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Ghosh, Subhrojyoti, Nainika Srivastava, Shreya Jha, and Nandan Kumar Jana. "Spinner Flask Bioreactor in Tissue Engineering." YMER Digital 21, no. 06 (June 20, 2022): 611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.06/61.
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Spinner Flask Bioreactors are usually made up of glass or plastic vessel which have been widely used in Tissue Engineering from production of articular cartilage to production of osteoblast cells that help in bone regeneration. Cartilage grown in spinner flask bioreactors had more cells and less GAG than the other types of bioreactors in tissue engineering. In recent years, these bioreactors have also been used for the invitro cultivation of human tenocytes and MSCs. In this type of bioreactor, the cell/scaffold constructs are connected to vertical needles striking from pinnacle of the vessel and immersed inside the culture medium. The pinnacle or the top part of this bioreactor is used for gas exchange and medium oxygenation. Mixing of the medium is maintained with a stir bar at the lowest of the vessel or different blending mechanisms. Spinner Flask Bioreactors have grabbed increased attention in recent years due to its wide range of Tissue Engineering applications. In this review, we have tried to explore the different domains where these bioreactors have found enhanced applications. Keywords: Spin Flask Bioreactor Tissue Engineering, Cell Seeding, Bone Tissue Engineering, Articular Cartilage
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Malhotra, Neeraj. "Bioreactors Design, Types, Influencing Factors and Potential Application in Dentistry. A Literature Review." Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy 14, no. 4 (May 23, 2019): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574888x14666190111105504.
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Objectives:A variety of bioreactors and related approaches have been applied to dental tissues as their use has become more essential in the field of regenerative dentistry and dental tissue engineering. The review discusses the various types of bioreactors and their potential application in dentistry.Methods:Review of the literature was conducted using keywords (and MeSH) like Bioreactor, Regenerative Dentistry, Fourth Factor, Stem Cells, etc., from the journals published in English. All the searched abstracts, published in indexed journals were read and reviewed to further refine the list of included articles. Based on the relevance of abstracts pertaining to the manuscript, full-text articles were assessed.Results:Bioreactors provide a prerequisite platform to create, test, and validate the biomaterials and techniques proposed for dental tissue regeneration. Flow perfusion, rotational, spinner-flask, strain and customize-combined bioreactors have been applied for the regeneration of bone, periodontal ligament, gingiva, cementum, oral mucosa, temporomandibular joint and vascular tissues. Customized bioreactors can support cellular/biofilm growth as well as apply cyclic loading. Center of disease control & dip-flow biofilm-reactors and micro-bioreactor have been used to evaluate the biological properties of dental biomaterials, their performance assessment and interaction with biofilms. Few case reports have also applied the concept of in vivo bioreactor for the repair of musculoskeletal defects and used customdesigned bioreactor (Aastrom) to repair the defects of cleft-palate.Conclusions:Bioreactors provide a sterile simulated environment to support cellular differentiation for oro-dental regenerative applications. Also, bioreactors like, customized bioreactors for cyclic loading, biofilm reactors (CDC & drip-flow), and micro-bioreactor, can assess biological responses of dental biomaterials by simultaneously supporting cellular or biofilm growth and application of cyclic stresses.
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Castro, Nelson, Margarida M. Fernandes, Clarisse Ribeiro, Vítor Correia, Rikardo Minguez, and Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez. "Magnetic Bioreactor for Magneto-, Mechano- and Electroactive Tissue Engineering Strategies." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 3340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123340.
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Biomimetic bioreactor systems are increasingly being developed for tissue engineering applications, due to their ability to recreate the native cell/tissue microenvironment. Regarding bone-related diseases and considering the piezoelectric nature of bone, piezoelectric scaffolds electromechanically stimulated by a bioreactor, providing the stimuli to the cells, allows a biomimetic approach and thus, mimicking the required microenvironment for effective growth and differentiation of bone cells. In this work, a bioreactor has been designed and built allowing to magnetically stimulate magnetoelectric scaffolds and therefore provide mechanical and electrical stimuli to the cells through magnetomechanical or magnetoelectrical effects, depending on the piezoelectric nature of the scaffold. While mechanical bioreactors need direct application of the stimuli on the scaffolds, the herein proposed magnetic bioreactors allow for a remote stimulation without direct contact with the material. Thus, the stimuli application (23 mT at a frequency of 0.3 Hz) to cells seeded on the magnetoelectric, leads to an increase in cell viability of almost 30% with respect to cell culture under static conditions. This could be valuable to mimic what occurs in the human body and for application in immobilized patients. Thus, special emphasis has been placed on the control, design and modeling parameters governing the bioreactor as well as its functional mechanism.
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Catapano, Gerardo, Juliane K. Unger, Elisabetta M. Zanetti, Gionata Fragomeni, and Jörg C. Gerlach. "Kinetic Analysis of Lidocaine Elimination by Pig Liver Cells Cultured in 3D Multi-Compartment Hollow Fiber Membrane Network Perfusion Bioreactors." Bioengineering 8, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8080104.
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Liver cells cultured in 3D bioreactors is an interesting option for temporary extracorporeal liver support in the treatment of acute liver failure and for animal models for preclinical drug screening. Bioreactor capacity to eliminate drugs is generally used for assessing cell metabolic competence in different bioreactors or to scale-up bioreactor design and performance for clinical or preclinical applications. However, drug adsorption and physical transport often disguise the intrinsic drug biotransformation kinetics and cell metabolic state. In this study, we characterized the intrinsic kinetics of lidocaine elimination and adsorption by porcine liver cells cultured in 3D four-compartment hollow fiber membrane network perfusion bioreactors. Models of lidocaine transport and biotransformation were used to extract intrinsic kinetic information from response to lidocaine bolus of bioreactor versus adhesion cultures. Different from 2D adhesion cultures, cells in the bioreactors are organized in liver-like aggregates. Adsorption on bioreactor constituents significantly affected lidocaine elimination and was effectively accounted for in kinetic analysis. Lidocaine elimination and cellular monoethylglicinexylidide biotransformation featured first-order kinetics with near-to-in vivo cell-specific capacity that was retained for times suitable for clinical assist and drug screening. Different from 2D cultures, cells in the 3D bioreactors challenged with lidocaine were exposed to close-to-physiological lidocaine and monoethylglicinexylidide concentration profiles. Kinetic analysis suggests bioreactor technology feasibility for preclinical drug screening and patient assist and that drug adsorption should be accounted for to assess cell state in different cultures and when laboratory bioreactor design and performance is scaled-up to clinical use or toxicological drug screening.
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Wang, Roy Chih Chung, David A. Campbell, James R. Green, and Miroslava Čuperlović-Culf. "Automatic 1D 1H NMR Metabolite Quantification for Bioreactor Monitoring." Metabolites 11, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11030157.
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High-throughput metabolomics can be used to optimize cell growth for enhanced production or for monitoring cell health in bioreactors. It has applications in cell and gene therapies, vaccines, biologics, and bioprocessing. NMR metabolomics is a method that allows for fast and reliable experimentation, requires only minimal sample preparation, and can be set up to take online measurements of cell media for bioreactor monitoring. This type of application requires a fully automated metabolite quantification method that can be linked with high-throughput measurements. In this review, we discuss the quantifier requirements in this type of application, the existing methods for NMR metabolomics quantification, and the performance of three existing quantifiers in the context of NMR metabolomics for bioreactor monitoring.
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Christianson, Laura E., Richard A. Cooke, Christopher H. Hay, Matthew J. Helmers, Gary W. Feyereisen, Andry Z. Ranaivoson, John T. McMaine, et al. "Effectiveness of Denitrifying Bioreactors on Water Pollutant Reduction from Agricultural Areas." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 2 (2021): 641–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14011.
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HighlightsDenitrifying woodchip bioreactors treat nitrate-N in a variety of applications and geographies.This review focuses on subsurface drainage bioreactors and bed-style designs (including in-ditch).Monitoring and reporting recommendations are provided to advance bioreactor science and engineering.Abstract. Denitrifying bioreactors enhance the natural process of denitrification in a practical way to treat nitrate-nitrogen (N) in a variety of N-laden water matrices. The design and construction of bioreactors for treatment of subsurface drainage in the U.S. is guided by USDA-NRCS Conservation Practice Standard 605. This review consolidates the state of the science for denitrifying bioreactors using case studies from across the globe with an emphasis on full-size bioreactor nitrate-N removal and cost-effectiveness. The focus is on bed-style bioreactors (including in-ditch modifications), although there is mention of denitrifying walls, which broaden the applicability of bioreactor technology in some areas. Subsurface drainage denitrifying bioreactors have been assessed as removing 20% to 40% of annual nitrate-N loss in the Midwest, and an evaluation across the peer-reviewed literature published over the past three years showed that bioreactors around the world have been generally consistent with that (N load reduction median: 46%; mean ±SD: 40% ±26%; n = 15). Reported N removal rates were on the order of 5.1 g N m-3 d-1 (median; mean ±SD: 7.2 ±9.6 g N m-3 d-1; n = 27). Subsurface drainage bioreactor installation costs have ranged from less than $5,000 to $27,000, with estimated cost efficiencies ranging from less than $2.50 kg-1 N year-1 to roughly $20 kg-1 N year-1 (although they can be as high as $48 kg-1 N year-1). A suggested monitoring setup is described primarily for the context of conservation practitioners and watershed groups for assessing annual nitrate-N load removal performance of subsurface drainage denitrifying bioreactors. Recommended minimum reporting measures for assessing and comparing annual N removal performance include: bioreactor dimensions and installation date; fill media size, porosity, and type; nitrate-N concentrations and water temperatures; bioreactor flow treatment details; basic drainage system and bioreactor design characteristics; and N removal rate and efficiency. Keywords: Groundwater, Nitrate, Nonpoint-source pollution, Subsurface drainage, Tile.
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Kuyukina, Maria S., Anastasiya V. Krivoruchko, and Irena B. Ivshina. "Advanced Bioreactor Treatments of Hydrocarbon-Containing Wastewater." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (January 24, 2020): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030831.
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This review discusses bioreactor-based methods for industrial hydrocarbon-containing wastewater treatment using different (e.g., stirred-tank, membrane, packed-bed and fluidized-bed) constructions. Aerobic, anaerobic and hybrid bioreactors are becoming increasingly popular in the field of oily wastewater treatment, while high concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons usually require physico-chemical pre-treatments. Most efficient bioreactor techniques employ immobilized cultures of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms, either defined consortia or mixed natural populations. Some advantages of fluidized-bed bioreactors over other types of reactors are shown, such as large biofilm–liquid interfacial area, high immobilized biomass concentration and improved mass transfer characteristics. Several limitations, including low nutrient content and the presence of heavy metals or toxicants, as well as fouling and contamination with nuisance microorganisms, can be overcome using effective inocula and advanced bioreactor designs. The examples of laboratory studies and few successful pilot/full-scale applications are given relating to the biotreatment of oilfield wastewater, fuel-contaminated water and refinery effluents.
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Altmann, Brigitte, Christoph Grün, Cordula Nies, and Eric Gottwald. "Advanced 3D Cell Culture Techniques in Micro-Bioreactors, Part II: Systems and Applications." Processes 9, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010021.
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In this second part of our systematic review on the research area of 3D cell culture in micro-bioreactors we give a detailed description of the published work with regard to the existing micro-bioreactor types and their applications, and highlight important results gathered with the respective systems. As an interesting detail, we found that micro-bioreactors have already been used in SARS-CoV research prior to the SARS-CoV2 pandemic. As our literature research revealed a variety of 3D cell culture configurations in the examined bioreactor systems, we defined in review part one “complexity levels” by means of the corresponding 3D cell culture techniques applied in the systems. The definition of the complexity is thereby based on the knowledge that the spatial distribution of cell-extracellular matrix interactions and the spatial distribution of homologous and heterologous cell–cell contacts play an important role in modulating cell functions. Because at least one of these parameters can be assigned to the 3D cell culture techniques discussed in the present review, we structured the studies according to the complexity levels applied in the MBR systems.
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Mucha, Zbigniew, Włodzimierz Wójcik, and Michał Polus. "Brief review of operation of anaerobic wastewater treatment with membrane bioreactors." E3S Web of Conferences 86 (2019): 00020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198600020.
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In recent years, anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) technology has been considered as a very appealing alternative for wastewater treatment due to its significant advantages over conventional anaerobic treatment and aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology. The paper provides an overview of the current status of the anaerobic membrane bioreactor technology with a special emphasis on its performance and drawbacks when applied for domestic and municipal wastewater treatment. According to the reported data, the renewable energy produced at the plants (i.e. from methane) covered the energy demand for membrane filtration while the excess energy can be further utilized. Anaerobic membrane bioreactors are an attractive technology that needs further research efforts and applications at an industrial scale.
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Zhu, Liang, Zhenfeng Wang, Huanming Xia, and Hanry Yu. "Design and Fabrication of the Vertical-Flow Bioreactor for Compaction Hepatocyte Culture in Drug Testing Application." Biosensors 11, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11050160.
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The perfusion culture of primary hepatocytes has been widely adopted to build bioreactors for various applications. As a drug testing platform, a unique vertical-flow bioreactor (VfB) array was found to create the compaction culture of hepatocytes which mimicked the mechanic microenvironment in vivo while maintaining the 3D cell morphology in a 2D culture setup and enhancing the hepatic functions for a sustained culture. Here, we report the methodology in designing and fabricating the VfB to reach ideal bioreactor requirements, optimizing the VfB as a prototype for drug testing, and to demonstrate the enhanced hepatic function so as to demonstrate the performance of the bioreactor. This device enables the modular, scalable, and manufacturable construction of a functional drug testing platform through the sustained maintenance of model cells.
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Grün, Christoph, Brigitte Altmann, and Eric Gottwald. "Advanced 3D Cell Culture Techniques in Micro-Bioreactors, Part I: A Systematic Analysis of the Literature Published between 2000 and 2020." Processes 8, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8121656.
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Bioreactors have proven useful for a vast amount of applications. Besides classical large-scale bioreactors and fermenters for prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, micro-bioreactors, as specialized bioreactor systems, have become an invaluable tool for mammalian 3D cell cultures. In this systematic review we analyze the literature in the field of eukaryotic 3D cell culture in micro-bioreactors within the last 20 years. For this, we define complexity levels with regard to the cellular 3D microenvironment concerning cell–matrix-contact, cell–cell-contact and the number of different cell types present at the same time. Moreover, we examine the data with regard to the micro-bioreactor design including mode of cell stimulation/nutrient supply and materials used for the micro-bioreactors, the corresponding 3D cell culture techniques and the related cellular microenvironment, the cell types and in vitro models used. As a data source we used the National Library of Medicine and analyzed the studies published from 2000 to 2020.
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Rojas-Rojas, Laura, María Laura Espinoza-Álvarez, Silvia Castro-Piedra, Andrea Ulloa-Fernández, Walter Vargas-Segura, and Teodolito Guillén-Girón. "Muscle-like Scaffolds for Biomechanical Stimulation in a Custom-Built Bioreactor." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 11, 2022): 5427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245427.
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Tissue engineering aims to develop in-vitro substitutes of native tissues. One approach of tissue engineering relies on using bioreactors combined with biomimetic scaffolds to produce study models or in-vitro substitutes. Bioreactors provide control over environmental parameters, place and hold a scaffold under desired characteristics, and apply mechanical stimulation to scaffolds. Polymers are often used for fabricating tissue-engineering scaffolds. In this study, polycaprolactone (PCL) collagen-coated microfilament scaffolds were cell-seeded with C2C12 myoblasts; then, these were grown inside a custom-built bioreactor. Cell attachment and proliferation on the scaffolds were investigated. A loading pattern was used for mechanical stimulation of the cell-seeded scaffolds. Results showed that the microfilaments provided a suitable scaffold for myoblast anchorage and that the custom-built bioreactor provided a qualified environment for the survival of the myoblasts on the polymeric scaffold. This PCL-based microfilament scaffold located inside the bioreactor proved to be a promising structure for the study of skeletal muscle models and can be used for mechanical stimulation studies in tissue engineering applications.
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Moo-Young, Murray, and Yusuf Chisti. "Bioreactor applications in waste treatment." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 11, no. 1-4 (June 1994): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-3449(94)90075-2.
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Kostova, Jordanka, Sylvio Schneider, Sabine Sauer, Andrea Böhme, Mauro Casalboni, and Andreas H. Foitzik. "Novel Bioreactor-System for In Situ-Cultivation of Artificial Tissue." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1002–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1002.
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A bioreactor is a device simulating physiological environments for different biotechnological applications. In highly promising research fields like tissue engineering micro-sized bioreactors were utilized successfully promoting mammalian cells to grow and build 3D cell structures similar to in vivo environments. For any practical application and even for improved R&D it is necessary to generate and maintain a physiological environment over the whole cultivation period (hours, days or weeks, in case of artificial organs even up to months). Depending on the field of application physiological environments can comprise different parameters. In case of mammalian cell lines these parameters require a complex supply and monitoring system. Thus, we developed a semi-automated bioreactor-system for long-term cultivation of different mammalian cell types imitating physiological conditions. The system included detection and control of the following parameters: temperature, pH-value, gas concentration and the continuous supply with nutrients. A micro fluidic network was established enabling a high through-put cultivating system as bioreactor-system. The bioreactor-system consists of several micro-sized chambers in a microliter scale (the related article discussing the micro-sized chambers “Miniaturized Flow-Through Bioreactor for Processing and Testing in Pharmacology” by Boehme et al is published within this issue). The chambers were placed in a polymeric slide each with an individual medium supply and disposal. Every single chamber thus was connected to an individual syringe-based micro-pump setup and supplied by nutrients solution with a velocity of 100μl/h. The pH-value was observed optically and controlled via CO2 supply. All gas interchanges into every single chamber were realized via semi permeable membranes. The required temperature was adjusted via an appropriate custom-fit heating system utilizing MOSFETs allocated on an aluminum board along the slides. Two slides each were housed in a PMMA case. This bioreactor-system is a first prototype for larger systems aiming for the parallel operation of up to 100 micro-sized reaction chambers.
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Nogueira, Diogo E. S., Joaquim M. S. Cabral, and Carlos A. V. Rodrigues. "Single-Use Bioreactors for Human Pluripotent and Adult Stem Cells: Towards Regenerative Medicine Applications." Bioengineering 8, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8050068.
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Research on human stem cells, such as pluripotent stem cells and mesenchymal stromal cells, has shown much promise in their use for regenerative medicine approaches. However, their use in patients requires large-scale expansion systems while maintaining the quality of the cells. Due to their characteristics, bioreactors have been regarded as ideal platforms to harbour stem cell biomanufacturing at a large scale. Specifically, single-use bioreactors have been recommended by regulatory agencies due to reducing the risk of product contamination, and many different systems have already been developed. This review describes single-use bioreactor platforms which have been used for human stem cell expansion and differentiation, along with their comparison with reusable systems in the development of a stem cell bioprocess for clinical applications.
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Seifarth, Volker, Matthias Gossmann, Heinz Peter Janke, Joachim O. Grosse, Christoph Becker, Ingo Heschel, Gerhard M. Artmann, and Aysegül Temiz Artmann. "Development of a Bioreactor to Culture Tissue Engineered Ureters Based on the Application of Tubular OPTIMAIX 3D Scaffolds." Urologia Internationalis 95, no. 1 (2015): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000368419.
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Regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and biomedical research give hope to many patients who need bio-implants. Tissue engineering applications have already been developed based on bioreactors. Physiological ureter implants, however, do not still function sufficiently, as they represent tubular hollow structures with very specific cellular structures and alignments consisting of several cell types. The aim of this study was to a develop a new bioreactor system based on seamless, collagenous, tubular OPTIMAIX 3D prototype sponge as scaffold material for ex-vivo culturing of a tissue engineered ureter replacement for future urological applications. Particular emphasis was given to a great extent to mimic the physiological environment similar to the in vivo situation of a ureter. NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, C2C12, Urotsa and primary genitourinary tract cells were applied as co-cultures on the scaffold and the penetration of cells into the collagenous material was followed. By the end of this study, the bioreactor was functioning, physiological parameter as temperature and pH and the newly developed BIOREACTOR system is applicable to tubular scaffold materials with different lengths and diameters. The automatized incubation system worked reliably. The tubular OPTIMAIX 3D sponge was a suitable scaffold material for tissue engineering purposes and co-cultivation procedures.
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Chorukova, Elena, Venelin Hubenov, Yana Gocheva, and Ivan Simeonov. "Two-Phase Anaerobic Digestion of Corn Steep Liquor in Pilot Scale Biogas Plant with Automatic Control System with Simultaneous Hydrogen and Methane Production." Applied Sciences 12, no. 12 (June 20, 2022): 6274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12126274.
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Experimental studies of two-phase anaerobic digestion of corn steep liquor in semi-continuous automatic and semi-automatic modes of operation of a cascade of two anaerobic bioreactors with monitoring and control systems were performed. Corn steep liquor—a waste product from the process of treating corn grain for starch extraction—was used as a substrate in the process of anaerobic digestion with simultaneous hydrogen and methane production. The daily yields of biohydrogen in bioreactor 1 of the cascade (with a working volume of 8 dm3) are variable. In good operation, they are in the range of 0.7 to 1.0 L of biogas from a 1 dm3 working volume of the bioreactor, and the optimal pH is in the range of 5.0–5.5. The concentration of hydrogen in the biogas from the hydrogen bioreactor 1 is in the range of 14–34.7%. The daily yields of biomethane in bioreactor 2 of the cascade (with a working volume of 80 dm3) vary in the range 0.4 to 0.85 L of biogas from a 1 dm3 working volume of the bioreactor, and the concentration of methane in the biogas from bioreactor 2 is high and remains practically constant (in the range 65–69%). At a dilution rate of 0.4 day−1 and an organic loading rate of 20 gL for bioreactor 1, respectively, and a dilution rate of 0.05 day−1 for bioreactor 2, the best results were obtained. The computer control system is presented. Some energetical considerations were discussed.
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Cioabla, Adrian, Virgil-Florin Duma, Corina Mnerie, Ralph-Alexandru Erdelyi, George Mihai Dobre, Adrian Bradu, and Adrian Podoleanu. "Effect of an Anaerobic Fermentation Process on 3D-Printed PLA Materials of a Biogas-Generating Reactor." Materials 15, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 8571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238571.
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3D-printed materials are present in numerous applications, from medicine to engineering. The aim of this study is to assess their suitability for an application of interest today, that of testing of 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA)-based reactors for biogas production using anaerobic digestion. The impact of temperature, pH, and aqueous phase on the tested bioreactor is investigated, together with the effect of the gaseous phase (i.e., produced biogas). Two batches of materials used separately, one after another inside the bioreactor were considered, in a realistic situation. Two essential parameters inside the reactor (i.e., pH and temperature) were continuously monitored during a time interval of 25 to 30 days for each of the two biogas-generating processes. To understand the impact of these processes on the walls of the bioreactor, samples of 3D-printed material were placed at three levels: at the top (i.e., outside the substrate), in the middle, and at the bottom of the bioreactor. The samples were analyzed using a non-destructive imaging method, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). An in-house developed swept-source (SS) OCT system, master–slave (MS) enhanced, operating at a central wavelength of 1310 nm was utilized. The 3D OCT images related to the degradation level of the material of the PLA samples were validated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The differences between the impact of the substrate on samples situated at the three considered levels inside the reactor were determined and analyzed using their OCT B-scans (optical cross-section images). Thus, the impact of the biogas-generating process on the interior of the bioreactor was demonstrated and quantified, as well as the capability of OCT to perform such assessments. Therefore, future work may target OCT for in situ investigations of such bioreactors.
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Fu, Liwei, Pinxue Li, Hao Li, Cangjian Gao, Zhen Yang, Tianyuan Zhao, Wei Chen, et al. "The Application of Bioreactors for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Advances, Limitations, and Future Perspectives." Stem Cells International 2021 (January 21, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6621806.
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Tissue engineering (TE) has brought new hope for articular cartilage regeneration, as TE can provide structural and functional substitutes for native tissues. The basic elements of TE involve scaffolds, seeded cells, and biochemical and biomechanical stimuli. However, there are some limitations of TE; what most important is that static cell culture on scaffolds cannot simulate the physiological environment required for the development of natural cartilage. Recently, bioreactors have been used to simulate the physical and mechanical environment during the development of articular cartilage. This review aims to provide an overview of the concepts, categories, and applications of bioreactors for cartilage TE with emphasis on the design of various bioreactor systems.
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Deglmann, C. J., R. Metzger, M. Stickel, S. Hoerrlein, F. W. Schildberg, and H. G. Koebe. "A New Bioassay Including a Small Scale Hepatocyte Bioreactor for Hepato-Mediated Toxicity Testing in a Target Cell Line." International Journal of Artificial Organs 25, no. 10 (October 2002): 975–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139880202501012.
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New approaches for in vitro testing of hepato-mediated toxicity are undertaken to offer alternatives to in vivo animal testing. The described bioassay for hepato-mediated toxicity testing is based on a small scale hepatocyte-bioreactor with pig hepatocytes connected to a silicon sensor based microphysiometer system for monitoring of the extracellular acidification rate (EAR) of cells and the microphysiometer alone. EAR represents the metabolic activity of tested cells (hepatocytes and ZR 751 cells) under the influence of perfused media, compared to controls, which were set to 100%. Cyclophosphamide (CYCL), whose cytostatic effect is dependent on CYP 450 biotransformation was used as a model substrate. CYCL showed decrease of EAR in hepatocytes, but not in ZR 751 cells. Bioreactor supernatant including CYCL was pumped into the microphysiometer and EARs of the target ZR 751 cell line were recorded. After 7 h of bioreactor supernatant perfusion the ZR 751 cell line showed an EAR decrease of 18.68% ± 10.18, as compared to controls (bioreactor supernatant from the identical set-up without CYCL). Thus the presented model of hepato-activated toxicity showed an EAR decrease in the ZR 751 cell line that reflected the toxic activation of CYCL by the bioreactor. This new bioassay serves as an example of future applications for hepatocyte bioreactors in automated toxicity testing devices, e.g. in preclinical drug studies or evaluation of hepato-mediated toxicity, not depending on cell destruction or further assays.
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Li, Jian, Yun Long Yang, and Kai Xue. "The Applications of MBR in Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1045–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1045.
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The membrane-bioreactor (MBR) is a combination technology that includes biological treatment and membrane filtration separation. According to the test, it studied the use of membrane bioreactor reuse in municipal wastewater treatment and reuse. The test measured every target about treated water quality,NH3-N,TN,CODcr,Sludge concentration and Turbidity. The results of the test show that the MBR can get efficient solid liquid separation to obtain the recycled water directly, and can maintain high concentration of microbial biomass in bioreactor. In addition, it can increase the volume of load handing equipment, and reduce floor space.
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Ashok, Anup, Kruthi Doriya, Devulapally Ram Mohan Rao, and Devarai Santhosh Kumar. "Design of solid state bioreactor for industrial applications: An overview to conventional bioreactors." Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 9 (January 2017): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2016.10.014.
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Zeng, Yan, Thong-See Lee, Peng Yu, and Hong-Tong Low. "Numerical Simulation on Mass Transport in a Microchannel Bioreactor for Co-culture Applications." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 129, no. 3 (October 18, 2006): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2720913.
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Microchannel bioreactors have applications for manipulating and investigating the fluid microenvironment on cell growth and functions in either single culture or co-culture. This study considers two different types of cells distributed randomly as a co-culture at the base of a microchannel bioreactor: absorption cells, which only consume species based on the Michaelis-Menten process, and release cells, which secrete species, assuming zeroth order reaction, to support the absorption cells. The species concentrations at the co-culture cell base are computed from a three-dimensional numerical flow-model incorporating mass transport. Combined dimensionless parameters are proposed for the co-culture system, developed from a simplified analysis under the condition of decreasing axial-concentration. The numerical results of species concentration at the co-culture cell-base are approximately correlated by the combined parameters under the condition of positive flux-parameter. Based on the correlated results, the critical value of the inlet concentration is determined, which depends on the effective microchannel length. For the flow to develop to the critical inlet concentration, an upstream length consisting only of release cells is needed; this upstream length is determined from an analytical solution. The generalized results may find applications in analyzing the mass transport requirements in a co-culture microchannel bioreactor.
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Wang, Le Jun, Wei Wang, Rui Qu, Teng Teng Qi, Yu Feng Zhang, and Bo Wen Cheng. "Study of Forward Osmosis Membrane Bioreactor." Advanced Materials Research 904 (March 2014): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.904.78.
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A novel submerged forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (FOMBR) is presented in this study. The selection of optical draw solutions for forward osmosis (FO) applications was developed and the Na2SO4 solution was found to be the most appropriate draw solution among five draw solutions for FO applications. The properties of two hollow fiber composite FO membranes, designated membranes A and B, which consist of an active layer formed atop a support layer, were prepared and utilized. Meanwhile, the water flux and removal efficiencies were evaluated in FO mode. Both of the FO membranes were found to reject greater than 95% of COD and 85% of NH3-N. Water flux changes suggested a better application with membrane A than membrane B for FOMBR.
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Tsai, Hsiou-Hsin, Kai-Chiang Yang, Meng-Huang Wu, Jung-Chih Chen, and Ching-Li Tseng. "The Effects of Different Dynamic Culture Systems on Cell Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 16 (August 17, 2019): 4024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20164024.
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The culture environment plays an important role for stem cells’ cultivation. Static or dynamic culture preserve differential potentials to affect human mesenchymal stem cells’ (hMSCs) proliferation and differentiation. In this study, hMSCs were seeded on fiber disks and cultured in a bidirectional-flow bioreactor or spinner-flask bioreactor with a supplement of osteogenic medium. The hMSCs’ proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and extracellular matrix deposition of mineralization were demonstrated. The results showed that the spinner flask improved cell viability at the first two weeks while the bidirectional-flow reactor increased the cell proliferation of hMSCs through the four-week culture period. Despite the flow reactor having a higher cell number, a lower lactose/glucose ratio was noted, revealing that the bidirectional-flow bioreactor provides better oxygen accessibility to the cultured cells/disk construct. The changes of calcium ions in the medium, the depositions of Ca2+ in the cells/disk constructs, and alkaline phosphate/osteocalcin activities showed the static culture of hMSCs caused cells to mineralize faster than the other two bioreactors but without cell proliferation. Otherwise, cells were distributed uniformly with abundant extracellular matrix productions using the flow reactor. This reveals that the static and dynamic cultivations regulated the osteogenic process differently in hMSCs. The bidirectional-flow bioreactor can be used in the mass production and cultivation of hMSCs for applications in bone regenerative medicine.
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Halvarsson, Björn, Pär Samuelsson, and Bengt Carlsson. "APPLICATIONS OF COUPLING ANALYSIS ON BIOREACTOR MODELS." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 38, no. 1 (2005): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20050703-6-cz-1902.02231.
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Aoki, Masataka, Takuya Noma, Hiroshi Yonemitsu, Nobuo Araki, Takashi Yamaguchi, and Kazuyuki Hayashi. "A Low-Tech Bioreactor System for the Enrichment and Production of Ureolytic Microbes." Polish Journal of Microbiology 67, no. 1 (March 9, 2018): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.6144.
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Ureolysis-driven microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) has recently received attention for its potential biotechnological applications. However, information on the enrichment and production of ureolytic microbes by using bioreactor systems is limited. Here, we report a low-tech down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) bioreactor system for the enrichment and production of ureolytic microbes. Using this bioreactor system and a yeast extract-based medium containing 0.17 M urea, ureolytic microbes with high potential urease activity (> 10 μmol urea hydrolyzed per min per ml of enrichment culture) were repeatedly enriched under non-sterile conditions. In addition, the ureolytic enrichment obtained in this study showed in vitro calcium carbonate precipitation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed the existence of bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes in the bioreactor system. Our data demonstrate that this DHS bioreactor system is a useful system for the enrichment and production of ureolytic microbes for MICP applications.
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Bergmann, Pia, Meike Takenberg, Christina Frank, Marlen Zschätzsch, Anett Werner, Ralf G. Berger, and Franziska Ersoy. "Cultivation of Inonotus hispidus in Stirred Tank and Wave Bag Bioreactors to Produce the Natural Colorant Hispidin." Fermentation 8, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8100541.
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Hispidin (6-(3,4-dihydroxystyrl)-4-hydroxy-2-pyrone) production in submerged cultured mycelia of the basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus was doubled in shake flasks through irradiation with white light. The daily addition of 1 mM hydrogen peroxide as a chemical stressor and a repeated supplementation of the shake flask cultures with 2 mM caffeic acid, a biogenetic precursor, further increased the hispidin synthesis. These cultivation conditions were combined and applied to parallel fermentation trials on the 4 L scale using a classical stirred tank bioreactor and a wave bag bioreactor. No significant differences in biomass yield and colorant production were observed. The hispidin concentration in both bioreactors reached 5.5 g·L−1, the highest ever published. Textile dyeing with hispidin was successful, but impeded by its limited light stability in comparison to industrial dyes. However, following the idea of sustainability and the flawless toxicity profile, applications in natural cosmetics, other daily implements, or even therapeutics appear promising.
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Vera, Juan F., Lara Brenner, Ann M. Leen, Helen E. Heslop, Gianpietro Dotti, John Wilson, and Cliona M. Rooney. "Rapid Generation of Antigen-Specific T Cells for Pre-Clinical and Clinical Applications Using a Novel Mini Cell Bioreactor." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.208.208.
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Abstract Although flasks, bags, or rocking bioreactors can readily expand T lymphocytes after non-specific stimulation, the requirements for antigen-driven expansion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are more rigorous. Antigen-specific T cells proliferate optimally only in the 2 mL wells of 24-well plates and cannot reproducibly be adapted to growth in flasks or bags. Hence, preparation of antigen-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy of malignancies is extremely time-consuming, requiring between 4wks and 3mths to produce sufficient cells for therapeutic purposes, and expensive (media + plastics + cytokines + man hours). The extensive manipulation required during the culturing process increases the risk of contamination. In combination, these problems obstruct the broader clinical application of antigen-specific T cells. Antigen-specific T cell growth is limited by gas exchange, nutrients and waste buildup. Bioreactors developed to provide these requirements tend to be complex, involving mechanical rocking or stirring and continuous perfusion, which increases the expense of the procedure and limits the number of products to the number of mechanical devices that can be housed and maintained. We have now explored the use of a new static mini Cell Bioreactor for antigen-specific T cell expansion. This device is essentially a flask with a gas permeable membrane supported by a plastic lattice as its base. The O2/CO2 exchange from the base allows large volumes of media to be added thereby reducing nutrient limitations and waste build-up, and consequently the manipulation required to sustain cell expansion. We tested two different sizes of Cell Bioreactor, 10 cm2 and 100 cm2 that hold a maximum of 40mL and 2000mL of media, respectively. We were able to generate and expand Epstein-Barr virus antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (EBVCTLs) from normal donors by coculturing antigen presenting cells (APC) (1.4E+05 × cm2) with established EBV-CTL (4.3E+03 × cm2) at an optimized cell density and stimulator: responder ratio (32:1). These culture conditions induced accelerated CTL expansion (42.5 fold ±14.8 vs 3.4 fold ±1.2 within 7 days) without media change. Manipulation was restricted to cytokine addition every 3–4 days and to LCL stimulation on a weekly basis. A single 100cm2 bioreactor could produce up to 800E+06 antigen-specific T cells, which would have required approximately 320 wells in 24 well plates (>13 plates) under standard culture conditions. The CD4:CD8 T cell ratio and phenotype of the Cell Bioreactor-expanded CTLs was similar to those expanded using the conventional method (CD27 48% vs 52.4%, CD28 65.2% vs 62.2%, CD62L 53.15% vs 54.5%, CD45RO 58.1% vs 55.7%, and CD45RA 51.1% vs 54.9%). Antigen specificity, as evaluated by tetramer analysis and IFN-g ELIspot assay demonstrated no significant differences between CTL expanded by each process. Finally, cytolytic function was confirmed using a standard chromium release assay where both sources of CTL had high specific killing of the autologous EBV-transformed LCL targets (85%±12% vs 77%±19%) and minimal killing of allogeneic targets (22%±9% vs 15%±12). In summary, we have successfully utilized the new mini Cell Bioreactor technology to induce optimal in vitro antigen-specific T cell expansion with minimal handling. Future work will evaluate the impact of the accelerated expansion on differentiation and memory markers. This new system is suited to the clinical grade expansion of other cell types including suspension cell lines, and mitogen-activated T cells, as well as T cell blasts engrafted with chimeric antigen receptors.
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Kazimierczak, Paulina, and Agata Przekora. "Bioengineered Living Bone Grafts—A Concise Review on Bioreactors and Production Techniques In Vitro." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (February 3, 2022): 1765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031765.
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It has been observed that bone fractures carry a risk of high mortality and morbidity. The deployment of a proper bone healing method is essential to achieve the desired success. Over the years, bone tissue engineering (BTE) has appeared to be a very promising approach aimed at restoring bone defects. The main role of the BTE is to apply new, efficient, and functional bone regeneration therapy via a combination of bone scaffolds with cells and/or healing promotive factors (e.g., growth factors and bioactive agents). The modern approach involves also the production of living bone grafts in vitro by long-term culture of cell-seeded biomaterials, often with the use of bioreactors. This review presents the most recent findings concerning biomaterials, cells, and techniques used for the production of living bone grafts under in vitro conditions. Particular attention has been given to features of known bioreactor systems currently used in BTE: perfusion bioreactors, rotating bioreactors, and spinner flask bioreactors. Although bioreactor systems are still characterized by some limitations, they are excellent platforms to form bioengineered living bone grafts in vitro for bone fracture regeneration. Moreover, the review article also describes the types of biomaterials and sources of cells that can be used in BTE as well as the role of three-dimensional bioprinting and pulsed electromagnetic fields in both bone healing and BTE.
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Jiao, Xinmeng, Kang Xie, and Liping Qiu. "Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment: A review of microbial quorum sensing and quenching to control membrane biofouling based on engineering quorum quenching bacteria." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 04026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019404026.
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Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a kind of reputable and prospective technology for wastewater treatment and reformation applications. However, membrane fouling caused by the formation of biofilm on the membrane surface, especially biofouling, is a major obstacle that limits the energy-saving operation and maintenance of the membrane bioreactor (MBR). Microbial communication (known as Quorum Sensing (QS)) is the cause of this fouling phenomenon. A new strategy called Quorum Quenching (QQ) seems to have been successfully used for biological pollution control in wastewater treatment MBR. This review summarizes the latest findings regarding membrane fouling, QS mechanisms and QQ applications. We discussed the opportunities for further practical application of self-cleaning engineering QQ bacteria in MBR.
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Meneses, João, João C. Silva, Sofia R. Fernandes, Abhishek Datta, Frederico Castelo Ferreira, Carla Moura, Sandra Amado, Nuno Alves, and Paula Pascoal-Faria. "A Multimodal Stimulation Cell Culture Bioreactor for Tissue Engineering: A Numerical Modelling Approach." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 18, 2020): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040940.
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The use of digital twins in tissue engineering (TE) applications is of paramount importance to reduce the number of in vitro and in vivo tests. To pursue this aim, a novel multimodal bioreactor is developed, combining 3D design with numerical stimulation. This approach will facilitate the reproducibility between studies and the platforms optimisation (physical and digital) to enhance TE. The new bioreactor was specifically designed to be additive manufactured, which could not be reproduced with conventional techniques. Specifically, the design suggested allows the application of dual stimulation (electrical and mechanical) of a scaffold cell culture. For the selection of the most appropriate material for bioreactor manufacturing several materials were assessed for their cytotoxicity. Numerical modelling methods were then applied to the new bioreactor using one of the most appropriate material (Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-modified (PETG)) to find the optimal stimulation input parameters for bone TE based on two reported in vitro studies.
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Warith, Mostafa A., and Graham J. Takata. "Effect of Aeration on Fresh and Aged Municipal Solid Waste in a Simulated Landfill Bioreactor." Water Quality Research Journal 39, no. 3 (August 1, 2004): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2004.031.
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Abstract Municipal solid waste (MSW) is slow to stabilize under conventional anaerobic landfill conditions, demanding long-term monitoring and pollution control. Provision of aerobic conditions offers several advantages including accelerated leachate stabilization, increased landfill airspace recovery and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Air injection was applied over 130 days to bench-scale bioreactors containing fresh and aged MSW representative of newly constructed and pre-existing landfill conditions. In the fresh MSW simulation bioreactors, aeration reduced the average time to stabilization of leachate pH by 46 days, TSS by 42 days, TDS by 84 days, BOD5 by 46 days and COD by 32 days. In addition, final leachate concentrations were consistently lower in aerated test cells. There was no indication of a gradual decrease in the concentration of ammonia, and it is likely this high ammonia concentration would continue to be problematic in bioreactor landfill applications. This study focussed only on biodegradability of organics in the solid waste. The concentrations of the nonreactive or conservative substances such as chloride and/or heavy metals remain in the bioreactor landfills due to the continuous recirculation of leachate. The results of this study demonstrate the potential for air injection to accelerate stabilization of municipal solid waste, with greatest influence on fresh waste with a high biodegradable organic fraction.
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Reichardt, Anne, Bianca Polchow, Mehdi Shakibaei, Wolfgang Henrich, Roland Hetzer, and Cora Lueders. "Large Scale Expansion of Human Umbilical Cord Cells in a Rotating Bed System Bioreactor for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Applications." Open Biomedical Engineering Journal 7, no. 1 (June 14, 2013): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874120701307010050.
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Widespread use of human umbilical cord cells for cardiovascular tissue engineering requires production of large numbers of well-characterized cells under controlled conditions. In current research projects, the expansion of cells to be used to create a tissue construct is usually performed in static cell culture systems which are, however, often not satisfactory due to limitations in nutrient and oxygen supply. To overcome these limitations dynamic cell expansion in bioreactor systems under controllable conditions could be an important tool providing continuous perfusion for the generation of large numbers of viable pre-conditioned cells in a short time period. For this purpose cells derived from human umbilical cord arteries were expanded in a rotating bed system bioreactor for up to 9 days. For a comparative study, cells were cultivated under static conditions in standard culture devices. Our results demonstrated that the microenvironment in the perfusion bioreactor was more favorable than that of the standard cell culture flasks. Data suggested that cells in the bioreactor expanded 39 fold (38.7 ± 6.1 fold) in comparison to statically cultured cells (31.8 ± 3.0 fold). Large-scale production of cells in the bioreactor resulted in more than 3 x 108 cells from a single umbilical cord fragment within 9 days. Furthermore cell doubling time was lower in the bioreactor system and production of extracellular matrix components was higher. With this study, we present an appropriate method to expand human umbilical cord artery derived cells with high cellular proliferation rates in a well-defined bioreactor system under GMP conditions.
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Pereira, Ricardo F. S., and Carla C. C. R. de Carvalho. "Optimization of Multiparameters for Increased Yields of Cytochrome B5 in Bioreactors." Molecules 26, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 4148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144148.
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The production of recombinant proteins is gaining increasing importance as the market requests high quality proteins for several applications. However, several process parameters affect both the growth of cells and product yields. This study uses high throughput systems and statistical methods to assess the influence of fermentation conditions in lab-scale bioreactors. Using this methodology, it was possible to find the best conditions to produce cytochrome b5 with recombinant cells of Escherichia coli. Using partial least squares, the height-to-diameter ratio of the bioreactor, aeration rate, and PID controller parameters were found to contribute significantly to the final biomass and cytochrome concentrations. Hence, we could use this information to fine-tune the process parameters, which increased cytochrome production and yield several-fold. Using aeration of 1 vvm, a bioreactor with a height-to-ratio of 2.4 and tuned PID parameters, a production of 72.72 mg/L of cytochrome b5 in the culture media, and a maximum of product to biomass yield of 24.97 mg/g could be achieved.
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Benítez-Olivares, Guillermo, Francisco J. Valdés-Parada, and J. Gerardo Saucedo-Castañeda. "Derivation of an Upscaled Model for Mass Transfer and Reaction for Non-Food Starch Conversion to Bioethanol." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 14, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 1115–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2016-0004.
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Abstract In this paper, we derive mathematical models for mass transfer and reaction taking place in first-generation bioreactors to convert non-food starch into bioethanol. Given the hierarchical nature of the system, we identified three scale levels ranging from inside bagasse fibers (the pore scale) where the reaction occurs, up to the bioreactor itself (macroscopic scale) where the various products obtained from this reaction are monitored. We derive a macroscopic model at the reactor scale by systematically upscaling the relevant information from the pore scale using the method of volume averaging. A salient feature of the model is that the effective medium coefficients involved are predicted by solving ancillary closure problems in representative unit cells of the different levels of scale. The predictions of the model in terms of CO2 production as well as cellular growth were validated with a close agreement with available experimental data. This work enhances our understanding of the relevance of transport phenomena taking place at the different scales in a bioreactor and may become an aid in design and operation applications of bioethanol production systems.
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Reddy, J. N., Vinu U. Unnikrishnan, and Ginu U. Unnikrishnan. "Recent advances in the analysis of nanotube-reinforced polymeric biomaterials." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 22, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2013): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2013-0021.
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AbstractConventional experimental or computational techniques are often inadequate for the analysis and development of nanocomposite-based materials as they are tedious (e.g., experimental methods) or are unsuitable to capture the properties of these novel materials (e.g., conventional computational techniques), thereby requiring multiscale computational strategies. During the last 5 years, major developments were made by the authors on the formulation and implementation of multiscale computational models, using atomistic simulation and micro-mechanics-based techniques, to study the mechanical and thermal behavior of nanocomposite-based materials. In this article, the advances made in the computational analysis of nanocomposites for tissue engineering applications (e.g., scaffolds and bioreactors) would be discussed. The material properties of the nanocomposites in the lower scales were determined using molecular dynamics, and were then transferred to the macroscale using various homogenization techniques. Also in this article, the authors discuss the development of a theory of mixture-based finite element model for nutrient flow in a hollow fiber membrane bioreactor and the use of computational tools to improve the efficiency of the bioreactor.
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Eghbali, Hadis, Michele M. Nava, Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori, and Manuela T. Raimondi. "Hollow Fiber Bioreactor Technology for Tissue Engineering Applications." International Journal of Artificial Organs 39, no. 1 (January 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/ijao.5000466.
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Berillo, Dmitriy A., Jonathan L. Caplin, Andrew B. Cundy, and Irina N. Savina. "A cryogel-based bioreactor for water treatment applications." Water Research 153 (April 2019): 324–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.028.
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Gede Wenten, I., Dwi L. Friatnasary, K. Khoiruddin, T. Setiadi, and R. Boopathy. "Extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR): Recent advances and applications." Bioresource Technology 297 (February 2020): 122424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122424.
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Shareefdeen, Zarook, Ali Elkamel, and Zaeem Bin Babar. "Recent Developments on the Performance of Algal Bioreactors for CO2 Removal: Focusing on the Light Intensity and Photoperiods." BioTech 12, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biotech12010010.
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This work presents recent developments of algal bioreactors used for CO2 removal and the factors affecting the reactor performance. The main focus of the study is on light intensity and photoperiods. The role of algae in CO2 removal, types of algal species used in bioreactors and conventional types of bioreactors including tubular bioreactor, vertical airlift reactor, bubble column reactor, flat panel or plate reactor, stirred tank reactor and specific type bioreactors such as hollow fibre membrane and disk photobioreactors etc. are discussed in details with respect to utilization of light. The effects of light intensity, light incident, photoinhibition, light provision arrangements and photoperiod on the performance of algal bioreactors for CO2 removal are also discussed. Efficient operation of algal photobioreactors cannot be achieved without the improvement in the utilization of incident light intensity and photoperiods. The readers may find this article has a much broader significance as algae is not only limited to removal or sequestration of CO2 but also it is used in a number of commercial applications including in energy (biofuel), nutritional and food sectors.
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Fatone, F., A. L. Eusebi, P. Battistoni, and P. Pavan. "Exploring the potential of membrane bioreactors to enhance metals removal from wastewater: pilot experiences." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 4 (March 1, 2008): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.115.
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The potential of membrane bioreactors to enhance the removal of selected metals from low loaded sewages has been explored. A 1400 litre pilot plant, equipped with an industrial submerged module of hollow fibre membranes, has been used in three different configurations: membrane bioreactor, operating in sequencing batch modality, for the treatment of real mixed municipal/industrial wastewater; membrane-assisted biosorption reactor, for the treatment of real leachate from municipal landfills; continuously fed membrane bioreactor, for the treatment of water charged with cadmium and nickel ions. The results show that: (a) in treating wastewaters with low levels of heavy metals (< one milligram per litre concentration), operating high sludge ages is not an effective strategy to significantly enhance the metals removal; (b) Hg and Cd are effectively removed already in conventional systems with gravitational final clarifiers, while Cu, Cr, Ni can rely on a additional performance in membrane bioreactors; (c) the further membrane effect is remarkable for Cu and Cr, while it is less significant for Ni. Basically, similar membrane effects recur in three different experimental applications that let us estimate the potential of membrane system to retain selected metal complexes. The future development of the research will investigate the relations between the membrane effect and the manipulable filtration parameters (i.e., permeate flux, solids content, filtration cycle).
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HE, JIANKANG, DICHEN LI, YAXIONG LIU, XIAO LI, SHANGLONG XU, and BINGHENG LU. "COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 11, no. 02 (April 2011): 307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519411004046.
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Hydrodynamic cellular environment plays an important role in translating engineered tissue constructs into clinically useful grafts. However, the cellular fluid dynamic environment inside bioreactor systems is highly complex and it is normally impractical to experimentally characterize the local flow patterns at the cellular scale. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been recognized as an invaluable and reliable alternative to investigate the complex relationship between hydrodynamic environments and the regeneration of engineered tissues at both the macroscopic and microscopic scales. This review describes the applications of CFD simulations to probe the hydrodynamic environment parameters (e.g., flow rate, shear stress, etc.) and the corresponding experimental validations. We highlight the use of CFD to optimize bioreactor design and scaffold architectures for improved ex-vivo hydrodynamic environments. It is envisioned that CFD could be used to customize specific hydrodynamic cellular environments to meet the unique requirements of different cell types in combination with advanced manufacturing techniques and finally facilitate the maturation of tissue-engineered constructs.
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Udomsom, Suruk, Apiwat Budwong, Chanyanut Wongsa, Pakorn Sangngam, Phornsawat Baipaywad, Chawan Manaspon, Sansanee Auephanwiriyakul, Nipon Theera-Umpon, and Pathinan Paengnakorn. "Automatic Programmable Bioreactor with pH Monitoring System for Tissue Engineering Application." Bioengineering 9, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9050187.
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Tissue engineering technology has been advanced and applied to various applications in the past few years. The presence of a bioreactor is one key factor to the successful development of advanced tissue engineering products. In this work, we developed a programmable bioreactor with a controlling program that allowed each component to be automatically operated. Moreover, we developed a new pH sensor for non-contact and real-time pH monitoring. We demonstrated that the prototype bioreactor could facilitate automatic cell culture of L929 cells. It showed that the cell viability was greater than 80% and cell proliferation was enhanced compared to that of the control obtained by a conventional cell culture procedure. This result suggests the possibility of a system that could be potentially useful for medical and industrial applications, including cultured meat, drug testing, etc.
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Udomsom, Suruk, Apiwat Budwong, Chanyanut Wongsa, Pakorn Sangngam, Phornsawat Baipaywad, Chawan Manaspon, Sansanee Auephanwiriyakul, Nipon Theera-Umpon, and Pathinan Paengnakorn. "Automatic Programmable Bioreactor with pH Monitoring System for Tissue Engineering Application." Bioengineering 9, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9050187.
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Tissue engineering technology has been advanced and applied to various applications in the past few years. The presence of a bioreactor is one key factor to the successful development of advanced tissue engineering products. In this work, we developed a programmable bioreactor with a controlling program that allowed each component to be automatically operated. Moreover, we developed a new pH sensor for non-contact and real-time pH monitoring. We demonstrated that the prototype bioreactor could facilitate automatic cell culture of L929 cells. It showed that the cell viability was greater than 80% and cell proliferation was enhanced compared to that of the control obtained by a conventional cell culture procedure. This result suggests the possibility of a system that could be potentially useful for medical and industrial applications, including cultured meat, drug testing, etc.
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Halakoo, Elnaz, Javid Adabi, Sara Aalinezhad, Alireza Layeghi Moghaddam, and Alireza Rahimi. "Application of Membrane Science to Remove Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) and Pharmaceutically Active Compounds (PhACs): A Review." Advanced Materials Research 893 (February 2014): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.893.500.
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To date, membrane technology is of great concern while conventional processes are not able to fulfill prosperous separation. The presence of EDCs in the environment indicates that conventional treatment plants (CTPs) may have limited capability to remove these compounds. Membrane process such as membrane bioreactors (MBRs), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) can produce high quality effluents suitable for reuse applications. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology is a promising method for water and wastewater treatment because of its ability to produce high-quality effluent that meets water quality regulations. This paper aimed to provide a review of recent research on feasibility of membrane technology such as MBR, NF and RO and also their application to remove EDCs and PhACs from aqueous solution which are highly harmful and toxic. The major factors which exert influence on the separation of these organic micropollutants have been also studied.
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Sakib, Sadman, Anna Voigt, Nathalia de Lima e Martins Lara, Lin Su, Mark Ungrin, Derrick Rancourt, and Ina Dobrinski. "The Proliferation of Pre-Pubertal Porcine Spermatogonia in Stirred Suspension Bioreactors Is Partially Mediated by the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 13549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413549.
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Male survivors of childhood cancer are at risk of suffering from infertility in adulthood because of gonadotoxic chemotherapies. For adult men, sperm collection and preservation are routine procedures prior to treatment; however, this is not an option for pre-pubertal children. From young boys, a small biopsy may be taken before chemotherapy, and spermatogonia may be propagated in vitro for future transplantation to restore fertility. A robust system that allows for scalable expansion of spermatogonia within a controlled environment is therefore required. Stirred suspension culture has been applied to different types of stem cells but has so far not been explored for spermatogonia. Here, we report that pre-pubertal porcine spermatogonia proliferate more in bioreactor suspension culture, compared with static culture. Interestingly, oxygen tension provides an avenue to modulate spermatogonia status, with culture under 10% oxygen retaining a more undifferentiated state and reducing proliferation in comparison with the conventional approach of culturing under ambient oxygen levels. Spermatogonia grown in bioreactors upregulate the Wnt/ β-catenin pathway, which, along with enhanced gas and nutrient exchange observed in bioreactor culture, may synergistically account for higher spermatogonia proliferation. Therefore, stirred suspension bioreactors provide novel platforms to culture spermatogonia in a scalable manner and with minimal handling.
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Vlaev, Serafim Dimitrov, Iren Tsibranska, Daniela Dzhonova-Atanasova, and Roman Popov. "Structural Anomalies in Stirred Submerged Bioreactors Relevant to Immersed Membrane Use." Food Science and Applied Biotechnology 1, no. 1 (March 14, 2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30721/fsab2018.v1.i1.12.
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Separation of value-added food additives is often practiced by micro and ultrafiltration membranes in integrated submerged membrane bioreactors (sMBR) and the flow conditions are of major importance for their performance. The immersed membranes affect fluid circulation and may cause operational difficulties. Such malfunction termed flow structural deterioration of integrated vessels is addressed in this study, based on the effect of the (1) non-Newtonian component presence, and the (2) gas flow rate. Ranges of input parameters referring to power law non-Newtonian fluids with consistency coefficients of 0.02 to 0.1Pa.sn (flow index n<1) and gas flow rate 1 - 2vvm are studied. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of a dual impeller bioreactor equipped with a mono-tubular membrane module and alternatively flat-blade or curved-blade impellers was carried out. 3-D “k-ε” turbulent flow model is used and 2-D contour plots are worked out to illustrate cases of restricted fluid mobility in the vicinity of membrane walls. The corresponding performance parameters, gas volume fraction and fluid surface velocity are discussed. Flow structural anomalies referring to zones at the immersed membranes of extremely low membrane surface velocity (<1mm.s-1) and velocity gradients (<10s-1) that are risky for membrane fouling are uncovered.Practical applications. Fermentation of food ingredients in stirred vessels combined with recovery of the value-added product is the target application. Examples are the production and recovery of peptides, gums’ (gelatin, pectin) concentration, production of fructoolligosaccharides, galactoglucomannan, enzymatic hydrolysis combined with selective ultrafiltration in processing of vegetable proteins, production of antioxidants. Viscous dispersions of food ingredients such as starch or xanthan and operating variables - impeller speed, rate of gassing - at various level may cause undesirable effects in the bioreactor flow uniformity leading to decrease of membrane separation efficiency. The cases engaging process fluids of high consistency such as exopolysaccharide dispersions are specific in this category. Restricted fluid mobility in the vicinity of the membrane module reduces the rate of fusion across the membrane surface and blocks up the product recovery. The resulting membrane fouling and the flow structural anomalies adhere to the problem of fouling control and to submerged membrane bioreactor applications
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Allen, Leah M., John Matyas, Mark Ungrin, David A. Hart, and Arindom Sen. "Serum-Free Culture of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Aggregates in Suspension Bioreactors for Tissue Engineering Applications." Stem Cells International 2019 (November 7, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4607461.
Full textAbstract:
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity to differentiate towards bone, fat, and cartilage lineages. The most widely used culture and differentiation protocols for MSCs are currently limited by their use of serum-containing media and small-scale static culture vessels. Suspension bioreactors have multiple advantages over static culture vessels (e.g., scalability, control, and mechanical forces). This study sought to compare the formation and culture of 3D aggregates of human synovial fluid MSCs within suspension bioreactors and static microwell plates. It also sought to elucidate the benefits of these techniques in terms of productivity, cell number, and ability to generate aggregates containing extracellular matrix deposition. MSCs in serum-free medium were either (1) inoculated as single cells into suspension bioreactors, (2) aggregated using static microwell plates prior to being inoculated in the bioreactor environment, or (3) aggregated using microwell plates and kept in the static environment. Preformed aggregates that were size-controlled at inoculation had a greater tendency to form large, irregular super aggregates after a few days of suspension culture. The single MSCs inoculated into suspension bioreactors formed a more uniform population of smaller aggregates after a definite culture period of 8 days. Both techniques showed initial deposition of extracellular matrix within the aggregates. When the relationship between aggregate size and ECM deposition was investigated in static culture, midsized aggregates (100-300 cells/aggregate) were found to most consistently maximize sGAG and collagen productivity. Thus, this study presents a 3D tissue culture method, which avoids the clinical drawbacks of serum-containing medium that can easily be scaled for tissue culture applications.
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Achinas, Spyridon, Jorn-Ids Heins, Janneke Krooneman, and Gerrit Jan Willem Euverink. "Miniaturization and 3D Printing of Bioreactors: A Technological Mini Review." Micromachines 11, no. 9 (September 14, 2020): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11090853.
Full textAbstract:
Many articles have been published on scale-down concepts as well as additive manufacturing techniques. However, information is scarce when miniaturization and 3D printing are applied in the fabrication of bioreactor systems. Therefore, garnering information for the interfaces between miniaturization and 3D printing becomes important and essential. The first goal is to examine the miniaturization aspects concerning bioreactor screening systems. The second goal is to review successful modalities of 3D printing and its applications in bioreactor manufacturing. This paper intends to provide information on anaerobic digestion process intensification by fusion of miniaturization technique and 3D printing technology. In particular, it gives a perspective on the challenges of 3D printing and the options of miniature bioreactor systems for process high-throughput screening.