Academic literature on the topic 'Biosolids'
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Journal articles on the topic "Biosolids"
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Munn, Kellie J., Jeffrey Evans, and Phillip M. Chalk. "Nitrogen fixation characteristics of Rhizobium surviving in soils 'equilibrated' with sewage biosolids." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 10 (2001): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01008.
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To determine the effects of urban sewage biosolids on the symbiotic effectiveness of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii and N2 fixation, glasshouse and laboratory studies were carried out with several soils, biosolids, and biosolid application levels. Symbiotic effectiveness of R. l. trifolii was estimated as the dry weight or N content of seedlings of subterranean clover grown with only N2 fixation and seed N as the available nitrogen sources. The N fixed by legumes in unamended and biosolid-amended soils was determined using the 15N isotope dilution method. Six soils were represented in the experiments. Each of these was equilibrated over a period of 12 months with dried, finely ground biosolids (DWS) from the Malabar sewage treatment plant, at biosolids levels ranging from the equivalent of 60 to 240 t DWS/ha. One of the soils was also equilibrated with each of 4 other biosolids. The maximal concentration of heavy metals in soil amended with biosolids was 1026 mg/kg. The effect of biosolids on symbiotic effectiveness depended on the soil type and biosolid applications level. Thus, biosolids reduced the symbiotic effectiveness of R. l. trifolii in 2 of the 6 soils, although at different levels of biosolid. In most soil treatments N2 fixation was detected in subterranean clover, confirming the persistence of symbiotically effective rhizobia in most biosolids-amended soils. In addition, in strongly acidic soils plant N and N2 fixation increased significantly with biosolids addition, probably in response to higher soil pH, exchangeable Ca, and available P. In the treatments in which the symbiotic effectiveness of R. l. trifolii was reduced by biosolids, this was reflected in poor N2 fixation. However, symbiotic effectiveness did not correlate well with N2 fixation, probably because increases in soil nitrate at higher biosolids levels inhibited N2 fixation. Nevertheless, there were instances at 240 t DWS/ha where this was unlikely to explain the decrease in N2 fixation. It was concluded that adverse effects of biosolids on symbiotic effectiveness depend first on soil type, and then on biosolid type and application level; and the response in symbiotic effectiveness to adding biosolids to soil needs to be determined for each distinctively different site of biosolids reuse.
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Wong, Kelvin, Brandon M. Onan, and Irene Xagoraraki. "Quantification of Enteric Viruses, Pathogen Indicators, and Salmonella Bacteria in Class B Anaerobically Digested Biosolids by Culture and Molecular Methods." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 19 (August 6, 2010): 6441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02685-09.
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ABSTRACT The most common class B biosolids in the United States are generated by mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD), and MAD biosolids have been used for land application. However, the pathogen levels in MAD biosolids are still unclear, especially with respect to enteric viruses. In this study, we determined the occurrence and the quantitative levels of enteric viruses and indicators in 12 MAD biosolid samples and of Salmonella enterica in 6 MAD biosolid samples. Three dewatered biosolid samples were also included in this study for purposes of comparison. Human adenoviruses (HAdV) had the highest gene levels and were detected more frequently than other enteric viruses. The gene levels of noroviruses (NV) reported were comparable to those of enteroviruses (EV) and human polyomaviruses (HPyV). The occurrence percentages of HAdV, HAdV species F, EV, NV GI, NV GII, and HPyV in MAD samples were 83, 83, 42, 50, 75, and 58%, respectively. No hepatitis A virus was detected. Infectious HAdV was detected more frequently than infectious EV, and all infectious HAdV were detected when samples were propagated in A549 cells. Based on most-probable-number (MPN) analysis, A549 cells were more susceptible to biosolid-associated viruses than BGM cells. All indicator levels in MAD biosolids were approximately 104 MPN or PFU per gram (dry), and the dewatered biosolids had significantly higher indicator levels than the MAD biosolids. Only two MAD samples tested positive for Salmonella enterica, where the concentration was below 1.0 MPN/4 g. This study provides a broad comparison of the prevalence of different enteric viruses in MAD biosolids and reports the first detection of noroviruses in class B biosolids. The observed high quantitative and infectivity levels of adenoviruses in MAD biosolids indicate that adenovirus is a good indicator for the evaluation of sludge treatment efficiency.
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Roy, Julie, Pierre J. Lafontaine, Rock Chabot, and Carole Beaulieu. "Dehydrated pork manure by-product: effect of a chitosan amendment on bacterial community and common scab incidence." Articles scientifiques 90, no. 3 (March 11, 2011): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/045779ar.
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Chitosan amendment modified the composition of a microbial community associated with dehydrated pork manure by-product. The amended product (biosolid PC) contained a lower number of anaerobic bacteria than the non-amended product (biosolid P). Chitosan also significantly reduced the fungal population. A 16S rRNA gene bank constructed from DNA extracted from the bacterial community associated with both P and PC biosolids revealed that bacterial ordersXanthomonodales,Pseudomonadales,Enterobacteriales,Burkholderiales,Actinomycetales,Bacillales,ClostridialesandLactobacillaleswere found in both biosolids. Bacteria from theStenotrophomonasgenus were abundant in both biosolids. However, the addition of chitosan appeared to induce changes in the population of some bacterial genera. For example, clones carrying a 16S rRNA gene corresponding to theBacillusgenus were doubled in biosolid PC. In field trials carried out to test their effect on common scab incidence, biosolids P and PC were applied as potato seed treatment. Biosolid P increased disease incidence by a factor of 1.33 and 2.85 in two independent experiments. However, when chitosan was added to the seed treatment, the stimulating effect of biosolid P on common scab was cancelled out.
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Baertsch, Carolina, Tania Paez-Rubio, Emily Viau, and Jordan Peccia. "Source Tracking Aerosols Released from Land-Applied Class B Biosolids during High-Wind Events." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 14 (May 18, 2007): 4522–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02387-06.
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ABSTRACT DNA-based microbial source tracking (MST) methods were developed and used to specifically and sensitively track the unintended aerosolization of land-applied, anaerobically digested sewage sludge (biosolids) during high-wind events. Culture and phylogenetic analyses of bulk biosolids provided a basis for the development of three different MST methods. They included (i) culture- and 16S rRNA gene-based identification of Clostridium bifermentans, (ii) direct PCR amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene for an uncultured bacterium of the class Chloroflexi that is commonly present in anaerobically digested biosolids, and (iii) direct PCR amplification of a 16S rRNA gene of the phylum Euryarchaeota coupled with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism to distinguish terminal fragments that are unique to biosolid-specific microorganisms. Each method was first validated with a broad group of bulk biosolids and soil samples to confirm the target's exclusive presence in biosolids and absence in soils. Positive responses were observed in 100% of bulk biosolid samples and in less than 11% of the bulk soils tested. Next, a sampling campaign was conducted in which all three methods were applied to aerosol samples taken upwind and downwind of fields that had recently been land applied with biosolids. When average wind speeds were greater than 5 m/s, source tracking results confirmed the presence of biosolids in 56% of the downwind samples versus 3% of the upwind samples. During these high-wind events, the biosolid concentration in downwind aerosols was between 0.1 and 2 μg/m3. The application of DNA-based source tracking to aerosol samples has confirmed that wind is a possible mechanism for the aerosolization and off-site transport of land-applied biosolids.
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Atzmon, Nir, Zeev Wiesman, and Pinchas Fine. "Biosolids Improve Rooting of Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea glabra) Cuttings." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 15, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-15.1.1.
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Abstract Cuttings of Bougainvillea glabra were placed in 80-ml (4.9 in3) containers containing rooting medium mixed with various concentrations of biosolids (1, 2.5, 5 and 7.5%) from two sources (Herzliyya and Haifa). Two biosolids-free control media were used (with or without addition of mini-Osmocote fertilizer). Half of the cuttings were treated with IBA. The rooting percentage was improved by adding biosolids to rooting media. Treating cuttings with IBA without biosolids was inferior to some of the biosolid treatments. Root development was significantly stimulated by the biosolids compared with a slow-release fertilizer treatment. However, the effect of biosolids on shoot development was slightly improved. Generally, high concentrations of Herzliyya biosolids showed the best results in rooting and growth, whereas Haifa biosolids were best at lowest concentrations.
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Hla, San Shwe, Nuttaphol Sujarittam, and Alexander Ilyushechkin. "Thermochemical conversion characteristics of biosolid samples from a wastewater treatment plant in Brisbane, Australia." Environmental Chemistry 19, no. 6 (January 18, 2023): 385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en22074.
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Environmental context Biosolids are nutrient-rich organic materials. They can be used as fertiliser and solid amendments in agriculture if treated according to regulatory requirements. If farming applications of biosolids decline due to potential pollution from their heavy metal content, an alternative to traditional methods of biosolid disposal is required. In this context, thermal processing of biosolids is an economically and environmentally suitable option to convert large quantities of biosolids into useful energy. Rationale Due to more stringent environmental regulations and frequently required long-distance transportation, the traditional disposal of biosolids from wastewater treatment plants in landfills and farms is becoming unsustainable. A potentially economical and environmental option is the thermochemical conversion of biosolids into energy and value-added products. This paper describes the chemical composition and energy content of a representative biosolid sample collected from a major wastewater-treatment plant in Queensland, Australia. Methodology The thermochemical behaviour and compositional changes in biosolids were investigated under a wide range of pyrolysis and gasification conditions using a horizontal tube furnace (HTF), a fixed-bed reactor and a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA). In terms of practical application of by-products, we describe mineral matter transformations in char and ashes during pyrolysis and volatilisation as well as under different gasification conditions. Results HTF experiments revealed that at pyrolysis below 800°C, mainly organic species were released, while losses of inorganic elements (phosphorus, magnesium and zinc) occurred at higher temperatures. In-situ gasification behaviour of biosolid chars in the TGA reactor showed that the gasification reaction of biosolid chars occurred rapidly at temperatures above 720°C, regardless of the pyrolysis temperatures at which those chars were produced. Mineral matter transformations began at temperatures above 600°C, and mainly involved the transformation of amorphous phases into crystalline oxide and phosphide forms. Under gasification conditions, all crystalline phases appeared as different phosphates and alumino-silicates. Discussion The methods described here provide different options for the disposal of biosolids from wastewater by adjusting and optimising thermochemical conversion processes.
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Medina-Herrera, Miriam del Rocío, María de la Luz Xochilt Negrete-Rodríguez, Manuel Alberto Prieto-Rojas, Héctor Iván Bedolla-Rivera, and Eloy Conde Barajas. "Short-term amendment of biosolid on agricultural soil: effects on C and N mineralization and microbial activity." Acta Universitaria 32 (June 15, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/au.2022.2433.
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Adding biosolids to agricultural soils can improve its quality through increased storage of C and N. A study to analyze the short-term impact of the addition of biosolids on the release of nutrients and the microbial activity in agricultural soil was carried out. The microbial biomass C (MB-C), urease activity (UA), and mineralization of N and C at different application rates of biosolids were evaluated (0 mg, 100mg and 200 mg of N-NH4+ kg-1). In addition, a biosolid-only treatment was tested. It was observed an increase in C and N mineralization, NH3 volatilization, and MB-C content, according to the application rate of biosolids. In biosolid treatments, UA increased 100% on average in the first seven days of incubation. These results suggest that the nutrient content in the soil is improved and microbial activity is positively stimulated.
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Eldridge, S. M., K. Y. Chan, Z. H. Xu, C. R. Chen, and I. Barchia. "Plant-available nitrogen supply from granulated biosolids: implications for land application guidelines." Soil Research 46, no. 5 (2008): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07234.
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Current State government guidelines attempt to ensure that the supply of plant available nitrogen (PAN) from land-applied biosolids does not exceed the crop’s requirement for mineral nitrogen (N), in order to minimise the risk of excess nitrate contaminating surface and groundwater. In estimating a suitable application rate, current guideline methodology assumes a fixed proportion of the organic N in the biosolids will be mineralised in the first year following the application for all situations. Our study included a field trial and a field incubation study to assess N mineralisation for both a granulated biosolid and a dewatered biosolid product, together with an additional laboratory incubation study for the granulated biosolid product. The application rates were 12, 24, and 48 dry t/ha for the granulated biosolids and 22 dry t/ha for the dewatered biosolids. Our results showed that the guideline procedure underestimated the supply of mineral N from the biosolid-treated soils, with more than 3 times the predicted amount being supplied by the biosolids at all application rates. The excess supply of mineral N was due to a much larger proportion of the biosolid organic N being mineralised than the assumed 25%, as well as a significant contribution of mineral N from the soil itself (which is ignored in the estimation calculation). The proportion of biosolid organic N mineralised in the 12-month field incubation study for the 3 granulated biosolid treatments (12, 24, and 48 dry t/ha) and the dewatered biosolid treatment (22 dry t/ha) were estimated to be 54%, 48%, 45%, and 53%, respectively, in our field incubation study. Both the laboratory and field incubation studies found that most of the biosolid mineralisable organic N was mineralised rapidly during the early stages of the incubation. In the field incubation, the 24 dry t/ha granulated biosolid treatment had 35% of its organic N mineralised within the first 2 months following application, while all granulated biosolid treatments in the laboratory incubations had by, day 29, supplied >50% of the mineral N they would supply for the whole 216-day incubation. This release pattern for the supply of PAN from biosolid organic N should be factored into fertiliser application strategies. Our study reveals some of the shortcomings of the currently recommended ‘one size fits all’ approach for estimating the PAN supply from land-applied biosolids. Further research on the development of an effective rapid assessment for the mineralisable N content in organic wastes and soils, in combination with modelling, may improve our capacity to predict PAN supply from land-applied organic wastes in the future.
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Li, Guihua, Kangli Guo, He Zhang, and Jianfeng Zhang. "The Effects of Five-Year Biosolid Application on the Diversity and Community of Soil Arthropods." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 17, 2022): 13359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013359.
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Land application of biosolids is a beneficial form of management, although heavy metal contamination is a major concern. Biosolid application can shape the abundance, species richness, and community structure of arthropods, which are important regulators of soil processes. We investigated the effect of the five-year (2012–2017) application of domestic biosolids at 0, 15, 30, and 45 ton ha−1 on the soil properties, enzyme activity, heavy metal concentrations, abundance, and diversity of soil arthropods in degraded sandy soil. The results showed that the application of a high amount of biosolids resulted in an increase in soil organic carbon of 2.6 times and in the water content of 2.8 times compared with CK (no biosolids). The total metal concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb increased by 6.6%, 3.2%, 6.6%, 7.7%, 13.3%, and 22.5%, respectively, compared with CK in soil (p > 0.05). The activities of seven enzymes, which mainly participate in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and sulfur (S) transformation, increased by 1.53%~122.7%, indicating that the soil function did not change under biosolid application. The number of individual arthropods collected from a square meter of soil changed from 0 to 2560. The total abundance of arthropods increased from 1.2 to 4 times under biosolid application (p < 0.05), but biosolid application had no effects on simple measures of richness and diversity (Shannon–Weaver index). Multivariate ordination techniques showed a significant shift of the arthropod community structure under biosolid application due to differing responses of several taxa to the biosolids. Redundancy analysis highlighted the influential role of soil chemical properties (soil organic C, total N, water content, microbial biomass, and pH) and cadmium in shaping the soil arthropod structure. These results suggest that long-term biosolid application with limited heavy metal concentrations does not have detrimental effects on soil arthropods or microbial-related soil function.
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Naves, Laiza Rosa, Lucas Leonardo Da Silva, Elida Lucia Da Cunha, Verediana Fiorentin Rosa De Almeida, Antônio Sérgio Ferreira De Sá, Brenda Letícia Sena, Izabel Cristina Moreira, and Solange Xavier Dos Santos. "Filamentous Fungi as Promising Agents for the Biodegradation of Biosolids Compounds." Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2019v8i2.p35-51.
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Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) generate pasty wastes, known biosolids, which can be toxic and recalcitrant, motivating studies aiming at their degradation. Filamentous fungi were investigated to degradation of biosolids from a WWTP in the Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. All grew in the presence of biosolids, being inhibited by increase in concentration, except SXS629, which increased proportionally to the concentration. All grew in the middle with biosolids at the original pH (10.5), although the correction (6.8) provided higher growth. Except SXS90, the others (SXS37, SXS615 and SXS628) degraded the biosolid, growing in medium containing biosolids as the only source of carbon; highlighting SXS628, whose growth in the biosolids exceeded the control. All evaluated isolates synthesize at least two prospected enzymes, especially SXS630 and SXS634, which synthesize all (carboxymethyl cellulase, tannase, polyphenoloxidase). This shows the potential use of these isolates (combined or not) in biotechnological processes aiming at the degradation of biosolids, especially SXS37.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biosolids"
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Sidhu, Jatinder. "Pathogen regrowth in composted biosolids." Thesis, Sidhu, Jatinder (2000) Pathogen regrowth in composted biosolids. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2000. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52513/.
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Composting is commonly used as an effective means of stabilising wastewater biosolids and reducing pathogen concentrations to very low levels. However, under certain conditions enteric bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli can regrow in previously composted biosolids and compost based soil amendments. Regrowth of Salmonella in composted biosolids can pose a potential threat to public health.
Pathogen regrowth in composted biosolids is affected by a number of factors, such as moisture content, bio-available nutrients, temperature and indigenous microorganisms. However, assessment of the bio-safety of composted biosolids on the basis of these parameters is very difficult and unreliable. Moreover regrowth of
pathogens in composted biosolids is unpredictable. The main aim of this study was to find out whether regrowth of pathogens in composted biosolids could be prevented or controlled. To accomplish this goal, the effect of composting and storage on survival and regrowth of Salmonella typhimurium was investigated. The role of bio-available nutrients and indigenous microorganisms in suppression of Salmonella regrowth was investigated in detail.
The results of this study suggest that a full-scale windrow composting process carried out in accordance with recommended guidelines (ARMCANZ) is effective in reducing Salmonella concentrations to below detection limit. However, Salmonella regrowth in stored biosolids after 26 weeks, coinciding with a rainfall after a dry spell was observed. This suggests that Salmonella can survive the composting process in low numbers and regrowth can take place in the presence of favourable growth conditions.
A pathogen regrowth potential test using antibiotic-resistant S. typhimurium was developed to evaluate the pathogen regrowth potential of composted biosolids. The regrowth potential test was found to be a very useful tool for laboratory investigation. However, further validation of the pathogen regrowth potential test is required, prior to its routine use for monitoring composted biosolids.
The antagonistic activity of indigenous microorganisms was found to be the most significant factor in suppression of S. typhimuriwn growth in composted biosolids. Rapid growth of seeded S. typhimurium, with a maximum population density of more than 108 MPN g-1, was observed in sterilised biosolids. Conversely, growth of S.typhimurium was suppressed in non-sterilised compost with a maximum population density of less than 103 MPN g-1. The inactivation rate of Salmonella was also found to be significantly greater in non-sterilised compost as compared to sterilised compost. Maximum inhibition of Salmonella growth was observed in biosolids that had been composting for two weeks.
The specific growth rate of Salmonella was found to have a strong negative correlation (-0.85) with the maturity of the compost. However, a decline in bioavailable nutrients was not sufficient to prevent regrowth of Salmonella in composted biosolids stored for two years. The role of bio-available nutrients (age. of compost) was non significant (P<_ 0.05) as compared to the role of indigenous microorganisms in inhibition of Salmonella regrowth.
The antagonistic effect of indigenous microorganisms towards Salmonella declined with the storage of compost. A strong negative correlation (-0.85) between the Salmonella inactivation rate and age of compost was observed. Salmonella inactivation rate was also found to be seven times higher in biosolids composting for two weeks as compared to compost stored for two years. Consequently, it can be concluded that all composted biosolids had a Salmonella regrowth potential. However, the presence of biologically active indigenous microflora significantly reduced this regrowth potential. As a result of a decline in the antagonistic activity of indigenous microflora with storage, a longer Salmonella survival time could be expected in stored compost as compared to freshly composted biosolids. Consequently, long term storage of compost is not recommended as this may lead to an increased pathogen regrowth potential and longer survival time.
The dilution-plate procedure adopted in this study showed that bacterial concentrations in compost declined by two log10 during storage for two years, whereas population of actinomycetes and fungi increased during the same period. Indigenous bacteria and actinomycetes isolated from composted biosolids of different maturity were screened for their role in the suppression of Salmonella regrowth. Some of the indigenous bacteria were found to suppress Salmonella growth by one to two log10 when Salmonella was seeded into stationary phase culture of indigenous bacteria. None of the isolated indigenous microorganisms produced secondary metabolites active against Salmonella.
Somatic Salmonella (SS) phages were found to survive in composted biosolids for up to two years. Growth of Salmonella was suppressed by one to two log10 in the presence of SS phages. It is possible that Salmonella growth suppression in compost is due to an intense competition for limited nutrients in the presence of biologically active indigenous microorganisms, with some anti-Salmonella activity from SS phages.
The results of this study suggest that prevention of pathogen regrowth in composted biosolids is difficult due to the availability of nutrients and limited control over environmental factors which influence the antagonistic activity of indigenous microorganisms. However, regrowth of pathogens in composted biosolids can be prevented if a biologically active population of indigenous microorganisms is maintained. It is possible that by preventing rapid drying of compost during maturation biological activity of indigenous microorganisms can be maintained. Covering of compost piles during maturation can preserve moisture and the effect of preserving moisture on the antagonistic activity of indigenous microorganisms should be investigated. Research should be carried out further to identify the indigenous microorganisms which suppress Salmonella regrowth. Additional research work should also be carried out to determine the mechanism of growth suppression. Resolving this issue could provide a better understanding of the antagonistic effect of indigenous microflora towards pathogenic bacteria in composted biosolids.
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Artiola, Janick. "Biosolids Land Use in Arizona." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146291.
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Rios, Andrea. "DEWATERING OF BIOSOLIDS BY SODIUM FERRATE." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2887.
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This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the liquid form of ferrate for dewatering of biosolids from wastewater treatment facilities. Two different ferrate products prepared using calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite were used. Samples of anaerobic digested sludge and waste activated sludge with solids content of 2.1% and 0.95 %, respectively were conditioned with both products to evaluate and compare their effectiveness. Centrifugation and filtration of the sludge after conditioning were used. For centrifugation the volume reduction and the turbidity of the supernatant after centrifugation were evaluated. For filtration, the Capillary Suction Time test was used. The optimum doses and conditions for dewatering of the sludge using ferrate were determined for each type of sludge. The centrifugation and filtration results were compared with those obtained for polymer doses currently used at the wastewater treatment plants where the samples were collected and with ferric coagulants as well. The results of this research indicated that optimum pH was 7.0. The time required to achieve mechanical equilibrium defined as the time at which the volume occupied by the solids was no more than one percent of the preceding reading was 1800 seconds for both types of sludge. The optimum rotational speeds were 800 and 2400 for waste activated sludge and anaerobic digested sludge, respectively. The optimum ferrate dose for anaerobic digested sludge for centrifugation and filtration was 5000 mg/l. For waste activated sludge a dose of 10 mg/l was found to be effective for filtration and centrifugation. The results indicated that the ferrate product prepared using calcium hypochlorite provides better results for the waste activated sludge than the ferrate prepared using sodium hypochlorite, while for anaerobic digested sludge no significant difference was observed. Finally, the results show that ferrate is a cost-effective alternative for the conditioning and disinfection of waste activated sludge, but not for the conditioning of anaerobic digested sludge.M.S.Env.E.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering
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Fane, Sarah Elizabeth. "Control of E. coli in biosolids." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2016. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11815.
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Achieving microbial compliance levels in biosolids storage is complicated by the unpredictable increase of Escherichia coli (E. coli), which serves as an important indicator for pathogen presence risk. Meeting required microbial specifications validates sludge treatment processes and ensures that a safe product is applied to agricultural land. Controlled indicator monitoring provides confidence for farmers, retailers and the food industry, safeguarding the sludge-to-land application route. Following mechanical dewatering biosolids products are stored before microbial compliance testing permits agricultural application. During storage, concentrations of E. coli bacteria can become elevated and prevent the product from meeting the conventional or enhanced levels of treatment outlined in The Safe Sludge Matrix guidelines. Literature research identified innate characteristics of sludge and ambient environmental parameters of storage which are factors likely to influence E. coli behaviour in stored biosolids. The research hypothesis tested whether E. coli growth and death in dewatered sewage sludge can be controlled by the modification of physical-chemical factors in the cake storage environment. Parameters including nutrient availability, temperature, moisture content and atmospheric influences were investigated through a series of laboratory-scale experiments. Controlled dewatering and the assessment of modified storage environments using traditional microbial plating and novel flow cytometry analysis have been performed. At an operational scale, pilot trials and up-scaled monitoring of the sludge storage environment have been conducted enabling verification of laboratory results. Understanding the dynamics of cell health within the sludge matrix in relation to nutrient availability has provided a valuable understanding of the mechanisms that may be affecting bacterial growth post-dewatering. The importance of elevated storage temperatures on E. coli death rates and results showing the benefits of a controlled atmosphere storage environment provide important considerations for utilities.
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Rance, Logan T. "Understanding Student Perceptions of Biosolids and Other Fertilizers in Central Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587657377716495.
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Ginige, Pushpa. "Decontamination of biosolids for land application : metals bioleaching and process impacts on the nutrient value of biosolids." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998.
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Gorgy, Tamer George Alexan. "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in biosolids-amended soils." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/35020.
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are added to many consumer products as flame retardants. Their hydrophobic characteristics and high n-octanol-water coefficients make them partition in organic media such us sludge and biosolids, by-products of wastewater treatment which are commonly applied to agricultural soils to promote crop growth or discarded in landfills. Biosolids-amended soils have been found to contain up to 7x10⁶ pg PBDEs/g dry weight, whereas leachates from biosolids and flame-retarded products in landfills, contained up to 4,000 pg PBDEs/litre. PBDEs in the environment could potentially cause serious health effects.
Research was conducted to determine the concentration and mobility of PBDEs in biosolids, biosolids-amended soil, and clay liners used to retain PBDEs. A field study investigated the degree of PBDE contamination due to the application of biosolids at an agricultural site near Kamloops and an agricultural field in Totem Field at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. PBDEs were found to migrate downwards to depths of at least 0.85 m.
Laboratory experiments determined leachability of PBDEs from biosolids. PBDEs sorbed on fine particles suspended in the leachate, allowing PBDEs to exceed their aqueous phase solubilities. Concentrations were much higher on ultra-fine than on fine particles. Leaching column tests demonstrated that PBDEs leached from biosolids-amended soils and migrated through the soils.
PBDEs in soils upgradient and downgradient of solid waste facilities in Northern Canada varied widely from location to location. There was evidence that PBDE contamination in Iqaluit is due to long-range atmospheric transport, whereas that found at Yellowknife is mainly from the solid waste facility. Laboratory experiments showed that sand-bentonite partially retained PBDEs. The hydraulic conductivity decreased with leaching, and then gradually increased. The decrease is attributed to swelling, whereas the increase is due to shrinkage of the clay interlayer, owing to the hydrophobicity of the permeant.
The research may be helpful in establishing regulations on land application of biosolids, regulating waste disposal and landfill design requirements.
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Massanet-Nicolau, Jaime. "Mesophilic fermentative hydrogen production from sewage biosolids." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2009. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/mesophilic-fermentative-hydrogen-production-from-sewage-biosolids(45d910c7-f8d1-4c9d-bc46-ca0b80de8361).html.
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The increasing cost of fossil fuels, combined with concerns about their impact on our environment has led to a renewed interest in hydrogen as a clean, sustainable, alternative energy vector. Using sewage biosolids as the substrate for fermentative hydrogen production offers several advantages over the use of other biomass sources. It is available at little or no cost and is abundant, being produced wherever there are human settlements, with 1.3 million tonnes (dry solids) per year currently being produced in the U.K alone. This research demonstrated the feasibility of hydrogen production from sewage biosolids via anaerobic fermentation. To do this a number of issues specifically relating to the nature of sewage biosolids had to be addressed. Firstly, the solids content and rheology made automatic feeding difficult. The feedstock also contained high levels of indigenous microorganisms and a high ratio of insoluble to soluble carbohydrate. To address these challenges, a novel reactor design using wide bore tubing and computer controlled pumping equipment was successfully used to construct a working continuously fed bio-reactor. A combination of heat treatment at 70°C for one hour and pre-treatment with a commercially available food processing enzyme mixture was found to be the most efficient method of inactivating competing microorganisms and improving substrate quality. Hydrogen was successfully produced via batch fermentation of primary sewage biosolids which had undergone heat treatment and enzymatic digestion. When fermentation took place at pH 5.5 a peak hydrogen production rate of 3.75 cm3 min"1 was observed. At this pH the hydrogen yield was 0.37 mol H2 mol~ : carbohydrate, equivalent to 18.14 L H2 kg"1 dry solids. Fermentative hydrogen production from sewage biosolids was also demonstrated in a five litre, continuously fed bio-reactor for the first time. A comparison of different hydraulic retention times showed that hydrogen production was most stable at a HRT of 24 hours. A hydrogen producing fermenter was successfully linked to a methanogenic bio-reactor in a two stage digestion process.
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Vu, Tran Mai Anh. "Nutrient Mobility From Biosolids Land Application Sites." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/74.
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Three types of biosolids (lime-stabilized, aerobically digested, and anaerobically digested biosolids) were applied on 0.13-ha test plots on disturbed rangelands in Western Utah at rates of up to twenty times (20X) the estimated N-based agronomic rate. Soil samples at depths up to 1.5 m were collected and analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, regulated metals, pH, and electrical conductivity for up to two years after biosolids application. NH4-N at the soil surface (0.2 m) was primarily lost through ammonia volatilization and nitrification. This observation was consistent with reported increases in nitrate (NO3-N) concentrations found within the soil surface on the biosolids-amended sites. A nitrogen mass balance on the surface soil control volume indicated that the nitrogen residual field measurements were significantly higher than the nitrogen level estimated by accounting for nitrogen inputs (biosolids) and outputs (vegetative yield, nitrogen volatilization and nitrate leaching). Biosolids land application led to increases in vegetative growth and dry matter yield when compared to vegetation grown on control plots. Based on the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM), the model predicted NH4 and NO3 storage values at biosolids-amended sites were significantly different from the field data, which suggests that the model default and limited measured values were inappropriate for a non-irrigated rangeland landscape. The majority of total P and plant available P accumulation was found to occur primarily within the soil surface (0.2 m). Phosphorus soil residual measurements were higher than phosphorus accumulation based on a phosphorus mass balance at soil surface. The phosphorus leachability to ground water at the biosolids-amended treatment sites was low based on the molar ratio of ([P]/([Al]+[Fe])) and the potential formation of calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2). Aerobically digested biosolids appeared to be the optimal biosolids type with regard to minimizing the adverse environmental effects of phosphorus based on the Phosphorus Site Index (PSI). Regulated metal concentrations (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Mo, Ni, Se, and Zn) were well below the cumulative pollutant loading limits for biosolids-amended soils. Finally, nutrients as well as regulated heavy metals associated with biosolids land application to disturbed rangelands do not pose any significant threat to the environment.
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Stone, Peyton Franklin. "Evaluation of Biosolids for Use in Biodegradable Transplant Containers." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/75649.
Full textAbstract:
Sustainability practices are leading to the development and use of alternative products in the floriculture and wastewater industries, such as the use of biodegradable containers instead of plastic containers. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of using digested biosolids from a regional wastewater treatment plant as an ingredient in creating a biodegradable transplant biocontainer. The biosolids were tested for metals limits as specified by the U.S. EPA Part 503 Rule, and met the requirements for Class B. Multiple mixes of biosolids, fibers, starch, polymer, and natural glue were developed to provide overall pot stability and structural strength. Engineering tests, such as tensile strength, pH, and saturated paste tests, were conducted on the different mixes to determine the optimum strength that could be produced.
The top-performing biosolids mixes were used to make 10.2 cm (four-inch) pots that were compared in various ways to the market leaders, Peat Pots and standard plastic pots. A two-part mold was created on a 3D printer, which would allow for positive pressure to be used in forming the BioPots. Mixes were transferred to the lower half of the mold, the upper part was then plunged and fastened into the lower half, and then the mold with its mix was placed in an oven to dry. Laboratory germination bioassays were performed to test for the presence of phytotoxic compounds. Construction of BioPots for the lab-scale studies was tedious. Different methods (e.g., negative pressure systems) need to be investigated for use in producing the BioPots commercially.
Most of the BioPots survived the resiliency study. Leachate quality from the biocontainers was no worse than from the plastic containers. Some discoloration was observed on the biocontainers, but it was not due to algal/fungal growth. Growth of soybeans, marigolds, and romaine in the biocontainers was significantly better (e.g., increased height, leaf sizes, and weight) than in the plastic containers.Master of Science
Books on the topic "Biosolids"
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Dewatering biosolids. Lancaster, Pa: Technomic Pub., 1997.
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Incinerating biosolids. Lancaster, PA: Technomic Pub., 1997.
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Water Environment Federation. Task Force on Biosolids Composting. and Water Environment Federation. Residuals Subcommittee., eds. Biosolids composting. Alexandria, VA: Water Environment Federation, 1995.
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Wang, Lawrence K., Nazih K. Shammas, and Yung-Tse Hung, eds. Biosolids Treatment Processes. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-996-7.
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K, Wang Lawrence, Shammas Nazih K, and Hung Yung-Tse, eds. Biosolids treatment processes. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2006.
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Sullivan, Dan M. Fertilizing with biosolids. [Corvallis, Or.]: Oregon State University, 1998.
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Wang, Lawrence K., Nazih K. Shammas, and Yung-Tse Hung, eds. Biosolids Engineering and Management. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-174-1.
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Elliott, Herschel A. Biosolids disposal in Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, Pa: Center for Rural Pennsylvania, 2007.
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K, Wang Lawrence, Shammas Nazih K, and Hung Yung-Tse, eds. Biosolids engineering and management. Totowa, N.J: Humana, 2008.
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Henry, Charles. Managing nitrogen from biosolids. [Olympia? Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Biosolids"
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Verma, Subhash, Varinder S. Kanwar, and Siby John. "Biosolids." In Environmental Engineering, 415–33. New York: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003231264-28.
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Shammas, Nazih K., and Lawrence K. Wang. "Biosolids Composting." In Biological Treatment Processes, 669–714. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-156-1_16.
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Naylor, Lewis. "Biosolids Composting." In Advances in Water and Wastewater Treatment, 284–302. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784407417.ch16.
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Spellman, Frank R. "Activated Biosolids." In Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Wastewater Treatment Operations, 59–74. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354314-6.
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Spellman, Frank R. "Biosolids Digestion." In Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Wastewater Treatment Operations, 115–21. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354314-11.
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Spellman, Frank R. "Biosolids Thickening Calculations." In Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Wastewater Treatment Operations, 109–14. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354314-10.
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Shammas, Nazih K., and Lawrence K. Wang. "Land Application of Biosolids." In Advanced Biological Treatment Processes, 479–520. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-170-7_13.
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Shammas, Nazih K., and Lawrence K. Wang. "Beneficial Utilization of Biosolids." In Biosolids Engineering and Management, 647–90. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-174-1_12.
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Khan, M. Rashid, and K. Mitall. "Land Applications of Biosolids." In Conversion And Utilization Of Waste Materials, 147–56. Boca Raton: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315140360-12.
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Spellman, Frank R. "Biosolids Dewatering and Disposal." In Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Wastewater Treatment Operations, 123–42. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354314-12.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Biosolids"
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Laub, Margaret, Margaret Laub, Graham Van Every, and Devon Barry. "Full-Scale Biosolids Drying and Pyrolysis." In WEFTEC 2023. Water Environment Federation, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864718825159030.
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Hasan, Ahmed M. M., Ahmed M. Elwy, Begad A. Taha, Ahmed M. Mostafa, and Sherif S. AbdelSalam. "Sand-Biosolids Mixture Characterization and Potential." In The 7th World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering. Avestia Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icgre22.178.
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Simmons, Chad, Bala Vairavan, Suzanne Abbe, Kenneth Hadash, Chad Simmons, and Bala Vairavan. "Fort Worth Implements Thermal Drying of Biosolids." In WEFTEC 2023. Water Environment Federation, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864718825159028.
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Keleman, Michael P. "Economics of Wastewater Treatment Codigestion." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90397.
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Wastewater treatment is the method by which sewage of both residential and industrial sources is processed to promote public health and reduce environmental impacts on receiving waters. This physical and biological process generates sludge, which after being treated to reduce pathogens, is referred to as biosolids. In the US there are over 16,000 wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), and every year they produce approximately 7 million tons of biosolids according to the EPA.1 These biosolids are handled differently depending upon local conditions, but most are either buried in landfills, land applied for agriculture or incinerated. Reducing the volume of biosolids produced by each facility is desirable for improving operational efficiency since lower volumes are easier to manage and cheaper to handle and dispose. Most facilities utilize either aerobic digestion to process sludge into biosolids, but larger facilities use anaerobic digestion because this process reduces the overall volume of solids left for management. Anaerobic digestion is more complex and capital intensive, so typically only those facilities treating flows higher than 5 million gallons per day (MGD) use anaerobic digestion. Given current economic conditions and rising energy costs, however, anaerobic digestion is becoming more attractive to utility managers as they attempt to offset energy costs. The anaerobic process produces methane gas. Also called biogas, methane can be utilized not only to fire boilers for heating digesters and nearby buildings, but also to fuel internal combustion engines, microturbines or fuel cells to generate power for plant processes such as blowers in the aeration system. There is also the potential for WWTPs to obtain carbon credits for utilizing renewable energy, especially in those states with renewable portfolio standards. Because anaerobic digestion has limited application in the US, this study evaluated economic viability at plants with design flows less than 5 MGD by incorporating codigestion of food waste to improve the production of biogas for use as energy to reduce operational costs and recover capital costs.
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Burton, N., and D. Trout. "202. Exposure Assessment of Employees Land-Applying Biosolids." In AIHce 2000. AIHA, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2763536.
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"Mine Site Rehabilitation with Biosolids for Sustainable Development." In 2016 ASABE International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20162463072.
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"Mine Site Rehabilitation with Biosolids for Sustainable Development." In 2016 ASABE International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20162463207.
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Christopher Choi and Susan A. O'Shaughnessy. "Solar Drying Technologies in Pathogen Reduction in Biosolids." In 2006 Portland, Oregon, July 9-12, 2006. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.20928.
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Hernandez Ramirez, Hugo Emmanuel, Carlos Alberto Cardona Coy, and Jeimy Mercedes Poveda Avila. "Autonomous Prototype System for Phosphorus Extraction from Biosolids." In 2023 IEEE 6th Colombian Conference on Automatic Control (CCAC). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccac58200.2023.10333599.
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Macdonald, Garry, Jessica Daly, Mark Hall, and Garry Macdonald. "Bioboost Mark II: Decarbonizing Biosolids Drying using Hydrogen." In WEFTEC 2023. Water Environment Federation, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864718825159029.
Full textReports on the topic "Biosolids"
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Marshall, Steven D., and Arenee Fanchon Teena Smith. Sustainable Biosolids/Renewable Energy Plant. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1376909.
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District, Metropolitan. Evaluation of E-beam for wastewater and biosolids treatment applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2203109.
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Kim, Byung J., and Richard Shanley. Development of a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Sludge (Biosolids) Management Strategy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada329279.
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Thompson, Michael L., Benny Chefetz, Jacob R. Prater, Robert Horton, and Klaus Schmidt-Rohr. Environmental fate of endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Association with biosolids-derived dissolved organic matter. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598152.bard.
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Galbreath, Kevin C. EFFECTS OF COFIRING LIGNIN AND BIOSOLIDS WITH COAL ON FIRESIDE PERFORMANCE AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/804937.
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Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen, and Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.
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Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.
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Klasson, KT. NITRO-HYDROLYSIS: AN ENERGY EFFICIENT SOURCE REDUCTION AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTION PROCESS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT BIOSOLIDS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885721.
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Chefetz, Benny, and Jon Chorover. Sorption and Mobility of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Soils Irrigated with Treated Wastewater. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7592117.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Research into the fate of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) in the environment has focused on aspects of removal efficiency during sewage treatment, degradation in surface water and accumulation in soils and sediments. However, very little information is available on the binding interactions of pharmaceuticals with dissolved organic matter (DOM) originating from wastewater treatment. Such interactions can significantly affect the transport potential of PCs in soils by altering compound affinity for soil particle surfaces. Our primary hypothesis is that the transport potential of PCs in soils is strongly impacted by the type and strength of interaction with DOM and the stability of resulting DOM-PC complexes. The overarching goal of the proposed work is to develop a better understanding of the risk associated with introduction of PCs into the environment with treated wastewater. This goal has been achieved by elucidating the mechanisms of the interaction of selected pharmaceuticals (that have shown to be widespread wastewater contaminants) with DOM constituents; by determining the stability and fate of DOM-PC complexes introduced to soils and soil constituents; and by evaluating the potential uptake of these compounds by plants. Based on the results obtained in this study (column and batch sorption-desorption experiments), we suggest that PCs can be classified as slow-mobile compounds in SOM-rich soil layers. When these compounds pass this layer and/or are introduced into SOM-poor soils, their mobility increases significantly. Our data suggest that in semiarid soils (consisting of low SOM), PCs can potentially be transported to the groundwater in fields irrigated with reclaimed wastewater. Moreover, the higher mobility of the acid PCs (i.e., naproxen and diclofenac) in freshwater column systems suggests that their residues in soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater can leach from the root zone and be transported to the groundwater after rain events. Our data obtained from the binding experiments of PCs with DOM demonstrate that the hydrophobic DOM fractions were more efficient at sorbing PCs than the more polar hydrophilic fractions at a pH near the pKa of the analytes. At the pH of natural semiarid water and soil systems, including that of reclaimed wastewater and biosolids, the role of the hydrophobic fractions as sorption domains is less important than the contribution of the hydrophilic fractions. We also hypothesize that the DOM fractions interact with each other at the molecular level and do not act as independent sorption domains. In summary, our data collected in the BARD project demonstrate that the sorption abilities of the DOM fractions can also significantly affect the mobility of pharmaceutical compounds in soils influenced by intensive irrigation with treated wastewater or amended with biosolids.
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Chefetz, Benny, and Jon Chorover. Sorption and Mobility of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Soils Irrigated with Treated Wastewater. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7709883.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Research into the fate of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) in the environment has focused on aspects of removal efficiency during sewage treatment, degradation in surface water and accumulation in soils and sediments. However, very little information is available on the binding interactions of pharmaceuticals with dissolved organic matter (DOM) originating from wastewater treatment. Such interactions can significantly affect the transport potential of PCs in soils by altering compound affinity for soil particle surfaces. Our primary hypothesis is that the transport potential of PCs in soils is strongly impacted by the type and strength of interaction with DOM and the stability of resulting DOM-PC complexes. The overarching goal of the proposed work is to develop a better understanding of the risk associated with introduction of PCs into the environment with treated wastewater. This goal has been achieved by elucidating the mechanisms of the interaction of selected pharmaceuticals (that have shown to be widespread wastewater contaminants) with DOM constituents; by determining the stability and fate of DOM-PC complexes introduced to soils and soil constituents; and by evaluating the potential uptake of these compounds by plants. Based on the results obtained in this study (column and batch sorption-desorption experiments), we suggest that PCs can be classified as slow-mobile compounds in SOM-rich soil layers. When these compounds pass this layer and/or are introduced into SOM-poor soils, their mobility increases significantly. Our data suggest that in semiarid soils (consisting of low SOM), PCs can potentially be transported to the groundwater in fields irrigated with reclaimed wastewater. Moreover, the higher mobility of the acid PCs (i.e., naproxen and diclofenac) in freshwater column systems suggests that their residues in soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater can leach from the root zone and be transported to the groundwater after rain events. Our data obtained from the binding experiments of PCs with DOM demonstrate that the hydrophobic DOM fractions were more efficient at sorbing PCs than the more polar hydrophilic fractions at a pH near the pKa of the analytes. At the pH of natural semiarid water and soil systems, including that of reclaimed wastewater and biosolids, the role of the hydrophobic fractions as sorption domains is less important than the contribution of the hydrophilic fractions. We also hypothesize that the DOM fractions interact with each other at the molecular level and do not act as independent sorption domains. In summary, our data collected in the BARD project demonstrate that the sorption abilities of the DOM fractions can also significantly affect the mobility of pharmaceutical compounds in soils influenced by intensive irrigation with treated wastewater or amended with biosolids.
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Johnson, David, Robert Boyd, Anthony Bednar, Cynthia Banks, Charles Weiss, Jessica Coleman, Burton Suedel, and Jeffery Steevens. Terrestrial fate and effects of nanometer-sized silver. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43800.
Full textAbstract:
Although engineered nanomaterials are active components in a wide variety of commercial products, there is still limited information related to the effects of these nanomaterials once released into the terrestrial environment. A high number of commercial applications use silver nanoparticles (nAg) due to its anti-microbial activity. This may be of concern for waste management since nAg could be applied to soil (e.g., biosolids) or disposed of in traditional landfills, which could lead to possible leaching into surrounding soil. This report aims to provide additional insight into the fate and effects of nAg in terrestrial systems. The studies in this report examine the leachability of nAg in field soil and compares the soil migration to bulk (i.e., micron-sized) silver; examine the ecotoxicity of nAg to earthworms in four field soils spanning several different soil orders; and examine the behavioral effects of earthworms when exposed to engineered nanoparticles in field soil. These data provide additional insight into engineered nanoparticle fate and effects to terrestrial receptors in field soils, an important distinction from laboratory-generated soils. These data will also assist ecological risk assessors to better determine the acute environmental risks of nAg in terrestrial ecosystems with different soil compositions.