Academic literature on the topic 'Biosynthetic processes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Biosynthetic processes"
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Asrar, Jawed, and James C. Hill. "Biosynthetic processes for linear polymers." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 83, no. 3 (November 29, 2001): 457–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.2253.
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Usatîi, Agafia, Natalia Chiseliţa, Nadejda Efremova, and Tamara Borisova. "The Using of Millimeter Waves for Biosynthetic Processes Stimulation in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae." Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aucft-2014-0002.
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Abstract The results of influence of three frequencies of electromagnetic radiation of highfrequency range (EMR EHF) on the biosynthesis of carbohydrates, β-glucan, proteins, catalase activity by Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNMN -Y-20 yeast strain were analysed. It was established that frequency of f= 53,33 GHz stimulates the biosynthesis of carbohydrates, including β-glucan and frequency of f= 42,19 GHz promotes the increase of protein content and catalase. The indicated frequencies of EMR EHF are offered for the use in the biotechnology of cultivation of yeasts with the purpose to increase biosynthetic properties of yeast strain
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ETTLER, P., and J. NUTIL. "Construction of fermenters for sterile biosynthetic processes." Kvasny Prumysl 32, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18832/kp1986025.
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Bumpus, Stefanie B., and Neil L. Kelleher. "Accessing natural product biosynthetic processes by mass spectrometry." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 12, no. 5 (October 2008): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.07.022.
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Storbeck, Sonja, Sarah Rolfes, Evelyne Raux-Deery, Martin J. Warren, Dieter Jahn, and Gunhild Layer. "A Novel Pathway for the Biosynthesis of Heme inArchaea: Genome-Based Bioinformatic Predictions and Experimental Evidence." Archaea 2010 (2010): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/175050.
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Heme is an essential prosthetic group for many proteins involved in fundamental biological processes in all three domains of life. InEukaryotaandBacteriaheme is formedviaa conserved and well-studied biosynthetic pathway. Surprisingly, inArchaeaheme biosynthesis proceedsviaan alternative route which is poorly understood. In order to formulate a working hypothesis for this novel pathway, we searched 59 completely sequenced archaeal genomes for the presence of gene clusters consisting of established heme biosynthetic genes and colocalized conserved candidate genes. Within the majority of archaeal genomes it was possible to identify such heme biosynthesis gene clusters. From this analysis we have been able to identify several novel heme biosynthesis genes that are restricted to archaea. Intriguingly, several of the encoded proteins display similarity to enzymes involved in hemed1biosynthesis. To initiate an experimental verification of our proposals twoMethanosarcina barkeriproteins predicted to catalyze the initial steps of archaeal heme biosynthesis were recombinantly produced, purified, and their predicted enzymatic functions verified.
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Fujiwara, Tohru, and Hideo Harigae. "Biology of Heme in Mammalian Erythroid Cells and Related Disorders." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/278536.
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Heme is a prosthetic group comprising ferrous iron (Fe2+) and protoporphyrin IX and is an essential cofactor in various biological processes such as oxygen transport (hemoglobin) and storage (myoglobin) and electron transfer (respiratory cytochromes) in addition to its role as a structural component of hemoproteins. Heme biosynthesis is induced during erythroid differentiation and is coordinated with the expression of genes involved in globin formation and iron acquisition/transport. However, erythroid and nonerythroid cells exhibit distinct differences in the heme biosynthetic pathway regulation. Defects of heme biosynthesis in developing erythroblasts can have profound medical implications, as represented by sideroblastic anemia. This review will focus on the biology of heme in mammalian erythroid cells, including the heme biosynthetic pathway as well as the regulatory role of heme and human disorders that arise from defective heme synthesis.
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Jørgensen, Hanne, Kristin F. Degnes, Alexander Dikiy, Espen Fjærvik, Geir Klinkenberg, and Sergey B. Zotchev. "Insights into the Evolution of Macrolactam Biosynthesis through Cloning and Comparative Analysis of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster for a Novel Macrocyclic Lactam, ML-449." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 1 (October 23, 2009): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00744-09.
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ABSTRACT A new compound, designated ML-449, structurally similar to the known 20-membered macrolactam BE-14106, was isolated from a marine sediment-derived Streptomyces sp. Cloning and sequencing of the 83-kb ML-449 biosynthetic gene cluster revealed its high level of similarity to the BE-14106 gene cluster. Comparison of the respective biosynthetic pathways indicated that the difference in the compounds' structures stems from the incorporation of one extra acetate unit during the synthesis of the acyl side chain. A phylogenetic analysis of the β-ketosynthase (KS) domains from polyketide synthases involved in the biosynthesis of macrolactams pointed to a common ancestry for the two clusters. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrated the formation of a macrolactam-specific subclade for the majority of the KS domains from several macrolactam-biosynthetic gene clusters, indicating a closer relationship between macrolactam clusters than with the macrolactone clusters included in the analysis. Some KS domains from the ML-449, BE-14106, and salinilactam gene clusters did, however, show a closer relationship with KS domains from the polyene macrolide clusters, suggesting potential acquisition rather than duplication of certain PKS genes. Comparison of the ML-449, BE-14106, vicenistatin, and salinilactam biosynthetic gene clusters indicated an evolutionary relationship between them and provided new insights into the processes governing the evolution of small-ring macrolactam biosynthesis.
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Hayes, J. M. "Fractionation of Carbon and Hydrogen Isotopes in Biosynthetic Processes." Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 225–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gsrmg.43.1.225.
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Chen, Ming, Jingyu Liu, Panpan Duan, Mulin Li, and Wen Liu. "Biosynthesis and molecular engineering of templated natural products." National Science Review 4, no. 4 (August 11, 2016): 553–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nww045.
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Abstract Bioactive small molecules that are produced by living organisms, often referred to as natural products (NPs), historically play a critical role in the context of both medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. How nature creates these chemical entities with stunning structural complexity and diversity using a limited range of simple substrates has not been fully understood. Focusing on two types of NPs that share a highly evolvable ‘template’-biosynthetic logic, we here provide specific examples to highlight the conceptual and technological leaps in NP biosynthesis and witness the area of progress since the beginning of the twenty-first century. The biosynthesis of polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides and their hybrids that share an assembly-line enzymology of modular multifunctional proteins exemplifies an extended ‘central dogma’ that correlates the genotype of catalysts with the chemotype of products; in parallel, post-translational modifications of ribosomally synthesized peptides involve a number of unusual biochemical mechanisms for molecular maturation. Understanding the biosynthetic processes of these templated NPs would largely facilitate the design, development and utilization of compatible biosynthetic machineries to address the challenge that often arises from structural complexity to the accessibility and efficiency of current chemical synthesis.
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Thapa, Pandey, Park, and Kyung Sohng. "Biotechnological Advances in Resveratrol Production and its Chemical Diversity." Molecules 24, no. 14 (July 15, 2019): 2571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142571.
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The very well-known bioactive natural product, resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene), is a highly studied secondary metabolite produced by several plants, particularly grapes, passion fruit, white tea, and berries. It is in high demand not only because of its wide range of biological activities against various kinds of cardiovascular and nerve-related diseases, but also as important ingredients in pharmaceuticals and nutritional supplements. Due to its very low content in plants, multi-step isolation and purification processes, and environmental and chemical hazards issues, resveratrol extraction from plants is difficult, time consuming, impracticable, and unsustainable. Therefore, microbial hosts, such as Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Corynebacterium glutamicum, are commonly used as an alternative production source by improvising resveratrol biosynthetic genes in them. The biosynthesis genes are rewired applying combinatorial biosynthetic systems, including metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, while optimizing the various production processes. The native biosynthesis of resveratrol is not present in microbes, which are easy to manipulate genetically, so the use of microbial hosts is increasing these days. This review will mainly focus on the recent biotechnological advances for the production of resveratrol, including the various strategies used to produce its chemically diverse derivatives.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biosynthetic processes"
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Basak, A. "Synthetic and biosynthetic studies based on radical and related processes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370310.
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Ford, Yves-Yannick. "Metabolic studies of transformed roots." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260120.
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ZANIN, João Luiz Baldim. "Bioinformatics applied to natural products discovery processes: systematization, biosynthetic evidences, and isolation of promising species." Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 2016. https://bdtd.unifal-mg.edu.br:8443/handle/tede/983.
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Estratégias guiadas por genoma foram utilizadas a fim de examinar o potencial biossintético de microorganismos da classe Betaproteobacteria no âmbito de Produtos Naturais. Uma estratégia capaz de ser expandida para todos os tipos de microorganismos foi criada para estimar as reações enzimáticas das Peptideo Sintetases Não Ribossomais a fim de sistematizar a e analisar suas similaridades biossintéticas. Todas as bases de dados e software user-friendly foram adotadas a fim de tornar esta estratégia simples e mais abrangente. Elas foram NCBI, KEGG, NORINE, antiSMASH, Cystoscape, Gitools, MEGA e Clustal. Os resultados tornaram possível a criação de uma stratégia, chamada XPAIRT (eXPAndable Identification of amino acids in nonRibosomal peptides Tendencies) correlacionando pares de peptídeos e seus genomas similares via Jaccard Index e filogenia. Neste contexto, espécies Betaproteobacteria mostraram sintetizar produtos naturais seguindo certa similaridade biossintética na montagem de monômeros para a construção do esqueleto peptídico. Subunidades estruturais tais como asp.ser e orn.ser foram amplamente encontradas. Essas similaridades foram correlacionados gerando índice de similaridade entre espécies e sua distribuição entre genomas semelhantes, que foram nomeados como contribuíntes. Quanto maior a identidade genômica de um cluster de gene biossintético para um produto natural de forma geral, maior a chance de um contribuínte expressar pares similares relativos ao cluster em questão. A partir de análises de contagem de clusteres de genes biossintéticos, pôde-se eleger microorganismos promissores para isolamento de amostras ambientais. Essas análises mostraram que espécies do gênero Burkholderia são as mais promissoras quando comparadas a todos os genomas disponíveis da subclasse Betaproteobacteria. Análises genômicas da espécie padrão do gênero, Burkholderia thailandensis mostraram que cromossomos 1 e 2, em comparação a uma cepa produtora de antibióticos padrão, S. coelicolor, não apresentarem mesmas informações para biossíntese de compostos, mas apresentam similaridades de classes, sendo elas, Terpenos, T1PKS, Bacteriocinas e Peptídeos Não Ribossomais. Todos os resultados não tiveram correlações com os clusteres de S. coelicolor evidenciando que B. thailandensis apresenta-se promissora para a descoberta de novos compostos. Como espécies do gênero Burkholderia foram o principal alvo neste trabalho, um método guiado por genoma foi desenvolvido para isolar tanto quanto possível cepas de amostras ambientais. O método levou em consideração as necessidades básicas de um microorganismo para sobreviver: a) o tipo de microbioma que os microorganismos de interesse se encontram, analizados através de resultados de metagenômica, b) resistência à antibióticos e metais, c) capacidade de metabolizar compostos com papel biológico, d) crescimento celular e nutrientes, e e) variações de pH e crescimento celular. Todas as análises foram cruzadas e os melhores candidatos à composição de meios de culturas celular específicos para o isolamento de microorganismos do gênero Burkholderia foram selecionados. A estratégia foi bem-sucedida para diversos tipos de amostras. Estes experimentos excepcionais demonstraram a eficácia na resolução de problemas químico-biológicos auxiliando a análise posterior de novos produtos naturais.Genome-guided strategies were applied to examine Betaproteobacteria species potential for the biosynthesis of nonribosomal peptides. A generalizable strategy was created to track similarities in enzymatic reactions of nonribosomal peptides synthetases in order to organize their capability of assembling monomers building the peptides backbones. Databases and user-friendly software were adopted making this strategy a comprehensive one. Databases and software adopted, as well as, NCBI, KEGG, NORINE, antiSMASH, Cystoscape, Gitools, MEGA e Clustal were used for this purpose. Betaproteobacteria species showed to possess biosynthetic similarities in assembling monomers for the peptide backbone of a nonribosomal peptide. These evidences were correlated giving similarities indexes between species and their distribution between similar genomes. Predictions were fragmented in several ways, for example, monomers, pairs and triads. Correlation analyses displayed that pairs it is the best way of tracking similarities. This result turned possible to create a strategy, named XPAIRT (eXPAndable Identification of amino acids in nonRibosomal peptides Tendencies) correlating pairs of peptides and their similar genomes via Jaccard Index and phylogeny. Thought these investigations it was noticed that Betaproteobacteria species generally assemble asp.orn and orn.ser, mainly Burkholderia species, among other pairs of peptides. Further analysis showed that species from the genera Burkholderia are the most promising ones due to their Biosynthetic Gene Cluster counting for all available Betaproteobacteria genomes. These species were further analyzed and a standard strain, Burkholderia thailandensis, was used to the identification of intraspecific variation for their biosynthetic potential. A specific study on Biosynthetic Gene Cluster variation was proceeded for discovering disparities between chromosomes 1 and 2, and a standard antibiotic producer strain, S. coelicolor. Results showed that B. thailandensis have different possibilities for biosynthesizing natural products. Even thought, common classes of compounds such as, Terpenes, Bacteriocins, T1PKS and Nonribosomal Peptides were identified for all strains. As Burkholderia species were the main target in this work, a genome-guided method was developed for isolating as much strains as possible from environmental samples. This very method took into account the basic needs for a microorganism to survive: a) the type of microbiome that microorganisms of interest coexist, analyzed through metagenomics, b) resistance to antibiotics and metals, c) ability to metabolize compounds with biological role, d) cell growth related to different nutrients, and e) cell growth under pH variations. The strategy was successful for diverse types of samples. These exceptional experiments are part of a novel way of working with Natural Products, using genomic, bioinformatics and visual statistical analysis in order to access common characteristics and uniqueness of species guiding the search of medically relevant natural products.
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Minihane, B. J. "Micro-computer control of fed-batch pullulanase biosynthesis." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280848.
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Serk, Henrik. "Cellular Aspects of Lignin Biosynthesis in Xylem Vessels of Zinnia and Arabidopsis." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysiologisk botanik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-109179.
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Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer on earth and is found in the wood (xylem) of vascular land plants. To transport the hydro-mineral sap, xylem forms specialized conduit cells, called tracheary elements (TEs), which are hollow dead cylinders reinforced with lateral secondary cell walls (SCW). These SCWs incorporate lignin to gain mechanical strength, water impermeability and resistance against pathogens. The aim of this thesis is to understand the spatio-temporal deposition of lignin during TE differentiation and the relationship with its neighbouring cells. In vitro TE differentiating cell cultures of Zinnia elegans and Arabidopsis thaliana are ideal tools to study this process: cells differentiate simultaneously into 30-50% TEs while the rest remain parenchymatic (non-TEs). Live-cell imaging of such TEs indicated that lignification occurs after programmed cell death (PCD), in a non-cell autonomous manner, in which the non-TEs provide the lignin monomers. This thesis confirms that lignification occurs and continues long after TE PCD in both in vitro TE cultures and whole plants using biochemical, pharmacological and cytological methods. The cooperative supply of lignin monomers by the non-TEs was demonstrated by using Zinnia and Arabidopsis in vitro TE cultures. Inhibitor experiments revealed further that the non-TEs supply reactive oxygen species (ROS) to TEs and that ROS are required for TE post-mortem lignification. Characterization of the non-TEs showed an enlarged nucleus with increased DNA content, thus indicating that non-TEs are in fact endoreplicated xylem parenchyma cells (XP). The cooperative lignification was confirmed in whole plants by using knock-out mutants in a lignin monomer synthesis gene, which exhibit reduced TE lignification. The XP specific complementation of these mutants led to nearly completely rescuing the TE lignin reduction. Using microscopic techniques, the spatial distribution of lignin was analyzed in TEs from in vitro cultures and whole plants, revealing that lignification is restricted to TE SCWs in both protoxylem and metaxylem. These specific deposition domains were established by phenoloxidases, i.e. laccases localized to SCWs and peroxidases, present in SCWs and the apoplastic space. Laccases were cell-autonomously produced by developing TEs, indicating that the deposition domains are defined before PCD. Altogether, these results highlight that the hydro-mineral sap transport through TEs is enabled by the spatially and temporally controlled lignification of the SCW. Lignification occurs post-mortem by the supply of monomers and ROS from neighbouring XP cells and is restricted to specific deposition domains, defined by the pre-mortem sequestration of phenoloxidases.
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Willis, Elizabeth. "Structure and biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharides synthesized via ABC transporter-dependent processes." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/7479.
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Bacterial capsules are important virulence factors for a number of different pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Pasteurella multocida. Capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) synthesized via the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter-dependent pathway protect these bacteria from complement-mediated killing and phagocytosis, and consist of long polysaccharide chains attached to the cell surface via a phospholipid. CPSs are synthesized on the cytoplasmic face of the inner membrane before transport to the cell surface. While the enzymes that synthesize the polysaccharide have been studied in detail, very little is known about the structure and biosynthesis of the phospholipid terminus. To determine the structure of the reducing terminal glycolipid, CPS from E. coli K1, K5, and N. meningitidis group B was purified using a novel strategy and its structure was determined by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and chemical methods. All three polysaccharides possess terminal lyso-phosphatidylglycerol, which is connected to the CPS repeat unit by a linker consisting of multiple 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) residues, forming an alternating β-2,4/β-2,7-linked structure. In addition to describing its structure, the biosynthesis of the glycolipid terminus was also investigated. KpsC and KpsS are conserved proteins encoded in the capsule loci from different bacteria with ABC transporter-dependent capsule assembly pathways but have no previously assigned function. An in vitro assay was developed to characterize KpsSC activities, leading to the finding that they are the Kdo transferases responsible for synthesis of the poly-Kdo linker. This research has contributed significantly to the understanding of the structure and biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharides.
Books on the topic "Biosynthetic processes"
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Vanatalu, Kalju. Optimization of processes of microbial biosynthesis of isotopically labeled biomolecules and their complexes. Tallinn: TTÜ Kirjastus, 1999.
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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Biological Materials of Marine Origin: Invertebrates. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2010.
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Sarphare, Geeta, Ryan Lee, and Elaine Tierney. Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome and Role of Cholesterol in Autism. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199744312.003.0012.
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Cholesterol is manufactured throughout the body, but predominantly in the liver, and is essential for many metabolic processes. Cholesterol plays a critical role in forming membranes and myelin sheaths and is a precursor molecule for the synthesis of steroid hormones, neuroactive steroids, oxysterols, and vitamin D. It is also essential in the production of bile acids, which in turn helps the body absorb cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins. Cholesterol is essential in embryonic and fetal development and is also critical in regulating lipid raft processes such as signaling and trafficking (Korade & Kenworthy, 2008). Cholesterol biosynthesis begins with the formation of squalene and ends with the reduction of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) into cholesterol by the enzyme 7DHC reductase, and then its spontaneous isomer, 8-dehydrocholesterol (8DHC). Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS, Mendelian Inheritance in Man #270400) is an autosomal recessive disorder due to an inborn error of cholesterol biosynthesis (Elias et al., 1993; Irons, Elias, Salen, Tint, & Batta, 1993; Tint et al., 1994). Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome has an estimated incidence among individuals of European ancestry in Canada and the United States of 1 in 15,000 to 1 in 60,000 births (Bzdúch, Behulova, & Skodova, 2000; Lowry & Yong, 1980; Opitz, 1999; Ryan, Bartlett, Clayton, Eaton, Mills, Donnai, & Burn, 1998) and a carrier frequency of 1 in 30 to 1 in 50 (Nowaczyk & Waye, 2001).
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Kirchman, David L. The nitrogen cycle. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0012.
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Nitrogen is required for the biosynthesis of many cellular components and can take on many oxidation states, ranging from −3 to +5. Consequently, nitrogen compounds can act as either electron donors (chemolithotrophy) or electron acceptors (anaerobic respiration). The nitrogen cycle starts with nitrogen fixation, the reduction of nitrogen gas to ammonium. Nitrogen fixation is carried out only by prokaryotes, mainly some cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria. The ammonium resulting from nitrogen fixation is quickly used by many organisms for biosynthesis, being preferred over nitrate as a nitrogen source. It is also oxidized aerobically by chemolithoautotrophic bacteria and archaea during the first step of nitrification. The second step, nitrite oxidation, is carried out by other bacteria not involved in ammonia oxidation, resulting in the formation of nitrate. Some bacteria are capable of carrying out both steps (“comammox”). This nitrate can then be reduced to nitrogen gas or nitrous oxide during denitrification. It can be reduced to ammonium, a process called “dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium.” Nitrogen gas is also released by anaerobic oxidation of ammonium (“anammox”) which is carried out by bacteria in the Planctomycetes phylum. The theoretical contribution of anammox to total nitrogen gas release is 29%, but the actual contribution varies greatly. Another gas in the nitrogen cycle, nitrous oxide, is a greenhouse gas produced by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea. The available data indicate that the global nitrogen cycle is in balance, with losses from nitrogen gas production equaling gains via nitrogen fixation. But excess nitrogen from fertilizers is contributing to local imbalances and several environmental problems in drinking waters, reservoirs, lakes, and coastal oceans.
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Biological Materials of Marine Origin: Vertebrates. Springer, 2014.
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Ehrlich, Hermann. Biological Materials of Marine Origin: Vertebrates. Springer, 2016.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Biosynthetic processes"
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Vorobjeva, Lena I. "Biosynthetic Processes and Physiologically Active Compounds." In Propionibacteria, 128–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2803-4_5.
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Blank, Martin. "Electrochemical Processes in Membrane Channels and Biosynthetic Structures." In Molecular Electronics, 77–81. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7482-8_9.
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Hayes, John M. "3. Fractionation of Carbon and Hydrogen Isotopes in Biosynthetic Processes." In Stable Isotope Geochemistry, edited by John W. Valley and David R. Cole, 225–78. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501508745-006.
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Pengelly, Andrew. "Introduction to phytochemistry." In The constituents of medicinal plants, 1–17. 3rd ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243079.0001.
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Abstract This chapter focuses on commonly occurring chemical composition of medicinal plants. It gives an introduction to the biosynthetic processes through which plants manufacture their chemicals, and explore some of the recent investigations into synergism between medicinal plants and their constituents.
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Paro, Renato, Ueli Grossniklaus, Raffaella Santoro, and Anton Wutz. "Epigenetics and Metabolism." In Introduction to Epigenetics, 179–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68670-3_9.
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AbstractMost chromatin-modifying enzymes use metabolites as cofactors. Consequently, the cellular metabolism can influence the capacity of the cell to write or erase chromatin marks. This points to an intimate relationship between metabolic and epigenetic regulation. In this chapter, we describe the biosynthetic pathways of cofactors that are implicated in epigenetic and chromatin regulation and provide examples of how metabolic pathways can influence chromatin and epigenetic processes as well as their interplay in developmental and cancer biology.
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Cabib, E., J. A. Shaw, P. C. Mol, B. Bowers, and W. J. Choi. "Chitin Biosynthesis and Morphogenetic Processes." In Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 243–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10367-8_11.
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Valdivieso, M. H., Á. Durán, and C. Roncero. "Chitin Biosynthesis and Morphogenetic Processes." In Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 275–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06064-3_14.
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Méndez, Carmen, and José A. Salas. "Recombinant Microorganisms for the Biosynthesis of Glycosylated Antitumor Compounds." In Microbial Processes and Products, 131–48. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-847-1:131.
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Smith, Gary K., Richard G. Knowles, Christopher I. Pogson, Mark Salter, M. Hanlon, and R. Mullin. "Flux Control Coefficients of Glycinamide Ribonucleotide Transformylase for de novo Purine Biosynthesis." In Control of Metabolic Processes, 385–87. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9856-2_34.
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Zareba, G., and J. Chmielnicka. "Interaction of Tin and Zinc in Some Processes of Heme Biosynthesis in Rabbits." In Archives of Toxicology, 330–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69928-3_65.
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Marquerie, G., A. Duperray, G. Uzan, and R. Berthier. "BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS OF THE PLATELET FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR IN HUMAN MEGAKARYOCYTES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642954.
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Interaction between cells and between cells and extracellular matrices are critical for a number of biological processes, including organ development, cell differenciation, cell motility, and the inimune' response. These interactions are mediated by a family of adhesion receptors that recognize short sequences such as Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD). These receptors share similar structural properties. They are heterodimers composed of a and B subunits and sometime express common epitopes. This suggests that the structural and functional relationship of these receptors may result from the transcription of related genes or may arise from cell specific post-transcriptional events. Thus, analysis of the biosynthesis and processing of these receptors would provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanism which control their expression at the surface,of different cells. Platelet membrane glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa is a member of this receptor family. This protein is a non covalent heterodimer composed of two distinct polypeptides, Glib which consists of two subunits Ilba and IlbB (Mr = 116 kD, Mr = 25 kD) and GPIIIa (Mr = 100 kD, reduced). GPIIb-IIIa functions at site of platelet aggregation and serves as receptor for RGD containing factors including fibrinogen, fibronectin and von Willebrand factor. We report here on the investigation of the biosynthetic pathways of this RGD receptor in human megakaryocytes. High number of megakaryocytic cells from the megakaryoblastic stage to the polyploid mature megakaryocyte were obtained from liquid culture of cryopreserved leukocyte stem cell concentrates from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). After sorting, using a FACS IV and indirect immunofluores-cent labeling with monoclonal antibodies anti-GPIIb-IIIa, 95 % of the cells in culture were of the megakaryocytic lineage. These megakarocytes represented an excellent tool to delineate at the molecular level events associated with the biosynthesis of GPIIb-IIIa.Metabolic labeling and pulse-chase experiments indicated that GPIIb and GPIIIa are synthesized from separate mRNA and that the two subunits of GPIIb derive from a common precursor. This was further confirmed by cell-free translation of megakaryocyte mRNA and the identification of separate cDNA containing sequences coding for the pro-GPIIb and for GPIIIa. These cDNA were isolated from a Xgt11 expression library constructed with purified megakaryocyte RNA, and were used to size the messengers coding for the two polypeptides. A single mRNA species of 3.9 kB was found to encode the pro-GPIIb, whereas two different mRNA species of 2.9 kB and 4. 1 kB were identified with the GPIIIa cDNA.The newly synthesized GPIIIa associates early with the pro-GPIIb in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Examination of the glycosylation pathways with endoglycosidase H, tunicamycin and monensin indicated that high mannose oligosaccharides are added to the GPIIIa and pro-GPIIb polypeptide backbone. The pro-GPIIb is then processed with conversion of high mannose to the complex type carbohydrate, whereas GPIIIa remains endoH sensitive. Glycosylation of pro-GPIIb-IIIa and processing of oligosaccharides are prerequisite for proteolytic maturation of pro-GPIIb and the expression of the mature complex at the surface of the cell. Thus post-translational processing of GPIIb-IIIa requires an early assembly of the complex. This may have important implications in the maturation of megakaryocyte granules and in the molecular mechanism underlying the Glanzmann thrombastenic disease.
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Rymowicz, Waldemar, Agnieszka Kita, Anita Rywińska, and Aleksandra Mirończuk. "Enhanced erythritol biosynthesis from glycerol by Yarrowia lipolytica in fed-batch processes." In 3rd Annual International Conference on Advances in Biotechnology (BioTech 2013). Global Science and Technology Forum, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-2489_biotech13.64.
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Duperray, A., A. Troesch, R. Berthier, E. Chagnon, and G. Marguerie. "BIOSYNTHESIS AND ASSEMBLY OF PLATELET GPIIbIIIa." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643958.
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Platelet GPIIbIIIa is a calcium-dependent heterodimer which is constituted of two proteins subunits GPIIb and GPIIIa. The GPIIb is itself made of two disulfide-linked subunits IIba and IIbβ. GPIlia is a single chain protein. GPIIbIIIa serves as a receptor for fibrinogen, fibronectin and von Willebrand factor and is implicated in platelet adhesive reactions. This protein is a member of an adhesion receptor protein family for which the name “cytoadhesins” has been proposed. As a preliminary step in the study of the genetic diversity of the members of this family, we have analysed the biosynthesis and assembly of GPIIbIIIa in human megakaryocytes and in a human megakaryocytic cell line : LAMA-84. Megakaryocytes were isolated from liquid cultures of cryopreserved blood cell concentrates from patients in the chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia. Using these cell preparations, we have shown that the a and 3 subunits of GPIIb derive from a common precursor, the pro-GPIIb, which associated in an early step with GP IIIa. In a second set of experiments, we have analysed the expression of the GPIIbIIIa complex in LAMA-84. Only a minority of the native cells were reacting with the anti GPIIIIIa antibodies as tested by immunofluorescent labeling. In contrast, the expression of GPIIbIIIa in these cells was amplified in the presence of the phorbol ester TPA. Metabolic labeling experiments indicated that a large quantity of pro-GPIIb was synthesized in the native cells, while very little of the mature forms of GPIIb and IIIa were detected. After TPA induction, the expression of GPIIIa was greatly enhanced with a simultaneous increase in mature GPIIb. These data indicate that a deficit in GP Ilia results in the biosynthesis of a non-associated pro-GPIIb which cannot be further processed, suggesting that the GPIIIa subunit is a regulatory component in the biosynthesis of the GPIIbIIIa complex.
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Zhao, Weirui, Keshun Hu,, Jiaqi Mei, and Lehe Mei. "Biosynthesis of Salvianic Acid from L-Dopa via a Two-Step Process." In The 5th World Congress on New Technologies. Avestia Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icbb19.142.
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Nugroho, Bambang Hernawan, Suparmi Suparmi, and Muhammad Rizal Syifaudin. "Preparation and characterization of gold nanoparticles Lamtoro extract (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) with eco-friendly biosynthesis process." In 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY, CHEMICAL PROCESS AND ENGINEERING (IC3PE). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5065036.
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Loskutoff, D. J., J. Mimuro, and C. Hekman. "PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644763.
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Plasminogen activation provides an important source of localized proteolytic activity not only during fibrinolysis, but also during ovulation, cell migration, epithelial cell differentiation, tumor invasion and a variety of other physiological processes. Precise regulation of plasminogen activator (PA) activity thus constitutes a critical feature of many biological processes. This control is achieved in large part through the action of specific PA inhibitors (PAIs). Although 4 distinct PAIs have been detected,1the endothelial cellTderived inhibitor (PAI-1) is the only one that efficiently inhibits both urokinase (Kd=2.3×10−13M; Kassoc =1.6×108 M−1s−1) and single-chaintissue-type PA (tPA; Kd=1.3×lO−15 M Kd=3.9×lO7M−1s−1). It also inhibits trypsin (Kassoc=6.8×106M−1 s−1 ) ancl Plasmin (Kassoc=7.6×l05 M−1 s5 Analysis of the effect of PAI-1 on the rate of plasminogen activation revealed a competitive type of inhibition when urokinase was employed but a linear mixed type of inhibition when single chain tPA was employed. These results suggest that the interaction of PAI-1 with tPA, in contrast to its interaction with urokinase, may involve 2 sites on the tPA molecule.PAI-1 has been purified from medium conditioned by cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells and partially characterized. It is a major biosynthetic product of these cells, accounting for as much as 12% of the total protein released by the cells in 24 h. It has an M of 50,000, an isoelectric point of 4.5-5.0, and is immunologically and biochemically related to the rapidly acting inhibitor present in human platelets and in the plasma of some patients at risk to develop thrombotic problems. Although it is relatively stable to conditions which inactivate most protease inhibitors (acid pH, SDS), it is extremely sensitive to oxidants. The molecular cloning of the PAI-1 gene revealed that the mature human protein is 379 amino acids long, contains an NH2-terminal valine, lacks cysteines and has a methionine at the Pi position of it's reactive center. The conversion of this methionine to methionine sulfoxide may be responsible for the rapid inactivation of PAI-1 by oxidants. Human PAI-1 has extensive (30%) homology with α1-antitrypsin and antithrombin III and is thus a member of the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) family; a group of related molecules that control the major protease cascades of the blood. The PAI-1 gene is approximately 12.2 kilobase pairs in length and is organized into nine exons and eight introns.The production of PAI-1 by endothelial cells is stimulated by endotoxin, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, and transforming growth factor β(TGFβ). The cells are extremely sensitive to TGFβwith maximal effects (100-fold stimulation) observed with 1-2 ng/ml. These changes were relatively specific for PAI-1, and could be detected at both the protein and the RNA level. Interestingly, TGFgalso stimulated the amount of PAI-1 present in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of BAEs. PAI-1 was one of the primary ECM components of these cells, constituting 10-20% of the ECM proteins detected after SDS-PAGE.One of the most unusual properties of PAI-1 is that it exists in blood and in various cellular samples in both an active and an inactive (latent) form, the ratio depending on the source. The latent form can be converted into the active one by treatment with denaturants like SDS or guanidine-HCl. Although the majority of the cell-associated PAI-1 is active, it rapidly decays (t1/2=3 h) into the latent form once it is released from the cells. In contrast, the half-life of ECM associated PAI-1 was greater than 24 h. These data suggest that PAI-1 is produced by BAEs in an active form, and is then either released into the medium where it is rapidly inactivated, or released into the subendothelium where it binds to ECM. The specific binding of PAI-1 to ECM protects it from this inactivation.
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Sadler, J. Evan. "THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643930.
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Human von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a plasma glycoprotein that is synthesized by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, and perhaps by syncytiotrophoblast of placenta. The biosynthesis of vWF is very complex, involving proteolytic processing, glycosyla-tion, disulfide bond formation, and sulfation. Mature vWF consists of a single subunit of ∼ 250,000 daltons that is assembled into multimer ranging from dimers to species of over 10 million daltons. vWF performs its essential hemostatic function through several binding interactions, forming a bridge between specific receptors on the platelet surface and components of damaged vascular subendothelial connective tissue. Inherited deficiency of vWF, or von Willebrand disease (vWD), is the most common genetically transmitted bleeding disorder worldwide. The last two years has been a time of very rapid progress in understanding the molecular biology of vWF. Four research groups have independently isolated and sequenced the 9 kilobase full-length vWF cDNA. The predicted protein sequence has provided a foundation for understanding the biosynthetic processing of vWF, and has clarified the relationship between vWF and a 75-100 kilodalton plasma protein of unknown function, von Willebrand antigen II (vWAgll)/ vWAgll is co-distributed with vWF in endothelial cells and platelets, and is deficient in patients with vWD. The cDNA sequence of vWF shows that vWAgll is a rather large pro-peptide for vWF, explaining the biochemical and genetic association between the two proteins. vWF has a complex evolutionary history marked by many separate gene segment duplications. The primary structure of the protein contains four distinct types of repeated domains present in two to four copies each. Repeated domains account for over 90 percent of the protein sequence. This sequence provides a framework for ordering the functional domains that have been defined by protein chemistry methods. A tryptic peptide from the amino-terminus of vWF that overlaps domain D3 binds to factor VIII and also appears to bind to heparin. Peptides that include domain A1 bind to collagens, to heparin, and to platelet glycoprotein Ib. A second collagen binding site appears to lie within domain A3. The vWF cDNA has been expressed in heterologous cells to produce small amounts of functionally and structurally normal vWF, indicating that endothelial cells are not unique in their ability to process and assemble vWF multimers. Site-directed mutagenesis has been used to show that deletion of the propeptide of vWF prevents the formation of multimers. Cloned cDNA probes have been employed to isolate vWF genomic DNA from cosmid and λ-phage libraries, and the size of the vWF gene appears to be ∼ 150 kilobases. The vWF locus has been localized to human chromosome 12p12—pter. Several intragenic RFLPs have been characterized. With them, vWF has been placed on the human genetic linkage map as the most telomeric marker currently available for the short arm of chromosome 12. A second apparently homologous locus has been identified on chromosome 22, but the relationship of this locus to the authentic vWF gene is not yet known. The mechanism of vWD has been studied by Southern blotting of genomic DNA with cDNA probes in a few patients. Three unrelated pedigrees have been shown to have total deletions of the vWF gene as the cause of severe vWD (type III). This form of gene deletion appears to predispose to the development of inhibitory alloantibodies to vWF during therapy with cryoprecipitate. During the next several years recombinant DNA methods will continue to contribute our understanding of the evolution, biosynthesis, and structure-function relationships of vWF, as well as the mechanism of additional variants of vWD at the level of gene structure.
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Polack, B., A. Duperray, and R. Berthier. "PLATELET AND ENDOTHELIAL CELL CYTOADHESINS ARE BIOSYNTHESIZED AND PROCESSED VIA SIMILAR PATHWAYS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642815.
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The cytoadhesin family represents a group of heterodimeric adhesion receptors with common structural, fonctional and immunochemical properties. Platelet and endothelial cell (EC) GPIIbIII a related proteins exemplify two members of this family. In the present study the biosynthesis and processing of EC GPIIbIII a were examined and compared with that of platelet GPIIbIIIa to verify whether the diversity of these cytoadhesins was related to post translational events.Endothelial cells of human umbilical cord vein origin were metabolicaly labeled with 35S-methionine. The newly synthesized proteins were analyzed and immunoprecipitated with polyclonal antibodies against the purified platelet GPIIbllla complex and the isolated GPIIb and GPIIIa. Under non-reducing conditions three bands were detected at 135 kD, 125 kD and 90kD with the anti GPIIbIIIa. Samples obtained from pulse chase experiments and analysed under non reducing conditions indicated that the 135 kD band derived from the 125 kD band. Under reducing conditions the 135 kD generated two bands at 118 kD and 25 kD. The 125 KD band also gave a 118 kD band and the 90 kD band shifted to 100 kD. These results indicated that the mature form of 135 kD is composed of two polypeptidic chains which derive from a common single chain precursor similar to that observed in the megakaryocyte. The mature protein and the precursor molecule were not recognised by anti GPIIb antibodies. Also immunoprecipitated by polyclonal anti GPIIIa antibodies was a single chain protein of 100kD. In addition, endoglycosidase treatement showed that both EC GPIIIa and platelet GPIIIa were glycosylated protein of the high mannose type.These results indicate that although structural differences exists between platelet and endothelial cell GPIIbllla, the two membrane glycoproteins have a similar cellular transit.
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Yuan, Tai-Yi, Hanan N. Fernando, Jessica Czamanski, Chong Wang, Wei Yong Gu, and Chun-Yuh Huang. "Effects of Static Compression on Energy Metabolism of Porcine Intervertebral Disc." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19600.
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Degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) has been associated with low back pain, which is one of the major socio-economic problems in the United States. Since IVD is the largest avascular cartilaginous structure in the human body, poor nutrient supply has been suggested as a potential mechanism for IVD degeneration. Biosynthesis of extracellular matrix is an energy demanding process which is required to maintain tissue integrity [1]. Cells consume glucose and oxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy form in cells. Glycolysis, the primary metabolic pathway for production of ATP in IVD cells, is strongly regulated by local oxygen concentration and pH (which is governed by lactate concentration) [2]. Therefore, energy metabolism may play an important role in the malnutrition pathway leading to IVD degeneration. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of mechanical loading on cellular energy metabolism in whole disc and in agarose gels.
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Huang, Chun-Yuh, and Wei Yong Gu. "Effects of Compression on Glucose Consumption in Intervertebral Disc." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192812.
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Nutrition supply is a concern for the health of avascular cartilaginous tissues such as intervertebral disc (IVD). Maintaining tissue integrity relies on cellular biosynthesis of extracellular matrix, which is an energy demanding process [1]. In the IVD, energy is mainly generated through glycolysis (i.e., glucose consumption). Metabolism of nutrients (e.g., oxygen and glucose) within the IVD depends on local concentrations of nutrients, and coupling effects between nutrient level and metabolic rate [2,3]. Our previous theoretical study had developed a new theoretical formulation by incorporating the metabolic rates of solutes into the mechano-electrochemical mixture theory [4,5]. By using this new theoretical model, the distribution of oxygen and lactate can be predicted within the IVD under static and dynamics compressions [4]. However, the effect of compression on glucose consumption in the IVD has not been studied. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of compression on glucose consumption in the IVD under static and dynamic unconfined compression numerically.