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1
Feyereisen, Gary W., Ehsan Ghane, Todd W. Schumacher, Brent J. Dalzell, and M. R. Williams. "Can Woodchip Bioreactors Be Used at a Catchment Scale? Nitrate Performance and Sediment Considerations." Journal of the ASABE 66, no. 2 (2023): 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.15496.
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Highlights Novel three-bed, cascading-inlet bioreactor treated agricultural drainage from a 249-ha catchment. Nitrate removal rates and load reduction efficiencies were similar to those of traditional single-field bioreactors. Sedimentation problems reduced bed life; a sediment sensing and exclusion system solved them. This scale provides opportunities for centralized management and nutrient reduction verification. Abstract. Denitrifying bioreactors, a structural practice deployed at the field scale to meet water quality goals, have been underutilized and require additional evaluation at the small catchment scale. The objective of this study was to quantify the performance of a large, multi-bed denitrifying bioreactor system sized to treat agricultural drainage runoff (combined drainage discharge and surface runoff) from a 249-ha catchment. Three woodchip bioreactor beds, 7.6 m wide by 41 m long by 1.5 m deep, with cascading inlets, were constructed in 2016 in southern Minnesota, U.S. The beds received runoff for one water year from a catchment area that is 91% tile-drained row crops, primarily maize and soybeans. Initial woodchip quality differed among the three beds, affecting flow and nitrate removal rates. Bioreactor flow was unimpeded by sediment for twelve events from September 2016 to July 2017, during which time 55% of the discharge from the catchment was treated in the bioreactor beds. Average daily nitrate removal rates ranged from 2.5 to 6.5 g-N m-3 d-1 for the three bioreactor beds, with nitrate-N load removal of flow through the beds between 19% and 27%. When accounting for untreated by-pass flow, the overall nitrate-N removal of the multi-bed system was 12.5% (713 kg N). During high-flow events, incoming sediment clogged the reactor beds, decreasing their performance. There was 4,520 kg of sediment trapped in one bed, and evidence suggests the other two trapped a similar load. To solve this problem and prolong the bioreactor’s lifespan, we installed a shutoff gate that activated when inflow turbidity exceeded a threshold value. Finally, the findings indicate that catchment-scale denitrifying bioreactors can successfully remove nitrate load from agricultural runoff, but sediment-prevention measures may be required to extend the bioreactor's lifespan. Keywords: Bioreactor, Denitrification, Nitrate removal, Sedimentation, Subsurface drainage.
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Fitzpatrick, John J. "Insights from Mathematical Modelling into Energy Requirement and Process Design of Continuous and Batch Stirred Tank Aerobic Bioreactors." ChemEngineering 3, no. 3 (July 13, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering3030065.
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Bioreaction kinetics, oxygen transfer and energy modelling were applied to stirred tank aerobic bioreactors. This was done to investigate how key input design variables influence bioreactor size, feed and wasted substrate, and electrical energy requirements for aeration and cooling, and to compare batch and continuous modes of operation. Oxygen concentration in the liquid is a key input design variable, but its selection is challenging as it can result in design trade-offs. Reducing its value caused a decrease in electrical energy requirement, however this tended to increase the working volume of the bioreactor. The minimum or near-to-minimum total energy requirement for oxygen transfer occurred when operating at the onset of flooding throughout the bioreaction time. For typical KS values, continuous mode of operation required a much smaller bioreactor volume, due to higher operating cell concentration, and this is a major advantage of continuous over batch.
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Oktiawan, Wiharyanto, Irawan Wisnu Wardhana, Endro Sutrisno, Domuanri Gorat, and Alfian Rizky Rizaldianto. "Municipal Solid Waste Management Using Bioreactor Landfill in the Treatment of Organic Waste from Jatibarang Landfill, Semarang-Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 125 (2019): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912507002.
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Landfilling is one of the easiest methods to be applied in the management of municipal solid waste (MSW). In its development, bioreactor landfill methods that have various advantages over conventional landfill emerge. This experiment aims to study the use of bioreactor landfills for the management of organic waste in Jatibarang Landfill, Semarang-Indonesia. There are 4 bioreactor landfills operated: 2 anaerobic bioreactors with leachate recirculation and addition of water, and 2 aerobic bioreactors. Different results are shown from these two types of bioreactor, where aerobic bioreactors reach peak temperatures (55oC each) faster even though anaerobic bioreactors reach higher temperatures (60oC and 61oC respectively). Anaerobic bioreactors reach a higher final pH value than aerobes while the accumulation of nitrogen content from an aerobic bioreactor is 2 times higher than anaerobes.
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Ritonja, Jozef, Andreja Gorsek, and Darja Pecar. "Control of Milk Fermentation in Batch Bioreactor." Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika 26, no. 1 (February 16, 2020): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eie.26.1.23377.
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In this paper, modelling and control of a batch bioreactor is studied. A main disadvantage of batch bioreactors compared to other types of bioreactors is their inability to introduce biological or/and chemical substances during operation. Therefore, possibility of bioreactor’s control by means of changing temperature was proposed, analyzed, and implemented. A new supplementary input/output dynamical mathematical model, which considers influence of heating and cooling on a bioprocess, was developed. On a basis of this model, a control system was designed and a method for tuning of the controller was suggested. Results show characteristics, applicability, and advantages of the presented approach.
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Dzianik, František, and Štefan Gužela. "Basic Technological Parameters of the Activation Process for Two Bioreactor Configurations." Strojnícky časopis - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 73, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2023-0004.
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Abstract Technological parameters of the activation process in wastewater treatment plant activation systems are analyzed for basic bioreactor configurations, for the chemostat and for the plug flow, both with the recirculation of concentrated activated sludge. The first type of bioreactors represents conventional aerated tanks, but also loop bioreactors. The second type of bioreactors includes, for example, oxidation ditches. The paper presents an evaluation of the basic technological parameters of the activation process for the two mentioned configurations of bioreactor systems with recirculation of concentrated activated sludge. In addition, a new relation for sludge age evaluation is proposed for an activation system with a plug flow bioreactor. The article also provides examples of connections between the values of the technological parameters of the activation process for the two analyzed types of bioreactor systems.
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Christianson, Laura E., Richard A. Cooke, Christopher H. Hay, Matthew J. Helmers, Gary W. Feyereisen, Andry Z. Ranaivoson, John T. McMaine, et al. "Effectiveness of Denitrifying Bioreactors on Water Pollutant Reduction from Agricultural Areas." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 2 (2021): 641–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14011.
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HighlightsDenitrifying woodchip bioreactors treat nitrate-N in a variety of applications and geographies.This review focuses on subsurface drainage bioreactors and bed-style designs (including in-ditch).Monitoring and reporting recommendations are provided to advance bioreactor science and engineering.Abstract. Denitrifying bioreactors enhance the natural process of denitrification in a practical way to treat nitrate-nitrogen (N) in a variety of N-laden water matrices. The design and construction of bioreactors for treatment of subsurface drainage in the U.S. is guided by USDA-NRCS Conservation Practice Standard 605. This review consolidates the state of the science for denitrifying bioreactors using case studies from across the globe with an emphasis on full-size bioreactor nitrate-N removal and cost-effectiveness. The focus is on bed-style bioreactors (including in-ditch modifications), although there is mention of denitrifying walls, which broaden the applicability of bioreactor technology in some areas. Subsurface drainage denitrifying bioreactors have been assessed as removing 20% to 40% of annual nitrate-N loss in the Midwest, and an evaluation across the peer-reviewed literature published over the past three years showed that bioreactors around the world have been generally consistent with that (N load reduction median: 46%; mean ±SD: 40% ±26%; n = 15). Reported N removal rates were on the order of 5.1 g N m-3 d-1 (median; mean ±SD: 7.2 ±9.6 g N m-3 d-1; n = 27). Subsurface drainage bioreactor installation costs have ranged from less than $5,000 to $27,000, with estimated cost efficiencies ranging from less than $2.50 kg-1 N year-1 to roughly $20 kg-1 N year-1 (although they can be as high as $48 kg-1 N year-1). A suggested monitoring setup is described primarily for the context of conservation practitioners and watershed groups for assessing annual nitrate-N load removal performance of subsurface drainage denitrifying bioreactors. Recommended minimum reporting measures for assessing and comparing annual N removal performance include: bioreactor dimensions and installation date; fill media size, porosity, and type; nitrate-N concentrations and water temperatures; bioreactor flow treatment details; basic drainage system and bioreactor design characteristics; and N removal rate and efficiency. Keywords: Groundwater, Nitrate, Nonpoint-source pollution, Subsurface drainage, Tile.
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Wiharyanto, Oktiawan, Sutrisno Endro, and Hadiwidodo Mochtar. "Performance of Semi-Aerobic Solid Waste Bioreactor in relation to Decomposition Process and Biogas Production." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 07021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187307021.
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Solid waste which is sent to Jatibarang landfill in Semarang City can reach up to 4000 m3/day. The composition of solid waste consists of 61.95% of organic waste and 38.05% of inorganic waste. The environmental impacts of solid waste can be reduced using bioreactor methods which being able to accelerate the solid waste decomposition. Large amount of solid waste which is sent to Jatibarang landfill certainly has great potential to environment pollution. Therefore, a technology such as landfill bioreactor is needed to speed up the decomposition process of organic solid waste. Landfill bioreactors are characterized using a range of technologies in order to create an suitable environment for degradation processes. In this study four bioreactors simulated landfills that consist of hybrid bioreactors and anaerobic control bioreactors. The result shows that hybrid bioreactor has increases the decomposition process of organic solid waste. The hybrid bioreactor also produce more methane in subsequent anaerobes.
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Lim, B. R., H. Y. Hu, N. Goto, and K. Fujie. "PVA-coated activated carbon for aerobic biological treatment of concentrated refractory organic wastewater." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 3-4 (August 1, 2000): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0381.
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The treatment characteristics of concentrated p-phenol sulfonic acid (PSA) wastewater in a submerged bioreactor and a solid phase bioreactor packed with ACP particles (polyvinyl alcohol particles coated with powered activated carbon) were compared experimentally. The changes in biomass and microbial community with the degradation of PSA at both bioreactors were also evaluated using microbial quinones as an index. Greater than 95% of influent PSA was mineralized at the solid phase bioreactor under the volumetric loading of PSA ranging from 0.3 to 1.8 kg-C·m-3·d-1 at the steady state, but less than 10% of the influent PSA was mineralized in the submerged bioreactor. The solid phase aerobic biological treatment process was more effective for the treatment of concentrated refractory chemicals such as PSA than the submerged bioreactor. The dominant quinone species in the solid phase bioreactor were ubiquinone-10 and menaquinone-8(H4), while those in the submerged bioreactor were ubiquinone-8 and menaquinone-8. This suggests hat different microbes had contributed to the degradation in the two bioreactors.
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Catapano, Gerardo, Juliane K. Unger, Elisabetta M. Zanetti, Gionata Fragomeni, and Jörg C. Gerlach. "Kinetic Analysis of Lidocaine Elimination by Pig Liver Cells Cultured in 3D Multi-Compartment Hollow Fiber Membrane Network Perfusion Bioreactors." Bioengineering 8, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8080104.
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Liver cells cultured in 3D bioreactors is an interesting option for temporary extracorporeal liver support in the treatment of acute liver failure and for animal models for preclinical drug screening. Bioreactor capacity to eliminate drugs is generally used for assessing cell metabolic competence in different bioreactors or to scale-up bioreactor design and performance for clinical or preclinical applications. However, drug adsorption and physical transport often disguise the intrinsic drug biotransformation kinetics and cell metabolic state. In this study, we characterized the intrinsic kinetics of lidocaine elimination and adsorption by porcine liver cells cultured in 3D four-compartment hollow fiber membrane network perfusion bioreactors. Models of lidocaine transport and biotransformation were used to extract intrinsic kinetic information from response to lidocaine bolus of bioreactor versus adhesion cultures. Different from 2D adhesion cultures, cells in the bioreactors are organized in liver-like aggregates. Adsorption on bioreactor constituents significantly affected lidocaine elimination and was effectively accounted for in kinetic analysis. Lidocaine elimination and cellular monoethylglicinexylidide biotransformation featured first-order kinetics with near-to-in vivo cell-specific capacity that was retained for times suitable for clinical assist and drug screening. Different from 2D cultures, cells in the 3D bioreactors challenged with lidocaine were exposed to close-to-physiological lidocaine and monoethylglicinexylidide concentration profiles. Kinetic analysis suggests bioreactor technology feasibility for preclinical drug screening and patient assist and that drug adsorption should be accounted for to assess cell state in different cultures and when laboratory bioreactor design and performance is scaled-up to clinical use or toxicological drug screening.
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Nokhbatolfoghahaei, Hanieh, Mahboubeh Bohlouli, Kazem Adavi, Zahrasadat Paknejad, Maryam Rezai Rad, Mohammad Mehdi khani, Nasim Salehi-Nik, and Arash Khojasteh. "Computational modeling of media flow through perfusion-based bioreactors for bone tissue engineering." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 234, no. 12 (July 21, 2020): 1397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411920944039.
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Bioreactor system has been used in bone tissue engineering in order to simulate dynamic nature of bone tissue environments. Perfusion bioreactors have been reported as the most efficient types of shear-loading bioreactor. Also, combination of forces, such as rotation plus perfusion, has been reported to enhance cell growth and osteogenic differentiation. Mathematical modeling using sophisticated infrastructure processes could be helpful and streamline the development of functional grafts by estimating and defining an effective range of bioreactor settings for better augmentation of tissue engineering. This study is aimed to conduct computational modeling for newly designed bioreactors in order to alleviate the time and material consuming for evaluating bioreactor parameters and effect of fluid flow hydrodynamics (various amounts of shear stress) on osteogenesis. Also, biological assessments were performed in order to validate similar parameters under implementing the perfusion or rotating and perfusion fluid motions in bioreactors’ prototype. Finite element method was used to investigate the effect of hydrodynamic of fluid flow inside the bioreactors. The equations used in the simulation to calculate the velocity values and consequently the shear stress values include Navier–Stokes and Brinkman equations. It has been shown that rotational fluid motion in rotating and perfusion bioreactor produces more velocity and shear stress compared with perfusion bioreactor. Moreover, implementing the perfusion together with rotational force in rotating and perfusion bioreactors has been shown to have more cell proliferation and higher activity of alkaline phosphatase enzyme as well as formation of extra cellular matrix sheet, as an indicator of bone-like tissue formation.
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Hartfiel, Lindsey M., Michelle L. Soupir, and Kurt A. Rosentrater. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Constant-Flow Woodchip Bioreactors." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 5 (2021): 1545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14300.
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HighlightsTechno-economic analysis was performed for multiple scales of bioreactors operated under a variety of conditions.The unit cost decreased as the bioreactor size increased.The unit cost increased in bioreactors with longer HRTs and bypass flow due to reduced treatment capacity.One large bioreactor was more cost-effective than multiple smaller bioreactors.Abstract. Woodchip denitrification bioreactors are a relatively new, edge-of-field technology used to reduce nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) from subsurface tile drainage. The removal rate of nitrate is influenced by many factors, including temperature, dissolved oxygen, and hydraulic residence time (HRT). The objective of this study was to conduct a techno-economic analysis (TEA) for four scales of woodchip denitrification bioreactors operating at three HRTs (2, 8, and 16 h), designed with bypass flow or with a low probability of bypass flow, to determine the cost to remove 1 kg of NO3-N at each bioreactor scale and at each HRT. Several assumptions were made: the flow rate required to achieve a 2 h HRT on a per m3 basis could be achieved at all scales, the same mass removal of NO3-N was achieved on a per cubic meter basis, and the 2 h HRT did not have any bypass flow at each scale. With these assumptions, the lowest unit cost was observed for the large-scale bioreactor sized to have a low probability of bypass flow at 16 h HRT, with a resulting cost of $0.74 kg-1 NO3-N removed. The highest unit cost was observed for the pilot-scale bioreactor designed with bypass flow to achieve a 16 h HRT at a cost of $60.13 kg-1 NO3-N removed. At longer HRTs with bypass flow, a greater percent removal of nitrate has been observed with a lower mass removal rate. By having a low probability of bypass flow in the design, a higher mass removal and percent removal of nitrate were observed, leading to the above results. Contrasting this trend, the total and annual costs were highest for the large-scale bioreactor and lowest for the pilot-scale bioreactor. However, it was determined that 783%, 280%, and 54% increases in total cost for the pilot-, small-, and medium-scale bioreactors would be incurred to implement the number of bioreactors (66, 24, and 4, respectively) required to treat the same volume of flow as one large bioreactor. These results can be used to inform future design decisions and inform stakeholders of the approximate unit cost of installing a denitrifying woodchip bioreactor over a range of expected field conditions. While a larger bioreactor with a low probability of bypass flow may represent a more cost-effective investment, the potential for unintended, negative byproducts needs to be considered in the design. Keywords: Denitrification, Nitrate, Tile drainage, Water quality, Woodchip bioreactor.
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Maxwell, Bryan, Laura Christianson, Richard A. C. Cooke, Mary Foltz, Niranga Wickramarathne, Ronnie Chacon, and Reid Christianson. "Nitrate Removal and Woodchip Properties across a Paired Denitrifying Bioreactor Treating Centralized Agricultural Ditch Flows." Water 14, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14010056.
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Treatment of nitrate loads by denitrifying bioreactors in centralized drainage ditches that receive subsurface tile drainage may offer a more effective alternative to end-of-pipe bioreactors. A paired denitrifying bioreactor design, consisting of an in-ditch bioreactor (18.3 × 2.1 × 0.2 m) treating ditch base flow and a diversion bioreactor (4.6 × 9.1 × 0.9 m) designed to treat high-flow events, was designed and constructed in an agricultural watershed (3.2 km2 drainage area) in Illinois, USA. Flow and water chemistry were monitored for three years and the woodchip and bioreactor-associated soil were analyzed for denitrification potential and chemical properties after 25 months. The in-ditch bioreactor did not significantly reduce nitrate concentrations in the ditch, likely due to low hydraulic connectivity with stream water and sedimentation. The diversion bioreactor significantly reduced nitrate concentrations (58% average reduction) but treated only ~2% of annual ditch flow. Denitrification potential was significantly higher in the in-ditch bioreactor woodchips versus the diversion bioreactor after 25 months (2950 ± 580 vs. 620 ± 310 ng N g−1 dry media h−1). The passive flow design was simple to construct and did not restrict flow in the drainage ditch but resulted in low hydraulic exchange, limiting nitrate removal.
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Deng, Zhi Hua, Ping Ning, Cheng Zhou, Jian Hong Huang, and Kui Yang. "The Biotechnology for Odours-A Review." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 1432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.1432.
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This article provides an overview about the microbes selecting, types of bioreactors, the treatment condition, etc. which influence the odors abatement effect. In the recent past, many highly efficiency microorganisms on the actual governance of malodorous gases have been selected and trained. Among different bioreactor configurations, biofilters, biotrickling filters and bioscrubbers are most common ones. The membrane bioreactor and the three phase fluidised bed bioreactor as new bioreactors have broad development prospects. Finally, this review also provides how to insights into future R&D needs in this area.
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Ghosh, Subhrojyoti, Nainika Srivastava, Shreya Jha, and Nandan Kumar Jana. "Spinner Flask Bioreactor in Tissue Engineering." YMER Digital 21, no. 06 (June 20, 2022): 611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.06/61.
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Spinner Flask Bioreactors are usually made up of glass or plastic vessel which have been widely used in Tissue Engineering from production of articular cartilage to production of osteoblast cells that help in bone regeneration. Cartilage grown in spinner flask bioreactors had more cells and less GAG than the other types of bioreactors in tissue engineering. In recent years, these bioreactors have also been used for the invitro cultivation of human tenocytes and MSCs. In this type of bioreactor, the cell/scaffold constructs are connected to vertical needles striking from pinnacle of the vessel and immersed inside the culture medium. The pinnacle or the top part of this bioreactor is used for gas exchange and medium oxygenation. Mixing of the medium is maintained with a stir bar at the lowest of the vessel or different blending mechanisms. Spinner Flask Bioreactors have grabbed increased attention in recent years due to its wide range of Tissue Engineering applications. In this review, we have tried to explore the different domains where these bioreactors have found enhanced applications. Keywords: Spin Flask Bioreactor Tissue Engineering, Cell Seeding, Bone Tissue Engineering, Articular Cartilage
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Malhotra, Neeraj. "Bioreactors Design, Types, Influencing Factors and Potential Application in Dentistry. A Literature Review." Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy 14, no. 4 (May 23, 2019): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574888x14666190111105504.
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Objectives:A variety of bioreactors and related approaches have been applied to dental tissues as their use has become more essential in the field of regenerative dentistry and dental tissue engineering. The review discusses the various types of bioreactors and their potential application in dentistry.Methods:Review of the literature was conducted using keywords (and MeSH) like Bioreactor, Regenerative Dentistry, Fourth Factor, Stem Cells, etc., from the journals published in English. All the searched abstracts, published in indexed journals were read and reviewed to further refine the list of included articles. Based on the relevance of abstracts pertaining to the manuscript, full-text articles were assessed.Results:Bioreactors provide a prerequisite platform to create, test, and validate the biomaterials and techniques proposed for dental tissue regeneration. Flow perfusion, rotational, spinner-flask, strain and customize-combined bioreactors have been applied for the regeneration of bone, periodontal ligament, gingiva, cementum, oral mucosa, temporomandibular joint and vascular tissues. Customized bioreactors can support cellular/biofilm growth as well as apply cyclic loading. Center of disease control & dip-flow biofilm-reactors and micro-bioreactor have been used to evaluate the biological properties of dental biomaterials, their performance assessment and interaction with biofilms. Few case reports have also applied the concept of in vivo bioreactor for the repair of musculoskeletal defects and used customdesigned bioreactor (Aastrom) to repair the defects of cleft-palate.Conclusions:Bioreactors provide a sterile simulated environment to support cellular differentiation for oro-dental regenerative applications. Also, bioreactors like, customized bioreactors for cyclic loading, biofilm reactors (CDC & drip-flow), and micro-bioreactor, can assess biological responses of dental biomaterials by simultaneously supporting cellular or biofilm growth and application of cyclic stresses.
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Bondarenko, N. A., E. V. Guseva, and R. R. Safarov. "Application of computational fluid dynamics for simulation of stirred bioreactors in Ansys Fluent." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 85, no. 2 (September 2, 2023): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2023-2-123-129.
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Stirred bioreactors are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to produce various active substances for the treatment of cancer, heart and vascular diseases, viral and bacterial infections. Despite the widespread use of bioreactors with a stirrer, the optimization of mixing conditions remains an urgent task. In bioreactors of this type, continuous mixing of cells in a medium with a high rotation speed should be carried out. The manuscript considers an example of the use of computational fluid dynamics to study and model the process of cultivation Escherichia coli bacterial cells in a batch bioreactor (NLF, 30 l.). Computational fluid dynamics was used to analyze the hydrodynamic conditions in a bioreactor with a double Rushton turbine stirrer. To describe the movement of flows and evaluate turbulence in a batch bioreactor, the multiphase Euler model and the k-𝜀 turbulence model, respectively, were used, the built-in Ansys Fluent software package. A geometric model was built with the original dimensions of the bioreactor with an NLF 30 stirrer. Based on the geometric model, a computational grid was created for the working volume of the bioreactor and the optimal parameters for constructing the computational grid were selected. As a result of modeling the hydrodynamic regime, the distribution profiles of the turbulence kinetic energy over the volume of the bioreactor were obtained and the velocities of cell movement were found at different speeds of rotation of the stirrer. The obtained results show the possibility and applicability of the Ansys Fluent software package for calculating the hydrodynamic situation in a bioreactor with a stirrer at different stirring rates and at different cell volume fractions.
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Baihaqi, Rifqi Ahmad, Kencana Ayudya Prabahandari, Yogi Hariyono, Novita Indah Pratiwi, Heri Sutanto, and Yoyon Wahyono. "Application of anaerobic and aerobic bioreactors in detergent wastewater treatment: A review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1098, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1098/1/012034.
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Abstract The laundry business sector is expanding quickly nowadays. However, the laundry industry is still dealing with the issue of processing detergent wastewater. Anaerobic and aerobic bioreactors may efficiently solve this problem. This narrative review aims to assess the feasibility of using anaerobic and aerobic bioreactors for detergent wastewater treatment. Its advantages and disadvantages and the idea of combining multi-media filtration and UV light in detergent wastewater treatment using an aerobic and aerobic bioreactor. The anaerobic bioreactor can reduce chemical and biological oxygen demand to 89.8 % and 94.0 %, respectively. At the same time, aerobic bioreactors can reduce chemical and biological oxygen demand to 99.1% and 71%, respectively. However, some challenges still need to be addressed to make anaerobic ad aerobic bioreactors can be implemented. Suspended solid production, dissolved methane, and temperature-dependent effectiveness are challenges that must be solved. Multi-media filtration can reduce suspended solids and provide ion exchange, while UV light kills excess microorganisms from the bioreactor.
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Licata, Joseph P., Kyle H. Schwab, Yah-el Har-el, Jonathan A. Gerstenhaber, and Peter I. Lelkes. "Bioreactor Technologies for Enhanced Organoid Culture." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 14 (July 13, 2023): 11427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411427.
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An organoid is a 3D organization of cells that can recapitulate some of the structure and function of native tissue. Recent work has seen organoids gain prominence as a valuable model for studying tissue development, drug discovery, and potential clinical applications. The requirements for the successful culture of organoids in vitro differ significantly from those of traditional monolayer cell cultures. The generation and maturation of high-fidelity organoids entails developing and optimizing environmental conditions to provide the optimal cues for growth and 3D maturation, such as oxygenation, mechanical and fluidic activation, nutrition gradients, etc. To this end, we discuss the four main categories of bioreactors used for organoid culture: stirred bioreactors (SBR), microfluidic bioreactors (MFB), rotating wall vessels (RWV), and electrically stimulating (ES) bioreactors. We aim to lay out the state-of-the-art of both commercial and in-house developed bioreactor systems, their benefits to the culture of organoids derived from various cells and tissues, and the limitations of bioreactor technology, including sterilization, accessibility, and suitability and ease of use for long-term culture. Finally, we discuss future directions for improvements to existing bioreactor technology and how they may be used to enhance organoid culture for specific applications.
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Abdel-Monaem Zytoon, Mohamed, Abdulraheem Ahmad AlZahrani, Madbuli Hamed Noweir, and Fadia Ahmed El-Marakby. "Bioconversion of High Concentrations of Hydrogen Sulfide to Elemental Sulfur in Airlift Bioreactor." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/675673.
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Several bioreactor systems are used for biological treatment of hydrogen sulfide. Among these, airlift bioreactors are promising for the bioconversion of hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur. The performance of airlift bioreactors is not adequately understood, particularly when directly fed with hydrogen sulfide gas. The objective of this paper is to investigate the performance of an airlift bioreactor fed with high concentrations of H2S with special emphasis on the effect of pH in combination with other factors such as H2S loading rate, oxygen availability, and sulfide accumulation. H2S inlet concentrations between 1,008 ppm and 31,215 ppm were applied and elimination capacities up to 113 g H2S m−3 h−1were achieved in the airlift bioreactor under investigation at a pH range 6.5–8.5. Acidic pH values reduced the elimination capacity. Elemental sulfur recovery up to 95% was achieved under oxygen limited conditions (DO < 0.2 mg/L) and at higher pH values. The sulfur oxidizing bacteria in the bioreactor tolerated accumulated dissolved sulfide concentrations >500 mg/L at pH values 8.0–8.5, and near 100% removal efficiency was achieved. Overall, the resident microorganisms in the studied airlift bioreactor favored pH values in the alkaline range. The bioreactor performance in terms of elimination capacity and sulfur recovery was better at pH range 8–8.5.
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Granata, Tim, Bernd Rattenbacher, Florian Kehl, and Marcel Egli. "Microbial Factories and Exploiting Synergies of Bioreactor Technologies to Produce Bioproducts." Fermentation 10, no. 3 (February 28, 2024): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10030135.
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Microbial factories, including microalgae biofactories, have the enormous potential to produce biochemicals for manufacturing diverse bioproducts. A strategic approach to biofactories is maintaining cultures in bioreactors with sufficient resource inputs to optimize biochemical precursors for manufacturing bioproducts. Exploiting synergies that use the waste output from a bioreactor containing one microbial culture as a resource input to another bioreactor with a different microbe can lead to overall efficiencies in biofactories. In this paper, two synergies are evaluated. The first is between yeast and algae bioreactors, where data are presented on oxygen (O2) uptake by aerobic yeast cultures and their production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the uptake of CO2 by algae and their production of O2. The second focuses on a carbon capture reactor, which is utilized to increase CO2 levels to promote higher algal production. This approach of waste as a resource for bioreactor cultures is a novel synergy that can be important to bioreactor designs and, ultimately, to the production of bioproducts.
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Sassi, Lisa, Omolola Ajayi, Sara Campinoti, Dipa Natarajan, Claire McQuitty, Riccardo Rayan Siena, Sara Mantero, et al. "A Perfusion Bioreactor for Longitudinal Monitoring of Bioengineered Liver Constructs." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020275.
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In the field of in vitro liver disease models, decellularised organ scaffolds maintain the original biomechanical and biological properties of the extracellular matrix and are established supports for in vitro cell culture. However, tissue engineering approaches based on whole organ decellularized scaffolds are hampered by the scarcity of appropriate bioreactors that provide controlled 3D culture conditions. Novel specific bioreactors are needed to support long-term culture of bioengineered constructs allowing non-invasive longitudinal monitoring. Here, we designed and validated a specific bioreactor for long-term 3D culture of whole liver constructs. Whole liver scaffolds were generated by perfusion decellularisation of rat livers. Scaffolds were seeded with Luc+HepG2 and primary human hepatocytes and cultured in static or dynamic conditions using the custom-made bioreactor. The bioreactor included a syringe pump, for continuous unidirectional flow, and a circuit built to allow non-invasive monitoring of culture parameters and media sampling. The bioreactor allowed non-invasive analysis of cell viability, distribution, and function of Luc+HepG2-bioengineered livers cultured for up to 11 days. Constructs cultured in dynamic conditions in the bioreactor showed significantly higher cell viability, measured with bioluminescence, distribution, and functionality (determined by albumin production and expression of CYP enzymes) in comparison to static culture conditions. Finally, our bioreactor supports primary human hepatocyte viability and function for up to 30 days, when seeded in the whole liver scaffolds. Overall, our novel bioreactor is capable of supporting cell survival and metabolism and is suitable for liver tissue engineering for the development of 3D liver disease models.
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Naruse, K., Y. Sakai, I. Nagashima, G. X. Jiang, M. Suzuki, and T. Muto. "Comparisons of Porcine Hepatocyte Spheroids and Single Hepatocytes in the Non-Woven Fabric Bioartificial Liver Module." International Journal of Artificial Organs 19, no. 10 (October 1996): 605–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889601901008.
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We previously developed a new bioreactor of the bioartificial liver composed of non-woven fabric. We have also experimented with hepatocyte spheroids, with the aim of improving the efficiency of this NWF bioreactor. In this study, we compared the efficiencies of NWF bioreactors employing hepatocyte spheroids versus single hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were isolated from a whole pig liver by Seglen's method. 1.0 × 1010 single hepatocytes were immobilized in the NWF bioreactor. Another 1.0 × 1010 hepatocytes were allowed to form spheroids by 24 hr suspension culture in a 4-L culture vessel, before being immobilized in the bioreactor. Hepatocyte spheroids were found to be functionally superior, on a per-cell basis, to single hepatocytes in the NWF bioreactor. However, the NWF bioreactor employing hepatocyte spheroids exhibited lower efficiency than that employing single hepatocytes, because the total number of the hepatocytes had decreased during the 24 hr suspension culture.
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Suratago, Teerawat, and Kasidit Nootong. "Production of 1,3-propanediol by Clostridium butyricum DSM 5431 in an Anaerobic Moving-Bed Bioreactor." Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 31, no. 2 (December 20, 2012): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2012.23.
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Production of 1,3-propanediol (PD) by Clostridium butyricum DSM 5431 was investigated in a moving-bed bioreactor with BCN-009 as the cell-supporting material. The results of steady state operation indicated that PD production in a moving-bed bioreactor was feasible. The moving-bed bioreactor provided good liquid mixing, resulting in a suitable pH range (i.e., pH = 6.9 – 7.0) throughout the experiment. Maximum PD concentration (33.8 g/L), product yield (0.7), and productivity (16.9 g/L/h) were obtained when the bioreactor was operated using an inlet glycerol concentration and a dilution rate of 60 g/L and 0.5 h-1, respectively. Finally, we conclude that moving-bed bioreactors are attractive for future development as seen by higher effluent PD concentrations and productivity compared to other suspended-growth and immobilized bioreactor configurations.
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AL-Mashhadani, Mahmood Khazzal Hummadi, and Entisar Mohsin Khudhair. "Cultivation of Chlorella Vulgaris Using Airlift Photobioreactor Sparged with 5%CO 2 -Air as a Biofixing Process." Journal of Engineering 23, no. 4 (March 31, 2017): 22–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2017.04.02.
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The present paper addresses cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae using airlift photobioreactor that sparged with 5% CO 2 /air. The experimental data were compared with that obtained from bioreactor aerated with air and unsparged bioreactor. The results showed that the concentration of biomass is 0.36 g l -1 in sparged bioreactor with CO2/air, while, the concentration of biomass reached to 0.069 g l -1 in the unsparged bioreactor. They showed also that aerated ioreactor.with CO2/air gives more biomass production even the bioreactor was aerated with air. This study proved that application of sparging system for ultivation of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae using either CO2/air mixture or air has a significant growth rate, since the bioreactors become more thermodynamically favorable and provide impetus for a higher level of production. biofixing process
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Sirirak, Khanoksinee, Sorawit Powtongsook, Sudarat Suanjit, and Somtawin Jaritkhuan. "Effectiveness of various bioreactors for thraustochytrid culture and production (Aurantiochytruim limacinum BUCHAXM 122)." PeerJ 9 (May 27, 2021): e11405. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11405.
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This study aimed to develop bioreactors for cultivation of thraustochytrid, Aurantiochytrium limacinum BUCHAXM 122, that are low in cost and simple to operate. Obtaining maximum biomass and fatty acid production was a prerequisite. Three bioreactor designs were used: stirred tank bioreactor (STB), bubble bioreactor (BB) and internal loop airlift bioreactor (ILAB). The bioreactors were evaluated for their influence on oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kLa), using various spargers, mixing speed, and aeration rates. Biomass and DHA production from STB, BB, ILAB were then compared with an incubator shaker, using batch culture experiments. Results showed that a bundle of eight super-fine pore air stones was the best type of aeration sparger for all three bioreactors. Optimal culture conditions in STB were 600 rpm agitation speed and 2 vvm aeration rate, while 2 vvm and 1.5 vvm aeration provided highest biomass productivity in BB and ILAB, respectively. Antifoam agent was needed for all reactor types in order to reduce excessive foaming. Results indicated that with optimized conditions, these bioreactors are capable of thraustochytrid cultivation with a similar efficiency as cultivation using a rotary shaker. STB had the highest kLa and provided the highest biomass of 43.05 ± 0.35 g/L at 48 h. BB was simple in design, had low operating costs and was easy to build, but yielded the lowest biomass (27.50 ± 1.56 g/L). ILAB, on the other hand, had lower kLa than STB, but provided highest fatty acid productivity, of 35.36 ± 2.51% TFA.
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Kennes, Christian, María Montes, M. Estefanía López, and María C. Veiga. "Waste gas treatment in bioreactors: environmental engineering aspectsThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on Biological Air Treatment." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36, no. 12 (December 2009): 1887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l09-113.
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This paper gives an overview of the most important bioreactor configurations used in waste gas treatment, i.e., conventional and trickling biofilters, the bioscrubber, suspended-growth bioreactors, as well as two-liquid phase systems (stirred tank bioreactor and biotrickling filter). The historical evolution, main characteristics, and recent developments are described in each case.
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Mancilla-Álvarez, Eucario, Juan Antonio Pérez-Sato, Rosalía Núñez-Pastrana, José L. Spinoso-Castillo, and Jericó J. Bello-Bello. "Comparison of Different Semi-Automated Bioreactors for In Vitro Propagation of Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott)." Plants 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10051010.
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Taro is important for its nutritional content, medicinal use, and bioethanol production. The aim of the present study was to compare different semi-automated bioreactors (SABs) during in vitro multiplication of C. esculenta. The SABs used were temporary immersion bioreactors (TIBs), SETIS™ bioreactors and ebb-and-flow bioreactors; semi-solid culture medium was used as a control treatment. At 30 d of culture, different developmental variables, determination of chlorophyll, stomatal content, and survival percentage during acclimatization were evaluated. SABs increased the shoot multiplication rate relative to the semi-solid medium; however, the SETIS™ bioreactor showed the highest shoot production, with 36 shoots per explant, and the highest chlorophyll content. The stomatal index was higher in the semi-solid medium compared to the SABs, while the percentage of closed stomata was higher in the SABs than in the semi-solid culture medium. The survival rate during acclimatization showed no differences among the culture systems assessed, obtaining survival rates higher than 99%. In conclusion, the SETIS™ bioreactor showed the highest multiplication rate; however, other bioreactor alternatives are available for semi-automation and cost reduction for micropropagation of C. esculenta.
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Dursun, Gözde, Muhammad Umer, Bernd Markert, and Marcus Stoffel. "Designing of an Advanced Compression Bioreactor with an Implementation of a Low-Cost Controlling System Connected to a Mobile Application." Processes 9, no. 6 (May 23, 2021): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9060915.
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(1) Background: Bioreactors mimic the natural environment of cells and tissues by providing a controlled micro-environment. However, their design is often expensive and complex. Herein, we have introduced the development of a low-cost compression bioreactor which enables the application of different mechanical stimulation regimes to in vitro tissue models and provides the information of applied stress and strain in real-time. (2) Methods: The compression bioreactor is designed using a mini-computer called Raspberry Pi, which is programmed to apply compressive deformation at various strains and frequencies, as well as to measure the force applied to the tissue constructs. Besides this, we have developed a mobile application connected to the bioreactor software to monitor, command, and control experiments via mobile devices. (3) Results: Cell viability results indicate that the newly designed compression bioreactor supports cell cultivation in a sterile environment without any contamination. The developed bioreactor software plots the experimental data of dynamic mechanical loading in a long-term manner, as well as stores them for further data processing. Following in vitro uniaxial compression conditioning of 3D in vitro cartilage models, chondrocyte cell migration was altered positively compared to static cultures. (4) Conclusion: The developed compression bioreactor can support the in vitro tissue model cultivation and monitor the experimental information with a low-cost controlling system and via mobile application. The highly customizable mold inside the cultivation chamber is a significant approach to solve the limited customization capability of the traditional bioreactors. Most importantly, the compression bioreactor prevents operator- and system-dependent variability between experiments by enabling a dynamic culture in a large volume for multiple numbers of in vitro tissue constructs.
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Pechlivani, Eleftheria Maria, Sotirios Pemas, Alexandros Kanlis, Paraskevi Pechlivani, Spyros Petrakis, Athanasios Papadimitriou, Dimitrios Tzovaras, and Konstantinos E. Hatzistergos. "Enhanced Growth of Bacterial Cells in a Smart 3D Printed Bioreactor." Micromachines 14, no. 10 (September 26, 2023): 1829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14101829.
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In the last decade, there has been a notable advancement in diverse bioreactor types catering to various applications. However, conventional bioreactors often exhibit bulkiness and high costs, making them less accessible to many researchers and laboratory facilities. In light of these challenges, this article aims to introduce and evaluate the development of a do-it-yourself (DIY) 3D printed smart bioreactor, offering a cost-effective and user-friendly solution for the proliferation of various bioentities, including bacteria and human organoids, among others. The customized bioreactor was fabricated under an ergonomic design and assembled with 3D printed mechanical parts combined with electronic components, under 3D printed housing. The 3D printed parts were designed using SOLIDWORKS® CAD Software (2022 SP2.0 Professional version) and fabricated via the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique. All parts were 3D printed with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) in order for the bioreactor to be used under sterile conditions. The printed low-cost bioreactor integrates Internet-of-things (IoT) functionalities, since it provides the operator with the ability to change its operational parameters (sampling frequency, rotor speed, and duty cycle) remotely, via a user-friendly developed mobile application and to save the user history locally on the device. Using this bioreactor, which is adjusted to a standard commercial 12-well plate, proof of concept of a successful operation of the bioreactor during a 2-day culture of Escherichia coli bacteria (Mach1 strain) is presented. This study paves the way for more in-depth investigation of bacterial and various biological-entity growth cultures, utilizing 3D printing technology to create customized low-cost bioreactors.
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Schirmer, Cedric, Rüdiger W. Maschke, Ralf Pörtner, and Dieter Eibl. "An overview of drive systems and sealing types in stirred bioreactors used in biotechnological processes." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 105, no. 6 (March 2021): 2225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11180-7.
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AbstractNo matter the scale, stirred tank bioreactors are the most commonly used systems in biotechnological production processes. Single-use and reusable systems are supplied by several manufacturers. The type, size, and number of impellers used in these systems have a significant influence on the characteristics and designs of bioreactors. Depending on the desired application, classic shaft-driven systems, bearing-mounted drives, or stirring elements that levitate freely in the vessel may be employed. In systems with drive shafts, process hygiene requirements also affect the type of seal used. For sensitive processes with high hygienic requirements, magnetic-driven stirring systems, which have been the focus of much research in recent years, are recommended. This review provides the reader with an overview of the most common agitation and seal types implemented in stirred bioreactor systems, highlights their advantages and disadvantages, and explains their possible fields of application. Special attention is paid to the development of magnetically driven agitators, which are widely used in reusable systems and are also becoming more and more important in their single-use counterparts.Key Points• Basic design of the most frequently used bioreactor type: the stirred tank bioreactor• Differences in most common seal types in stirred systems and fields of application• Comprehensive overview of commercially available bioreactor seal types• Increased use of magnetically driven agitation systems in single-use bioreactors
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Titova, Maria, Elena Popova, and Alexander Nosov. "Bioreactor Systems for Plant Cell Cultivation at the Institute of Plant Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences: 50 Years of Technology Evolution from Laboratory to Industrial Implications." Plants 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2024): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13030430.
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The cultivation of plant cells in large-scale bioreactor systems has long been considered a promising alternative for the overexploitation of wild plants as a source of bioactive phytochemicals. This idea, however, faced multiple constraints upon realization, resulting in very few examples of technologically feasible and economically effective biotechnological companies. The bioreactor cultivation of plant cells is challenging. Even well-growing and highly biosynthetically potent cell lines require a thorough optimization of cultivation parameters when upscaling the cultivation process from laboratory to industrial volumes. The optimization includes, but is not limited to, the bioreactor’s shape and design, cultivation regime (batch, fed-batch, continuous, semi-continuous), aeration, homogenization, anti-foaming measures, etc., while maintaining a high biomass and metabolite production. Based on the literature data and our experience, the cell cultures often demonstrate cell line- or species-specific responses to parameter changes, with the dissolved oxygen concentration (pO2) and shear stress caused by stirring being frequent growth-limiting factors. The mass transfer coefficient also plays a vital role in upscaling the cultivation process from smaller to larger volumes. The Experimental Biotechnological Facility at the K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology has operated since the 1970s and currently hosts a cascade of bioreactors from the laboratory (20 L) to the pilot (75 L) and a semi-industrial volume (630 L) adapted for the cultivation of plant cells. In this review, we discuss the most appealing cases of the cell cultivation process’s adaptation to bioreactor conditions featuring the cell cultures of medicinal plants Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb., Taxus wallichiana Zucc., Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers, Panax japonicus (T. Nees) C.A.Mey., Polyscias filicifolia (C. Moore ex E. Fourn.) L.H. Bailey, and P. fruticosa L. Harms. The results of cell cultivation in bioreactors of different types and designs using various cultivation regimes are covered and compared with the literature data. We also discuss the role of the critical factors affecting cell behavior in bioreactors with large volumes.
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Campbell, Emily P., David R. Kasler, and Ahmed E. Yousef. "Maximizing Recovery of Paenibacillin, a Bacterially Produced Lantibiotic, Using Continuous Foam Separation from Bioreactors." Foods 11, no. 15 (July 31, 2022): 2290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11152290.
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Industrial production of paenibacillin, and similar rare antimicrobial peptides, is hampered by low productivity of the producing microorganisms and lack of efficient methods to recover these peptides from fermentor or bioreactor end products. Preliminary data showed that paenibacillin was preferentially partitioned in foam accumulated during growth of the producer, Paenibacillus polymyxa, in aerated liquid media. This research was initiated to improve the production and recovery of paenibacillin in bioreactors by maximizing partitioning of this antimicrobial agent in the collected foam. This was completed through harvesting foam continuously during paenibacillin production, using modified bioreactor, and optimizing bioreaction conditions through response surface methodology (RSM). During initial screening, the following factors were tested using 400 mL inoculated media in 2 L bioreactors: medium (tryptic soy broth, TSB, with or without added yeast extract), airflow (0 or 0.8 L/min; LPM), stir speed (300 or 500 revolution/min; RPM), incubation temperature (30 or 36 °C), and incubation time (16 or 24 h). Results showed that airflow, time, and stir speed had significant effects (p < 0.05) on paenibacillin recovery in the collected collapsed foam (foamate). These factors were varied together to follow the path of steepest assent to maximize paenibacillin concentration. Once the local maximum was found, RSM was completed with a central composite design to fine-tune the bioreaction parameters. The optimization experiments proved that the significant parameters and their optimal conditions for paenibacillin concentration in the foam were: incubation at 30 °C for 23 h with airflow of 0.95 LPM, and agitation speed of 450 RPM. These conditions increased paenibacillin concentration, predicted by RSM, from 16 µg/mL in bioreaction without foam collection to 743 µg/mL collected in foamate. The optimized conditions also almost doubled the yield of paenibacillin measured in the foam collected from a bioreaction run (12,674 µg/400 mL bioreaction) when compared to that obtained from a run without foam collection (6400 µg/400 mL bioreaction). Results of this study could improve the feasibility of commercial production and downstream processing of paenibacillin and similar novel antimicrobial peptides. Availability of such peptides will eventually help in protecting perishable products against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria.
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Kırdök, Onur, Berker Çetintaş, Asena Atay, İrem Kale, Tutku Didem Akyol Altun, and Elif Esin Hameş. "A Modular Chain Bioreactor Design for Fungal Productions." Biomimetics 7, no. 4 (October 27, 2022): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7040179.
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Plastic bag bioreactors are single-use bioreactors, frequently used in solid culture fermentation. This study developed plastic bag bioreactors with more effective aeration conditions and particular connection elements that yield sensors, environmental control, and modular connectivity. This bioreactor system integrates the bags in a chain that circulates air and moisture through filtered connections. Within the present scope, this study also aimed to reveal that cultures in different plastic bags can be produced without affecting each other. In this direction, biomass production in the modular chain bioreactor (MCB) system developed in this study was compared to traditional bag systems. In addition, contamination experiments were carried out between the bags in the system, and it was observed that the filters in the developed system did not affect the microorganisms in different bags.
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Ritonja, Jožef, Andreja Goršek, Darja Pečar, Tatjana Petek, and Boštjan Polajžer. "Dynamic Modeling of the Impact of Temperature Changes on CO2 Production during Milk Fermentation in Batch Bioreactors." Foods 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081809.
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Knowledge of the mathematical models of the fermentation processes is indispensable for their simulation and optimization and for the design and synthesis of the applicable control systems. The paper focuses on determining a dynamic mathematical model of the milk fermentation process taking place in a batch bioreactor. Models in the literature describe milk fermentation in batch bioreactors as an autonomous system. They do not enable the analysis of the effect of temperature changes on the metabolism during fermentation. In the presented extensive multidisciplinary study, we have developed a new mathematical model that considers the impact of temperature changes on the dynamics of the CO2 produced during fermentation in the batch bioreactor. Based on laboratory tests and theoretical analysis, the appropriate structure of the temperature-considered dynamic model was first determined. Next, the model parameters of the fermentation process in the laboratory bioreactor were identified by means of particle swarm optimization. Finally, the experiments with the laboratory batch bioreactor were compared with the simulations to verify the derived mathematical model. The developed model proved to be very suitable for simulations, and, above all, it enables the design and synthesis of a control system for batch bioreactors.
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Pawlak, Marta, Marcin Bizukojć, and Stanisław Ledakowicz. "Impact of bioreactor scale on lovastatin biosynthesis by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 in a batch culture." Chemical and Process Engineering 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10176-012-0007-0.
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Impact of bioreactor scale on lovastatin biosynthesis by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 in a batch culture Biosynthesis of lovastatin (a polyketide metabolite of Aspergillus terreus) in bioreactors of different working volume was studied to indicate how the change of scale of the process influences the formation of this metabolite. The experiments conducted in shake flasks of 150 ml working volume allowed to obtain lovastatin titres at the level of 87.5 mg LOV l-1, when two carbon sources, namely lactose and glycerol were used. The application of the same components in a large stirred-tank bioreactor of 5.3-litre working volume caused a decrease of lovastatin production by 87% compared to the shake flask culture. The deficiency of nitrogen in this bioreactor did not favour the formation of lovastatin, in contrast to the small bioreactor of 1.95-litre working volume, in which lovastatin titres comparable to those in the shake flasks could be achieved, when organic nitrogen concentration was two-fold decreased. When the control of pH and/or pO2 was used simultaneously, an increase in lovastatin production was observed in the bioreactors. However, these results were still slightly lower than lovastatin titres obtained in the shake flasks.
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Thanapornsin, Thanawat, Likit Sirisantimethakom, Lakkana Laopaiboon, and Pattana Laopaiboon. "Effectiveness of Low-Cost Bioreactors Integrated with a Gas Stripping System for Butanol Fermentation from Sugarcane Molasses by Clostridium beijerinckii." Fermentation 8, no. 5 (May 8, 2022): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8050214.
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The effectiveness of column bioreactors for butanol fermentation from sugarcane molasses by Clostridium beijerinckii TISTR 1461 was investigated. This fermentation was operated at an initial pH of 6.5 and temperature of 37 °C under anaerobic conditions. A 1-L bubble column bioreactor was used with various gas circulation rates ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 L/min. The highest butanol concentration (PB, 8.72 g/L), productivity (QB, 0.24 g/L∙h) and yield (YB/S, 0.21 g/g) were obtained with a gas circulation of 0.2 L/min. To improve butanol production efficiency, gas-lift column bioreactors with internal and external loops at 0.2 L/min of circulating gas were used. Higher PB (10.50–10.58 g/L), QB (0.29 g/L∙h) and YB/S (0.22–0.23 g/g) values were obtained in gas-lift column bioreactors. These values were similar to those using a more complex 2-L stirred-tank bioreactor (PB, 10.10 g/L; QB, 0.28 g/L h and YB/S, 0.22 g/g). Hence, gas-lift column bioreactors have potential for use as low-cost fermenters instead of stirred-tank bioreactors for butanol fermentation. When the gas-lift column bioreactor with an internal loop was coupled with a gas stripping system, it yielded an enhanced PB and sugar consumption of approximately 9% and 7%, respectively, compared to a system with no gas stripping.
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Feyereisen, Gary W., Christopher Hay, Ulrike W. Tschirner, Keegan Kult, Niranga M. Wickramarathne, Natasha Hoover, and Michelle L. Soupir. "Denitrifying Bioreactor Woodchip Recharge: Media Properties after Nine Years." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 2 (2020): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13709.
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HighlightsWood media harvested from a nine-year-old denitrifying bioreactor were evaluated.Media physical changes had multiple causes and effects.Impacts of the physical changes may have been exacerbated by development of preferential flow.LCIs > 0.6 showed C quality declined but media still supported N removal.Abstract. There is a lack of information on denitrifying bioreactors treating subsurface drainage water at the end of their initial design life due to the relative newness of the technology and the relatively long estimated life. A denitrifying bioreactor (15 m L × 7.6 m W × 1.1 m D) installed in August 2008 in Greene County, Iowa, was recharged with new woodchips in November 2017 (age 9.25 years), providing the opportunity to evaluate the properties of the wood media at the end of design life. The objective was to pair a battery of physical, chemical, and nitrate-N removal tests on the wood media harvested from the bioreactor with field observations to assess likely reasons why denitrifying bioreactors treating tile drainage may need to be recharged. The two types of wood media harvested from the bioreactor (termed woodchips and mixed shreds) had median particle sizes (D50) of 12.1 and 7.7 mm, respectively, and saturated hydraulic conductivities of 4.2 ±3.0 and 3.1 ±1.0 cm s-1 (mean ± standard deviation), which were within the range of reported values for woodchips, albeit at the low end. The wood media carbon content and quality had degraded (e.g., lignocellulose indices of 0.63 to 0.74, nearing the range of decomposition stabilization), although batch tests suggested the robustness of wood as a carbon source to support nitrate removal (e.g., 65% nitrate concentration reduction in drainage water). Woodchip degradation along with sedimentation from the drainage system likely reduced conductivities over time. Development of preferential flow paths through the bioreactor was indicated by low bioreactor outflow rates (i.e., reduced permeability) and reduced hydraulic efficiency based on conservative tracer testing. These changes in media properties and linked impacts resulted in the need to recharge this bioreactor after nine years. Keywords: Denitrifying bioreactor, Hydraulic conductivity, Nitrate, Water quality.
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Kuyukina, Maria S., Anastasiya V. Krivoruchko, and Irena B. Ivshina. "Advanced Bioreactor Treatments of Hydrocarbon-Containing Wastewater." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (January 24, 2020): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030831.
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This review discusses bioreactor-based methods for industrial hydrocarbon-containing wastewater treatment using different (e.g., stirred-tank, membrane, packed-bed and fluidized-bed) constructions. Aerobic, anaerobic and hybrid bioreactors are becoming increasingly popular in the field of oily wastewater treatment, while high concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons usually require physico-chemical pre-treatments. Most efficient bioreactor techniques employ immobilized cultures of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms, either defined consortia or mixed natural populations. Some advantages of fluidized-bed bioreactors over other types of reactors are shown, such as large biofilm–liquid interfacial area, high immobilized biomass concentration and improved mass transfer characteristics. Several limitations, including low nutrient content and the presence of heavy metals or toxicants, as well as fouling and contamination with nuisance microorganisms, can be overcome using effective inocula and advanced bioreactor designs. The examples of laboratory studies and few successful pilot/full-scale applications are given relating to the biotreatment of oilfield wastewater, fuel-contaminated water and refinery effluents.
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Nalepa, Krzysztof, Maciej Neugebauer, and Piotr Sołowiej. "Dedicated control and measurement system for bioreactors to study the composting process." E3S Web of Conferences 132 (2019): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913201018.
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During the composting process, waste biomass with high moisture content undergoes various transformation in the presence of oxygen. The composting process is analyzed in dedicated bioreactors which are air-tight facilities with external air supply. Subject to the type of composted plant material, biomass should be periodically turned to promote even aeration. The following information is required to build a model of the composting process: oxygen (air) uptake, moisture content of exhaust gas, production of carbon dioxide, ammonia and other gases in the composting process, and temperature distribution inside the bioreactor. A temperature monitoring system for a bioreactor is difficult to build due to challenging operating conditions including the airtight structure of a bioreactor, high moisture content, the operation of temperature sensors in a highly aggressive environment, problems with uninterrupted power supply for the monitoring system in a bioreactor. This article presents a patented temperature monitoring system for a bioreactor. The system’s design and structure are discussed, and recommendations for functional improvements are made.
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Micheler, Carina M., Paulina A. Geck, Fiona Charitou, René Leix, Peter Foehr, Jan J. Lang, Nikolas J. Wilhelm, Jutta L. Tuebel, and Rainer H. H. Burgkart. "Bioreactor design for the mechanical stimulation by compression of 3D cell cultures." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 899–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2021-2229.
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Abstract Bioreactors with a controlled physiological environment are being developed to study various cell processes. The influences of mechanostimulation on bone cell cultures can be investigated using a compression bioreactor. The developed bioreactor system applies a cyclic compression force to the specimen via an eccentrically mounted push rod. The compression force is monitored by a force sensor to detect changes in the material properties of the specimen. Depending on the piston setting, a stroke of 0.28 - 2.50 mm can be applied to the specimen. The bioreactor system was tested with a trial run of 18 days. A sample was continuously stimulated with a loading frequency of 2 Hz and a stroke of 1.50 mm. The sterility in the cell chamber as well as the functionality of the realised bioreactor stimulation system could be successfully confirmed
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Watson, Emma, Hannah A. Pearce, Katie J. Hogan, Natasja W. M. van Dijk, Mollie M. Smoak, Sergio Barrios, Brandon T. Smith, et al. "Repair of complex ovine segmental mandibulectomy utilizing customized tissue engineered bony flaps." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 24, 2023): e0280481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280481.
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Craniofacial defects require a treatment approach that provides both robust tissues to withstand the forces of mastication and high geometric fidelity that allows restoration of facial architecture. When the surrounding soft tissue is compromised either through lack of quantity (insufficient soft tissue to enclose a graft) or quality (insufficient vascularity or inducible cells), a vascularized construct is needed for reconstruction. Tissue engineering using customized 3D printed bioreactors enables the generation of mechanically robust, vascularized bony tissues of the desired geometry. While this approach has been shown to be effective when utilized for reconstruction of non-load bearing ovine angular defects and partial segmental defects, the two-stage approach to mandibular reconstruction requires testing in a large, load-bearing defect. In this study, 5 sheep underwent bioreactor implantation and the creation of a load-bearing mandibular defect. Two bioreactor geometries were tested: a larger complex bioreactor with a central groove, and a smaller rectangular bioreactor that were filled with a mix of xenograft and autograft (initial bone volume/total volume BV/TV of 31.8 ± 1.6%). At transfer, the tissues generated within large and small bioreactors were composed of a mix of lamellar and woven bone and had BV/TV of 55.3 ± 2.6% and 59.2 ± 6.3%, respectively. After transfer of the large bioreactors to the mandibular defect, the bioreactor tissues continued to remodel, reaching a final BV/TV of 64.5 ± 6.2%. Despite recalcitrant infections, viable osteoblasts were seen within the transferred tissues to the mandibular site at the end of the study, suggesting that a vascularized customized bony flap is a potentially effective reconstructive strategy when combined with an optimal stabilization strategy and local antibiotic delivery prior to development of a deep-seated infection.
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Fatehi Pouladi, S., B. C. Anderson, B. Wootton, and L. Rozema. "Evaluation of passive reduction of nitrate from greenhouse effluent by planted bioreactors." Water Supply 17, no. 6 (May 9, 2017): 1764–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.080.
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Abstract A number of pilot-scale gravel and wood-chip hybrid bioreactors planted with select species, together with unplanted units, were evaluated for their nutrient removal capabilities from the typical greenhouse effluent with high levels of nitrate and salts. Two levels of nutrient solution (high and low loading: HL/LL) were prepared to simulate the typical characteristics of the greenhouse effluent. The wood-chip bioreactor with Typha angustifolia exhibited the highest consistent nutrient treatment with an average nitrate reduction in the LL phase of 88.4% (28.2 g N m−3 media day−1) and phosphate reduction of 34.4%. The nitrate reduction in this bioreactor was the highest among the values reported in the literature. The near-complete denitrification developed provided a nitrate-limiting environment as evidenced by an average 21.5% sulfate reduction. The distinct increase in the outflow organic carbon (as BOD5) from the wood chips in the bioreactor planted with T. angustifolia appeared to be the key explanation for the efficient denitrification, while the other vegetated bioreactors resulted in 19.0%–36.5% nitrate reduction and low outflow BOD5 near the end of the experiment, indicating carbon limitation in these bioreactors.
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Kushkevych, Ivan, Monika Vítězová, Tomáš Vítěz, and Milan Bartoš. "Production of biogas: relationship between methanogenic and sulfate-reducing microorganisms." Open Life Sciences 12, no. 1 (April 20, 2017): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2017-0009.
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AbstractThe production of high-quality methane depends on many factors, including temperature, pH, substrate, composition and relationship of the microorganisms. The qualitative and quantitative composition of methanogenic and sulfate-reducing microorganisms and their relationship in the experimental bioreactors has never been studied. The aim of this research was to characterize, for the first time, the diversity of the methanogenic microorganisms and sulfate-reducing bacteria, and study their relationship and biogas production in experimental bioreactors. Amplification of 16S rRNA gene fragments was carried out. Purified amplicons were paired-end sequenced on an Illumina Mi-Seq platform. The dominant morphotypes of these microorganisms in the bioreactor were homologous (99%) by the sequences of 16S rRNA gene to theMethanosarcina,Thermogymnomonas,Methanoculleusgenera andArchaeondeposited in GenBank. Three dominant genera of sulfate-reducing bacteria,Desulfomicrobium,DesulfobulbusandDesulfovibrio, were detected in the bioreactor. The phylogenetic trees showing their genetic relationship were constructed. The diversity and number of the genera, production of methane, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen in the bioreactor was investigated. This research is important for understanding the relationship between methanogenic microbial populations and other bacterial physiological groups, their substrate competition and, in turn, can be helpful for controlling methanogenesis in bioreactors.
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Gosch, Lennart, Haojie Liu, and Bernd Lennartz. "Performance of a Woodchip Bioreactor for the Treatment of Nitrate-Laden Agricultural Drainage Water in Northeastern Germany." Environments 7, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments7090071.
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Reactive barriers, such as denitrifying bioreactors, have been identified as a clean-up option for nutrient-laden agriculture runoff. Here we tested a 20 m long, 3.75 m wide and 2.2 m deep woodchip bioreactor receiving tile drainage water from a 5.2 ha field site, aiming at testing the hydraulic functioning of a dual-inlet system and quantifying its impact on nutrient loads (nitrogen, reactive phosphorus, organic carbon) in a region with a drainage season taking place in the hydrological winter (November to April). The hydraulic conditions in the dual-inlet bioreactor system developed differently than expected; asymmetric flow rates led to long average hydraulic retention times and a highly dispersed residence time distribution, which was revealed by a bromide tracer test. With a nitrate load reduction of 51 to 90% over three drainage seasons, the woodchip bioreactor proved at the same time to be very effective under the winter conditions of northeastern Germany. The bioreactor turned from an orthophosphate source in the first year of operation into an orthophosphate sink in the second and third year, which was not expected because of anoxic conditions (favorable for denitrification) prevailing within the woodchips. Besides an efficient nutrient retention, the woodchip bioreactor contributed to the total organic carbon load of receiving waters, which impairs the overall positive role of bioreactors within intensively agriculturally used landscapes. We consider this promising low-maintenance biotechnology particularly suitable for single drainage pipes with high discharge and high nitrate concentrations.
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Böhme, Andrea, Lars Radke, Felix Schütze, Sylvio Schneider, Thilo Liebscher, Sabine Sauer, Loredana Santo, et al. "Miniaturized Flow-Through Bioreactor for Processing and Testing in Pharmacology." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.236.
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Conventional Bioreactor systems for cultivating cells in Life Science have been widely used for decades. An in vitro cell cultivation bioreactor should reliably and reproducibly mimic the in vivo microenvironment of the cultured cells. Normally, mammalian cell cultures are performed in conventional bioreactor devices such as culture flasks and culture-dishes. However, these tools have fundamental limitations due to being inappropriate for high throughput screening and consume a considerable amount of resources and time [1]. Therefore, there is a trend towards miniaturization, disposables and even micro platforms that fulfill increasing demands strongly aiming for production and testing of novel pharmaceutical products. Here we present the development and manufacture of a disposable miniaturized flow-through bioreactor system that can be produced in large numbers at low costs. nanoporous hollow fibers are located at the fluidic sources and drains of the miniaturized bioreactors and retain cells. The necessary mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide is provided via diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane. Fluidic connections allow the continuous feeding of the cells adding nutrient solution at constant rates at the inlet of the micro bioreactor and removing the solution at the same rate at the outlet. This medium can be collected and used for subsequent analysis. Different designs and concepts for such bioreactors were carried out with varying numbers of plates, and integrated or joined miniaturized reactor chambers. First tests show full technical and biological functionality, cells could successfully be cultivated at high viability rates for some days.
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Grün, Christoph, Brigitte Altmann, and Eric Gottwald. "Advanced 3D Cell Culture Techniques in Micro-Bioreactors, Part I: A Systematic Analysis of the Literature Published between 2000 and 2020." Processes 8, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8121656.
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Bioreactors have proven useful for a vast amount of applications. Besides classical large-scale bioreactors and fermenters for prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, micro-bioreactors, as specialized bioreactor systems, have become an invaluable tool for mammalian 3D cell cultures. In this systematic review we analyze the literature in the field of eukaryotic 3D cell culture in micro-bioreactors within the last 20 years. For this, we define complexity levels with regard to the cellular 3D microenvironment concerning cell–matrix-contact, cell–cell-contact and the number of different cell types present at the same time. Moreover, we examine the data with regard to the micro-bioreactor design including mode of cell stimulation/nutrient supply and materials used for the micro-bioreactors, the corresponding 3D cell culture techniques and the related cellular microenvironment, the cell types and in vitro models used. As a data source we used the National Library of Medicine and analyzed the studies published from 2000 to 2020.
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Patroescu, Ion Viorel, Ioana Alexandra Ionescu, Lucian Alexandru Constantin, Laurentiu Razvan Dinu, and Valeriu Robert Badescu. "Nitrate Removal from Groundwater by Denitrification in Fixed and Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactors A Comparative Study." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.1.6903.
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The influence of attached biomass bioreactor types on the denitrification process using a low-pitched groundwater containing nitrates was studied. Two types of fixed-bed and fluidized-bed biofilm reactors, equipped with expanded clay granular filler, with a particle size fraction of 2-5 mm were used. The nitrite and nitrate concentrations in the inflow and outflow of the two bioreactors were analytically determined. Based on the obtained concentration values, the denitrification rates were calculated, ranging between 1275�1387 g NO3-N/m3/day in the case of the fixed bioreactor and between 3390�3867 g NO3-N/m3/day in the case of the fluidized bed bioreactor.
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Castro, Nelson, Margarida M. Fernandes, Clarisse Ribeiro, Vítor Correia, Rikardo Minguez, and Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez. "Magnetic Bioreactor for Magneto-, Mechano- and Electroactive Tissue Engineering Strategies." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 3340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123340.
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Biomimetic bioreactor systems are increasingly being developed for tissue engineering applications, due to their ability to recreate the native cell/tissue microenvironment. Regarding bone-related diseases and considering the piezoelectric nature of bone, piezoelectric scaffolds electromechanically stimulated by a bioreactor, providing the stimuli to the cells, allows a biomimetic approach and thus, mimicking the required microenvironment for effective growth and differentiation of bone cells. In this work, a bioreactor has been designed and built allowing to magnetically stimulate magnetoelectric scaffolds and therefore provide mechanical and electrical stimuli to the cells through magnetomechanical or magnetoelectrical effects, depending on the piezoelectric nature of the scaffold. While mechanical bioreactors need direct application of the stimuli on the scaffolds, the herein proposed magnetic bioreactors allow for a remote stimulation without direct contact with the material. Thus, the stimuli application (23 mT at a frequency of 0.3 Hz) to cells seeded on the magnetoelectric, leads to an increase in cell viability of almost 30% with respect to cell culture under static conditions. This could be valuable to mimic what occurs in the human body and for application in immobilized patients. Thus, special emphasis has been placed on the control, design and modeling parameters governing the bioreactor as well as its functional mechanism.
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Liu, Yixuan, Weisi Li, Yanlu Qiao, Fangying Yu, Bowen Wang, Jianliang Xue, Mianmian Wang, Qing Jiang, and Zhibin Zhou. "Study on the Changes in Immobilized Petroleum–Degrading Bacteria Beads in a Continuous Bioreactor Related to Physicochemical Performance, Degradation Ability, and Microbial Community." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 11348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811348.
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Continuous bioreactors for petroleum degradation and the effect factors of these bioreactors have rarely been mentioned in studies. In addition, indigenous bacteria living in seawater could influence the performance of continuous bioreactors with respect to petroleum degradation in practice. In this paper, a bioreactor fitted with immobilized petroleum–degrading bacteria beads was designed for further research. The results indicated that the diesel degradation rate of the bioreactor could remain above 50% over 27 days, while degradation performance decreased with bioremediation time. Intriguingly, the diameters of immobilized petroleum–degrading bacteria beads were reduced by 32.49% after 45 days remediation compared with the initial size of the immobilized petroleum–degrading bacteria beads. Change in immobilized petroleum–degrading bacteria beads was considered to correlate remarkably with reduced degradation efficiency. Therefore, this paper will be helpful for further study and improvement of bioreactors in the practical context of oil-spill accident recovery.
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Lesage, N., M. Spérandio, and C. Cabassud. "Performances of a hybrid adsorption/submerged membrane biological process for toxic waste removal." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 6-7 (March 1, 2005): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0636.
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This study focuses on a hybrid process, which combines adsorption on powdered activated carbon (PAC), membrane separation using immersed hollow fibers and biological activity. The first part shows that PAC addition in a complex system (containing dissolved molecules and biological particles) can reduce membrane fouling. In that system, DMP removal is function of the activated carbon concentration. Then, respirometric experiments allowed comparison of toxic sensitivity and biological degradation of different bioreactors (membrane bioreactor (MBR), adsorptive membrane bioreactor (PAC-MBR) and classical activated sludge bioreactor (AS)). Results point out that MBR sludge is less sensitive to the toxic than the AS. For high toxic concentration, PAC addition in the MBR decreases rapidly the toxic concentration under the EC50 in the bioreactor, which allows a better biodegradation of the toxic compound. DMP assimilation is completed more rapidly with the PAC-MBR than the MBR.