Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bioreactor

Academic literature on the topic 'Bioreactor'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Bioreactor"

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Feyereisen, Gary W., Ehsan Ghane, Todd W. Schumacher, Brent J. Dalzell, and M. R. Williams. "Can Woodchip Bioreactors Be Used at a Catchment Scale? Nitrate Performance and Sediment Considerations." Journal of the ASABE 66, no. 2 (2023): 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.15496.

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Highlights Novel three-bed, cascading-inlet bioreactor treated agricultural drainage from a 249-ha catchment. Nitrate removal rates and load reduction efficiencies were similar to those of traditional single-field bioreactors. Sedimentation problems reduced bed life; a sediment sensing and exclusion system solved them. This scale provides opportunities for centralized management and nutrient reduction verification. Abstract. Denitrifying bioreactors, a structural practice deployed at the field scale to meet water quality goals, have been underutilized and require additional evaluation at the small catchment scale. The objective of this study was to quantify the performance of a large, multi-bed denitrifying bioreactor system sized to treat agricultural drainage runoff (combined drainage discharge and surface runoff) from a 249-ha catchment. Three woodchip bioreactor beds, 7.6 m wide by 41 m long by 1.5 m deep, with cascading inlets, were constructed in 2016 in southern Minnesota, U.S. The beds received runoff for one water year from a catchment area that is 91% tile-drained row crops, primarily maize and soybeans. Initial woodchip quality differed among the three beds, affecting flow and nitrate removal rates. Bioreactor flow was unimpeded by sediment for twelve events from September 2016 to July 2017, during which time 55% of the discharge from the catchment was treated in the bioreactor beds. Average daily nitrate removal rates ranged from 2.5 to 6.5 g-N m-3 d-1 for the three bioreactor beds, with nitrate-N load removal of flow through the beds between 19% and 27%. When accounting for untreated by-pass flow, the overall nitrate-N removal of the multi-bed system was 12.5% (713 kg N). During high-flow events, incoming sediment clogged the reactor beds, decreasing their performance. There was 4,520 kg of sediment trapped in one bed, and evidence suggests the other two trapped a similar load. To solve this problem and prolong the bioreactor’s lifespan, we installed a shutoff gate that activated when inflow turbidity exceeded a threshold value. Finally, the findings indicate that catchment-scale denitrifying bioreactors can successfully remove nitrate load from agricultural runoff, but sediment-prevention measures may be required to extend the bioreactor's lifespan. Keywords: Bioreactor, Denitrification, Nitrate removal, Sedimentation, Subsurface drainage.
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Fitzpatrick, John J. "Insights from Mathematical Modelling into Energy Requirement and Process Design of Continuous and Batch Stirred Tank Aerobic Bioreactors." ChemEngineering 3, no. 3 (July 13, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering3030065.

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Bioreaction kinetics, oxygen transfer and energy modelling were applied to stirred tank aerobic bioreactors. This was done to investigate how key input design variables influence bioreactor size, feed and wasted substrate, and electrical energy requirements for aeration and cooling, and to compare batch and continuous modes of operation. Oxygen concentration in the liquid is a key input design variable, but its selection is challenging as it can result in design trade-offs. Reducing its value caused a decrease in electrical energy requirement, however this tended to increase the working volume of the bioreactor. The minimum or near-to-minimum total energy requirement for oxygen transfer occurred when operating at the onset of flooding throughout the bioreaction time. For typical KS values, continuous mode of operation required a much smaller bioreactor volume, due to higher operating cell concentration, and this is a major advantage of continuous over batch.
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Oktiawan, Wiharyanto, Irawan Wisnu Wardhana, Endro Sutrisno, Domuanri Gorat, and Alfian Rizky Rizaldianto. "Municipal Solid Waste Management Using Bioreactor Landfill in the Treatment of Organic Waste from Jatibarang Landfill, Semarang-Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 125 (2019): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912507002.

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Landfilling is one of the easiest methods to be applied in the management of municipal solid waste (MSW). In its development, bioreactor landfill methods that have various advantages over conventional landfill emerge. This experiment aims to study the use of bioreactor landfills for the management of organic waste in Jatibarang Landfill, Semarang-Indonesia. There are 4 bioreactor landfills operated: 2 anaerobic bioreactors with leachate recirculation and addition of water, and 2 aerobic bioreactors. Different results are shown from these two types of bioreactor, where aerobic bioreactors reach peak temperatures (55oC each) faster even though anaerobic bioreactors reach higher temperatures (60oC and 61oC respectively). Anaerobic bioreactors reach a higher final pH value than aerobes while the accumulation of nitrogen content from an aerobic bioreactor is 2 times higher than anaerobes.
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Ritonja, Jozef, Andreja Gorsek, and Darja Pecar. "Control of Milk Fermentation in Batch Bioreactor." Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika 26, no. 1 (February 16, 2020): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eie.26.1.23377.

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In this paper, modelling and control of a batch bioreactor is studied. A main disadvantage of batch bioreactors compared to other types of bioreactors is their inability to introduce biological or/and chemical substances during operation. Therefore, possibility of bioreactor’s control by means of changing temperature was proposed, analyzed, and implemented. A new supplementary input/output dynamical mathematical model, which considers influence of heating and cooling on a bioprocess, was developed. On a basis of this model, a control system was designed and a method for tuning of the controller was suggested. Results show characteristics, applicability, and advantages of the presented approach.
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Dzianik, František, and Štefan Gužela. "Basic Technological Parameters of the Activation Process for Two Bioreactor Configurations." Strojnícky časopis - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 73, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2023-0004.

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Abstract Technological parameters of the activation process in wastewater treatment plant activation systems are analyzed for basic bioreactor configurations, for the chemostat and for the plug flow, both with the recirculation of concentrated activated sludge. The first type of bioreactors represents conventional aerated tanks, but also loop bioreactors. The second type of bioreactors includes, for example, oxidation ditches. The paper presents an evaluation of the basic technological parameters of the activation process for the two mentioned configurations of bioreactor systems with recirculation of concentrated activated sludge. In addition, a new relation for sludge age evaluation is proposed for an activation system with a plug flow bioreactor. The article also provides examples of connections between the values of the technological parameters of the activation process for the two analyzed types of bioreactor systems.
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Christianson, Laura E., Richard A. Cooke, Christopher H. Hay, Matthew J. Helmers, Gary W. Feyereisen, Andry Z. Ranaivoson, John T. McMaine, et al. "Effectiveness of Denitrifying Bioreactors on Water Pollutant Reduction from Agricultural Areas." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 2 (2021): 641–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14011.

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HighlightsDenitrifying woodchip bioreactors treat nitrate-N in a variety of applications and geographies.This review focuses on subsurface drainage bioreactors and bed-style designs (including in-ditch).Monitoring and reporting recommendations are provided to advance bioreactor science and engineering.Abstract. Denitrifying bioreactors enhance the natural process of denitrification in a practical way to treat nitrate-nitrogen (N) in a variety of N-laden water matrices. The design and construction of bioreactors for treatment of subsurface drainage in the U.S. is guided by USDA-NRCS Conservation Practice Standard 605. This review consolidates the state of the science for denitrifying bioreactors using case studies from across the globe with an emphasis on full-size bioreactor nitrate-N removal and cost-effectiveness. The focus is on bed-style bioreactors (including in-ditch modifications), although there is mention of denitrifying walls, which broaden the applicability of bioreactor technology in some areas. Subsurface drainage denitrifying bioreactors have been assessed as removing 20% to 40% of annual nitrate-N loss in the Midwest, and an evaluation across the peer-reviewed literature published over the past three years showed that bioreactors around the world have been generally consistent with that (N load reduction median: 46%; mean ±SD: 40% ±26%; n = 15). Reported N removal rates were on the order of 5.1 g N m-3 d-1 (median; mean ±SD: 7.2 ±9.6 g N m-3 d-1; n = 27). Subsurface drainage bioreactor installation costs have ranged from less than $5,000 to $27,000, with estimated cost efficiencies ranging from less than $2.50 kg-1 N year-1 to roughly $20 kg-1 N year-1 (although they can be as high as $48 kg-1 N year-1). A suggested monitoring setup is described primarily for the context of conservation practitioners and watershed groups for assessing annual nitrate-N load removal performance of subsurface drainage denitrifying bioreactors. Recommended minimum reporting measures for assessing and comparing annual N removal performance include: bioreactor dimensions and installation date; fill media size, porosity, and type; nitrate-N concentrations and water temperatures; bioreactor flow treatment details; basic drainage system and bioreactor design characteristics; and N removal rate and efficiency. Keywords: Groundwater, Nitrate, Nonpoint-source pollution, Subsurface drainage, Tile.
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Wiharyanto, Oktiawan, Sutrisno Endro, and Hadiwidodo Mochtar. "Performance of Semi-Aerobic Solid Waste Bioreactor in relation to Decomposition Process and Biogas Production." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 07021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187307021.

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Solid waste which is sent to Jatibarang landfill in Semarang City can reach up to 4000 m3/day. The composition of solid waste consists of 61.95% of organic waste and 38.05% of inorganic waste. The environmental impacts of solid waste can be reduced using bioreactor methods which being able to accelerate the solid waste decomposition. Large amount of solid waste which is sent to Jatibarang landfill certainly has great potential to environment pollution. Therefore, a technology such as landfill bioreactor is needed to speed up the decomposition process of organic solid waste. Landfill bioreactors are characterized using a range of technologies in order to create an suitable environment for degradation processes. In this study four bioreactors simulated landfills that consist of hybrid bioreactors and anaerobic control bioreactors. The result shows that hybrid bioreactor has increases the decomposition process of organic solid waste. The hybrid bioreactor also produce more methane in subsequent anaerobes.
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Lim, B. R., H. Y. Hu, N. Goto, and K. Fujie. "PVA-coated activated carbon for aerobic biological treatment of concentrated refractory organic wastewater." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 3-4 (August 1, 2000): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0381.

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The treatment characteristics of concentrated p-phenol sulfonic acid (PSA) wastewater in a submerged bioreactor and a solid phase bioreactor packed with ACP particles (polyvinyl alcohol particles coated with powered activated carbon) were compared experimentally. The changes in biomass and microbial community with the degradation of PSA at both bioreactors were also evaluated using microbial quinones as an index. Greater than 95% of influent PSA was mineralized at the solid phase bioreactor under the volumetric loading of PSA ranging from 0.3 to 1.8 kg-C·m-3·d-1 at the steady state, but less than 10% of the influent PSA was mineralized in the submerged bioreactor. The solid phase aerobic biological treatment process was more effective for the treatment of concentrated refractory chemicals such as PSA than the submerged bioreactor. The dominant quinone species in the solid phase bioreactor were ubiquinone-10 and menaquinone-8(H4), while those in the submerged bioreactor were ubiquinone-8 and menaquinone-8. This suggests hat different microbes had contributed to the degradation in the two bioreactors.
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Catapano, Gerardo, Juliane K. Unger, Elisabetta M. Zanetti, Gionata Fragomeni, and Jörg C. Gerlach. "Kinetic Analysis of Lidocaine Elimination by Pig Liver Cells Cultured in 3D Multi-Compartment Hollow Fiber Membrane Network Perfusion Bioreactors." Bioengineering 8, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8080104.

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Liver cells cultured in 3D bioreactors is an interesting option for temporary extracorporeal liver support in the treatment of acute liver failure and for animal models for preclinical drug screening. Bioreactor capacity to eliminate drugs is generally used for assessing cell metabolic competence in different bioreactors or to scale-up bioreactor design and performance for clinical or preclinical applications. However, drug adsorption and physical transport often disguise the intrinsic drug biotransformation kinetics and cell metabolic state. In this study, we characterized the intrinsic kinetics of lidocaine elimination and adsorption by porcine liver cells cultured in 3D four-compartment hollow fiber membrane network perfusion bioreactors. Models of lidocaine transport and biotransformation were used to extract intrinsic kinetic information from response to lidocaine bolus of bioreactor versus adhesion cultures. Different from 2D adhesion cultures, cells in the bioreactors are organized in liver-like aggregates. Adsorption on bioreactor constituents significantly affected lidocaine elimination and was effectively accounted for in kinetic analysis. Lidocaine elimination and cellular monoethylglicinexylidide biotransformation featured first-order kinetics with near-to-in vivo cell-specific capacity that was retained for times suitable for clinical assist and drug screening. Different from 2D cultures, cells in the 3D bioreactors challenged with lidocaine were exposed to close-to-physiological lidocaine and monoethylglicinexylidide concentration profiles. Kinetic analysis suggests bioreactor technology feasibility for preclinical drug screening and patient assist and that drug adsorption should be accounted for to assess cell state in different cultures and when laboratory bioreactor design and performance is scaled-up to clinical use or toxicological drug screening.
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Nokhbatolfoghahaei, Hanieh, Mahboubeh Bohlouli, Kazem Adavi, Zahrasadat Paknejad, Maryam Rezai Rad, Mohammad Mehdi khani, Nasim Salehi-Nik, and Arash Khojasteh. "Computational modeling of media flow through perfusion-based bioreactors for bone tissue engineering." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 234, no. 12 (July 21, 2020): 1397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411920944039.

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Bioreactor system has been used in bone tissue engineering in order to simulate dynamic nature of bone tissue environments. Perfusion bioreactors have been reported as the most efficient types of shear-loading bioreactor. Also, combination of forces, such as rotation plus perfusion, has been reported to enhance cell growth and osteogenic differentiation. Mathematical modeling using sophisticated infrastructure processes could be helpful and streamline the development of functional grafts by estimating and defining an effective range of bioreactor settings for better augmentation of tissue engineering. This study is aimed to conduct computational modeling for newly designed bioreactors in order to alleviate the time and material consuming for evaluating bioreactor parameters and effect of fluid flow hydrodynamics (various amounts of shear stress) on osteogenesis. Also, biological assessments were performed in order to validate similar parameters under implementing the perfusion or rotating and perfusion fluid motions in bioreactors’ prototype. Finite element method was used to investigate the effect of hydrodynamic of fluid flow inside the bioreactors. The equations used in the simulation to calculate the velocity values and consequently the shear stress values include Navier–Stokes and Brinkman equations. It has been shown that rotational fluid motion in rotating and perfusion bioreactor produces more velocity and shear stress compared with perfusion bioreactor. Moreover, implementing the perfusion together with rotational force in rotating and perfusion bioreactors has been shown to have more cell proliferation and higher activity of alkaline phosphatase enzyme as well as formation of extra cellular matrix sheet, as an indicator of bone-like tissue formation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bioreactor"

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Shieh, Martin T. "Combined bioreaction and separation in a simulated counter-current chromatographic bioreactor-separator system." Thesis, Aston University, 1994. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/9691/.

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The objective of this work has been to investigate the principle of combined bioreaction and separation in a simulated counter-current chromatographic bioreactor-separator system (SCCR-S). The SCCR-S system consisted of twelve 5.4cm i.d x 75cm long columns packed with calcium charged cross-linked polystyrene resin. Three bioreactions, namely the saccharification of modified starch to maltose and dextrin using the enzyme maltogenase, the hydrolysis of lactose to galactose and glucose in the presence of the enzyme lactase and the biosynthesis of dextran from sucrose using the enzyme dextransucrase. Combined bioreaction and separation has been successfully carried out in the SCCR-S system for the saccharification of modified starch to maltose and dextrin. The effects of the operating parameters (switch time, eluent flowrate, feed concentration and enzyme activity) on the performance of the SCCR-S system were investigated. By using an eluent of dilute enzyme solution, starch conversions of up to 60% were achieved using lower amounts of enzyme than the theoretical amount required by a conventional bioreactor to produce the same amount of maltose over the same time period. Comparing the SCCR-S system to a continuous annular chromatograph (CRAC) for the saccharification of modified starch showed that the SCCR-S system required only 34.6-47.3% of the amount of enzyme required by the CRAC. The SCCR-S system was operated in the batch and continuous modes as a bioreactor-separator for the hydrolysis of lactose to galactose and glucose. By operating the system in the continuous mode, the operating parameters were further investigated. During these experiments the eluent was deionised water and the enzyme was introduced into the system through the same port as the feed. The galactose produced was retarded and moved with the stationary phase to be purge as the galactose rich product (GalRP) while the glucose moved with the mobile phase and was collected as the glucose rich product (GRP). By operating at up to 30%w/v lactose feed concentrations, complete conversions were achieved using only 48% of the theoretical amount of enzyme required by a conventional bioreactor to hydrolyse the same amount of glucose over the same time period.
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Ntwampe, Seteno Karabo Obed. "Multicapillary membrane bioreactor design." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/897.

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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005
The white rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, produces enzymes, which are capable of degrading chemical pollutants. It was detennined that this fungus has multiple growth phases. The study provided infonnation that can be used to classify growth kinetic parameters, substrate mass transfer and liquid medium momentum transfer effects in continuous secondary metabolite production studies. P. chrysosporium strain BKMF 1767 (ATCC 24725) was grown at 37 QC in single fibre capillary membrane bioreactors (SFCMBR) made of glass. The SFCMBR systems with working volumes of 20.4 ml and active membrane length of 160 mm were positioned vertically. Dry biofilm density was determined by using a helium pycnometer. Biofilm differentiation was detennined by taking samples for image analysis, using a Scanning Electron Microscope at various phases of the biofilm growth. Substrate consumption was detennined by using relevant test kits to quantify the amount, which was consumed at different times, using a varying amount of spore concentrations. Growth kinetic constants were detennined by using the substrate consumption and the dry biofilm density model. Oxygen mass transfer parameters were determined by using the Clark type oxygen microsensors. Pressure transducers were used to measure the pressure, which was needed to model the liquid medium momentum transfer in the lumen of the polysulphone membranes. An attempt was made to measure the glucose mass transfer across the biofilm, which was made by using a hydrogen peroxide microsensor, but without success.
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Du, Preez Ryne. "Development of a membrane immobilised amidase bioreactor system." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1996.

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Grudzien, Lukasz Andrzej. "Enantioseparation using a counter-current bioreactor." Thesis, Brunel University, 2011. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6496.

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The potential of countercurrent chromatography (CCC) as a small footprint bioreactor/separator for manufacture of enantiopure chiral molecules was explored, using as a model reaction the isolation of L-amino butyric acid (L-ABA) from a DL-ABA racemate and the enantioselectivity of D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO). Bioconversion of D-ABA to ketobutyric acid (KBA) by DAAO, immobilised by selective partitioning in the stationary phase of the CCC centrifuge, was accompanied by separation of unreacted L-ABA from KBA by the countercurrent action of the centrifuge. For effective bioreactor/separator action, a high partition of the biocatalyst to the stationary phase was required in order to retain the biocatalyst in the coil, with differing partitions of substrates and products between the stationary phase (SP) and mobile phase (MP) so that these could be separated. Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) were the major two-phase systems used to provide SP and MP, as these are well reported to be effective in preserving enzyme activity. The distribution ratios of DL-ABA, KBA and DAAO were measured in a range of phases with polyethylene glycols (PEGs) of different molecular weights, different salts, and different compositions of PEG and salt, using an automated robotic method, developed for the purpose. A system of 14% w/w PEG 1000/ 14% w/w potassium phosphate, pH 7.6, gave the best combination of distributions ratios (CPEG phase/Csalt phase = CSP/CMP) for ABA, KBA and biocatalyst (DAAO) of 0.6, 2.4 and 19.6 respectively. A limited number of aqueous-organic and ionic liquid two-phase systems were also reviewed, but found unsatisfactory. CCC operating conditions such as substrate concentration, biocatalyst concentration, the mobile phase flow rate (residence time in the CCC coil), temperature, rotational speed and operational modes (single flow and multiple-dual flow) and types of mixing (cascade and wave-like) were optimised to produce total conversion of D-ABA to KBA, which was then completely separated from unreacted, enantiomerically pure (>99% ee), LABA. Advantages of the CCC bioreactor over conventional technology include reduced equipment footprint, cheaper running costs, and faster purifications. However, in its current format the drawbacks, such as enzyme instability and excessive optimisation time, reduce its commercial appeal. Additional investigations into the use of whole cell preparations of biocatalyst in the CCC bioreactor showed potential to overcome the problem of enzyme instability and this may in the future give the CCC bioreactor a place in the enantioseparation field.
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Radocaj, Olgica. "Ethanol fermentation in a membrane bioreactor." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0015/MQ45840.pdf.

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Ramlogan, Anil Shiva. "Stem cell expansion and bioreactor development." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/676.

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A major challenge to the clinical success of cell-based tissue engineering strategies is the ability to obtain sufficient numbers of cells within an acceptable time frame. The expansion of cells on microcarriers within spinner flask bioreactor has shown promise in meeting that challenge. Spinner flask microcarrier technology is space-saving and media utilisation efficient. However, further optimisation in terms of, for example, seeding efficiency, expansion rates and harvest efficiency is necessary to realise the clinical potential of this technology. The present work is designed to improve cell expansion rates. It involves investigation of microcarrier composition and surface structure and spinner flask shear stress on cell growth. BMSC growth on PHBV microcarriers was superior to PCL and PLGA microcarriers and comparable to Cytodex 1 microcarriers. Lower density PHBV microcarriers showed promise as a superior alternative to Cytodex 1. Two different impeller designs employed in the w/o/w method of microcarrier synthesis resulted in smoother and rougher PCL microcarriers with Ra = 1.77 ± 0.42 μm to 6.4 ± 1.48 μm respectively. Superior BMSC growth was observed on the rougher PCL microcarriers. Differentiation potential along the osteogenic and adipogenic lineages of BMSCs expanded on the microcarrier types was retained. Particle Image Velocimetry was used to quantify shear stress within a spinner flask bioreactor. It was found that 80% of the shear stress was localised within the impeller region which occupied 55% of the bioreactor working volume. Shear stress increased as Cytodex 1 microcarrier concentration and impeller rotational speed increased. Superior BMSC growth rates on microcarriers were observed for the lowest shear stress experimental group (3.4 x 10-3 N/m2 ≤ impeller region mean shear stress ≤ 4.6 x 10-3 N/m2) as compared to the three higher shear stress groups (5.5 x 10-3 N/m2 ≤ mean shear stress ≤ 1.3 x 10-2 N/m2). Expanded BMSCs on the cytodex 1 microcarriers retained multipotentiality for the range of shear stresses investigated.
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Griswold, Aaron A. (Aaron Alexander) 1981. "pH control in a miniaturized bioreactor." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32812.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaf 18).
A miniaturized bioreactor with a volume on the order of 100 [micro]l has been built with the aim of increasing the efficiency of the screening process for various microbial cultures. Unlike larger reactors currently in use, the current miniaturized design lacks a method of pH control. Without pH control, cell growth can be hindered or even stopped altogether when the growing medium becomes too acidic. Using technology already in place to optically measure the pH inside the reactor in conjunction with a valve and a base-filled reservoir, a simple closed-loop (feedback) control system has been developed. The volume of base injected into the reactor must be minimized because the reactor itself is so small. Data is recorded and control signals are outputted by a computer running LabView software. While the control system developed in this thesis shows promise, further development is needed before it can be put to good use.
by Aaron A. Griswold.
S.B.
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Carrier, Rebecca Lyn 1973. "Cardiac tissue engineering : bioreactor cultivation parameters." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8999.

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Thesis (Sc.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references.
Tissue engineering may be useful in fighting heart disease since it offers the possibility of creating functional tissue equivalents for scientific studies and tissue repair. In the present work, we examined how variations in cultivation parameters of a model tissue engineering system influenced cardiac tissue morphogenesis. The central hypothesis was that using a tissue engineering system consisting of isolated cardiac cells, polymer scaffolds, and tissue culture bioreactors, we could engineer cardiac muscle mimicking native tissue in structure and function in the presence of appropriate biochemical and physical signals. The specific objectives were to: ( 1) vary key parameters of the model tissue engineering system, and (2) structurally and functionally characterize engineered cardiac muscle so that effects of parameter variations could be assessed and engineered tissue could be compared to native tissue. Effects of key cultivation parameters, including (I) cell source, (2) cell seeding density, (3) cell seeding vessel, and (4) tissue culture bioreactor on structure and function of engineered cardiac cell-polymer constructs were studied. Advantages of seeding mammalian cells at high densities (6-Sx 106 cells/Smm diameter x 2mm thick scaffold) under mixed conditions and culturing constructs in rotating laminar flow bioreactors were demonstrated, but constructs had interiors (> IOOμm tissue depth) consisting of mostly empty space due to diffusional mass transport limitations. We attempted to overcome diffusional limitations by directly perfusing culture medium through the constructs. Perfusion significantly improved the uniformity of the cell distribution and enhanced expression of a differentiated cell phenotype in comparison to non-perfused (i.e. flask) cultures. Control of the cell microenvironment in the perfusion system was also used to study relationships between oxygen tension and properties of cardiac constructs. Oxygen tension was directly correlated with DNA and protein contents (r=0.88 and 0.89, respectively), aerobic metabolism (r=0.97), muscle protein expression, and ultrastructural differentiation. Characterization of cardiac construct structure, composition, cell phenotype, and in vitro function demonstrated cardiac specific protein expression, metabolic activity similar to that of native tissue, and differentiated ultrastructural features (e.g. sarcomeres). The results support the utility of engineered cardiac muscle as a native tissue model for in vitro studies and eventually for in vivo tissue repair.
by Rebecca Lyn Carrier.
Sc.D.
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Germain, E. A. M. "Biomass effects on membrane bioreactor operations." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2004. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11032.

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Diverse operating parameters were investigated for their effects on biomass characteristics, membrane fouling and aeration efficiency in submerged membrane bioreactors (MBRS). The characteristics of the solid phase of the biomass were affected by the biomass state (unstabilised, stabilising and stabilised) and by the SRT and HRT, whereas the characteristics of the liquid phase appeared to be more dependent on inuent composition and strength. Under operating conditions at constant SRT and HRT, the biomass characteristics reached their stabilised state aer 1.0±0.3 SRT. The impact of membrane aeration, permeate flux and biomass characteristics was determined for biomass at unstabilised state and at stabilised state. A transitional permeate flux was observed between 16.5 and 22 l.m`2.h`l, below which no significant fouling was observed regardless of the permeate flux, membrane airflow velocity and biomass characteristics. Above transitional flux, membrane fouling increased and was affected by the permeate flux, the membrane aeration velocity and parameters either characterising the liquid or the solid phase of the biomass depending on the carbohydrate concentration of the liquid phase. A comparison of ne and coarse bubble aeration efficiency for biomass at unstabilised state and at several airflow rates established that ne bubble aeration was more efficient in tem of oxygen transfer rate, but led to similar values to coarse bubble aeration for ot-factor. The effects of airflow rate and biomass characteristics on oxygen transfer coefficient and ot-factor were determined for biomass coming from pilot and full scale submerged MBRS treating municipal and industrial wastewaters. Solids concentrations (correlated to viscosity), COD concentration of the liquid phase, carbohydrate concentration of the EPS and volumetric airflow rate were found to affect the aeration efficiency parameters. A transitional solids concentration existed around 15 g.L", above which low or no oxygen transfer occurred.
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BERNOCCO, MARCO. "Bioreactor engineering for tissue engineering application." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2513796.

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Lo scopo di questo lavoro di tesi è la caratterizzazione metrologica di un bioreattore con l’intento di aumentare la riproducibilità e l’affidabilità dei processi di Ingegneria tessutale (Tissue Engineering, TE). La Tissue engineering (TE) o ingegneria dei tessuti è la disciplina che studia la comprensione dei principi della crescita dei tessuti, e la loro applicazione per produrre tessuto funzionale per uso clinico o diagnostico. Uno dei principali scopi della TE è l’impiego di tessuti in crescita naturale extracorporea per la medicina rigenerativa, in altre parole lo sviluppo di strategie terapeutiche mirate alla sostituzione, riparazione, manutenzione e/o il miglioramento della funzione dei tessuti. L’ingegneria dei tessuti è caratterizzata da una grande interdisciplinarità che prevede la collaborazione di figure professionali con competenze molto differenti tra loro, quali biologi, chimici, fisici, matematici, ingegneri. L’obiettivo è il progetto di un bioreattore che sia affidabile e controllabile per seguire l’evoluzione del processo. Questo deve essere eseguito applicando metodi metrologici allo studio del processo. La metrologia permette di poter quantificare l’incertezza di un fenomeno quindi di determinare la proprietà di un fenomeno, corpo o sostanza, che può essere distinta qualitativamente e determinata quantitativamente. Le fonti d’incertezza che caratterizzano l’incertezza finale o composta è legata: alla mancanza di conoscenza e alla variabilità del sistema e prevede strategie differenti per la loro gestione. La mancanza di conoscenza e può essere ridotta migliorando le informazioni sul sistema in esame, mentre la variabilità del sistema sotto studio, può essere gestita riducendo degli scenari presi in considerazione o definendo più precisamente il sistema studiato.
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Books on the topic "Bioreactor"

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Reinhart, Debra R. Landfill bioreactor design and operation. Boca Raton, Fla: Lewis Publishers, 1998.

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1949-, Tramper J., ed. Basic bioreactor design. New York: M. Dekker, 1991.

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Mota, Manuel, and Johannes Tramper. Multiphase Bioreactor Design. Edited by Joaquim M. S. Cabral. Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203303047.

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Bioreactor design fundamentals. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991.

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1949-, Tramper J., ed. Basic bioreactor design. New York: M. Dekker, 1991.

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S, Cabral Joaquim, Mota Manuel, and Tramper J. 1949-, eds. Multiphase bioreactor design. London: Taylor & Francis, 2001.

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Sarkar, Sushovan. Fixed Bed Hybrid Bioreactor. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4546-1.

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Cort, Wrotnowski, and Business Communications Co, eds. The changing bioreactor business. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co., 1990.

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F, Bliem R., ed. Bioreactor systems and effects. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

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Kasper, Cornelia, Martijn van Griensven, and Ralf Pörtner, eds. Bioreactor Systems for Tissue Engineering. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69357-4.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bioreactor"

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Mudde, Rob, Henk Noorman, and Matthias Reuss. "Bioreactor Modeling." In Industrial Biotechnology, 81–128. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527807833.ch3.

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Schügerl, Karl, and Karl-Heinz Bellgardt. "Bioreactor Models." In Bioreaction Engineering, 21–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59735-0_2.

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Nielsen, Jens, and John Villadsen. "Bioreactor Modeling." In Bioreaction Engineering Principles, 415–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4645-7_9.

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Hopkins, David, Melissa St. Amand, and Jack Prior. "Bioreactor Automation." In Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 719–30. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816827.ch51.

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Wang, Zhiwei. "Bioreactor Membrane." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_2158-1.

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Kossen, N. W. F. "Bioreactor Engineering." In Advances in Bioprocess Engineering, 1–11. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0641-4_1.

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Hettiaratchi, J. Patrick A. "Landfill landfill/landfilling Bioreactors landfill/landfilling bioreactor." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 5720–32. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_114.

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Zeilinger, Katrin, and Jörg C. Gerlach. "Artificial Liver Bioreactor Design." In Bioreactors, 147–74. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527683369.ch5.

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Abu Hassan, Affrida, Norazlina Noordin, Zaiton Ahmad, Mustapha Akil, Faiz Ahmad, and Rusli Ibrahim. "Protocol for Mass Propagation of Plants Using a Low-Cost Bioreactor." In Efficient Screening Techniques to Identify Mutants with TR4 Resistance in Banana, 177–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64915-2_11.

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AbstractConventional in vitro mass propagation methods are labour-intensive, costly and have a low degree of automation. Bioreactor or automated growth vessel systems using liquid media were developed to overcome these problems. The use of liquid instead of solid culture medium for plant micropropagation offers better access to medium components and scalability through automation. However, the cost of setting up a bioreactor system is one of its disadvantages as such systems are expensive with limited number of manufacturers. A low-cost bioreactor system was set up using recycled, low biodegradable plastic bottles. This low-cost bioreactor, based on temporary immersion principle, has proven to be effective as a vessel for rapid plant propagation. It is designed to reduce the production cost of plant micropropagation. This chapter explains the step-by-step methods for setting up a low-cost bioreactor for banana seedling production. This low-cost bioreactor system has the potential to be adapted for large scale in vitro cultivation of the plant seedlings.
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Nelson, Leonard, Richard Siller, and Gareth Sullivan. "Cell line sourcing and characterization for cultured meat product development." In Advances in cultured meat technology, 87–118. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2023.0130.07.

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This chapter explores the use of bioreactors for cell multiplication in cultured meat product development. The chapter begins by first providing an overview of the principles and structure of a bioreactor, which is followed by a breakdown of bioreactor operation modes: batch cultivation, fed-batch cultivation and continuous cultivation. The chapter also highlights the important bioprocess parameters that need to be considered when creating a stem cell niche in a bioreactor, such as temperature, oxygen, pH level, lactic acid and culture mixing. The chapter considers cultivation anchorage-dependent cells in stirred tank bioreactors, the scale-up of a bioprocess in bioreactors and also highlights areas which could help reduce cost and optimise processing within bioreactors.
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Conference papers on the topic "Bioreactor"

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Cruel, Magali, Morad Bensidhoum, Laure Sudre, Guillaume Puel, Virginie Dumas, and Thierry Hoc. "Study of the Effect of Mechanical Loading on Cell Cultures in Bone Tissue Engineering." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82989.

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Bone tissue engineering currently represents one of the most interesting alternatives to autologous transplants and their drawbacks in the treatment of large bone defects. Mesenchymal stem cells are used to build new bone in vitro in a bioreactor. Their stimulation and our understanding of the mechanisms of mechanotransduction need to be improved in order to optimize the design of bioreactors. In this study, several geometries of bioreactor were analyzed experimentally and biological results were linked with numerical simulations of the flow inside the bioreactor. These results will constitute a base for an improved design of the existing bioreactor.
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Kadic, Enes, and Theodore J. Heindel. "Hydrodynamic Considerations in Bioreactor Selection and Design." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30367.

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The biological production of renewable fuels and chemicals, medicines, and proteins is not possible without a properly functioning bioreactor. Bioreactors are expected to meet several basic requirements and create conditions favorable to the biological material such that the desired production is maximized. The basic requirements, which are strongly influenced by fluid mechanic principles, may include minimum damage to the biological material, maximum reactor volume utilization, optimized gas-liquid mass transfer, and/or enhanced mass transfer from the liquid to the biological species. Each of these goals may be achieved within any of the major bioreactor designs, which generally fall under the categories of stirred tank, bubble column, or airlift bioreactor. Yet, each of the bioreactor designs has strengths and weaknesses. This paper provides an overview of bioreactor hydrodynamic developments and the fluid mechanic issues that should to be considered when selecting a bioreactor for experimental and production purposes.
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Neitzel, G. Paul, Robert M. Nerem, Athanassios Sambanis, Marc K. Smith, Timothy M. Wick, Jason B. Brown, Christopher Hunter, et al. "Effect of Fluid-Mechanical and Chemical Environments on Cell Function and Tissue Growth: Experimental and Modeling Studies." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0794.

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Abstract Bioreactors are widely used for the growth and maintenance of tissue-engineered constructs. In this paper, we report on work directed toward a better understanding of the chemical and fluid-mechanical environments that are needed to enhance cell function and tissue growth in bioreactors. We have conducted cell-growth studies in well-controlled flow conditions that indicate the effect of shear stress and oxygen tension on cellular function. In more complicated bioreactors, like the NASA rotating-wall vessel bioreactor, we have done experimental and numerical fluid-mechanical studies that quantify the velocity and shear-rate fields near a three-dimensional construct suspended by the flow inside the bioreactor. All of these results will be used to develop the tools needed to properly design and operate bioreactors for the optimal growth of tissue substitutes.
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Bertrand, Robert S., Emmanuel Revellame, Lisa Stephanie Dizon, Kristel Gatdula, and Remil Aguda. "Measurement of Volumetric Mass Transfer Coefficient in Lab-scale Stirred Tank Reactors: Is There a Point of Diminishing Returns for Impeller Speed and Gas Flowrate?" In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/zrrh2541.

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The transfer of species from gas to liquid across the phase interface is generally regarded as the greatest challenge and limitation in bioreactor design and operation. This is true for both oxygen and other gases used in bioreactors, such as methane. In this study, the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient was observed for a bioreactor at various sparger flowrates and impeller rotational speeds. Specifically targeted was a point at which increasing the impeller speed or gas flowrate resulted in reduced returns on the observed value of the transfer coefficient. This was to be expected, but much greater influence was observed for impeller speed than there was for gas flowrate. At impeller speeds of 600 rpm, quadrupling the gas flowrate from 2.5L/min to 10L/min only resulted in an increase of approximately 40%. At 0 rpm, the quadrupling of the gas flowrate resulted in a nearly quadrupled kLa value, indicating that at no agitation, the gas flowrate is closely tied to the kLa of the bioreactor, if much lower than under agitation. The study thus concludes that the kLa in these bioreactors is nearly directly influenced by gas inlet flowrate under tranquil conditions, but when agitation is present, it is a much more determining factor for kLa than gas inlet flowrate. This is likely due to the ability of the impeller to break up large bubbles introduced by the sparger to increase the area available for mass transfer. This may be used in experiments involving bioreactors to save on gas costs and more appropriately select a rotational speed to target certain bioreactor output parameters.
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Lasher, Richard A., Monir K. Parikh, and Robert W. Hitchcock. "A Novel Bioreactor for Continuous Monitoring of Force-Displacement." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-205775.

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Current bioreactors, although suitable for various functions, are often times costly, unreliable and difficult to set up [1,2]. Unlike standard tissue culture equipment, these systems are complex and difficult to operate [1,2]. Due to these limitations our aim was to develop a bioreactor that utilizes common cell culture equipment, is easy to set up and can interrogate mechanical properties of engineered tissue in culture. Additionally, a small footprint and the ability to grow tissue in replicate were desired due to space limitations of standard laboratory incubators. The end goal of this study was to develop a reliable, robust and reproducible bioreactor capable of continuously monitoring force-displacement characteristics.
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Engelmayr, George, Fraser W. H. Sutherland, John E. Mayer, and Michael S. Sacks. "A Novel Bioreactor for the Flexural Stimulation of Tissue Engineered Heart Valve Biomaterials." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33585.

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A novel bioreactor was developed for the purpose of studying the effect of dynamic flexural stimulation on the properties of tissue engineered heart valve (TEHV) scaffolds and constructs. While pulse duplicator and flow loop bioreactors have shown promise in the development of functional tissue engineered cardiovascular constructs [1–3], these devices present several drawbacks when applied to the study of fundamental biomechanical phenomena, including: small sample capacity, anatomical sample geometry, and coupled mechanical stimuli. In contrast, our bioreactor was designed to provide a simple, user-controllable mode of mechanical stimulation; cyclic three-point bending; offer a sufficient sample capacity for statistically significant comparisons at multiple time points, and accommodate a simple sample geometry amenable to mechanical testing. The bioreactor has the capacity to dynamically flex twelve rectangular samples (2.5 × 0.75 × 0.2 cm) under sterile conditions in a humidified cell culture incubator operating at 37 °C and 5% CO2 (Figure 1).
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Van Dyke, W. Scott, Eric Nauman, and Ozan Akkus. "A Novel Mechanical Bioreactor System Allowing Simultaneous Strain and Fluid Shear Stress on Cell Monolayers." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53595.

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The causes, mechanisms, and biology of bone adaptation have been under intense investigation ever since Julius Wolff proposed that bone architecture is determined by mathematical laws as a result of mechanical loading. How bone responds to mechanical loads by converting the mechanical signals into chemical signals is known as mechanotransduction. The in vivo environment of bone is complex, and most studies of cell-level phenomena have relied on the use of in vitro experiments using mechanical bioreactors. The main types of bioreactors are fluid flow shear stress, tensile and/or compressive strain, and hydrostatic pressure [1–2]. Of these bioreactors, the most intuitive mechanical stimulus for bone would be the tensile and compressive strain bioreactors. However, many researchers now claim that shear stress via interstitial fluid flow in the lacunar-canalicular porosity is the primary mechanosensory stimulus [3]. A handful of studies have attempted to compare the effects of both of these mechanical stimuli on osteoblasts, but these studies are lacking in two respects [4–6]. First, if both fluid flow and strain are performed in the same bioreactor, the magnitude of one loading mode is explicitly determined through constitutive equations, while the other is only estimated. Second, if the magnitudes of the loading modes are able to be explicitly determined they are performed in different bioreactors, providing the cells different extracellular environments. Therefore, a highly controllable dual-loading mode mechanical bioreactor, as described and characterized in this study, is a necessary tool to further understand the mechanotransduction of bone.
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Alimberti, Richard, Vedang Chauhan, and Devina Jaiswal. "Bioreactor Temperature Control System Using PID Controller." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71715.

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Abstract Bioreactors are engineered physiological environment that can be used to study and grow tissue and organ systems in vitro. They are used to subject the cells to physiologically relevant stimulus such as tensile or compressive stress, bending, torsion or fluid flow. An optimal internal environment of a bioreactor should remain sterile while maintaining the viability of tissue, cells and biomolecules at 37°C (normal body temperature) with a tolerance of + or −0.1 °C. This study presents an Arduino microcontroller-based temperature-controlled system using an autotuning proportional integral derivative (PID) control for a small-scale bioreactor. A table top bioreactor temperature control system was designed, fabricated and assembled with laser cut acrylic enclosure. The closed-loop control system maintained the set temperature of 37°C using a tuned PID controller that used a high precision TMP117 sensor for feedback, and controlled the heating element accordingly. The system achieved the desired performance characteristics such as a fast rise time, settling time, low overshoot and low steady state error. Once the system achieved the steady state, it maintained the temperature at 37 ± 0.1 °C. Since the temperature control can vary and monitor fine changes in the environment, the system can be used to study an impact of temperature variations on cell response such as growth and differentiation.
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Nwaigwe, Kevin N., Nnamdi V. Ogueke, Chibuike Ononogbo, and Emmanuel E. Anyanwu. "Performance Study of Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Municipal Waste in Upflow Bioreactor With Central Substrate Dispenser." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64064.

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A performance study of anaerobic digestion of organic municipal waste in upflow bioreactor with central substrate dispenser is presented. The experimental rig is based on an integrated system of bioreactors consisting of Upflow Bioreactor (UB), Upflow Bioreactor with Central Subtrate Dispenser (UBCSD), and Continous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) each having internal volume of 76 litres, 64.8 litres, and 76 litres respectively. The scheme is used for minimizing the mixing and fouling problems associated with some conventional bioreactors during digestion reaction. Organic municipal waste (OMW) was used to prepare the slurry for the reactors. Microbial reaction was enhanced during operation using a measured quantity (2kg) of substances from the rumen of a newly slaughtered cow. The experimentation from feeder tank to Bioreactors was carried out for a period of 10-days Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) at 37°C. Effects of some basic parameters affecting anaerobic digestion in terms of biogas production and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction were carried out. They include substrate temperature, minimal average temperature, changes in temperature, substrate content and properties, available nutrient, retention time, organic loading rate, pH level, nitrogen inhibition and C/N ratio, substrate agitation, and inhibitory factors. Results showed that UBSCD generated the highest level of Biogas yield of up to 52915 ml, while UB and CSTR yielded 23550ml and 28980ml respectively. Similarly for COD removal, 24343 mg/l, 5775.4 mg/l, and 23155 mg/l were achieved for UBCSD, UB and CSTR respectively from an initial value of 120,320 mg/l. These results show that the use of UBCSD better enhances biofuel production from organic municipal waste.
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Syedain, Zeeshan H., and Robert T. Tranquillo. "A Novel Bioreactor for Tissue Engineered Heart Valves Based on Controlled Cyclic Stretching." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206751.

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The tissue-engineered heart valve (TEHV) is considered a promising alternative for valve replacement, especially in pediatric patients. To date, most TEHVs have been cultured in pulse-flow bioreactors to generate mechanical loads and deformations leading to tissue growth (1, 2). Our approach has been to apply controlled mechanical stretching to induce tissue growth (3). In this study, a novel controlled cyclic stretch bioreactor is presented to enhance functional properties of TEHVs.
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Reports on the topic "Bioreactor"

1

Turick, C. E., and M. E. Mcllwain. Review of nonconventional bioreactor technology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193551.

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Christianson, Laura E., Matthew J. Helmers, and Carl H. Pederson. Denitrification Bioreactor in Northeast Iowa. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1167.

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Helmers, Matt, and Carl Pederson. Denitrification Bioreactor in Northeast Iowa. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1634.

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Christianson, Laura E., Matthew J. Helmers, and Carl H. Pederson. Hydraulic Performance of the Denitrification Bioreactor. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-588.

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Okeke, Benedict. Farm Deployable Microbial Bioreactor for Fuel Ethanol Production. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1244609.

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Oldenburg, Curtis M. T2LBM Version 1.0: Landfill bioreactor model for TOUGH2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/799552.

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Barton & Loguidice, P. C. Mill Seat Landfill Bioreactor Renewable Green Power (NY). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1051540.

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Basu, R., K. T. Klasson, E. C. Clausen, and J. L. Gaddy. Biological conversion of synthesis gas. Topical report: Bioreactor studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10122053.

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Berry, C. J. Test Plan for Methanotrophic Bioreactor at Savannah River Site-TNX. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/69362.

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Ramin Yazdani, Jeff Kieffer, Kathy Sananikone, and Don Augenstein. Full Scale Bioreactor Landfill for Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Emission Control. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/912519.

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