Relevant bibliographies by topics / Biosynthesis of ginsenosides

Academic literature on the topic 'Biosynthesis of ginsenosides'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Biosynthesis of ginsenosides"

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Jin, Shi Kun, and Shou Jing Zhao. "Progress in Understanding of the Key Enzyme Genes of Ginsenoside Biosynthesis in Panax ginseng." Advanced Materials Research 773 (September 2013): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.773.374.

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Ginsenosides, the major bioactive ingredients of P. ginseng can improve the anti-disease abilities of human being, and generate significant social and economic benefits. However, along with gradually or rapidly or dramatically increasing demand of the ginsenosides, extensive studies have focused on regulating the ginsenoside biosynthetic pathway on a genetic level. In this article, ginsenoside biosynthesis of key enzyme genes are described, including squalene synthase (SS), squalene epoxidase (SE), oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), dammarenediol synthase (DS), β-amyrin synthase (β-AS), lanosterol synthase (LAS), cycloartenol synthase (CAS) and P450. Additionally, this review critically analyzes and evaluates the background and theoretical basis of the previous researches, as well as the deficiencies of these researches.
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Zhang, Ru, Shiquan Tan, Bianling Zhang, Pengcheng Hu, and Ling Li. "Cerium-Promoted Ginsenosides Accumulation by Regulating Endogenous Methyl Jasmonate Biosynthesis in Hairy Roots of Panax ginseng." Molecules 26, no. 18 (September 16, 2021): 5623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185623.

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Among rare earth elements, cerium has the unique ability of regulating the growth of plant cells and the biosynthesis of metabolites at different stages of plant development. The signal pathways of Ce3+-mediated ginsenosides biosynthesis in ginseng hairy roots were investigated. At a low concentration, Ce3+ improved the elongation and biomass of hairy roots. The Ce3+-induced accumulation of ginsenosides showed a high correlation with the reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as the biosynthesis of endogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ginsenoside key enzyme genes (PgSS, PgSE and PgDDS). At a Ce3+ concentration of 20 mg L−1, the total ginsenoside content was 1.7-fold, and the total ginsenosides yield was 2.7-fold that of the control. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the ROS production rate were significantly higher than those of the control. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly activated within the Ce3+ concentration range of 10 to 30 mg L−1. The activity of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) strengthened with the increasing concentration of Ce3+ in the range of 20–40 mg L−1. The Ce3+ exposure induced transient production of superoxide anion (O2•−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Together with the increase in the intracellular MeJA level and enzyme activity for lipoxygenase (LOX), there was an increase in the gene expression level of MeJA biosynthesis including PgLOX, PgAOS and PgJMT. Our results also revealed that Ce3+ did not directly influence PgSS, PgSE and PgDDS activity. We speculated that Ce3+-induced ROS production could enhance the accumulation of ginsenosides in ginseng hairy roots via the direct stimulation of enzyme genes for MeJA biosynthesis. This study demonstrates a potential approach for understanding and improving ginsenoside biosynthesis that is regulated by Ce3+-mediated signal transduction.
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Chu, Luan Luong, Nguyen Quang Huy, and Nguyen Huu Tung. "Microorganisms for Ginsenosides Biosynthesis: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives." Molecules 28, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031437.

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Ginsenosides are major bioactive compounds present in the Panax species. Ginsenosides exhibit various pharmaceutical properties, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimetastatic, hypertension, and neurodegenerative disorder activities. Although several commercial products have been presented on the market, most of the current chemical processes have an unfriendly environment and a high cost of downstream processing. Compared to plant extraction, microbial production exhibits high efficiency, high selectivity, and saves time for the manufacturing of industrial products. To reach the full potential of the pharmaceutical resource of ginsenoside, a suitable microorganism has been developed as a novel approach. In this review, cell biological mechanisms in anticancer activities and the present state of research on the production of ginsenosides are summarized. Microbial hosts, including native endophytes and engineered microbes, have been used as novel and promising approaches. Furthermore, the present challenges and perspectives of using microbial hosts to produce ginsenosides have been discussed.
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Chen, Hong, Xiangzhu Li, Yongjun Zheng, Mingming Liu, and Kangyu Wang. "Effects of Different Culture Times Genes Expression on Ginsenoside Biosynthesis of the Ginseng Adventitious Roots in Panax ginseng." Horticulturae 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2023): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9070762.

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Panax ginseng is an ancient and very potent herb, which has a long history of medicinal use, and recent studies have shown that ginsenosides are the main active substances in its pharmacological effects. However, the saponin content of wild ginseng and cultivated ginseng can hardly meet the market supply, and the ginseng adventitious root suspension culture technology can produce ginsenosides in a targeted manner. The length of culture time is an important factor affecting the growth and development of plants and the accumulation of secondary metabolites. After transcriptome sequencing of ginseng adventitious root material at different culture times, the results showed that a total of 5784 differentially expressed genes were screened, which contained 239 transcription factors. KEGG analysis showed that these differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. A proposed temporal analysis of differentially expressed genes among the two groups distributed the differentially expressed genes under nine clusters, and the differentially expressed genes under different clusters had the same expression trends, indicating that these genes can be jointly involved in specific biological processes. Extraction of ginsenosides from ginseng adventitious roots using water-saturated n-butanol and detection of ginsenoside content by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed a significant increase in total saponins and protopanaxadiol ginsenosides (particularly significant for ginsenosides Rd and Rb1), an increase in bioaccumulation of some protopanaxatriol ginsenosides, and a decrease in some protopanaxatriol ginsenosides (S-Rh1, R-Rg3, and Rf) saponin content decreased. We also found seven genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis and that the changes in these genes’ expression may be related to the accumulation of ginsenosides.
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Lu, Jing. "Genome-Wide Comparative Profiles of Triterpenoid Biosynthesis Genes in Ginseng and Pseudo Ginseng Medicinal Plants." Life 13, no. 11 (November 19, 2023): 2227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13112227.

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Saponin-rich medicinal plants, particularly ginseng and Pseudo ginseng, are valuable in traditional medical practice due to the presence of different saponins. These plants benefit from natural saponins/triterpenoids drugs, such as Ginsenosides, Gypenosides, Platycodins, and Lancemasides. Ginsenosides are highly required for research and functional materials preparation in industrial practices, and some compounds, like Compound-K, have been taken to human trials for various therapeutic applications. To elucidate the genes/transcripts profiles responsible for secondary metabolites and ginsenoside biosynthesis in Ginseng and Pseudo ginseng plant genomes, a comparative analysis was conducted in this study. Nine plant genomes with a 99% BUSCO completeness score were used, resulting in 49 KEGG secondary metabolite pathways, 571 cytochromes genes with 42 families, and 3529 carbohydrate genes with 103 superfamilies. The comparative analysis revealed 24 genes/transcripts belonging to the CYP716 family, which is involved in the ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway. Additionally, it found that various ginsenosides demonstrated strong binding affinity with twelve targets, with ginsenoside Rg3, Rg2, Rh1, Rh5, F3, Rh9, Panaxadione, Protopanaxatriol, Floral ginsenoside C, and Floral ginsenoside E exhibiting the highest binding affinities with the tested enzymes. Since these groups of enzymes are not yet fully characterized for Pseudo ginseng plants in the interconversion of triterpenoids, this comparative bioinformatics analysis could aid experimentalists in selecting and conducting characterization with practical knowledge.
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Le, Kim-Cuong, Thanh-Tam Ho, Jong-Du Lee, Kee-Yoeup Paek, and So-Young Park. "Colchicine Mutagenesis from Long-term Cultured Adventitious Roots Increases Biomass and Ginsenoside Production in Wild Ginseng (Panax ginseng Mayer)." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2020): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060785.

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Panax ginseng Mayer is a perennial herb that has been used as a medicinal plant in Eastern Asia for thousands of years. The aim of this study was to enhance root biomass and ginsenoside content in cultured adventitious roots by colchicine mutagenesis. Adventitious P. ginseng roots were treated with colchicine at different concentrations (100, 200, and 300 mg·L−1) and for different durations (1, 2, and 3 days). Genetic variability of mutant lines was assessed using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Ginsenoside biosynthesis gene expression, ginsenoside content, enzyme activities, and performance in bioreactor culture were assessed in four mutant lines (100–1-2, 100–1-18, 300–1-16, and 300–2-8). The results showed that ginsenoside productivity was enhanced in all mutant lines, with mutant 100–1-18 exhibiting the most pronounced increase (4.8-fold higher than the control). Expression of some ginsenoside biosynthetic enzymes was elevated in mutant lines. Enzyme activities varied among lines, and lipid peroxidation activity correlated with root biomass. All four lines were suitable for bioreactor cultivation, with mutant 100–1-18 exhibiting the highest biomass after culture scale-up. The results indicated that colchicine mutagenesis of P. ginseng roots increased biomass and ginsenosides production. This technique, and the root lines produced in this study, may be used to increase industrial yields of P. ginseng biomass and ginsenosides.
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Jiang, Yang, Qi Zhang, Zixia Zeng, Yi Wang, Mingzhu Zhao, Kangyu Wang, and Meiping Zhang. "The AP2/ERF Transcription Factor PgERF120 Regulates Ginsenoside Biosynthesis in Ginseng." Biomolecules 14, no. 3 (March 13, 2024): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom14030345.

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Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a perennial herb belonging to the family Araliaceae and has been used for thousands of years in East Asia as an essential traditional medicine with a wide range of pharmacological activities of its main active ingredient, ginsenosides. The AP2/ERF gene family, widely present in plants, is a class of transcription factors capable of responding to ethylene regulation that has an influential role in regulating the synthesis of major active ingredients in medicinal plants and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, which have not been reported in Panax ginseng. In this study, the AP2/ERF gene was localized on the ginseng chromosome, and an AP2/ERF gene duplication event was also discovered in Panax ginseng. The expression of seven ERF genes and three key enzyme genes related to saponin synthesis was measured by fluorescence quantitative PCR using ethylene treatment of ginseng hairy roots, and it was observed that ethylene promoted the expression of genes related to the synthesis of ginsenosides, among which the PgERF120 gene was the most sensitive to ethylene. We analyzed the sequence features and expression patterns of the PgERF120 gene and found that the expression of the PgERF120 gene was specific in time and space. The PgERF120 gene was subsequently cloned, and plant overexpression and RNA interference vectors were constructed. Ginseng adventitious roots were transformed using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated method to obtain transgenic ginseng hairy roots, and the gene expression, ginsenoside content and malondialdehyde content in overexpression-positive hairy roots were also analyzed. This study preliminarily verified that the PgERF120 gene can be involved in the regulation of ginsenoside synthesis, which provides a theoretical basis for the study of functional genes in ginseng and a genetic resource for the subsequent use of synthetic biology methods to improve the yield of ginsenosides.
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Kochan, Ewa, Sylwia Caban, Grażyna Szymańska, Piotr Szymczyk, Anna Lipert, Paweł Kwiatkowski, and Monika Sienkiewicz. "Influence of methyl jasmonate on ginsenoside biosynthesis in suspension cultures of Panax quinquefolium L." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio C – Biologia 72, no. 1 (July 16, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/c.2017.72.1.27-35.

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<p>Panax quinquefolium L., belonging to the Araliaceae family, along with P. ginseng is one of the well-known species of ginseng. Multidirectional pharmacological action of this plant is attributed to triterpene saponins called ginsenosides. Pharmacopoeial raw material are roots obtained from the field crops which are time-consuming and require expensive agrotechnical procedures. Therefore, the new sources of ginseng biomass are sought such as in vitro suspension cultures. P. quinquefolium L. cell cultures, treated with the elicitation of methyl jasmonate (MJ) in concentration 50 and 250 μmol L-1, synthesize more ginsenosides than control cultures. The highest increase (2.2-fold) of all examined compounds was noted using 250 μmol L-1 MJ. In this condition, the predominantly quantitative metabolite was Rb1 ginsenoside belonging to protopanaxadiol derivatives.</p>
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Zhang, Tao, Mei Han, Limin Yang, Zhongming Han, Lin Cheng, Zhuo Sun, and Linlin Yang. "The Effects of Environmental Factors on Ginsenoside Biosynthetic Enzyme Gene Expression and Saponin Abundance." Molecules 24, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010014.

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Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is one of the most important medicinal plants in Northeast China, and ginsenosides are the main active ingredients found in medicinal ginseng. The biosynthesis of ginsenosides is regulated by environmental factors and the expression of key enzyme genes. Therefore, in this experiment, ginseng in the leaf opened stage, the green fruit stage, the red fruit stage, and the root growth stage was used as the test material, and nine individual ginsenosides and total saponins (the sum of the individual saponins) were detected by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). There was a trend of synergistic increase and decrease, and saponin accumulation and transfer in different tissues. The expression of key enzyme genes in nine synthetic pathways was detected by real-time PCR, and the correlation between saponin content, gene expression, and ecological factors was analyzed. Correlation analysis showed that in root tissue, PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) and soil water potential had a greater impact on ginsenoside accumulation, while in leaf tissue, temperature and relative humidity had a greater impact on ginsenoside accumulation. The results provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the relationship between ecological factors and genetic factors and their impact on the quality of medicinal materials. The results also have guiding significance for realizing the quality of medicinal materials.
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Zhou, Chen, Ting Gong, Jingjing Chen, Tianjiao Chen, Jinling Yang, and Ping Zhu. "Production of a Novel Protopanaxatriol-Type Ginsenoside by Yeast Cell Factories." Bioengineering 10, no. 4 (April 11, 2023): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10040463.

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Ginsenosides, the main active compounds in Panax species, are glycosides of protopanaxadiol (PPD) or protopanaxatriol (PPT). PPT-type ginsenosides have unique pharmacological activities on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system. As an unnatural ginsenoside, 3,12-Di-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-dammar-24-ene-3β,6α,12β,20S-tetraol (3β,12β-Di-O-Glc-PPT) can be synthesized through enzymatic reactions but is limited by the expensive substrates and low catalytic efficiency. In the present study, we successfully produced 3β,12β-Di-O-Glc-PPT in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a titer of 7.0 mg/L by expressing protopanaxatriol synthase (PPTS) from Panax ginseng and UGT109A1 from Bacillus subtilis in PPD-producing yeast. Then, we modified this engineered strain by replacing UGT109A1 with its mutant UGT109A1-K73A, overexpressing the cytochrome P450 reductase ATR2 from Arabidopsis thaliana and the key enzymes of UDP-glucose biosynthesis to increase the production of 3β,12β-Di-O-Glc-PPT, although these strategies did not show any positive effect on the yield of 3β,12β-Di-O-Glc-PPT. However, the unnatural ginsenoside 3β,12β-Di-O-Glc-PPT was produced in this study by constructing its biosynthetic pathway in yeast. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of producing 3β,12β-Di-O-Glc-PPT through yeast cell factories. Our work provides a viable route for the production of 3β,12β-Di-O-Glc-PPT, which lays a foundation for drug research and development.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biosynthesis of ginsenosides"

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Gurung, Bhusan. "Cloning and characterization of genes involved in biosynthesis of ginsenosides from Panax sokpayensis Shiva K. Sharma & Pandit." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2018. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/hdl.handle.net/123456789/2836.

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Knispel, Nihat [Verfasser], Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Eisenreich, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Brück. "Biosynthese von Ginsenosiden und Polyacetylenen in Panax ginseng unter Feldbedingungen / Nihat Knispel. Gutachter: Thomas Brück ; Wolfgang Eisenreich. Betreuer: Wolfgang Eisenreich." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1064075592/34.

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Book chapters on the topic "Biosynthesis of ginsenosides"

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Rahimi, Shadi, Padmanaban Mohanan, Dabing Zhang, Ki-Hong Jung, Deok-Chun Yang, Ivan Mijakovic, and Yu-Jin Kim. "Metabolic Dynamics and Ginsenoside Biosynthesis." In The Ginseng Genome, 121–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30347-1_10.

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