Journal articles on the topic 'Biosecurity science and invasive species ecology'
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1
Kay, M. K. "Linking biosecurity and biogeography." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4778.
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The unfathomable complexity of species interactions within biological systems tempts us to impose tidy concepts in an effort to predict or explain how ecosystems react to perturbation through species extinction or invasion The Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography (ETIB) contends that islands are inherently at risk of both invasion and extinction of species The appealing logic of the ETIB and a general consensus that biodiversity is linked to ecosystem resilience ie that the loss of biodiversity will result in a loss of ecosystem stability have been cemented into mainstream ecology However the biodiversity ecosystem resilience debate is far from resolved The ETIB treats species as empirical entities and takes no account of how species interactions evolve to determine the way ecosystems function The Island Resource Allocation (IRA) hypothesis offers a testable alternative explanation of how ecosystems function and could be considered by biosecurity agencies in assessing ecological risk of introduced species
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Mi, Qianqian, Jinping Zhang, Elaine Gould, Juhong Chen, Zhitan Sun, and Feng Zhang. "Biology, Ecology, and Management of Erthesina fullo (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): A Review." Insects 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11060346.
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The yellow spotted stink bug (YSSB), Erthesina fullo Thunberg, is one of the most widely distributed phytophagous insect pests in Asia. YSSB is highly polyphagous and in China it feeds on over 57 host plants in 29 families, including some economically important fruit crops such as kiwifruit, pear, peach, apple, and pomegranate. With a primarily r-selected life history strategy, reproductive diapause, aggregation behavior, wide host range, high dispersal capacity, and close association with human-modified ecosystems, YSSB is a potentially invasive species that poses significant biosecurity threats to other countries outside its native range. This review summarizes basic and applied knowledge on the biology, ecology, and management of YSSB in China, with specific emphasis on its life history, host range, damage and impacts on economically important horticulture crops, and integrated pest management (IPM) approaches. The insights from the Chinese literature on this pest will help the countries outside its native range to conduct appropriate biosecurity risk assessments, develop a sound surveillance program, and develop an emergency response plan before its invasion of new geographic areas.
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Mansfield, Sarah, Mark R. McNeill, Lee T. Aalders, Nigel L. Bell, John M. Kean, Barbara I. P. Barratt, Kirsty Boyd-Wilson, and David A. J. Teulon. "The value of sentinel plants for risk assessment and surveillance to support biosecurity." NeoBiota 48 (July 2, 2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.48.34205.
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Effective surveillance for early detection of invasive alien species in natural ecosystems, or on valued plants found in modified areas, could prevent potentially devastating and costly impacts (whether environmental, economic or cultural) of new invasions on the invaded country. Surveillance technologies are often constrained by a range of factors. Determining which species present a significant risk before they reach the border is an effective strategy to minimize the possibility of invasion and/or the impact of invasion. Surveillance of sentinel plants provides an important tool to strengthen biosecurity programs assisting with i) detecting and identifying insect pests, nematodes and plant diseases that could potentially invade uncolonized countries, and ii) developing pest risk analysis profiles to eliminate or mitigate the risk of arrival. This review examines some of the challenges and opportunities provided by sentinel plant research and discusses the factors that could affect the success of their use for biosecurity risk assessment and surveillance in the New Zealand context.
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Toomes, Adam, Oliver C. Stringham, Lewis Mitchell, Joshua V. Ross, and Phillip Cassey. "Australia’s wish list of exotic pets: biosecurity and conservation implications of desired alien and illegal pet species." NeoBiota 60 (August 18, 2020): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.60.51431.
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Globalisation of the live pet trade facilitates major pathways for the transport and introduction of invasive alien species across longer distances and at higher frequencies than previously possible. Moreover, the unsustainable trade of species is a major driver for the over-exploitation of wild populations. Australia minimises the biosecurity and conservation risk of the international pet trade by implementing highly stringent regulations on the live import and keeping of alien pets beyond its international CITES obligations. However, the public desire to possess prohibited alien pets has never been quantified and represents a number of species that could be acquired illegally or legally under different future legislative conditions. As such, highly desirable species represent an ongoing conservation threat and biosecurity risk via the pet-release invasion pathway. We aimed to characterise the Australian desire for illegal alien pets and investigate potential sources of external information that can be utilised to predict future desire. Using public live import enquiry records from the Australian Commonwealth Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment as a proxy for alien pet desire, we tested for differences in the proportion of species with threatened listings and records of invasions, after accounting for taxonomy. Additionally, we used a United States of America (U.S.) live imports dataset to infer pet demand in another Western market with less stringent regulations and determined whether species highly desired in Australia had higher U.S. trade demand than would be expected by chance. The Australian public desire for alien pets is heavily and significantly biased towards species threatened with extinction, species popular in the U.S. trade and species with a history of successful invasions. Not only does this indicate the potential impacts of pet desire on invasion risk and the conservation of threatened species, but we also highlight the potential role of the U.S. trade as an effective predictor for Australian desire. Our research emphasises the value of novel datasets in building predictive capacity for improved biosecurity awareness.
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Rojas-Sandoval, Julissa, and James D. Ackerman. "Ornamentals lead the way: global influences on plant invasions in the Caribbean." NeoBiota 64 (April 2, 2021): 177–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.64.62939.
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Understanding the historical factors associated with the invasion success of alien species in a region may help us to identify sources, vectors, and pathways that are more likely to originate new invaders. Here, we gather data for traits related to the history of introduction (e.g., continent of origin, reason for introduction, and date of introduction) of 616 alien plant species listed as invasive on 18 island groups across the Caribbean region. We used these data to evaluate how human activity has influenced plant invasions on Caribbean islands over time and whether invasion success could be driven by traits of the introduction process. We found that significantly more invasive plants (54%) were intentionally introduced for ornamental reasons than for any other purpose. Most invaders in the Caribbean are native to Asia, South America, and Africa and the cumulative number of invasive species in this region has been steadily increasing during the last 200 years, but since 1850, this trend has been led by species introduced as ornamentals. We also found a significant association between continent of origin and reason of introduction, with more invaders than expected being ornamentals from Asia and America, and forage species from Africa. Our results show that introduced ornamentals are successfully invading all major habitats across the Caribbean, exacerbating conservation issues and threatening native biodiversity. Armed with knowledge of origins and reasons for introductions, effective biosecurity actions as well as control and management strategies can be better targeted to address the problem of invasive species in the region.
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González-Sánchez, Víctor Hugo, Jerry D. Johnson, David González-Solís, Lydia Allison Fucsko, and Larry David Wilson. "A review of the introduced herpetofauna of Mexico and Central America, with comments on the effects of invasive species and biosecurity methodology." ZooKeys 1022 (March 8, 2021): 79–154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1022.51422.
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Among the principal causes producing detrimental effects on global biodiversity are introductions of alien species. Very few attempts to control introduced amphibians and reptiles in Middle America (Mexico and Central America) can be identified, so listings are provided for 24 exotic species, 16 translocated species, and 11 species that were removed from the introduced species listing because of lack of substantiating evidence that they are from established populations. Biosecurity methods are also identified that can be applied for preventing, controlling, and managing introduced and especially invasive species.
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Hill, Katherine G. W., Kristine E. Nielson, Jonathan J. Tyler, Francesca A. McInerney, Zoe A. Doubleday, Greta J. Frankham, Rebecca N. Johnson, Bronwyn M. Gillanders, Steven Delean, and Phillip Cassey. "Pet or pest? Stable isotope methods for determining the provenance of an invasive alien species." NeoBiota 59 (July 28, 2020): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.59.53671.
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The illegal pet trade facilitates the global dispersal of invasive alien species (IAS), providing opportunities for new pests to establish in novel recipient environments. Despite the increasing threat of IAS to the environment and economy, biosecurity efforts often lack suitable, scientifically-based methods to make effective management decisions, such as identifying an established IAS population from a single incursion event. We present a proof-of-concept for a new application of a stable isotope technique to identify wild and captive histories of an invasive pet species. Twelve red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) from historic Australian incursions with putative wild, captive and unknown origins were analysed to: (1) present best-practice methods for stable isotope sampling of T. s. elegans incursions; (2) effectively discriminate between wild and captive groups using stable isotope ratios; and (3) present a framework to expand the methodology for use on other IAS species. A sampling method was developed to obtain carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope ratios from the keratin layer of the carapace (shells), which are predominantly influenced by dietary material and trophic level respectively. Both δ13C and δ15N exhibited the potential to distinguish between the wild and captive origins of the samples. Power simulations demonstrated that isotope ratios were consistent across the carapace and a minimum of eight individuals were required to effectively discriminate wild and captive groups, reducing overall sampling costs. Statistical classification effectively separated captive and wild groups by δ15N (captive: δ15N‰ ≥ 9.7‰, minimum of 96% accuracy). This study outlines a practical and accessible method for detecting IAS incursions, to potentially provide biosecurity staff and decision-makers with the tools to quickly identify and manage future IAS incursions.
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Xu, Yijuan, Edward L. Vargo, Kazuki Tsuji, and Ross Wylie. "Exotic Ants of the Asia-Pacific: Invasion, National Response, and Ongoing Needs." Annual Review of Entomology 67, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-060721-085603.
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Human activity has facilitated the introduction of many exotic species via global trade. Asia-Pacific countries comprise one of the most economically and trade-active regions in the world, which makes it an area that is highly vulnerable to invasive species, including ants. There are currently over 60 exotic ant species in the Asia-Pacific, with the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, among the most destructive. Exotic ants pose many economic and ecological problems for the region. Countries in the Asia-Pacific have dealt with the problem of exotic ants in very different ways, and there has been an overall lack of preparedness. To improve the management of risks associated with invasive ants, we recommend that countries take action across the biosecurity spectrum, spanning prevention, containment, and quarantine. The creation of an Asia-Pacific network for management of invasive ants should help prevent their introduction and mitigate their impacts.
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Singh, Atul K. "Management of alien aquatic invasive species: Strategic guidelines and policy in India." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 24, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.024.02.12.
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Abstract The present article is aimed at understanding current policies and implementation strategies for the management of aquatic invasive species in India and identifying opportunities for improvement. Existing management approaches and policies have briefly been put into place concerning fish introductions and aquatic invasive species, but looking at their effectiveness, it is argued that mitigating the negative impacts caused by invasive species should be at the core for their successful management. International institutions have explicitly recognized the need to contain and eradicate biological invasions and have set of relevant guidelines and enforcements. In India, risk assessment, risk management, quarantine, biosecurity and regulatory mechanisms have been developed and implemented to filter fish introductions and consequently check aquatic invasions. Nevertheless, invasive species introduced into the inland waters are emerging as ‘chronic risks’ to the aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services. It is imperative that these emerging issues are put on the National Agenda and Action Plan to regulate fish invasions and minimise their adverse impacts. A National Policy on prevention and control of aquatic invasive species is urgently needed to deal with nuisance and harmful impacts. Some future needs have also been suggested to tackle this issue.
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Renault, David, Eléna Manfrini, Boris Leroy, Christophe Diagne, Liliana Ballesteros-Mejia, Elena Angulo, and Franck Courchamp. "Biological invasions in France: Alarming costs and even more alarming knowledge gaps." NeoBiota 67 (July 29, 2021): 191–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.59134.
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The ever-increasing number of introduced species profoundly threatens global biodiversity. While the ecological and evolutionary consequences of invasive alien species are receiving increasing attention, their economic impacts have largely remained understudied, especially in France. Here, we aimed at providing a general overview of the monetary losses (damages caused by) and expenditures (management of) associated with invasive alien species in France. This country has a long history of alien species presence, partly due to its long-standing global trade activities, highly developed tourism, and presence of overseas territories in different regions of the globe, resulting in a conservative minimum of 2,750 introduced and invasive alien species. By synthesizing for the first time the monetary losses and expenditures incurred by invasive alien species in Metropolitan France and French overseas territories, we obtained 1,583 cost records for 98 invasive alien species. We found that they caused a conservative total amount ranging between US$ 1,280 million and 11,535 million in costs over the period 1993–2018. We extrapolated costs for species invading France, for which costs were reported in other countries but not in France, which yielded an additional cost ranging from US$ 151 to 3,030 millions. Damage costs were nearly eight times higher than management expenditure. Insects, and in particular the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus and the yellow fever mosquito Ae. aegypti, totalled very high economic costs, followed by non-graminoid terrestrial flowering and aquatic plants (Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ludwigia sp. and Lagarosiphon major). Over 90% of alien species currently recorded in France had no costs reported in the literature, resulting in high biases in taxonomic, regional and activity sector coverages. To conclude, we report alarming costs and even more alarming knowledge gaps. Our results should raise awareness of the importance of biosecurity and biosurveillance in France, and beyond, as well as the crucial need for better reporting and documentation of cost data.
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Della Rocca, Francesca, and Pietro Milanesi. "The New Dominator of the World: Modeling the Global Distribution of the Japanese Beetle under Land Use and Climate Change Scenarios." Land 11, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11040567.
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The spread of invasive species is a threat to global biodiversity. The Japanese beetle is native to Japan, but alien populations of this insect occur in North America, and recently, also in southern Europe. This beetle was recently included on the list of priority species of European concern, as it is a highly invasive agricultural pest. Thus, in this study, we aimed at (i) assessing its current distribution range, and identifying areas of potential invasion, and (ii) predicting its distribution using future climatic and land-use change scenarios for 2050. We collected species occurrences available on the citizen science platform iNaturalist, and we combined species data with climatic and land-use predictors using a Bayesian framework, specifically the integrated nested Laplace approximation, with a stochastic partial differential equation. We found that the current distribution of the Japanese beetle was mainly, and positively, driven by the percentage of croplands, the annual range of temperature, habitat diversity, percentage of human settlements, and human population density; it was negatively related to the distance to airports, elevation, mean temperature diurnal range, wetlands, and waters. As a result, based on current conditions, the Japanese beetle is likely to occur in 47,970,200 km2, while its distribution will range from between 53,418,200 and 59,126,825 km2, according to the 2050 climatic and land-use change scenarios. We concluded that the Japanese beetle is a high-risk invasive species, able to find suitable conditions for its colonization in several regions around the globe, especially in light of ongoing climatic change. Thus, we strongly recommend strict biosecurity checks and quarantines, as well as regular pest management surveys, in order to reduce its spread.
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McNeill, Mark R., Xiongbing Tu, Colin M. Ferguson, Liping Ban, Scott Hardwick, Zhang Rong, Barbara I. P. Barratt, and Zhang Zehua. "Diversity and impacts of key grassland and forage arthropod pests in China and New Zealand: An overview of IPM and biosecurity opportunities." NeoBiota 65 (June 1, 2021): 137–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.65.61991.
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For both New Zealand and China, agriculture is integral to the economy, supporting primary production in both intensive and extensive farming systems. Grasslands have important ecosystem and biodiversity functions, as well providing valuable grazing for livestock. However, production and persistence of grassland and forage species (e.g. alfalfa) is not only compromised by overgrazing, climate change and habitat fragmentation, but from a range of pests and diseases, which impose considerable costs on growers in lost production and income. Some of these pest species are native, but increasingly, international trade is seeing the rapid spread of exotic and invasive species. New Zealand and China are major trading partners with significant tourist flow between the two countries. This overview examines the importance of grasslands and alfalfa in both countries, the current knowledge on the associated insect pest complex and biocontrol options. Identifying similarities and contrasts in biology and impacts along with some prediction on the impact of invasive insect species, especially under climate change, are possible. However, it is suggested that coordinated longitudinal ecological research, carried out in both countries using sentinel grass and forage species, is critical to addressing gaps in our knowledge of biology and impact of potential pests, along with identifying opportunities for control, particularly using plant resistance or biological control.
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Wejnerowski, Łukasz, Tümer Orhun Aykut, Aleksandra Pełechata, Michał Rybak, Tamara Dulić, Jussi Meriluoto, and Marcin Krzysztof Dziuba. "Plankton hitch-hikers on naturalists’ instruments as silent intruders of aquatic ecosystems: current risks and possible prevention." NeoBiota 73 (May 25, 2022): 193–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.73.82636.
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Organism dispersal is nowadays highly driven by human vectors. This also refers to the aquatic organisms that can often silently spread in and invade new waters, especially when human vectors of dispersal act without brakes. Thus, it is mandatory to continuously identify human-mediated mechanisms of organism dispersal and implement proper biosecurity treatments. In this study, we demonstrate how the plankton net – one of the basic instruments in the equipment of every plankton sampling person is a good vector for plankton dispersal and invasions. We also demonstrate whether keeping the net in an ethanol solution after sampling is a proper biosecurity treatment, and what kind of treatments are implemented by people worldwide. The first simulation shows that bloom-forming cyanobacteria can easily infiltrate into the new environment thanks to the nets, and can prosper there. However, ethanol-based biosecurity treatment efficiently prevented their spread and proliferation in the new environment. The second simulation, based on wild plankton from an eutrophic lake, indicates that a plethora of phyto- and zooplankton taxa can infiltrate into the new waterbody through the net and sustain themselves there if the net is only flushed in the waterbody and left to dry after sampling (an approach that is commonly used by naturalists). Here, we also show that native plankton residents strongly shape the fate of hitch-hikers, but some of them like cyanobacteria can successfully compete with residents. Survey data alert us to the fact that the vast majority of biologists use either ineffective or questionable biosecurity treatments and only less than a tenth of samplers implement treatments based on disinfectant liquids. Our results emphasize that the lack of proper biosecurity methods implemented by the biologists facilitates the spread and invasions of plankton including also invasive species of a great nuisance to native ecosystems. Considering that naturalists usually use different instruments that might also be good vectors of plankton dispersal, it is necessary to develop proper uniform biosecurity treatments. No longer facilitating the plankton spread through hydrobiological instruments is the milestone that we, plankton samplers worldwide, should achieve together in the nearest future if we want to continue our desire to explore, understand, protect and save nature.
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Molina-Montenegro, Marco A., Dana M. Bergstrom, Katarzyna J. Chwedorzewska, Peter Convey, and Steven L. Chown. "Increasing impacts by Antarctica’s most widespread invasive plant species as result of direct competition with native vascular plants." NeoBiota 51 (October 24, 2019): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.51.37250.
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Biological invasions represent significant economic and conservation challenges, though it is widely acknowledged that their impacts are often poorly documented and difficult to predict. In the Antarctic, one non-native vascular plant species is widespread and studies have shown negative impacts on native flora. Using field “common garden” experiments, we evaluate the competitive impact of the increasingly widespread invasive grass Poa annua on the only two native vascular species of Antarctica, the forb Colobanthus quitensis and the grass Deschampsia antarctica. We focus on interactions between these three plant species under current and a future, wetter, climate scenario, in terms of density of individuals. Our analysis demonstrates Poa annua has the potential to have negative impacts on the survival and growth of the native Antarctic vascular species. Under predicted future wetter conditions, C. quitensis communities will become more resistant to invasion, while those dominated by D. antarctica will become less resistant. Under a recently developed unified scheme for non-native species impacts, P. annua can be considered a species that can cause potentially moderate to major impacts in Antarctica. If current patterns of increased human pressure and regional climate change persist and mitigation action is not taken (i.e. reduction of propagule pressure and eradication or control measures), P. annua is likely to spread in Antarctica, especially in the Antarctic Peninsula region, with significant negative consequences for some of the most remote and pristine ecosystems worldwide. Tighter biosecurity across all operators in the region, improved surveillance for the species, and prompt, effective control actions will reduce these risks.
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Crookes, Steven, Tej Heer, Rowshyra A. Castañeda, Nicholas E. Mandrak, Daniel D. Heath, Olaf L. F. Weyl, Hugh J. MacIsaac, and Llewellyn C. Foxcroft. "Monitoring the silver carp invasion in Africa: a case study using environmental DNA (eDNA) in dangerous watersheds." NeoBiota 56 (April 29, 2020): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.56.47475.
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Biodiverse habitats are increasingly subject to an intensification of anthropogenic stressors that may severely diminish species richness. Invasive species pose a dominant threat to biodiversity and biosecurity, particularly in biodiversity hotspots like Kruger National Park, South Africa. The invasive silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, was introduced into the Olifants River and may experience range spread owing to favorable environmental conditions. Intensive monitoring protocols are necessary to effectively manage invasions of species like silver carp. Unfortunately, tropical and sub-tropical aquatic systems are difficult to monitor using conventional methods (e.g., netting, electrofishing and snorkeling) owing to a range of factors including the presence of dangerous megafauna. Conservation of such systems may be advanced by the adoption of novel methods, including environmental DNA (eDNA) detection. Here, we explore the utility of environmental DNA (eDNA) to conduct safe, reliable and repeatable surveys in dangerous watersheds using silver carp as a case study. We conducted eDNA surveys at 12 sites in two neighbouring watersheds, and determined that the species has expanded its range within the Olifants River and to the south in the Sabie River. Expansion in the former is consistent with the presence of suitable spawning conditions. We discuss the implications of this survey for biodiversity monitoring in similar aquatic systems in the tropics and advocate an integrative approach to biomonitoring in these ecosystems.
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Kenis, Marc, Lakpo Koku Agboyi, Richard Adu-Acheampong, Michael Ansong, Stephen Arthur, Prudence Tonator Attipoe, Abdul-Salam Mahamud Baba, et al. "Horizon scanning for prioritising invasive alien species with potential to threaten agriculture and biodiversity in Ghana." NeoBiota 71 (February 8, 2022): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.71.72577.
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Invasive alien species (IAS) continue to shape the global landscape through their effects on biological diversity and agricultural productivity. The effects are particularly pronounced in Sub-Saharan Africa, which has seen the arrival of many IAS in recent years. This has been attributed to porous borders, weak cross border biosecurity, and inadequate capacity to limit or stop invasions. Prediction and early detection of IAS, as well as mechanisms of containment and eradication, are needed in the fight against this global threat. Horizon scanning is an approach that enables gathering of information on risk and impact that can support IAS management. A study was conducted in Ghana to establish two ranked lists of potential invasive alien plant pest species that could be harmful to agriculture, forestry, and the environment, and to rank them according to their potential threat. The ultimate objective was to enable prioritization of actions including pest risk analysis, prevention, surveillance and contingency plans. Prioritisation was carried out using an adapted version of horizon scanning and consensus methods developed for ranking IAS worldwide. Following a horizon scan of invasive alien species not yet officially present in Ghana, a total of 110 arthropod and 64 pathogenic species were assessed through a simplified pest risk assessment. Sixteen species, of which 14 were arthropods and two pathogens, had not been recorded on the African continent at the time of assessment. The species recorded in Africa included 19 arthropod and 46 pathogenic species which were already recorded in the neighbouring countries of Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, and Togo. The majority of arthropod species were likely to arrive as contaminants on commodities, followed by a sizable number which were likely to arrive as stowaways, while some species were capable of long distance dispersal unaided. The main actions suggested for species that scored highly included full pest risk analyses and, for species recorded in neighbouring countries, surveys to determine their presence in Ghana were recommended.
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Suhr, Elissa L., Dennis J. O'Dowd, Andrew V. Suarez, Phillip Cassey, Talia A. Wittmann, Joshua V. Ross, and Robert C. Cope. "Ant interceptions reveal roles of transport and commodity in identifying biosecurity risk pathways into Australia." NeoBiota 53 (November 22, 2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.53.39463.
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We obtained 14,140 interception records of ants arriving in Australia between 1986 and 2010 to examine taxonomic and biogeographic patterns of invasion. We also evaluated how trade and transport data influenced interception rates, the identity of species being transported, the commerce most associated with the transport of ants, and which countries are the primary sources for ants arriving in Australia. The majority of ant interceptions, accounting for 48% of interceptions, were from Asia and Oceania. The top commodities associated with ant interceptions were: (1) Live trees, plants, cut flowers; (2) Wood and wood products; (3) Edible vegetables; and (4) Edible fruit and nuts. The best fitting model for predicting ant interceptions included volumes for these four commodities, as well as total trade value, transport volume, and geographic distance (with increased distance decreasing predicted ant interceptions). Intercepted ants identified to species consisted of a combination of species native to Australia, introduced species already established in Australia, and species not yet known to be established. 82% of interceptions identified to species level were of species already known to be established in Australia with Paratrechina longicornis having the most records. These data provide key biogeographic insight into the overlooked transport stage of the invasion process. Given the difficult nature of eradication, once an ant species is firmly established, focusing on early detection and quarantine is key for reducing the establishment of new invasions.
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Robinson, Andrew P., and Mark R. McNeill. "Biosecurity and post-arrival pathways in New Zealand: relating alien organism detections to tourism indicators." NeoBiota 71 (January 12, 2022): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.71.64618.
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Between-country tourism is established as a facilitator of the spread of invasive alien species; however, little attention has been paid to the question of whether tourism contributes to the arrival and subsequent dispersal of exotic organisms within national borders. To assess the strength of evidence that tourism is a driver for the accidental introducing and dispersal of exotic organisms, we sourced three national databases covering the years 2011 to 2017, namely international and domestic hotel guest nights and national population counts, along with records of exotic organism detections collected by the Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand’s government agency that oversees biosecurity. We fitted statistical models to assess the strength of the relationship between monthly exotic organism interception rate, guest nights and population, the latter as a baseline. The analysis showed that levels of incursion detection were significantly related to tourism records reflecting the travel of both international and domestic tourists, even when population was taken into account. There was also a significant positive statistical correlation between the levels of detection of exotic organisms and human population. The core take-home message is that a key indicator of within-country human population movement, namely the number of nights duration spent in specific accommodation, is statistically significantly correlated to the contemporaneous detection of exotic pests. We were unable to distinguish between the effects of international as opposed to domestic tourists. We conclude that this study provides evidence of impact of within-country movement upon the internal spread of exotic species, although important caveats need to be considered.
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Hulme, Philip E., Richard Baker, Robert Freckleton, Rosemary S. Hails, Matt Hartley, John Harwood, Glenn Marion, Graham C. Smith, and Mark Williamson. "The Epidemiological Framework for Biological Invasions (EFBI): an interdisciplinary foundation for the assessment of biosecurity threats." NeoBiota 62 (October 15, 2020): 161–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.62.52463.
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Emerging microparasite (e.g. viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi) epidemics and the introduction of non-native pests and weeds are major biosecurity threats worldwide. The likelihood of these threats is often estimated from probabilities of their entry, establishment, spread and ease of prevention. If ecosystems are considered equivalent to hosts, then compartment disease models should provide a useful framework for understanding the processes that underpin non-native species invasions. To enable greater cross-fertilisation between these two disciplines, the Epidemiological Framework for Biological Invasions (EFBI) is developed that classifies ecosystems in relation to their invasion status: Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious and Resistant. These states are linked by transitions relating to transmission, latency and recovery. This viewpoint differs markedly from the species-centric approaches often applied to non-native species. It allows generalisations from epidemiology, such as the force of infection, the basic reproductive ratio R0, super-spreaders, herd immunity, cordon sanitaire and ring vaccination, to be discussed in the novel context of non-native species and helps identify important gaps in the study of biological invasions. The EFBI approach highlights several limitations inherent in current approaches to the study of biological invasions including: (i) the variance in non-native abundance across ecosystems is rarely reported; (ii) field data rarely (if ever) distinguish source from sink ecosystems; (iii) estimates of the susceptibility of ecosystems to invasion seldom account for differences in exposure to non-native species; and (iv) assessments of ecosystem susceptibility often confuse the processes that underpin patterns of spread within -and between- ecosystems. Using the invasion of lakes as a model, the EFBI approach is shown to present a new biosecurity perspective that takes account of ecosystem status and complements demographic models to deliver clearer insights into the dynamics of biological invasions at the landscape scale. It will help to identify whether management of the susceptibility of ecosystems, of the number of vectors, or of the diversity of pathways (for movement between ecosystems) is the best way of limiting or reversing the population growth of a non-native species. The framework can be adapted to incorporate increasing levels of complexity and realism and to provide insights into how to monitor, map and manage biological invasions more effectively.
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Osunkoya, Olusegun O., Claire Lock, Joshua C. Buru, Brad Gray, and Moya Calvert. "Spatial extent of invasiveness and invasion stage categorisation of established weeds of Queensland, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 68, no. 8 (2020): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt20066.
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The risk posed by invasive alien species is determined primarily by two factors: distribution (occupancy) and abundance (density). However, most ecological studies use distribution data for monitoring and assessment programs, but few incorporate abundance data due to financial and logistical constraints. Failure to take into account invaders’ abundance may lead to imprecise pest risk assessments. Since 2003 as part of the Annual Pest Distribution Survey (APDS) exercise in the state of Queensland, Australia, government biosecurity officials have collected data on distribution and abundance of more than 100 established and emerging weeds. This data acquisition was done at spatial grid sizes of 17–50 × 17–50 km and across a very broad and varied geographical land area of ~2 × 106 km2. The datasets provide an opportunity to compare weed dynamics at large-medium spatial scales. Analysis of the APDS datasets indicated that weed distributions were highest in regions along the southern and central, coastal parts of Queensland, and decreased in the less populated inland (i.e. western) and northern parts of the state. Weed abundance showed no discernible landscape or regional trends. Positive distribution–abundance relationships were also detected at multiple spatial scales. Using both traits of weed abundance and distribution, we derived a measure of invasion severity, and constructed, for several (64) weed species, ‘space-for-time’ invasion curves. State-wide and in each of Queensland’s 10 regions, we also categorised the invasion stages of these weeds. At the grassroots of local government area or regional levels, the derived invasion curves and stage categories can provide policy direction for long-term management planning of Queensland’s priority weeds.
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Frem, Michel, Daniel Chapman, Vincenzo Fucilli, Elia Choueiri, Maroun El Moujabber, Pierfederico La Notte, and Franco Nigro. "Xylella fastidiosa invasion of new countries in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: Ranking the potential exposure scenarios." NeoBiota 59 (July 30, 2020): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.59.53208.
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After the recent high-impact European outbreaks of Xylella fastidiosa (Xf), a xylem-limited plant pathogenic bacterium native to the Americas, this research aims to rank the risks of potential entry, establishment and spread of Xf in new countries across Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. A novel risk-ranking technique is developed, based on combining entry risk drivers (imported plants, direct flights and ferry connections) with risk factors related to establishment and spread (presence of potential insect vectors, vulnerable economic crops, alternative hosts and climate suitability) of this pathogen. This reveals that western European countries have the highest risk for entry, but that the Mediterranean basin runs the highest risk for establishment and spread of Xf. Lebanon in particular has the highest level of risk for Xf dispersal within its suitable territory. Countries without current outbreaks combining high risks of Xf arrival and establishment are mainly in the Mediterranean basin: Turkey is at the highest level of risk, followed by Greece, Morocco and Tunisia, which are ranked at the high level. The ranking model also confirms the vulnerability, in terms of invasion by Xf, of southern European countries (Italy, Portugal and Spain) in which the pathogen has already been reported. High summer temperatures in these southern countries are likely to be the significant determinant for the overall invasion process, while northern European countries have a high level risk for the arrival of the pathogen, but relatively low summer temperatures may limit establishment and spread of major outbreaks. In general, our study provides a useful approach for mapping and comparing risks of invasive non-native species and emerging pathogens between countries, which could be useful for regional horizon scanning and phytosanitary and biosecurity management.
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Sumithra, TG, TVA Kumar, TR Swaminathan, VN Anusree, PV Amala, KJ Reshma, TG Kishor, et al. "Epizootics of epizootic ulcerative syndrome among estuarine fishes of Kerala, India, under post-flood conditions." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 139 (April 30, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03465.
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Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS), primarily caused by the water mold Aphanomyces invadans, is an OIE-notifiable disease, having potential impacts on fisheries. We report EUS epizootics among estuarine fishes of Kerala, India, during 2018, under post-flood conditions 3 decades after its primary outbreak. Six fish species (Mugil cephalus, Platycephalus sp., Scatophagus argus, Arius sp., Planiliza macrolepis and Epinephelus malabaricus) were infected, including the first confirmed natural case in E. malabaricus and P. macrolepis. Salinity, surface temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH of resident water during the epizootic were <2 ppt, 25°C, 4.1 ppm and 7.0. The presence of zoonotic bacterial pathogens (Aeromonas veronii, Shewanella putrefaciens, Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus) in tissues of affected fish indicates that EUS-infected fish may pose a public health hazard if not handled properly. Lack of clinical evidence in the region during the last 3 decades, a high number of affected fishes, including 2 new fish species, the severity of skin lesions and very low water salinity (<2 ppt) during the outbreak in contrast to historical water salinity records suggest relatively recent invasion by A. invadans. Phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer region of the rRNA gene showed that the same clone of pathogen has spread across different continents regardless of fish species and ecotypes (fresh/estuarine environments). Altogether, the present study provides baseline data which can be applied in EUS management strategies within brackish-water ecosystems. We recommend strict surveillance and development of sound biosecurity measures against the disease.
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O'Brien, David. "How did the toad get over the sea to Skye? Tracing the colonisation of Scottish inshore islands by common toads (Bufo bufo)." Herpetological Journal, Volume 31, Number 4 (October 1, 2021): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/31.4.204213.
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Processes of island colonisation have long been of interest to biologists. Colonisation events themselves are rarely observed, but the processes involved may be inferred using genetic approaches. We investigated possible means of island colonisation by common toads (Bufo bufo) in western Scotland (the Isle of Skye and five neighbouring small islands), using evidence derived from nuclear microsatellites and mitochondrial (mt) DNA. Levels of microsatellite allelic richness for populations on Skye were high and comparable to adjacent mainland populations, but lower for populations on small islands. Pairwise measures of genetic distances between populations and a clustering algorithm were both suggestive of frequent gene flow between Skye and the mainland. For small islands the levels of genetic differentiation were higher, implying stronger isolation and no evidence for inbreeding. The distribution of mtDNA haplotypes broadly mirrored the genetic structure revealed by microsatellites. Reconciled with existing palaeoclimatological evidence, since the last glaciation, our findings rule out the possibility that the B. bufo populations stem from glacial refugia, or that recent anthropogenic transfer of toads is responsible for their current distribution. The most parsimonious explanation of our data is that the studied inshore islands have been repeatedly colonised via rafting from the mainland or neighbouring islands. This may give us insights into the processes likely to take place when ice sheets retreat poleward as a result of climate change. It also has implications for the colonisation of both native and invasive non-native species, and hence the biosecurity of island refugia.
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Humble, L. M., and E. A. Allen. "Forest biosecurity: alien invasive species and vectored organisms." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28, sup1 (March 2006): S256—S269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060660609507383.
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Ram, Rajesh. "No country for possums: young people’s nativist views." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 35, no. 01 (March 2019): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aee.2018.52.
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AbstractThe Australian brushtail possum(Trichosurus vulpecula)is one of many animal species classified as alien under the biosecurity system in New Zealand. However, it is against the possums that a relentless campaign is perpetrated. This article attempts to explain some of the many reasons behind such intense negativity, and in doing so, show a link between the management of invasive species as a biosecurity risk and young people’s nativist views. A qualitative, interpretive mode of inquiry was used to analyse data that showed a link between the management of invasive species as a biosecurity risk and young people’s controversial views. An educational program that presents an objective view of invasive species is recommended.
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Smith, E. R. C., H. Bennion, C. D. Sayer, D. C. Aldridge, and M. Owen. "Recreational angling as a pathway for invasive non-native species spread: awareness of biosecurity and the risk of long distance movement into Great Britain." Biological Invasions 22, no. 3 (January 9, 2020): 1135–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-02169-5.
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AbstractIdentifying and establishing the relative importance of different anthropogenic pathways of invasive non-native species (INNS) introduction is critical for effective management of their establishment and spread in the long-term. Angling has been identified as one of these pathways. An online survey of 680 British anglers was conducted to establish patterns of movement by British anglers abroad, and to establish their awareness and use of biosecurity practices. The survey revealed that 44% of British anglers travelled abroad for fishing, visiting 72 different countries. France was the most frequently visited country, accounting for one-third of all trips abroad. The estimated time taken to travel from Western Europe into Great Britain (GB) is within the time frame that INNS have been shown to survive on damp angling equipment. Without biosecurity, it is therefore highly likely that INNS could be unintentionally transported into GB on damp angling gear. Since the launch of the Check, Clean Dry biosecurity campaign in GB in 2011, the number of anglers cleaning their equipment after every trip has increased by 15%, and 80% of anglers now undertake some form of biosecurity. However, a significant proportion of the angling population is still not implementing sufficient, or the correct biosecurity measures to minimize the risk of INNS dispersal on damp angling equipment. With the increase in movement of anglers abroad for fishing, further work is required to establish the potential for INNS introduction through this pathway.
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McNeill, M. R., C. A. Dowsett, L. T. Aalders, T. K. James, P. M. Bradbury, and S. R. Palmer. "Internal biosecurity between islands identifying risks on pathways to better manage biosecurity threats." New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (January 8, 2015): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5868.
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The Chatham Islands possess several endemic vertebrate invertebrate and plant species and are free of many pests found on mainland New Zealand Keeping out unwanted organisms that may threaten the agricultural sector on the islands is important for the local economy Research found that soil intercepted from used machinery destined for the Chatham Islands contained a range of plants insects and nematodes but the number and diversity of these taxa varied with the source of contamination Sampling of Chatham Island pasture indicated an absence of Sitona obsoletus but the presence of other insect species including porina and Irenimus aequalis that originated from mainland New Zealand Despite being some 750 km from New Zealand transport routes allow for the movement of unwanted and invasive invertebrate species to the islands Identifying dispersal pathways and instigating appropriate management plans compatible with an existing biosecurity programme will reduce the flow of invertebrate and plant pests
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Frank, David M. "Kezia Barker and Robert A. Francis (Eds): Routledge handbook of biosecurity and invasive species." Biological Invasions 24, no. 3 (November 22, 2021): 891–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-021-02695-1.
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Jarrad, Frith C., Susan Barrett, Justine Murray, Richard Stoklosa, Peter Whittle, and Kerrie Mengersen. "Ecological aspects of biosecurity surveillance design for the detection of multiple invasive animal species." Biological Invasions 13, no. 4 (September 25, 2010): 803–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9870-0.
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Xu, Bingqin, and David A. J. Teulon. "Combined Searches of Chinese Language and English Language Databases Provide More Comprehensive Data on the Distribution of Five Pest Thrips Species in China for Use in Pest Risk Assessment." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 2920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052920.
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Background: Globally, China and the USA are thought to present the greatest biosecurity threat from invasive species given the invasive species they already contain and their trade patterns. A proportion of Chinese scientific publications are published in Chinese language journals in Chinese characters, thus, they are not easily available to the international biosecurity community. Information in these journals may be important for invasive species biosecurity risk assessment. Methods: To assess the need for retrieving information from non-international databases, such as Chinese databases, we compared quantitative and qualitative information on the presence and distribution of five invasive pest thrips species (Frankliniella schultzei, Selenothrips rubrocinctus, Scirtothrips dorsalis, Thrips hawaiiensis, and Thrips palmi) in China, retrieved from an international English language database (Web of Science/WOS) and a Chinese language database (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure/CNKI). Such information is necessary for climate matching models which are used regularly for pest risk assessment. Results: Few publications on Frankliniella schultzei were found in either database. For the other species, more publications were sourced from CNKI than WOS. More publications on the provincial distribution of S. rubrocinctus and S. dorsalis in China were found in CNKI than the Crop Protection Compendium (CPC); the two sources had equivalent publications on T. palmi and T. hawaiiensis. The combined provincial distributional data from WOS, CNKI and CPC for the four species provided distribution records at a higher latitude than a recently published checklist—information that is important for optimised climate matching. Additionally, CNKI provided sub-provincial distributional data not available in CPC that will enable a more refined approach for climate matching. Data on the relative proportion of publications found in different databases were constant over time. Conclusions: This study, focusing on pest distributional data, illustrates the importance of searching in Chinese databases in combination with standard searches in international databases, to gain a comprehensive understanding of invasive species for biosecurity risk assessment.
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Sheffield, Kathryn, and Tony Dugdale. "Supporting Urban Weed Biosecurity Programs with Remote Sensing." Remote Sensing 12, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12122007.
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Weeds can impact many ecosystems, including natural, urban and agricultural environments. This paper discusses core weed biosecurity program concepts and considerations for urban and peri-urban areas from a remote sensing perspective and reviews the contribution of remote sensing to weed detection and management in these environments. Urban and peri-urban landscapes are typically heterogenous ecosystems with a variety of vectors for invasive weed species introduction and dispersal. This diversity requires agile systems to support landscape-scale detection and monitoring, while accommodating more site-specific management and eradication goals. The integration of remote sensing technologies within biosecurity programs presents an opportunity to improve weed detection rates, the timeliness of surveillance, distribution and monitoring data availability, and the cost-effectiveness of surveillance and eradication efforts. A framework (the Weed Aerial Surveillance Program) is presented to support a structured approach to integrating multiple remote sensing technologies into urban and peri-urban weed biosecurity and invasive species management efforts. It is designed to support the translation of remote sensing science into operational management outcomes and promote more effective use of remote sensing technologies within biosecurity programs.
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Hulme, Philip E. "One Biosecurity: a unified concept to integrate human, animal, plant, and environmental health." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 4, no. 5 (October 28, 2020): 539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20200067.
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In the wake of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the world has woken up to the importance of biosecurity and the need to manage international borders. Yet strong sectorial identities exist within biosecurity that are associated with specific international standards, individual economic interests, specific research communities, and unique stakeholder involvement. Despite considerable research addressing human, animal, plant, and environmental health, the science connections between these sectors remain quite limited. One Biosecurity aims to address these limitations at global, national, and local scales. It is an interdisciplinary approach to biosecurity policy and research that builds on the interconnections between human, animal, plant, and environmental health to effectively prevent and mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species. It provides an integrated perspective to address the many biosecurity risks that transcend the traditional boundaries of health, agriculture, and the environment. Individual invasive alien plant and animal species often have multiple impacts across sectors: as hosts of zoonotic parasites, vectors of pathogens, pests of agriculture or forestry, as well as threats to biodiversity and ecosystem function. It is time these risks were addressed in a systematic way. One Biosecurity is essential to address several major sociological and environmental challenges to biosecurity: climate change, increasing urbanisation, agricultural intensification, human global mobility, loss of technical capability as well as public resistance to pesticides and vaccines. One Biosecurity will require the bringing together of taxonomists, population biologists, modellers, economists, chemists, engineers, and social scientists to engage in a new agenda that is shaped by politics, legislation, and public perceptions.
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Shannon, Caitriona, Paul D. Stebbing, Claire H. Quinn, Daniel A. Warren, and Alison M. Dunn. "The effectiveness of e-Learning on biosecurity practice to slow the spread of invasive alien species." Biological Invasions 22, no. 8 (May 18, 2020): 2559–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02271-z.
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Shannon, Caitriona, Paul D. Stebbing, Alison M. Dunn, and Claire H. Quinn. "Getting on board with biosecurity: Evaluating the effectiveness of marine invasive alien species biosecurity policy for England and Wales." Marine Policy 122 (December 2020): 104275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104275.
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Bowers, Holly, Xavier Pochon, Ulla von Ammon, Neil Gemmell, Jo-Ann Stanton, Gert-Jan Jeunen, Craig Sherman, and Anastasija Zaiko. "Towards the Optimization of eDNA/eRNA Sampling Technologies for Marine Biosecurity Surveillance." Water 13, no. 8 (April 18, 2021): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081113.
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The field of eDNA is growing exponentially in response to the need for detecting rare and invasive species for management and conservation decisions. Developing technologies and standard protocols within the biosecurity sector must address myriad challenges associated with marine environments, including salinity, temperature, advective and deposition processes, hydrochemistry and pH, and contaminating agents. These approaches must also provide a robust framework that meets the need for biosecurity management decisions regarding threats to human health, environmental resources, and economic interests, especially in areas with limited clean-laboratory resources and experienced personnel. This contribution aims to facilitate dialogue and innovation within this sector by reviewing current approaches for sample collection, post-sampling capture and concentration of eDNA, preservation, and extraction, all through a biosecurity monitoring lens.
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Reaser, Jamie K., and John Waugh. "Biosecurity, international trade and invasive species: improving US capacity to assess risk." International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management 12, no. 2/3/4 (2009): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijram.2009.025926.
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Marroni, M. Virginia, Kirsty Boyd-Wilson, Rebecca E. Campbell, Mark R. McNeill, and David A. J. Teulon. "Location of overseas botanic gardens with New Zealand Myrtaceae in relation to myrtle rust occurence." New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (July 30, 2018): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.215.
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New Zealand’s productive systems and natural ecosystems depend on a robust biosecurity framework to exclude invasive pests, diseases and weeds. Risk assessment is an important component of this biosecurity framework identifying potential threats posed by invasive organisms to specific plants and plant systems before they arrive in New Zealand. A major challenge in risk assessment is determining the potential impact of a pest or disease when it is not present in New Zealand. The International Plant Sentinel Network (IPSN), a network of botanic gardens and arboreta, aims to provide early warning of new and emerging tree and plant pests and diseases. The utility of the IPSN in providing information on the potential impact of myrtle rust for New Zealand’s indigenous Myrtaceae. Botanic gardens were identified around the world with New Zealand Myrtaceae and where myrtle rust is present. This is a first step in an ex-post study on the use of sentinel or expatriate plants as a biosecurity risk-assessment tool. The approach could be extended to other plant pathogens or pests to explore their impact on New Zealand indigenous or cultivated plant species overseas.
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Boyd-Wilson, Kirsty S. H., M. Virginia Marroni, Mark R. McNeill, and David A. J. Teulon. "New Zealand indigenous Myrtaceae in foreign botanic gardens: testing the sentinel plant concept for biosecurity risk assessment." New Zealand Plant Protection 74, no. 1 (February 7, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2021.74.11728.
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The use of sentinel or expatriate plants is a growing concept for risk assessment in plant biosecurity. This approach involves ascertaining the presence and impact of pests and pathogens on plants foreign to a given location but planted in international botanic gardens or arboreta. The data obtained provide information on the potential pest status of these pests and pathogens, as invasive alien species (IAS), to plant species in their native or indigenous range. Assessment of the biosecurity threat from IAS for indigenous plants not found within the geographic distribution of these pests and pathogens is challenging, however, as they may be relatively taxonomically distinct from plants found in the distribution of the IAS and can be in different climates and environments. We examine the sentinel/expatriate concept in relation to risk assessment for myrtle rust (Austropuccinia psidii) on New Zealand Myrtaceae on these plants found in botanic gardens and arboreta outside New Zealand. Between September 2017 and September 2018, we identified and then contacted 65 botanic gardens or arboreta that putatively had New Zealand Myrtaceae and were within the known distribution of myrtle rust. We asked for information on the presence of New Zealand Myrtaceae species in their collections and whether these plants were infected by myrtle rust. Sixteen gardens/arboreta responded; most were in Australia or the United States. Only one of these gardens provided information that was useful for biosecurity risk assessment for myrtle rust on New Zealand Myrtaceae. The results are discussed in the context of plant biosecurity risk assessment and the broader sentinel/expatriate plant concept.
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Mille, Christian Gilbert, Frédéric Rigault, Sylvie Cazeres, and Hervé Jourdan. "Recent spread of the Sida Leafbeetle, Calligrapha pantherina Stål, 1859 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae) in New Caledonia." Check List 12, no. 1 (February 3, 2016): 1837. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.1.1837.
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We report the recent arrival and subsequent spread of the Sida Leafbeetle, Calligrapha pantherina Stål, 1859, in the archipelago of New Caledonia. The species seems to have a rapid spread as it is now recorded all along the west coast and also have spread to the Loyalty Islands. The first specimen was caught in November 2012. This is a biocontrol agent which was introduced in the Pacific Region against invasive Malvaceae (Sida spp.). This accidental arrival would help to control the alien weed, Sida acuta Burm. f., in New Caledonia. But this establishment raises some questions about potential threats on the two endemic New Caledonian Sida species. We also discuss this arrival and subsequent installation in the context of global change and biosecurity issues, particularly in such a biodiversity hotspot.
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Sullivan, T. E. S., L. D. Stringer, G. S. Simmons, K. Harding, and D. M. Suckling. "Use of Google Earth in biosecurity moth trapping in California." New Zealand Plant Protection 64 (January 8, 2011): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2011.64.5995.
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been used during major invasive insect incursion responses in New Zealand since about 1999 The exchange of local mapping software enabled sharing of data that could be reviewed and analysed by researchers and programme response personnel across the country to help develop invasive species control and response plans quickly Two examples include the New Zealand response to the Argentine ant and painted apple moth invasions Advances in web services have globalised delivery of information and Google Earth in particular has offered novel value that has been explored with cooperators in USDA Here data were converted from a excel spreadsheet to kml format plotted in various predetermined ways and saved as a kmz file that could be emailed Lower than desired analytical functionality was met by better forward planning of analyses for mapping The population expansion of the light brown apple moth in California is offered as a case study to indicate how rapidly evolving tools can help surveillance programmes and contrasts with earlier surveillance information management methods used in New Zealand
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HEIKKILÄ, J. "A review of risk prioritisation schemes of pathogens, pests and weeds: principles and practices." Agricultural and Food Science 20, no. 1 (December 4, 2008): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960611795163088.
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Societys resources are scarce, and biosecurity actions need to be targeted and prioritised. Various models have been developed that prioritise and rank pests and diseases according to the risks they represent. A prioritisation model allows utilisation of scientific, ecological and economic information in decision-making related to biological hazards. This study discusses such models and the properties associated with them based on a review of 78 prioritisation studies. The scope of the models includes all aspects of biosecurity (human, animal and plant diseases, and invasive alien species), but with an emphasis on plant health. The geographical locations of the studies are primarily North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Half of the studies were conducted during the past five years. The review finds that there generally seems to be several prioritisation models, especially in the case of invasive plants, but only a select few models are used extensively. Impacts are often accounted for in the model, but the extent and economic sophistication of their inclusion varies. Treatment of uncertainty and feasibility of control was lacking from many studies.;
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MacLeod, Alan, and Nicola Spence. "Biosecurity: tools, behaviours and concepts." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 4, no. 5 (December 14, 2020): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20200343.
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COVID 19 has raised the profile of biosecurity. However, biosecurity is not only about protecting human life. This issue brings together mini-reviews examining recent developments and thinking around some of the tools, behaviours and concepts around biosecurity. They illustrate the multi-disciplinary nature of the subject, demonstrating the interface between research and policy. Biosecurity practices aim to prevent the spread of harmful organisms; recognising that 2020 is the International Year of Plant Health, several focus on plant biosecurity although invasive species and animal health concerns are also captured. The reviews show progress in developing early warning systems and that plant protection organisations are increasingly using tools that compare multiple pest threats to prioritise responses. The bespoke modelling of threats can inform risk management responses and synergies between meteorology and biosecurity provide opportunities for increased collaboration. There is scope to develop more generic models, increasing their accessibility to policy makers. Recent research can improve pest surveillance programs accounting for real-world constraints. Social science examining individual farmer behaviours has informed biosecurity policy; taking a broader socio-cultural approach to better understand farming networks has the potential to change behaviours in a new way. When encouraging public recreationists to adopt positive biosecurity behaviours communications must align with their values. Bringing together the human, animal, plant and environmental health sectors to address biosecurity risks in a common and systematic manner within the One Biosecurity concept can be achieved through multi-disciplinary working involving the life, physical and social sciences with the support of legislative bodies and the public.
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Brodie, Gilianne, Gary M. Barker, Froseann Stevens, and Monifa Fiu. "Preliminary re-survey of the land snail fauna of Rotuma: conservation and biosecurity implications." Pacific Conservation Biology 20, no. 1 (2014): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140094.
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In May 2012 Rotuma Island, the main island of the remote Rotuma Group (Fiji), was surveyed to document the composition of the non-native land snail fauna and to investigate if populations of previously recorded native land snail species persist. From sampling at nine locations, twenty-one land snail species from eleven gastropod families were found. Of these, eight species are non-native and two of these Parmarion martensi Simroth, 1893 and Quantula striata (Gray, 1834) (Ariophantidae) are new records for the Rotuma Group. Ten of the 13 species of native land snails found — including the endemic partulid Partula leefi E. A. Smith, 1897 and the rhytidid Delos gardineri (E. A. Smith, 1897) — were detected only as empty shells. The native Ouagapia perryi (E. A. Smith, 1897) and the endemic Succinea rotumana E. A. Smith, 1897 and Sinployea rotumana (E. A. Smith, 1897) remain undetected on Rotuma Island since their first collection in 1897. The non-native, invasive predatory flatworm, Platydemus manokwari, was also found and represents a major threat to the island’s land snail fauna. This non-native species appears to be absent in many other parts of the Fiji Island archipelago and thus a re-evaluation of existing quarantine measures is required to address its potential spread to non-invaded areas. Comparisons with earlier surveys indicate a shift in the structure of the Rotuman land snail fauna over a 115-year period, with declining native components and increasing prevalence of non-native species. Further sampling, focusing on residual native habitat in less accessible areas such as coastal cliffs and offshore islets, is urgently needed to establish the conservation status of Rotuman native land snails and determine the threat posed by both, non-native snails and P. manokwari.
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Mille, Christian, Hervé Jourdan, Sylvie Cazères, Eric Maw, and Robert Foottit. "New data on the aphid (Hemiptera, Aphididae) fauna of New Caledonia: some new biosecurity threats in a biodiversity hotspot." ZooKeys 943 (June 22, 2020): 53–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.943.47785.
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Thirty-three species of aphids are now established in New Caledonia. All species appear to have been introduced accidentally by human activity in the last century. Here, 17 aphid species are recorded for the first time: Aphis eugeniae, Aphis glycines, Aphis odinae, Aulacorthum solani, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Cerataphis orchidearum, Greenidea psidii, Hyperomyzus carduellinus, Hysteroneura setariae, Lipaphis pseudobrassicae, Micromyzus katoi, Myzus ornatus, Pentalonia caladii, Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale, Schizaphis rotundiventris, and Tetraneura fusiformis. Thirteen more species are also more or less regularly intercepted at the borders through biosecurity surveys, without further establishment. This demonstrates that aphids represent a major biosecurity threat, including a threat as potential plant virus vectors. The reinforcement of biosecurity is a priority for such biodiversity hotspots, from the perspectives of both agriculture and the native environment. Prioritisation and promotion of local development of vegetable and fruit production, rather than their risky importation from abroad, is desirable. Such an approach also should be promoted and extended to other Pacific islands, which all share the lack of native aphid fauna and their associated plant disease vector risks.
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RUSSELL, JAMES C., JEAN-YVES MEYER, NICK D. HOLMES, and SHYAMA PAGAD. "Invasive alien species on islands: impacts, distribution, interactions and management." Environmental Conservation 44, no. 4 (June 12, 2017): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892917000297.
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SUMMARYInvasive alien species (IASs) on islands have broad impacts across biodiversity, agriculture, economy, health and culture, which tend to be stronger than on continents. Across small-island developing states (SIDSs), although only a small number of IASs are widely distributed, many more, including those with greatest impact, are found on only a small number of islands. Patterns of island invasion are not consistent across SIDS geographic regions, with differences attributable to correlated patterns in island biogeography and human development. We identify 15 of the most globally prevalent IASs on islands. IAS impacts on islands are exacerbated through interactions with a number of other global change threats, including over-exploitation, agricultural intensification, urban development and climate change. Biosecurity is critical in preventing IAS invasion of islands. Eradication of IASs on islands is possible at early stages of invasion, but otherwise is largely restricted to invasive mammals, or otherwise control is the only option. Future directions in IAS management and research on islands must consider IASs within a broader portfolio of threats to species, ecosystems and people's livelihoods on islands. We advocate for stronger collaborations among island countries and territories faced with the same IASs in similar socio-ecological environments.
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Raghu, S. "ECOLOGY: Adding Biofuels to the Invasive Species Fire?" Science 313, no. 5794 (September 22, 2006): 1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1129313.
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Kappes, Peter J., Cassandra E. Benkwitt, Dena R. Spatz, Coral A. Wolf, David J. Will, and Nick D. Holmes. "Do Invasive Mammal Eradications from Islands Support Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation?" Climate 9, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9120172.
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Climate change represents a planetary emergency that is exacerbating the loss of native biodiversity. In response, efforts promoting climate change adaptation strategies that improve ecosystem resilience and/or mitigate climate impacts are paramount. Invasive Alien Species are a key threat to islands globally, where strategies such as preventing establishment (biosecurity), and eradication, especially invasive mammals, have proven effective for reducing native biodiversity loss and can also advance ecosystem resilience and create refugia for native species at risk from climate change. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that successful eradications may also contribute to mitigating climate change. Given the cross-sector potential for eradications to reduce climate impacts alongside native biodiversity conservation, we sought to understand when conservation managers and funders explicitly sought to use or fund the eradication of invasive mammals from islands to achieve positive climate outcomes. To provide context, we first summarized available literature of the synergistic relationship between invasive species and climate change, including case studies where invasive mammal eradications served to meet climate adaptation or mitigation solutions. Second, we conducted a systematic review of the literature and eradication-related conference proceedings to identify when these synergistic effects of climate and invasive species were explicitly addressed through eradication practices. Third, we reviewed projects from four large funding entities known to support climate change solutions and/or native biodiversity conservation efforts and identified when eradications were funded in a climate change context. The combined results of our case study summary paired with systematic reviews found that, although eradicating invasive mammals from islands is an effective climate adaptation strategy, island eradications are poorly represented within the climate change adaptation and mitigation funding framework. We believe this is a lost opportunity and encourage eradication practitioners and funders of climate change adaptation to leverage this extremely effective nature-based tool into positive conservation and climate resilience solutions.
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Mathakutha, Rabia, Christien Steyn, Peter C. le Roux, Izak J. Blom, Steven L. Chown, Barnabas H. Daru, Brad S. Ripley, Anche Louw, and Michelle Greve. "Invasive species differ in key functional traits from native and non‐invasive alien plant species." Journal of Vegetation Science 30, no. 5 (July 19, 2019): 994–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12772.
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Rumpf, Sabine B., Inger Greve Alsos, and Chris Ware. "Prevention of microbial species introductions to the Arctic: The efficacy of footwear disinfection measures on cruise ships." NeoBiota 37 (March 6, 2018): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.37.22088.
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Biosecurity measures are commonly used to prevent the introduction of non-native species to natural environments globally, yet the efficacy of practices is rarely tested under operational conditions. A voluntary biosecurity measure was trialled in the Norwegian high Arctic following concern that non-native species might be transferred to the region on the footwear of travellers. Passengers aboard an expedition cruise ship disinfected their footwear with the broad spectrum disinfectant Virkon S prior to and in-between landing at sites around the remote Svalbard archipelago. The authors evaluated the efficacy of simply stepping through a disinfectant foot bath, which is the most common practice of footwear disinfection aboard expedition cruise ships in the Arctic. This was compared to a more time consuming and little-used method involving drying disinfected footwear, as proposed by other studies. The two practices were evaluated by measuring microbial growth on paired footwear samples before and after disinfection under both conditions. Step-through disinfection did not substantially reduce microbial growth on the footwear. Allowing disinfected footwear to dry, however, reduced the microbial burden significantly to lower levels. Thus, the currently adopted procedures used aboard ships are ineffective at removing microbial burden and are only effective when footwear is given more time to dry than currently granted under operational conditions. These findings underscore results from empirical research performed elsewhere and suggest the need to better relay this information to practitioners. It is suggested that footwear should minimally be wiped dry after step-through disinfection as a reasonable compromise between biosecurity and practicability.
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Sindel, Brian M., Paul E. Kristiansen, Susan C. Wilson, Justine D. Shaw, and Laura K. Williams. "Managing invasive plants on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island." Rangeland Journal 39, no. 6 (2017): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj17073.
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The Antarctic region is one of the most inhospitable frontiers on earth for weed invasion. On Australia’s world heritage sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island only three species of invasive weeds are well established (Poa annua L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill. and Cerastium fontanum Baumg.), although isolated occurrences of other species have been found and removed. These weed species are believed to have initially been introduced through human activity, a threat which is likely to increase, although strict biosecurity is in place. All three weeds are palatable and may have been suppressed to some extent by pest herbivore (rabbit) grazing. Given the high conservation value of Macquarie Island and threats to ecosystem structure and function from weed proliferation following rabbit eradication, well targeted invasive plant control management strategies are vital. We propose that a successful restoration program for Australia’s most southerly rangeland ecosystem should integrate both control of non-native plants as well as non-native herbivores. Of the non-native plants, S. media may most easily be managed, if not eradicated, because of its more limited distribution. Little, however, is known about the soil seed bank or population dynamics after rabbit eradication, nor the effect of herbicides and non-chemical control methods in cold conditions. A current research project on this non-grass species is helping to fill these knowledge gaps, complementing and building on data collected in an earlier project on the ecology and control of the more widespread invasive grass, P. annua. With an interest in off-target herbicide impacts, our work also includes a study of the movement and fate of herbicides in the cold climate Macquarie Island soils. Research in such a remote, cold, wet and windy place presents a range of logistical challenges. Nevertheless, outcomes are informing the development of effective, low-impact control or eradication options for sub-Antarctic weeds.