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Journal articles on the topic 'Biosynthesis in plants'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Procházková, D., D. Haisel, and D. Pavlíková. "Nitric oxide biosynthesis in plants – the short overview." Plant, Soil and Environment 60, No. 3 (March 19, 2014): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/901/2013-pse.

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2

Baerson, Scott R., Joachim Schröder, Daniel Cook, Agnes M. Rimando, Zhiqiang Pan, Franck E. Dayan, Brice P. Noonan, and Stephen O. Duke. "Alkylresorcinol biosynthesis in plants." Plant Signaling & Behavior 5, no. 10 (October 2010): 1286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.5.10.13062.

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3

Yan, Ning, Yanhua Liu, Hongbo Zhang, Yongmei Du, Xinmin Liu, and Zhongfeng Zhang. "Solanesol Biosynthesis in Plants." Molecules 22, no. 4 (March 23, 2017): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22040510.

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4

Bach, Thomas J., Albert Boronat, Narciso Campos, Albert Ferrer, and Kai-Uwe Vollack. "Mevalonate Biosynthesis in Plants." Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 34, no. 2 (January 1999): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10409239991209237.

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5

Tanner, Gregory J., Kathy T. Francki, Sharon Abrahams, John M. Watson, Philip J. Larkin, and Anthony R. Ashton. "Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in Plants." Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, no. 34 (June 4, 2003): 31647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m302783200.

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6

EDWARDS, LUCRETIA S., KEVIN BEAUTEMENT, FIONA J. PURSE, and TIMOTHY R. HAWKES. "Lysine biosynthesis in plants." Biochemical Society Transactions 22, no. 1 (February 1, 1994): 80S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst022080s.

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7

Thimmappa, Ramesha, Katrin Geisler, Thomas Louveau, Paul O'Maille, and Anne Osbourn. "Triterpene Biosynthesis in Plants." Annual Review of Plant Biology 65, no. 1 (April 29, 2014): 225–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120229.

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8

Stepansky, A., and T. Leustek. "Histidine biosynthesis in plants." Amino Acids 30, no. 2 (March 2006): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00726-005-0247-0.

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9

Kolesnikova, Mariya D., Quanbo Xiong, Silvia Lodeiro, Ling Hua, and Seiichi P. T. Matsuda. "Lanosterol biosynthesis in plants." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 447, no. 1 (March 2006): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2005.12.010.

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10

Aarabi, Fayezeh, Miyuki Kusajima, Takayuki Tohge, Tomokazu Konishi, Tamara Gigolashvili, Makiko Takamune, Yoko Sasazaki, et al. "Sulfur deficiency–induced repressor proteins optimize glucosinolate biosynthesis in plants." Science Advances 2, no. 10 (October 2016): e1601087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601087.

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Glucosinolates (GSLs) in the plant order of the Brassicales are sulfur-rich secondary metabolites that harbor antipathogenic and antiherbivory plant-protective functions and have medicinal properties, such as carcinopreventive and antibiotic activities. Plants repress GSL biosynthesis upon sulfur deficiency (−S); hence, field performance and medicinal quality are impaired by inadequate sulfate supply. The molecular mechanism that links –S to GSL biosynthesis has remained understudied. We report here the identification of the –S marker genes sulfur deficiency induced 1 (SDI1) and SDI2 acting as major repressors controlling GSL biosynthesis in Arabidopsis under –S condition. SDI1 and SDI2 expression negatively correlated with GSL biosynthesis in both transcript and metabolite levels. Principal components analysis of transcriptome data indicated that SDI1 regulates aliphatic GSL biosynthesis as part of –S response. SDI1 was localized to the nucleus and interacted with MYB28, a major transcription factor that promotes aliphatic GSL biosynthesis, in both yeast and plant cells. SDI1 inhibited the transcription of aliphatic GSL biosynthetic genes by maintaining the DNA binding composition in the form of an SDI1-MYB28 complex, leading to down-regulation of GSL biosynthesis and prioritization of sulfate usage for primary metabolites under sulfur-deprived conditions.

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11

Tan, Dun-Xian, and Russel J. Reiter. "An evolutionary view of melatonin synthesis and metabolism related to its biological functions in plants." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 16 (May 15, 2020): 4677–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa235.

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Abstract Plant melatonin research is a rapidly developing field. A variety of isoforms of melatonin’s biosynthetic enzymes are present in different plants. Due to the different origins, they exhibit independent responses to the variable environmental stimuli. The locations for melatonin biosynthesis in plants are chloroplasts and mitochondria. These organelles have inherited their melatonin biosynthetic capacities from their bacterial ancestors. Under ideal conditions, chloroplasts are the main sites of melatonin biosynthesis. If the chloroplast pathway is blocked for any reason, the mitochondrial pathway will be activated for melatonin biosynthesis to maintain its production. Melatonin metabolism in plants is a less studied field; its metabolism is quite different from that of animals even though they share similar metabolites. Several new enzymes for melatonin metabolism in plants have been cloned and these enzymes are absent in animals. It seems that the 2-hydroxymelatonin is a major metabolite of melatonin in plants and its level is ~400-fold higher than that of melatonin. In the current article, from an evolutionary point of view, we update the information on plant melatonin biosynthesis and metabolism. This review will help the reader to understand the complexity of these processes and promote research enthusiasm in these fields.

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12

Kawada, Kojiro, Yuya Uchida, Ikuo Takahashi, Takahito Nomura, Yasuyuki Sasaki, Tadao Asami, Shunsuke Yajima, and Shinsaku Ito. "Triflumizole as a Novel Lead Compound for Strigolactone Biosynthesis Inhibitor." Molecules 25, no. 23 (November 25, 2020): 5525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235525.

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Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived plant hormones involved in the development of various plants. SLs also stimulate seed germination of the root parasitic plants, Striga spp. and Orobanche spp., which reduce crop yield. Therefore, regulating SL biosynthesis may lessen the damage of root parasitic plants. Biosynthetic inhibitors effectively control biological processes by targeted regulation of biologically active compounds. In addition, biosynthetic inhibitors regulate endogenous levels in developmental stage- and tissue-specific manners. To date, although some chemicals have been found as SL biosynthesis inhibitor, these are derived from only three lead chemicals. In this study, to find a novel lead chemical for SL biosynthesis inhibitor, 27 nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivatives were screened for inhibition of SL biosynthesis. Triflumizole most effectively reduced the levels of rice SL, 4-deoxyorobanchol (4DO), in root exudates. In addition, triflumizole inhibited endogenous 4DO biosynthesis in rice roots by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of Os900, a rice enzyme that converts the SL intermediate carlactone to 4DO. A Striga germination assay revealed that triflumizole-treated rice displayed a reduced level of germination stimulation for Striga. These results identify triflumizole as a novel lead compound for inhibition of SL biosynthesis.

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13

Tetlow, Ian. "Starch Biosynthesis in Crop Plants." Agronomy 8, no. 6 (May 25, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8060081.

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Starch is a water-insoluble polyglucan synthesized inside the plastids of plant tissues to provide a store of carbohydrate. Starch harvested from plant storage organs has probably represented the major source of calories for the human diet since before the dawn of civilization. Following the advent of agriculture and the building of complex societies, humans have maintained their dependence on high-yielding domesticated starch-forming crops such as cereals to meet food demands, livestock production, and many non-food applications. The top three crops in terms of acreage are cereals, grown primarily for the harvestable storage starch in the endosperm, although many starchy tuberous crops also provide an important source of calories for various communities around the world. Despite conservation in the core structure of the starch granule, starches from different botanical sources show a high degree of variability, which is exploited in many food and non-food applications. Understanding the factors underpinning starch production and its final structure are of critical importance in guiding future crop improvement endeavours. This special issue contains reviews on these topics and is intended to be a useful resource for researchers involved in improvement of starch-storing crops.

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14

Roje, Sanja. "Vitamin B biosynthesis in plants." Phytochemistry 68, no. 14 (July 2007): 1904–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.03.038.

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15

Schullehner, Katrin, Regina Dick, Florian Vitzthum, Wilfried Schwab, Wolfgang Brandt, Monika Frey, and Alfons Gierl. "Benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in dicot plants." Phytochemistry 69, no. 15 (November 2008): 2668–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.08.023.

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16

Tanaka, Ryouichi, and Ayumi Tanaka. "Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis in Higher Plants." Annual Review of Plant Biology 58, no. 1 (June 2007): 321–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105448.

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17

MALCOLMBROWNJR, R., I. SAXENA, and K. KUDLICKA. "Cellulose biosynthesis in higher plants." Trends in Plant Science 1, no. 5 (May 1996): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(96)80050-1.

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18

Hirschberg, Joseph. "Carotenoid biosynthesis in flowering plants." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 4, no. 3 (June 2001): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-5266(00)00163-1.

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19

Zhang, Yang, Eugenio Butelli, and Cathie Martin. "Engineering anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 19 (June 2014): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2014.05.011.

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20

Cairns, A. J. "Fructan biosynthesis in transgenic plants." Journal of Experimental Botany 54, no. 382 (January 3, 2003): 549–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erg056.

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21

Leustek, Thomas, Michael Smith, Michael Murillo, Davinder Pal Singh, Alison G. Smith, Sarah C. Woodcock, Sarah J. Awan, and Martin J. Warren. "Siroheme Biosynthesis in Higher Plants." Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, no. 5 (January 31, 1997): 2744–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.5.2744.

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22

Kudlicka, Krystyna, and R. M. Brown, Jr. "Cellulose biosynthesis in higher plants." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 65, no. 1-2 (2014): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1996.003.

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Knowledge of the control and regulation of cellulose synthesis is fundamental to an understanding of plant development since cellulose is the primary structural component of plant cell walls. <em>In vivo</em>, the polymerization step requires a coordinated transport of substrates across membranes and relies on delicate orientations of the membrane-associated synthase complexes. Little is known about the properties of the enzyme complexes, and many questions about the biosynthesis of cell wall components at the cell surface still remain unanswered. Attempts to purify cellulose synthase from higher plants have not been successful because of the liability of enzymes upon isolation and lack of reliable <em>in vitro</em> assays. Membrane preparations from higher plant cells incorporate UDP-glucose into a glucan polymer, but this invariably turns out to be predominantly β -1,3-linked rather than β -1,4-linked glucans. Various hypotheses have been advanced to explain this phenomenon. One idea is that callose and cellulose-synthase systems are the same, but cell disruption activates callose synthesis preferentially. A second concept suggests that a regulatory protein as a part of the cellulose-synthase complex is rapidly degraded upon cell disruption. With new methods of enzyme isolation and analysis of the <em>in vitro</em> product, recent advances have been made in the isolation of an active synthase from the plasma membrane whereby cellulose synthase was separated from callose synthase.

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23

Coxon, K. M., E. Chakauya, H. H. Ottenhof, H. M. Whitney, T. L. Blundell, C. Abell, and A. G. Smith. "Pantothenate biosynthesis in higher plants." Biochemical Society Transactions 33, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 743–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0330743.

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Pantothenate (vitamin B5) is a water-soluble vitamin essential for the synthesis of CoA and ACP (acyl-carrier protein, cofactors in energy yielding reactions including carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid synthesis. Pantothenate is synthesized de novo by plants and micro-organisms; however, animals obtain the vitamin through their diet. Utilizing our knowledge of the pathway in Escherichia coli, we have discovered and cloned genes encoding the first and last enzymes of the pathway from Arabidopsis, panB1, panB2 and panC. It is unlikely that there is a homologue of the E. coli panD gene, therefore plants must make β-alanine by an alternative route. Possible candidates for the remaining gene, panE, are being investigated. GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusions of the three identified plant enzymes have been generated and the subcellular localization of the enzymes studied. Work is now being performed to elucidate expression patterns of the transcripts and characterize the proteins encoded by these genes.

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24

Goddijn, Oscar, and Sjef Smeekens. "Sensing trehalose biosynthesis in plants." Plant Journal 14, no. 2 (April 1998): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00140.x.

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25

Evžen, Šárka, and Dvořáček Václav. "Biosynthesis of waxy starch – a review." Plant, Soil and Environment 63, No. 8 (September 4, 2017): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/324/2017-pse.

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Starch comprises nearly linear amylose and branched amylopectin, whilst waxy starches are a special form, containing almost exclusively amylopectin. Modern techniques in plant breeding together with new data from starch biosynthesis research have enabled new food and non-food uses of waxy starches. This paper describes the basic ways of glucose conversion to waxy starch in plants. The recent evidence of ADP-Glc accumulation in cytosol of photosynthetically competent cells proposes a more complex pathway of starch biosynthesis based on a tight interconnection of sucrose and starch metabolic pathways. Also many studies indicate the existence of different pathways for the sucrose-starch conversion process in heterotrophic organs of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. At least six classes of starch synthases (SS) have been recognised in plants including soluble SS1, SS2, SS3, SS4, SS5, and granule bound SS (GBSS), required for the synthesis of short and long chains of amylopectin, till now. As to amylose (not-present in waxy starches), GBSS is the only starch synthase isoform encoded by the waxy genes situated at independent loci.

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26

Hasegawa, Morifumi, Ichiro Mitsuhara, Shigemi Seo, Takuya Imai, Jinichiro Koga, Kazunori Okada, Hisakazu Yamane, and Yuko Ohashi. "Phytoalexin Accumulation in the Interaction Between Rice and the Blast Fungus." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 23, no. 8 (August 2010): 1000–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-23-8-1000.

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Blast fungus–induced accumulations of major rice diterpene phytoalexins (PA), momilactones A and B, and phytocassanes A through E were studied, focusing on their biosynthesis and detoxification. In resistant rice, all PA started to accumulate at 2 days postinoculation (dpi), at which hypersensitive reaction (HR)-specific small lesions became visible and increased 500- to 1,000-fold at 4 dpi, while the accumulation was delayed and several times lower in susceptible rice. Expression of PA biosynthetic genes was transiently induced at 2 dpi only in resistant plants, while it was highly induced in both plants at 4 dpi. Fungal growth was severely suppressed in resistant plants by 2 dpi but considerably increased at 3 to 4 dpi in susceptible plants. Momilactone A treatment suppressed fungal growth in planta and in vitro, and the fungus detoxified the PA in vitro. These results indicate that HR-associated rapid PA biosynthesis induces severe restriction of fungus, allowing higher PA accumulation in resistant rice, while in susceptible rice, failure of PA accumulation at the early infection stage allows fungal growth. Detoxification of PA would be a tactic of fungus to invade the host plant, and prompt induction of PA biosynthesis upon HR would be a trait of resistant rice to restrict blast fungus.

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27

Hedden, Peter. "The Current Status of Research on Gibberellin Biosynthesis." Plant and Cell Physiology 61, no. 11 (July 11, 2020): 1832–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcaa092.

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Abstract Gibberellins are produced by all vascular plants and several fungal and bacterial species that associate with plants as pathogens or symbionts. In the 60 years since the first experiments on the biosynthesis of gibberellic acid in the fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, research on gibberellin biosynthesis has advanced to provide detailed information on the pathways, biosynthetic enzymes and their genes in all three kingdoms, in which the production of the hormones evolved independently. Gibberellins function as hormones in plants, affecting growth and differentiation in organs in which their concentration is very tightly regulated. Current research in plants is focused particularly on the regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis and inactivation by developmental and environmental cues, and there is now considerable information on the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. There have also been recent advances in understanding gibberellin transport and distribution and their relevance to plant development. This review describes our current understanding of gibberellin metabolism and its regulation, highlighting the more recent advances in this field.

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28

Strobbe, Simon, Jana Verstraete, Christophe Stove, and Dominique Van Der Straeten. "Metabolic engineering provides insight into the regulation of thiamin biosynthesis in plants." Plant Physiology 186, no. 4 (May 4, 2021): 1832–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab198.

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Abstract Thiamin (or thiamine) is a water-soluble B-vitamin (B1), which is required, in the form of thiamin pyrophosphate, as an essential cofactor in crucial carbon metabolism reactions in all forms of life. To ensure adequate metabolic functioning, humans rely on a sufficient dietary supply of thiamin. Increasing thiamin levels in plants via metabolic engineering is a powerful strategy to alleviate vitamin B1 malnutrition and thus improve global human health. These engineering strategies rely on comprehensive knowledge of plant thiamin metabolism and its regulation. Here, multiple metabolic engineering strategies were examined in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. This was achieved by constitutive overexpression of the three biosynthesis genes responsible for B1 synthesis, HMP-P synthase (THIC), HET-P synthase (THI1), and HMP-P kinase/TMP pyrophosphorylase (TH1), either separate or in combination. By monitoring the levels of thiamin, its phosphorylated entities, and its biosynthetic intermediates, we gained insight into the effect of either strategy on thiamin biosynthesis. Moreover, expression analysis of thiamin biosynthesis genes showed the plant’s intriguing ability to respond to alterations in the pathway. Overall, we revealed the necessity to balance the pyrimidine and thiazole branches of thiamin biosynthesis and assessed its biosynthetic intermediates. Furthermore, the accumulation of nonphosphorylated intermediates demonstrated the inefficiency of endogenous thiamin salvage mechanisms. These results serve as guidelines in the development of novel thiamin metabolic engineering strategies.

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29

Gu, Xi, Ing-Gin Chen, Scott A. Harding, Batbayar Nyamdari, Maria A. Ortega, Kristen Clermont, James H. Westwood, and Chung-Jui Tsai. "Plasma membrane phylloquinone biosynthesis in nonphotosynthetic parasitic plants." Plant Physiology 185, no. 4 (January 30, 2021): 1443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab031.

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Abstract Nonphotosynthetic holoparasites exploit flexible targeting of phylloquinone biosynthesis to facilitate plasma membrane redox signaling. Phylloquinone is a lipophilic naphthoquinone found predominantly in chloroplasts and best known for its function in photosystem I electron transport and disulfide bridge formation of photosystem II subunits. Phylloquinone has also been detected in plasma membrane (PM) preparations of heterotrophic tissues with potential transmembrane redox function, but the molecular basis for this noncanonical pathway is unknown. Here, we provide evidence of PM phylloquinone biosynthesis in a nonphotosynthetic holoparasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca. A nonphotosynthetic and nonplastidial role for phylloquinone is supported by transcription of phylloquinone biosynthetic genes during seed germination and haustorium development, by PM-localization of alternative terminal enzymes, and by detection of phylloquinone in germinated seeds. Comparative gene network analysis with photosynthetically competent parasites revealed a bias of P. aegyptiaca phylloquinone genes toward coexpression with oxidoreductases involved in PM electron transport. Genes encoding the PM phylloquinone pathway are also present in several photoautotrophic taxa of Asterids, suggesting an ancient origin of multifunctionality. Our findings suggest that nonphotosynthetic holoparasites exploit alternative targeting of phylloquinone for transmembrane redox signaling associated with parasitism.

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30

Nett, Ryan S., Yaereen Dho, Yun-Yee Low, and Elizabeth S. Sattely. "A metabolic regulon reveals early and late acting enzymes in neuroactive Lycopodium alkaloid biosynthesis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 24 (June 10, 2021): e2102949118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2102949118.

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Plants synthesize many diverse small molecules that affect function of the mammalian central nervous system, making them crucial sources of therapeutics for neurological disorders. A notable portion of neuroactive phytochemicals are lysine-derived alkaloids, but the mechanisms by which plants produce these compounds have remained largely unexplored. To better understand how plants synthesize these metabolites, we focused on biosynthesis of the Lycopodium alkaloids that are produced by club mosses, a clade of plants used traditionally as herbal medicines. Hundreds of Lycopodium alkaloids have been described, including huperzine A (HupA), an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor that has generated interest as a treatment for the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Through combined metabolomic profiling and transcriptomics, we have identified a developmentally controlled set of biosynthetic genes, or potential regulon, for the Lycopodium alkaloids. The discovery of this putative regulon facilitated the biosynthetic reconstitution and functional characterization of six enzymes that act in the initiation and conclusion of HupA biosynthesis. This includes a type III polyketide synthase that catalyzes a crucial imine-polyketide condensation, as well as three Fe(II)/2-oxoglutarate–dependent dioxygenase (2OGD) enzymes that catalyze transformations (pyridone ring-forming desaturation, piperidine ring cleavage, and redox-neutral isomerization) within downstream HupA biosynthesis. Our results expand the diversity of known chemical transformations catalyzed by 2OGDs and provide mechanistic insight into the function of noncanonical type III PKS enzymes that generate plant alkaloid scaffolds. These data offer insight into the chemical logic of Lys-derived alkaloid biosynthesis and demonstrate the tightly coordinated coexpression of secondary metabolic genes for the biosynthesis of medicinal alkaloids.

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31

Kang, Kiyoon, Sei Kang, Kyungjin Lee, Munyoung Park, and Kyoungwhan Back. "Enzymatic features of serotonin biosynthetic enzymes and serotonin biosynthesis in plants." Plant Signaling & Behavior 3, no. 6 (June 2008): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.3.6.5401.

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32

Chen, Zhixiang, Zuyu Zheng, Junli Huang, Zhibing Lai, and Baofang Fan. "Biosynthesis of salicylic acid in plants." Plant Signaling & Behavior 4, no. 6 (June 2009): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.4.6.8392.

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33

Ourisson, Guy. "Pecularities of Sterol Biosynthesis in Plants." Journal of Plant Physiology 143, no. 4-5 (April 1994): 434–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(11)81803-1.

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34

Hagel, Jillian M., Raz Krizevski, Frédéric Marsolais, Efraim Lewinsohn, and Peter J. Facchini. "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants." Trends in Plant Science 17, no. 7 (July 2012): 404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004.

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35

Jones, Benjamin L., John W. Porter, and Roy W. Harding. "Biosynthesis of carotenes in higher plants." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 3, no. 4 (January 1986): 295–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352688609382214.

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36

Gakière, Bertrand, Jingfang Hao, Linda de Bont, Pierre Pétriacq, Adriano Nunes-Nesi, and Alisdair R. Fernie. "NAD+Biosynthesis and Signaling in Plants." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 37, no. 4 (July 4, 2018): 259–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2018.1505591.

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37

Nakajima, N. "Biosynthesis of cholestanol in higher plants." Phytochemistry 60, no. 3 (June 2002): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00113-9.

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38

SANDMANN, Gerhard. "Carotenoid biosynthesis in microorganisms and plants." European Journal of Biochemistry 223, no. 1 (July 1994): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18961.x.

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39

Kleppinger-Sparace, K. F., and J. B. Mudd. "Biosynthesis of Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol in Higher Plants." Plant Physiology 84, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 682–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.84.3.682.

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40

HAYASHI, Takahisa, and Kazuo MATSUDA. "Biosynthesis of cellulose in higher plants." Journal of the Japanese Society of Starch Science 33, no. 1 (1986): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5458/jag1972.33.47.

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41

Kleppinger-Sparace, Kathryn F., and J. Brian Mudd. "Biosynthesis of Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol in Higher Plants." Plant Physiology 93, no. 1 (May 1, 1990): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.93.1.256.

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42

Boland, Wilheim, and Andreas Gäbler. "Biosynthesis of Homoterpenes in Higher Plants." Helvetica Chimica Acta 72, no. 2 (March 15, 1989): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19890720208.

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43

Othman, Rashidi, Fatimah Azzahra Mohd Zaifuddin, and Norazian Mohd Hassan. "Carotenoid Biosynthesis Regulatory Mechanisms in Plants." Journal of Oleo Science 63, no. 8 (2014): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess13183.

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44

Gillon, Amanda D., Ivana Saska, Cameron V. Jennings, Rosemary F. Guarino, David J. Craik, and Marilyn A. Anderson. "Biosynthesis of circular proteins in plants." Plant Journal 53, no. 3 (October 30, 2007): 505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03357.x.

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45

Delauney, Ashton J., and Desh Pal S. Verma. "Proline biosynthesis and osmoregulation in plants." Plant Journal 4, no. 2 (August 1993): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1993.04020215.x.

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Tambasco-Studart, M., O. Titiz, T. Raschle, G. Forster, N. Amrhein, and T. B. Fitzpatrick. "Vitamin B6 biosynthesis in higher plants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, no. 38 (September 12, 2005): 13687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506228102.

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Fischer, Markus, and Adelbert Bacher. "Biosynthesis of vitamin B2 in plants." Physiologia Plantarum 126, no. 3 (March 2006): 304–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00607.x.

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Kush, Anil. "Biosynthesis of the major crop plants." Plant Science 93, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(93)90053-3.

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Dubrovina, A. S., and K. V. Kiselev. "Regulation of stilbene biosynthesis in plants." Planta 246, no. 4 (July 6, 2017): 597–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-017-2730-8.

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Schramm, Sebastian, Nikolai Köhler, and Wilfried Rozhon. "Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Biosynthesis, Biological Activities and Occurrence in Crop Plants." Molecules 24, no. 3 (January 30, 2019): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030498.

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Abstract:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are heterocyclic secondary metabolites with a typical pyrrolizidine motif predominantly produced by plants as defense chemicals against herbivores. They display a wide structural diversity and occur in a vast number of species with novel structures and occurrences continuously being discovered. These alkaloids exhibit strong hepatotoxic, genotoxic, cytotoxic, tumorigenic, and neurotoxic activities, and thereby pose a serious threat to the health of humans since they are known contaminants of foods including grain, milk, honey, and eggs, as well as plant derived pharmaceuticals and food supplements. Livestock and fodder can be affected due to PA-containing plants on pastures and fields. Despite their importance as toxic contaminants of agricultural products, there is limited knowledge about their biosynthesis. While the intermediates were well defined by feeding experiments, only one enzyme involved in PA biosynthesis has been characterized so far, the homospermidine synthase catalyzing the first committed step in PA biosynthesis. This review gives an overview about structural diversity of PAs, biosynthetic pathways of necine base, and necic acid formation and how PA accumulation is regulated. Furthermore, we discuss their role in plant ecology and their modes of toxicity towards humans and animals. Finally, several examples of PA-producing crop plants are discussed.

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