatility and mechanistic diversity of microautophagy are beginning to emerge.
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Kundrátová, Kristýna, Martin Bartas, Petr Pečinka, Ondřej Hejna, Andrea Rychlá, Vladislav Čurn, and Jiří Červeň. "Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Drought Stress Response in Opium Poppy Plants during the First Week of Germination." Plants 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 1878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091878.
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Water deficiency is one of the most significant abiotic stresses that negatively affects growth and reduces crop yields worldwide. Most research is focused on model plants and/or crops which are most agriculturally important. In this research, drought stress was applied to two drought stress contrasting varieties of Papaver somniferum (the opium poppy), a non-model plant species, during the first week of its germination, which differ in responses to drought stress. After sowing, the poppy seedlings were immediately subjected to drought stress for 7 days. We conducted a large-scale transcriptomic and proteomic analysis for drought stress response. At first, we found that the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles significantly differ. However, the most significant findings are the identification of key genes and proteins with significantly different expressions relating to drought stress, e.g., the heat-shock protein family, dehydration responsive element-binding transcription factors, ubiquitin E3 ligase, and others. In addition, metabolic pathway analysis showed that these genes and proteins were part of several biosynthetic pathways most significantly related to photosynthetic processes, and oxidative stress responses. A future study will focus on a detailed analysis of key genes and the development of selection markers for the determination of drought-resistant varieties and the breeding of new resistant lineages.