Journal articles: 'Biopolymers – Biodegradation'

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Irfan, Sayed Ameenuddin, Babar Azeem, Kashif Irshad, Salem Algarni, KuZilati KuShaari, Saiful Islam, and Mostafa A. H. Abdelmohimen. "Machine Learning Model for Nutrient Release from Biopolymers Coated Controlled-Release Fertilizer." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110538.

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Recent developments in the controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) have led to the new modern agriculture industry, also known as precision farming. Biopolymers as encapsulating agents for the production of controlled-release fertilizers have helped to overcome many challenging problems such as nutrients’ leaching, soil degradation, soil debris, and hefty production cost. Mechanistic modeling of biopolymers coated CRF makes it challenging due to the complicated phenomenon of biodegradation. In this study, a machine learning model is developed utilizing Gaussian process regression to predict the nutrient release time from biopolymer coated CRF with the input parameters consisting of diffusion coefficient, coefficient of-variance of coating thickness, coating mass thickness, coefficient of variance of size distribution and surface hardness from biopolymer coated controlled-release fertilizer. The developed model has shown greater prediction capabilities measured with R2 equalling 1 and a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) equalling 0.003. The developed model can be utilized to study the nutrient release profile of different biopolymers’-coated controlled-release fertilizers.

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Weal, Stephanie, Sheree Anderson, Ross Anderson, Trevor Stuthridge, and Alan Fernyhough. "Environmentally Intelligent Biocomposites." Advanced Materials Research 29-30 (November 2007): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.29-30.255.

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Composites made from wood residues and biomasses, together with either conventional polymers such as polypropylene (PP) and their recyclate streams or with the new emerging biopolymers such as polylactic acid (PLA), were compounded and injection moulded. Mechanical properties and biodegradation analyses were undertaken. The addition of wood flour/sander dust (SD) and wood fibres (WF), to the PP, with suitable compatibilizer, increased the flexural and tensile modulus and strength, indicating a good bond between the fibres and matrix. The tensile and flexural strengths were decreased with the addition of wood fillers, additives and biomasses to a PLA biopolymer blend. Such biomasses and additives increased the biodegradation of the PLA blend, and some control over biodegradation rates was achievable.

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Abioye, Abiodun Ayodeji, Oreofe Praise Oluwadare, and Oluwabunmi Pamilerin Abioye. "Environmental Impact on Biodegradation Speed and Biodegradability of Polyethylene and Ipomoea Batatas Starch Blend." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 41 (February 2019): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.41.145.

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All over the world, even in developing countries, plastics have quickly become one of the most common things found around. Unsurprisingly, this has caused a major waste management problem, particularly because synthetic polymers do not break down and degrade like organic waste. As a result, an alternative is being sought out in biopolymers. This study explores the suitability of a biopolymer blend;Ipomoea batatasmixed with low density polyethylene (LDPE) at various compositions. Biodegradation of this biopolymer blend was observed periodically when produced samples ofIpomoea batatas/LDPE were buried in loamy sand over a period of 28 days. Results show that produced biopolymers are environmentally compatible and bio-degradable. It was also observed that the sample blend with equal portions by weight ofIpomoea batatas(50%) and LDPE (50%) showed the most optimum pattern of degradation. There was steady degradation over the study period and the rate of degradation observed showed sustainability.

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Silva, Desiree Lameo, Larissa Oliveira Paulista, Pedro Henrique Presumido, Janksyn Bertozzi, Fabio Yamashita, Ana Paula Bilck, and Tatiane Cristina Dal Bosco. "Influence of Oat Hulls on Biodegradation of Biopolymer from Polylactic Acid." U.Porto Journal of Engineering 6, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-6493_006.001_0001.

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The production of biopolymers has been shown to be one of the most viable alternatives for the reduction of the use of conventional plastics. The oat hulls are a by-product with great ability to be incorporated into the production of biopolymers since it is a lignocellulosic compound. The lignin present in its composition can improve the strength of the material, however, it can also hamper its degradation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degradation levels of composites produced from starch and polylactic acid with absence (T1) and presence of oat hulls (T2) through the Sturm test. In T2 it was a more uniform and smooth biopolymer. In addition, the use of oat hulls favored CO2 production, 8% more than T1. Although the loss of dry mass in T1 was 3% higher, it was possible to observe degradation in T2.

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Mohan, TP, Kay Devchand, and K. Kanny. "Barrier and biodegradable properties of corn starch-derived biopolymer film filled with nanoclay fillers." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 33, no. 3 (December 18, 2016): 309–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087916682553.

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The objective of this work is to study the effect of nanoclay fillers on the biodegradation and barrier properties of corn starch polymer-based biofilm. Starch derived from corn plant source was used to prepare a biofilm by plasticization method. The barrier properties, namely, water absorption, moisture permeation, oxygen permeation and swelling of unfilled and nanoclay-filled corn starch biofilms were examined. The results indicate: ∼22% reduced water absorption, 40% reduced moisture uptake, 30% reduced oxygen permeation and 31% reduced swelling for 2–3 wt.% nanoclay-filled biofilm, when compared with unfilled biopolymer. The biodegradation result of unfilled and nanoclay-filled film series indicates that the nanoclay addition delays the biodegradation and is a function of nanoclay content in the film. The tensile, dynamic mechanical analysis and biodegradable studies were conducted on the biopolymers before and after water absorption, and the result shows that the nanoclay-filled biopolymer increased these properties when compared with unfilled biopolymer even after water absorption and is dependent on the nanocomposite structure and morphology as examined by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis.

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Khan, Elena, Kadir Ozaltin, Andres Bernal-Ballen, and Antonio Di Martino. "Renewable Mixed Hydrogels Based on Polysaccharide and Protein for Release of Agrochemicals and Soil Conditioning." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 10439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810439.

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The study deals with the combination of biopolymers to develop hydrogels intended for agriculture application. The aim is to propose a renewable and eco-compatible solution to enhance agrochemicals and water efficiency and contribute to maintaining soil fertility. We developed a set of hydrogels based on casein and chitosan for water retention and release of agrochemicals, in particular nitrogen fertilizer urea. The weight ratio of biopolymers, from 0.5 to 2, was investigated to understand the influence of their content on the morphology, swelling, swelling-drying cycles, and water retention in soil. The average content of urea in the hydrogels was 30% of the total weight, and up to 80% was released in the soil in 50 days. The biodegradation of the hydrogels in soil has been investigated by the burial method and monitoring the release of CO2. Results demonstrated that by increasing the content of chitosan, the biodegradation time is prolonged up to 20% in 90 days. The obtained results support the ultimate purpose of the work that the combination of two biopolymers at proper weight ratio could be a valid alternative of the marketed hydrogels with the final goal to promote soil fertility and water retention and prolong biodegradation.

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Boey, Jet Yin, Lydia Mohamad, Yong Sen Khok, Guan Seng Tay, and Siti Baidurah. "A Review of the Applications and Biodegradation of Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Poly(lactic acid) and Its Composites." Polymers 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 1544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101544.

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Overconsumption of plastic goods and improper handling of petroleum-derived plastic waste have brought a plethora of negative impacts to the environment, ecosystem and human health due to its recalcitrance to degradation. These drawbacks become the main driving force behind finding biopolymers with the degradable properties. With the advancement in biopolymer research, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and poly(lacyic acid) (PLA) and its composites have been alluded to as a potential alternative to replace the petrochemical counterpart. This review highlights the current synthesis process and application of PHAs and PLA and its composites for food packaging materials and coatings. These biopolymers can be further ameliorated to enhance their applicability and are discussed by including the current commercially available packaging products. Factors influencing biodegradation are outlined in the latter part of this review. The main aim of this review article is to organize the scattered available information on various aspects of PHAs and PLA, and its composites for packaging application purposes. It is evident from a literature survey of about 140 recently published papers from the past 15 years that PLA and PHA show excellent physical properties as potential food packaging materials.

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Majeed, Zahid, Nur Kamila Ramli, Nurlidia Binti Mansor, and Zakaria Man. "Lignin Loading Effect on Biodegradability and Nitrogen Release Properties of Urea Modified Tapioca Starch in Wet Soil." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 798–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.798.

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Plant based biopolymers are abundantly and easily available naturally biodegradable raw materials to prepare slow release nitrogen technologies. To test the lignin loading effect on biodegradability of the slow release fertilizer (SRF) and nitrogen release applications, a pot experiment under real soil conditions was conducted. Lignin at different loading percentages 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% were mixed with urea-modified tapioca starch acting as slow release fertilizer (SRF). Increasing the percentage of lignin to starch reduced the weight loss with improved nitrogen slow release properties in wet soil. Soil microbial biomass was negatively correlated with increase of lignin percentages. Lignin is a low cost biopolymer and can be used to improve starch biodegradation and its slow release nitrogen properties.

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Castellani, Francesco, Alessandro Esposito, Vitale Stanzione, and Roberto Altieri. "Measuring the Biodegradability of Plastic Polymers in Olive-Mill Waste Compost with an Experimental Apparatus." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6909283.

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The use of biodegradable polymers is spreading in agriculture to replace those materials derived from petroleum, thus reducing the environmental concerns. However, to issue a significant assessment, biodegradation rate must be measured in case-specific standardized conditions. In accordance with ISO 14855-1, we designed and used an experimental apparatus to evaluate the biodegradation rate of three biopolymers based on renewable resources, two poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) composites, and a compatibilized polylactic acid and polybutyrate (PLA/PBAT) blend. Biodegradation tests were carried out under composting condition using mature olive-mill waste (OMW) compost as inoculum. Carbon dioxide emissions were automatically recorded by infrared gas detectors and also trapped in saturated Ba(OH)2 solution and evaluated via a standard titration method to check the results. Some of the samples reached more than 80% biodegradation in less than 20 days. Both the experimental apparatus and the OMW compost showed to be suitable for the cases studied.

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Hasan, SM Kamrul, S. Zainuddin, J. Tanthongsack, MV Hosur, and L. Allen. "A study of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) biofilms’ thermal and biodegradable properties reinforced with halloysite nanotubes." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 23 (March 8, 2018): 3199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318763246.

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The aim of this study is to investigate and optimize the performance of a promising biopolymer, poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) which can potentially replace non-biodegradable synthetic polymers derived from toxic petroleum products. Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) biofilms were prepared using solvent casting method, and its thermal properties were determined using thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. Also, the durability and biodegradability of these films were studied by keeping the samples in water and Alabama soil conditions for various lengths of time. Our results showed that the thermal and moisture resistance of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) biopolymer can be enhanced significantly with the addition of low halloysite nanotubes concentrations. Also, the biodegradation process of the poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) films was faster with the addition of halloysite nanotubes attributed to the accelerated microbial microorganism reaction in the soil. This study led to cognize that the PHBV biopolymers added with halloysite nanotubes can be successfully used for various biomedical, industrial and structural applications, and then decompose at a desired faster rate afterward.

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López-Moreno, Ana, Alfonso Torres-Sánchez, Inmaculada Acuña, Antonio Suárez, and Margarita Aguilera. "Representative Bacillus sp. AM1 from Gut Microbiota Harbor Versatile Molecular Pathways for Bisphenol A Biodegradation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (May 7, 2021): 4952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094952.

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Human gut microbiota harbors numerous microbial species with molecular enzymatic potential that impact on the eubiosis/dysbiosis and health/disease balances. Microbiota species isolation and description of their specific molecular features remain largely unexplored. In the present study, we focused on the cultivation and selection of species able to tolerate or biodegrade the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA), a xenobiotic extensively found in food plastic containers. Chemical xenobiotic addition methods for the directed isolation, culturing, Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS), phylogenomic identification, and specific gene-encoding searches have been applied to isolate microorganisms, assess their BPA metabolization potential, and describe encoded catabolic pathways. BPA-tolerant strains were isolated from 30% of infant fecal microbial culture libraries analyzed. Most isolated strains were phylogenetically related to the operational taxonomic group Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spp. Importantly, WGS analysis of microbial representative strain, Bacillus sp. AM1 identified the four complete molecular pathways involved on BPA degradation indicating its versatility and high potential to degrade BPA. Pathways for Exopolysaccharide (EPS) and Polyhydroxyalkanates (PHA) biopolymer synthesis were also identified and phenotypically confirmed by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). These microbial biopolymers could generally contribute to capture and/or deposit xenobiotics.

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Ilyas, R. A., S. M. Sapuan, M. M. Harussani, M. Y. A. Y. Hakimi, M. Z. M. Haziq, M. S. N. Atikah, M. R. M. Asyraf, et al. "Polylactic Acid (PLA) Biocomposite: Processing, Additive Manufacturing and Advanced Applications." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 18, 2021): 1326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081326.

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Over recent years, enthusiasm towards the manufacturing of biopolymers has attracted considerable attention due to the rising concern about depleting resources and worsening pollution. Among the biopolymers available in the world, polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the highest biopolymers produced globally and thus, making it suitable for product commercialisation. Therefore, the effectiveness of natural fibre reinforced PLA composite as an alternative material to substitute the non-renewable petroleum-based materials has been examined by researchers. The type of fibre used in fibre/matrix adhesion is very important because it influences the biocomposites’ mechanical properties. Besides that, an outline of the present circumstance of natural fibre-reinforced PLA 3D printing, as well as its functions in 4D printing for applications of stimuli-responsive polymers were also discussed. This research paper aims to present the development and conducted studies on PLA-based natural fibre bio-composites over the last decade. This work reviews recent PLA-derived bio-composite research related to PLA synthesis and biodegradation, its properties, processes, challenges and prospects.

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Polman, Emma M. N., Gert-Jan M. Gruter, John R. Parsons, and Albert Tietema. "Comparison of the aerobic biodegradation of biopolymers and the corresponding bioplastics: A review." Science of The Total Environment 753 (January 2021): 141953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141953.

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Terekhov, S. S., I. V. Smirnov, O. G. Shamborant, M. A. Zenkova, E. L. Chernolovskaya, D. V. Gladkikh, A. N. Murashev, et al. "Excessive Labeling Technique Provides a Highly Sensitive Fluorescent Probe for Real-time Monitoring of Biodegradation of Biopolymer Pharmaceuticals in vivo." Acta Naturae 6, no. 4 (December 15, 2014): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2014-6-4-54-59.

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Recombinant proteins represent a large sector of the biopharma market. Determination of the main elimination pathways raises the opportunities to significantly increase their half-lives in vivo. However, evaluation of biodegradation of pharmaceutical biopolymers performed in the course of pre-clinical studies is frequently complicated. Noninvasive pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies in living organism are possible using proteins conjugated with near-infrared dyes. In the present study we designed a highly efficient probe based on fluorescent dye self-quenching for monitoring of in vivo biodegradation of recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase. The maximum enhancement of integral fluorescence in response to degradation of an intravenously administered enzyme was observed 6 h after injection. Importantly, excessive butyrylcholinesterase labeling with fluorescent dye results in significant changes in the pharmacokinetic properties of the obtained conjugate. This fact must be taken into consideration during future pharmacokinetic studies using in vivo bioimaging.

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Tábi, Tamás, Ferenc Tuba, and László Oláh. "Investigation of Time-Dependent Behavior of Starch-Based, Injection Molded Biodegradable Polymer." Materials Science Forum 589 (June 2008): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.589.281.

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Nowadays as a result of the increasing environmental friendly consciousness and the decreasing oil reserves, natural origin based materials are developed. These materials are not only based on renewable, natural resources, but capable of biodegradation in compost. These biodegradable polymers (biopolymers) can be inserted into the nature’s recycling process. One of the most important biopolymers is starch. Starch can be processed like a thermoplastic material by adding plasticizers, creating the so called thermoplastic starch. However the price of starch is rather low, it has certain drawbacks retarding its wide industrial usage. It is sensitive to moisture, disrupts in pure water, has low mechanical properties, and in time it ages. This ageing or time-dependent behavior was analyzed with injection molded tensile specimens. The shrinkage and mechanical properties of the specimens were determined as a function of ageing time. The fracture surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscope. The results of the measurements were compared with previous examinations.

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Folino, Adele, Aimilia Karageorgiou, Paolo S. Calabrò, and Dimitrios Komilis. "Biodegradation of Wasted Bioplastics in Natural and Industrial Environments: A Review." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 27, 2020): 6030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156030.

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The problems linked to plastic wastes have led to the development of biodegradable plastics. More specifically, biodegradable bioplastics are the polymers that are mineralized into carbon dioxide, methane, water, inorganic compounds, or biomass through the enzymatic action of specific microorganisms. They could, therefore, be a suitable and environmentally friendly substitute to conventional petrochemical plastics. The physico-chemical structure of the biopolymers, the environmental conditions, as well as the microbial populations to which the bioplastics are exposed to are the most influential factors to biodegradation. This process can occur in both natural and industrial environments, in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, with the latter being the least researched. The examined aerobic environments include compost, soil, and some aquatic environments, whereas the anaerobic environments include anaerobic digestion plants and a few aquatic habitats. This review investigates both the extent and the biodegradation rates under different environments and explores the state-of-the-art knowledge of the environmental and biological factors involved in biodegradation. Moreover, the review demonstrates the need for more research on the long-term fate of bioplastics under natural and industrial (engineered) environments. However, bioplastics cannot be considered a panacea when dealing with the elimination of plastic pollution.

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Majeed, Zahid, Nur Kamila Ramli, Nurlidia Mansor, and Zakaria Man. "Starch Biodegradation in a Lignin Modified Slow Release Fertilizer: Effect of Thickness." Applied Mechanics and Materials 625 (September 2014): 830–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.830.

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Biopolymers and their modified blends are naturally biodegradable materials being intensively used in control nutrient release formulations. Material biodegradability varies with thickness which further effect natural decay when applied in soil. Preliminary study was conducted for a urea-nitrogen incorporated slow release fertilizer (SRF) prepared with 0.27mm, 0.54mm and 1.03mm thickness. The starch biodegradation was decreased with increased in thickness both in non-sterile flooded soil (NSF) and sterile flooded soil (SF). NSF soil data was corrected with SF soil (as control) showed improved exponential decay constant and half-life estimates compared to NSF soil only. Study concludes that SRF thickness is important parameter increases half-life and reduces starch biodegradability in SRF.

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Hernández-García, Eva, María Vargas, Chelo González-Martínez, and Amparo Chiralt. "Biodegradable Antimicrobial Films for Food Packaging: Effect of Antimicrobials on Degradation." Foods 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061256.

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The environmental problem generated by the massive consumption of plastics makes necessary the developing of biodegradable antimicrobial materials that can extend food shelf-life without having a negative impact on the environment. The current situation regarding the availability of biodegradable food packaging materials has been analysed, as well as different studies where antimicrobial compounds have been incorporated into the polymer matrix to control the growth of pathogenic or spoilage bacteria. Thus, the antimicrobial activity of active films based on different biodegradable polymers and antimicrobial compounds has been discussed. Likewise, relevant information on biodegradation studies carried out with different biopolymers in different environments (compost, soil, aquatic), and the effect of some antimicrobials on this behavior, are reviewed. In most of the studies, no relevant effect of the incorporated antimicrobials on the degradation of the polymer were observed, but some antimicrobials can delay the process. The changes in biodegradation pattern due to the presence of the antimicrobial are attributed to its influence on the microorganism population responsible for the process. More studies are required to know the specific influence of the antimicrobial compounds on the biodegradation behavior of polymers in different environments. No studies have been carried out or marine media to this end.

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Zarzycki, Paweł K., Lucyna Lewandowska, Bożena Fenert, Krzysztof Piaskowski, and Janusz Kobaka. "Investigation of Hybrid Methods for Elimination of Brilliant Blue Dye from Water Phase Using Various Nanomaterials Combined with Activated Sludge and Duckweed." Nanomaterials 11, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071747.

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The main goal of this experimental work is screening of different natural and synthetic nanomaterials and biopolymers that may improve elimination of stable micropollutants from water phase. In this work, as a target chemical acting as the micropollutant molecule, the Brilliant Blue (BB) dye was selected. We tested different active matrices dispersed in water phase including activated carbon (AC), lyophilized graphene oxide (GO), β-cyclodextrin (CD), raw dandelion pappus (DP), microcrystalline cellulose(MC), and raw pine pollen (PP), as well as two types of Egyptian Blue mineral pigments (EB1 and EB2). Graphene oxide and Egyptian Blue nanomaterials were synthesized in our laboratory. We investigated potential application of such nanoparticles and biopolymer conglomerates as additives that may tune the activated sludge (AS) microorganisms or duckweed water plant (DW) and increase efficiency of micropollutants removal from wastewater. Studied nanomaterials/biopolymers were used in two different experimental modes involving real activated sludge microorganisms (24 h experiment) as well as duckweed plant (16 day experiment). Quantitative data of BB were obtained using microfluidic type device based on micro-TLC plate. This approach enabled direct determination of target component without sample pre-treatment like pre-concentration or pre-purification. Within single analytical run calibration line, retention standard spots (methyl red) and multiple samples were analyzed simultaneously. Due to the multivariate nature of these experiments, quantitative data were explored with chemometric tools including AHC (agglomerative hierarchical clustering), PCA (principal component analysis), and FA (factor analysis). Experimental data and multivariate calculations revealed that BB is strongly resistant on biodegradation, however, inclusion complexes formation with β-cyclodextrinmay induce degradation of this dye in the presence of duckweed. It is hoped that results of our experimental work can be used for designing of future experiments for fast screening of different additives and improvement of technological processes, focusing on purification of sewage and water from micropollutants.

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Pavlovskaya, N. E., I. V. Gorkova, A. Yu Gavrilova, and I. N. Gagarina. "Study of the Effect of Composite Fillers on the Rheological Properties of Polymers to Create a Biodegradable Film." Ecology and Industry of Russia 24, no. 3 (March 4, 2020): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2020-3-29-33.

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The modern aspects of some rheological characteristics of polymeric materials obtained using starch of substandard wheat grains and sugar beet pulp are considered. The main factors affecting mixing are discussed, which ensures high-quality dispersion and distribution of particles in the matrix in order to obtain a homogeneous mixture and the required properties of biopolymers. A study on the selection of the percentage ratio of fillers (starch and sugar beet pulp) allowed us to develop compositions for biodegradable films. The main objective of the research is to reduce the biodegradation period of polymeric material based on starch from substandard wheat grains and sugar beet pulp.

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Talanyuk, V., A. Shadrin, M. Iurzhenko, N. Korab, and M. Menzheres. "WELDING PROCESS AND FEATURES OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF WELDED JOINTS OF BIOPOLYMERS." Innovative Solution in Modern Science 1, no. 37 (March 26, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26886/2414-634x.1(37)2020.4.

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Polymers and biopolymers in particular are increasingly used in various sectors of the economy and more recently biopolymers replace traditional polymers in many applications. The problem of polymeric materials recycling can be solved by designing products that will be easy to recycle. In fact, biodegradation is the consistent breaking of chemical links of a polymer molecular chain under the action of microorganisms. Destroying a polymer, bacteria, fungi or algae use the remnants of its molecules as a source of vital organic compounds as well as energy. Usually biodegradation occurs in an aqueous or humid environment during the process of composting. Bioplastics wastes, like fallen leaves or other organic waste, are stacked on soil and gradually converted into environmentally friendly material. The ability of a polymer to biodegrade mainly depends on the chemical composition of its macromolecule chain. It must be heterocyclic and should include biodegradable chemical groups. The chain should not include fragments consisting of more than five CH2 groups in sequence. The breakdown of the molecular chain is facilitated by the presence in its structure of bulk substituents of hydrogen atoms with a sufficiently large volume. It is also possible to include in the chain of natural organic groups such as starch, cellulose, urea and the like. In this work, the samples were formed by pressing of the polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) powder under the following temperature conditions: the powder heated up to 40°C was poured into the mold and heated without pressure for 1-2 min. After that it was kept under pressure for 12-15 min., and then it was heated up to 175°C for 3-5 min. According to the experimental data, it was found that with increasing of the pressing temperature internal stresses appeared in the specimens, and defects such as cracks occurred upon cooling. Under lower pressing temperatures, the powder was not completely melted and according to, the samples had a non-homogeneous microstructure.Therefore when welding the temperature of the heater was set at 220-240°C, the upset pressure - 0.1 MPa. The warm-up time was varied within 30-40 seconds to determine the optimum conditions of weld formation.It was confirmed that PHB material is a brittle material with high fluidity when melted. In the welded joints, flash rollers are usually formed with the melt spreading over the sample surface. The flash has a small height almost equal on the both sides of the welded joint.Keywords: biodegradable, polyoxyalkonoates, thermoplastic polymer, bioplastic.

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Ladiè, Riccardo, Cesare Cosentino, Irene Tagliaro, Carlo Antonini, Giulio Bianchini, and Sabrina Bertini. "Supramolecular Structuring of Hyaluronan-Lactose-Modified Chitosan Matrix: Towards High-Performance Biopolymers with Excellent Biodegradation." Biomolecules 11, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11030389.

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Non-covalent interactions in supramolecular chemistry provide useful systems to understand biological processes, and self-assembly systems are suitable assets to build-up innovative products for biomedical applications. In this field, polyelectrolyte complexes are interesting, especially when polysaccharides are involved, due to their non-toxicity and bio-absorbability. In this work, we investigated a polyelectrolyte formed by hyaluronic acid (HA), a negatively charged linear polysaccharide, with Chitlac (Ch), a positively charged lactose-modified chitosan. The aim of the study was the investigation of a novel Ch–HA polyelectrolyte complex, to understand the interaction between the two polysaccharides and the stability towards enzymatic activity. By means of gel permeation chromatography–triple detector array (GPC–TDA), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), dynamic viscosity, Zeta Potential and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the polyelectrolyte complex properties were identified and compared to individual polysaccharides. The complex showed monodisperse molecular weight distribution, high viscosity, negative charge, and could be degraded by specific enzymes, such as hyaluronidase and lysozyme. The results suggest a close interaction between the two polysaccharides in the complex, which could be considered a self-assembly system.

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Kliem, Silvia, Marc Kreutzbruck, and Christian Bonten. "Review on the Biological Degradation of Polymers in Various Environments." Materials 13, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 4586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204586.

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Biodegradable plastics can make an important contribution to the struggle against increasing environmental pollution through plastics. However, biodegradability is a material property that is influenced by many factors. This review provides an overview of the main environmental conditions in which biodegradation takes place and then presents the degradability of numerous polymers. Polylactide (PLA), which is already available on an industrial scale, and the polyhydroxyalkanoates polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV), which are among the few plastics that have been proven to degrade in seawater, will be discussed in detail, followed by a summary of the degradability of further petroleum-, cellulose-, starch-, protein- and CO2-based biopolymers and some naturally occurring polymers.

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Xu, Ran, Li Ching Yong, Yong Giak Lim, and Jeffrey Philip Obbard. "Use of slow-release fertilizer and biopolymers for stimulating hydrocarbon biodegradation in oil-contaminated beach sediments." Marine Pollution Bulletin 51, no. 8-12 (January 2005): 1101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.02.037.

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Fajardo, Carmen, Alba Blánquez, Gabriela Domínguez, Antonio Borrero-López, Concepción Valencia, Manuel Hernández, María Arias, and Juana Rodríguez. "Assessment of Sustainability of Bio Treated Lignocellulose-Based Oleogels." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020267.

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The development of biological strategies to obtain new high-added value biopolymers from lignocellulosic biomass is a current challenge for scientific community. This study evaluates the biodegradability and ecotoxicity of new formulated oleogels obtained from fermented agricultural residues with Streptomyces, previously reported to show improved rheological and tribological characteristics compared to commercial mineral lubricants. Both new oleogels exhibited higher biodegradation rates than the commercial grease. Classical ecotoxicological bioassays using eukaryotic organisms (Lactuca sativa, Caenorhabditis elegans) showed that the toxic impact of the produced bio-lubricants was almost negligible and comparable to the commercial grease for the target organisms. In addition, high throughput molecular techniques using emerging next-generation DNA-sequencing technologies (NGS) were applied to study the structural changes of lubricant-exposed microbial populations of a standard soil. Results obtained showed that disposal of biomass-based lubricants in the soil environment did not substantially modify the structure and phylogenetic composition of the microbiome. These findings point out the feasibility and sustainability, in terms of biodegradability and eco-safety, of the new bio-lubricants in comparison with commercial mineral greases. This technology entails a promising biological strategy to replace fossil and non-renewable raw materials as well as to obtain useful biopolymers from agricultural residues with potential for large-scale applications.

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Mastalerz, Conrad, Isabelle Vroman, Xavier Coqueret, and Sébastien Alix. "Effects of Electron Beam Irradiation on 3D-Printed Biopolymers for Bone Tissue Engineering." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 7 (July 10, 2021): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5070182.

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Implanting scaffolds designed for the regeneration or the replacement of bone tissue damaged by diseases and injuries requires specially designed biomaterials that promote cell adhesion. However, the biodegradation rate of these scaffolds based on a single material is uniform. Four-dimensional printing appears to be a promising method to control this aspect by changing the shape and/or the intrinsic properties of 3D-printed objects under the influence of external stimuli. Two main classes of biomaterials and biocomposites based on biopolyesters, namely poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(caprolactone) (PCL), were used in this study. Each of them was mixed with the inorganic filler hydroxyapatite (HA), which is a component of natural bone. The biocomposites and biomaterials were prepared using the melt extrusion process and then shaped using a 3D printer. Three-dimensional specimens showed a decrease in elongation at break and breaking strain due to variations of crystallinity. The crystallinity of irradiated samples increased slightly with irradiation and a new crystalline phase was observed in the case of the PLA. Four-dimensional printing of biomaterials using electron radiation shows great promise for bone tissue engineering based on biocomposite scaffolds and other medical applications.

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Šuput, Danijela, Senka Popović, Nevena Hromiš, and Jovana Ugarković. "Degradable packaging materials: Sources, application and decomposition routes." Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture 25, no. 2 (2021): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jpea25-30971.

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There are many biodegradable and recyclable packaging materials available, alternatives for plastics: paper and cardboard; biodegradable polyethene (degradable due to additives incorporated during production, whose role is to lead to the polyethylene breakdown into CO2, H2O, biomass and minerals when in landfill) and biodegradable plastic (made from renewable biomass-biopolymers in a relatively energy-efficient process). The decomposition routes of degradable materials are reflected in the degradation for which realization a physico-chemical stimulus is required and biodegradation for which microorganisms are responsible. The global biodegradable plastic market was valued at $1.6 billion in 2019 and it is expected to reach $4.2 billion by 2027. The largest segment by application of biodegradable materials is in packaging with a market share of more than 60%. Some examples of degradable packaging existing on the market will be presented in the paper.

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Alven, Sibusiso, and Blessing Atim Aderibigbe. "Fabrication of Hybrid Nanofibers from Biopolymers and Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)/Poly (ε-Caprolactone) for Wound Dressing Applications." Polymers 13, no. 13 (June 26, 2021): 2104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132104.

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The management of chronic wounds is challenging. The factors that impede wound healing include malnutrition, diseases (such as diabetes, cancer), and bacterial infection. Most of the presently utilized wound dressing materials suffer from severe limitations, including poor antibacterial and mechanical properties. Wound dressings formulated from the combination of biopolymers and synthetic polymers (i.e., poly (vinyl alcohol) or poly (ε-caprolactone) display interesting properties, including good biocompatibility, improved biodegradation, good mechanical properties and antimicrobial effects, promote tissue regeneration, etc. Formulation of these wound dressings via electrospinning technique is cost-effective, useful for uniform and continuous nanofibers with controllable pore structure, high porosity, excellent swelling capacity, good gaseous exchange, excellent cellular adhesion, and show a good capability to provide moisture and warmth environment for the accelerated wound healing process. Based on the above-mentioned outstanding properties of nanofibers and the unique properties of hybrid wound dressings prepared from poly (vinyl alcohol) and poly (ε-caprolactone), this review reports the in vitro and in vivo outcomes of the reported hybrid nanofibers.

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Savina, Irina N., Mohamed Zoughaib, and Abdulla A. Yergeshov. "Design and Assessment of Biodegradable Macroporous Cryogels as Advanced Tissue Engineering and Drug Carrying Materials." Gels 7, no. 3 (June 28, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7030079.

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Cryogels obtained by the cryotropic gelation process are macroporous hydrogels with a well-developed system of interconnected pores and shape memory. There have been significant recent advancements in our understanding of the cryotropic gelation process, and in the relationship between components, their structure and the application of the cryogels obtained. As cryogels are one of the most promising hydrogel-based biomaterials, and this field has been advancing rapidly, this review focuses on the design of biodegradable cryogels as advanced biomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering. The selection of a biodegradable polymer is key to the development of modern biomaterials that mimic the biological environment and the properties of artificial tissue, and are at the same time capable of being safely degraded/metabolized without any side effects. The range of biodegradable polymers utilized for cryogel formation is overviewed, including biopolymers, synthetic polymers, polymer blends, and composites. The paper discusses a cryotropic gelation method as a tool for synthesis of hydrogel materials with large, interconnected pores and mechanical, physical, chemical and biological properties, adapted for targeted biomedical applications. The effect of the composition, cross-linker, freezing conditions, and the nature of the polymer on the morphology, mechanical properties and biodegradation of cryogels is discussed. The biodegradation of cryogels and its dependence on their production and composition is overviewed. Selected representative biomedical applications demonstrate how cryogel-based materials have been used in drug delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, cancer research, and sensing.

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Mohamed, Mohamed H., Chukwuemeka Ajaero, Dena W. McMartin, Kerry M. Peru, Vanessa Friesen, Monique Simair, John V. Headley, and Lee Wilson. "Solubilized Chitosan Biopolymers for Sequestration of Organic Acids in Aquatic Environments after Biodegradation in a Constructed Wetland Treatment System." International Journal of Technology 9, no. 6 (December 7, 2018): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v9i6.2301.

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Obruca, Stanislav, Ivana Marova, and Lucy Vojtova. "Biodegradation of polyether‐polyol‐based polyurethane elastomeric films: influence of partial replacement of polyether polyol by biopolymers of renewable origin." Environmental Technology 32, no. 9 (July 2011): 1043–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2010.523903.

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Galil, N. I., A. Schwartz-Mittelman, and O. Saroussi-Zohar. "Biomass deflocculation and process disturbances exerted by phenol induced transient load conditions." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 8-9 (October 1, 1998): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0796.

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Turbidity and relatively high concentrations of polysaccharides (biopolymers), indicating deflocculation of suspended biomass, could be observed as a result of phenol supplied in transient load conditions. The importance of preliminary acclimation could be observed in terms of the phenol removal rates at relatively low transient loading of phenol, up to 500 mg/l. As shock intensity increased to 1,000 and 1,500 mg/l, the acclimated reactors did not show relevant differences when compared to either partially acclimated or on-acclimated reactors. Transient load conditions created by phenol caused immediate reduction of the oxygen uptake rates and affected biomass respiration. Preliminary acclimation of the biomass indicated possible improvements of these influences, especially for phenol loads of up to 500 mg/l. The period following the application of phenol transient load was characterized by symptoms which could indicate that sorption-desorption mechanisms are involved by biomass, in addition to biodegradation. Preliminary collection and temporary storage of concentrated phenolic wastewater streams followed by gradually controlled release to the treatment facilities would provide reasonable solutions for avoiding biomass deflocculation and process disturbances caused by transient load conditions.

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Lefebvre, D., V. Dossat-Létisse, X. Lefebvre, and E. Girbal-Neuhauser. "Fate of organic matter during moderate heat treatment of sludge: kinetics of biopolymer and hydrolytic activity release and impact on sludge reduction by anaerobic digestion." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 9 (February 18, 2014): 1828–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.083.

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Temperature-phased anaerobic digestion with a 50–70 °C pre-treatment is widely proposed for sludge. Here, such a sludge pre-treatment (65 °C) was studied against the physical, enzymatic and biodegradation processes. The soluble and particulate fractions were analysed in terms of biochemical composition and hydrolytic enzymatic activities. Two kinetics of organic matter solubilisation were observed: a rapid transfer of the weak-linked biopolymers to the water phase, including sugars, proteins or humic acid-like substances, to the water phase, followed by a slow and long-term solubilisation of proteins and humic acid-like substances. In addition, during the heat treatment a significant pool of thermostable hydrolytic enzymes including proteases, lipases and glucosidases remains active. Consequently, a global impact on organic matter was the transfer of the biodegradable chemical oxygen demand (COD) from the particulate to the soluble fraction as evaluated by the biological methane potential test. However, the total biodegradable COD content of the treated sludge remained constant. The heat process improves the bio-accessibility of the biodegradable molecules but doesn't increase the inherent sludge biodegradability, suggesting that the chemistry of the refractory proteins and humic acids seems to be the real limit to sludge digestion.

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Matveeva, V. G., M. U. Khanova, L. V. Antonova, and L. S. Barbarash. "Fibrin – a promising material for vascular tissue engineering." Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs 22, no. 1 (April 23, 2020): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2020-1-196-208.

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This review looks at the use of fibrin in vascular tissue engineering (VTE). Autologous fibrin is one of the most affordable biopolymers because it can be obtained from peripheral blood by simple techniques. A description and comparative analysis of the methods and approaches for producing fibrin gel is provided. The ability of fibrin to promote cell attachment and migration, survival and angiogenesis, to accumulate growth factors and release them in a controlled manner, are unique and extremely useful in VTE. Fibrin gels can serve as a three-dimensional matrix molded in different sizes and shapes to be applied in a variety of ways, including as a scaffold, coating, or impregnation material. Fibrin’s high porosity and biodegradability allows controllable release of growth factors, yet fibrinolysis must be tightly regulated to avoid side effects. We discuss the main methods of regulating the rate of fibrinolysis, as well as possible side effects of such exposure. Low mechanical strength is the main limitation in using fibrin as a scaffold for vascular tissue engineering. Possible options for increasing the strength properties of fibrin matrix and evaluating their effectiveness are presented. We propose that unique biocompatibility and ideal biodegradation profile of fibrin justify its use as a scaffold material for developing an ideal fully autologous small-diameter tissue-engineered vascular graft.

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Findrik Balogová, Alena, Marianna Trebuňová, Gabriela Ižaríková, Ľuboš Kaščák, Lukáš Mitrík, Jana Klímová, Jozef Feranc, Marcel Modrák, Radovan Hudák, and Jozef Živčák. "In Vitro Degradation of Specimens Produced from PLA/PHB by Additive Manufacturing in Simulated Conditions." Polymers 13, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 1542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101542.

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Biopolymers have been the most frequently studied class of materials due to their biodegradability, renewability, and sustainability. The main aim of the presented study was to evaluate degradability of the polymer material blend which was immersed in different solutions. The present study included the production of three different mixtures of polylactic acid and polyhydroxybutyrate, each with a different content of triacetin, which was used as a plasticiser. Applying 3D printing technology, two types of cylindrical specimen were produced, i.e., a solid and a porous specimen, and subjected to in vitro natural degradation. The biodegradation process ran for 195 days in three different solutions (saline, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and Hank’s solution) in stable conditions of 37 °C and a pH of 7.4, while the specimens were kept in an orbital motion to simulate the flow of fluids. The goal was to identify the effects of a solution type, specimen shape and material composition on the biodegradation of the materials. The monitored parameters included changes in the solution quantity absorbed by the specimens; morphological changes in the specimen structure; and mechanical properties. They were measured by compressive testing using the Inspekt5 Table Blue testing device. The experiment revealed that specimen porosity affected the absorption of the solutions. The non-triacetin materials exhibited a higher mechanical resistance to compression than the materials containing a plasticiser. The final result of the experiment indicated that the plasticiser-free specimens exhibited higher values of solution absorption, no formation of block cracks or bubbles, and the pH values of the solutions in which these materials were immersed remained neutral for the entire experiment duration; furthermore, these materials did not reduce pH values down to the alkaline range, as was the case with the solutions with the plasticiser-containing materials. Generally, in applications where high mechanical resistance, earlier degradation, and more stable conditions are required, the use of non-plasticiser materials is recommended.

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Liu, Qichun, Fang Wang, Zhenggui Gu, Qingyu Ma, and Xiao Hu. "Exploring the Structural Transformation Mechanism of Chinese and Thailand Silk Fibroin Fibers and Formic-Acid Fabricated Silk Films." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 3309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113309.

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Silk fibroin (SF) is a protein polymer derived from insects, which has unique mechanical properties and tunable biodegradation rate due to its variable structures. Here, the variability of structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of two domesticated silk films (Chinese and Thailand B. Mori) regenerated from formic acid solution, as well as their original fibers, were compared and investigated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). Four relaxation events appeared clearly during the temperature region of 25 °C to 280 °C in DMA curves, and their disorder degree (fdis) and glass transition temperature (Tg) were predicted using Group Interaction Modeling (GIM). Compared with Thai (Thailand) regenerated silks, Chin (Chinese) silks possess a lower Tg, higher fdis, and better elasticity and mechanical strength. As the calcium chloride content in the initial processing solvent increases (1%–6%), the Tg of the final SF samples gradually decrease, while their fdis increase. Besides, SF with more non-crystalline structures shows high plasticity. Two α- relaxations in the glass transition region of tan δ curve were identified due to the structural transition of silk protein. These findings provide a new perspective for the design of advanced protein biomaterials with different secondary structures, and facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the structure-property relationship of various biopolymers in the future.

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Sigurbjörnsdóttir, Margrét Auður, Starri Heiðmarsson, Anna Rut Jónsdóttir, and Oddur Vilhelmsson. "Novel bacteria associated with Arctic seashore lichens have potential roles in nutrient scavenging." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 60, no. 5 (May 2014): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2013-0888.

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While generally described as a bipartite mutualistic association between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria, lichens also host diverse and heretofore little explored communities of nonphototrophic endolichenic bacteria. The composition and possible roles of these bacterial communities in the lichen symbiotic association constitute an emerging field of research. Saxicolous (rock-dwelling) seashore lichens present an unusual environment, characterized by rapid fluctuations in temperature, salinity, exposure to solar radiation, etc. The present study focuses on the bacterial biota associated with 4 species of crustose, halophilic, saxicolous seashore lichens found in northern Iceland. A denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis based characterization of the composition of the lichen-associated microbiotas indicated that they are markedly lichen-species-specific and clearly distinguishable from the environmental microbiota represented by control sampling. A collection of bacterial strains was investigated and partially identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. The strains were found to belong to 7 classes: Alphaproteobacteria, Bacilli, Actinobacteria, Flavobacteria, Cytophagia, Sphingobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria. Several isolates display only a modest level of similarity to their nearest relatives found in GenBank, suggesting that they comprise previously undescribed taxa. Selected strains were tested for inorganic phosphate solubilization and biodegradation of several biopolymers, such as barley β-glucan, xylan, chitosan, and lignin. The results support a nutrient-scavenging role of the associate microbiota in the seashore lichen symbiotic association.

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Abdelrady, Ahmed, Saroj Sharma, Ahmed Sefelnasr, and Maria Kennedy. "The Fate of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) During Bank Filtration under Different Environmental Conditions: Batch and Column Studies." Water 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2018): 1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121730.

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Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in source water highly influences the removal of different contaminants and the dissolution of aquifer materials during bank filtration (BF). The fate of DOM during BF processes under arid climate conditions was analysed by conducting laboratory—scale batch and column studies under different environmental conditions with varying temperature (20–30 °C), redox, and feed water organic matter composition. The behaviour of the DOM fractions was monitored using various analytical techniques: fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC-EEM), and size exclusion liquid chromatography with organic carbon detection (LC-OCD). The results revealed that DOM attenuation is highly dependent (p < 0.05) on redox conditions and temperature, with higher removal at lower temperatures and oxic conditions. Biopolymers were the fraction most amenable to removal by biodegradation (>80%) in oxic environments irrespective of temperature and feed water organic composition. This removal was 20–24% lower under sub-oxic conditions. In contrast, the removal of humic compounds exhibited a higher dependency on temperature. PARAFAC-EEM revealed that terrestrial humic components are the most temperature critical fractions during the BF processes as their sorption characteristics are negatively correlated with temperature. In general, it can be concluded that BF is capable of removing labile compounds under oxic conditions at all water temperatures; however, its efficiency is lower for humic compounds at higher temperatures.

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Marin, Maria Minodora, Mădălina Georgiana Albu Kaya, Horia Iovu, Cristina Elena Stavarache, Ciprian Chelaru, Rodica Roxana Constantinescu, Cristina-Elena Dinu-Pîrvu, and Mihaela Violeta Ghica. "Obtaining, Evaluation, and Optimization of Doxycycline-Loaded Microparticles Intended for the Local Treatment of Infectious Arthritis." Coatings 10, no. 10 (October 17, 2020): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10100990.

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Compared to the classical systemic administration, the local drug release has some advantages, such as lack of systemic toxicity and associated side effects, increased patient compliance, and a low rate of bacterial resistance. Biopolymers are widely used to design sustained drug delivery systems and biomaterials for tissue engineering. Type II collagen is the indispensable component in articular cartilage and plays a critical role in the growth and proliferation process of chondrocytes. Thus, type II collagen has drawn more attention and interest in the treatment and research of the cartilage regeneration. The aim of this study was to obtain, characterize, and optimize the microcapsules formulation based on type II collagen, sodium alginate, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose loaded with doxycycline as an antibiotic model drug that could be incorporated further in hydrogels to improve the localized therapy of septic arthritis. The new synthesized microcapsules were assessed by spectral (FT-IR), morphological (optical microscopy), and biological analysis (enzymatic biodegradation, antimicrobial activity). The size distribution of the obtained microcapsules was determined using optical microscopy. The drug encapsulation efficiency was also determined. To optimize the microcapsules’ composition, some physical-chemical and biological analyses were subjected to an optimization technique based on experimental design, response surface methodology, and the Taguchi technique, and the adequate formulations were selected. The results obtained recommend these new microcapsules as promising drug systems to be further incorporated in type II collagen hydrogels used for septic arthritis.

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Azimi, Bahareh, Homa Maleki, Lorenzo Zavagna, Jose Gustavo De la Ossa, Stefano Linari, Andrea Lazzeri, and Serena Danti. "Bio-Based Electrospun Fibers for Wound Healing." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 11, no. 3 (September 22, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb11030067.

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Being designated to protect other tissues, skin is the first and largest human body organ to be injured and for this reason, it is accredited with a high capacity for self-repairing. However, in the case of profound lesions or large surface loss, the natural wound healing process may be ineffective or insufficient, leading to detrimental and painful conditions that require repair adjuvants and tissue substitutes. In addition to the conventional wound care options, biodegradable polymers, both synthetic and biologic origin, are gaining increased importance for their high biocompatibility, biodegradation, and bioactive properties, such as antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, cell proliferative, and angiogenic. To create a microenvironment suitable for the healing process, a key property is the ability of a polymer to be spun into submicrometric fibers (e.g., via electrospinning), since they mimic the fibrous extracellular matrix and can support neo- tissue growth. A number of biodegradable polymers used in the biomedical sector comply with the definition of bio-based polymers (known also as biopolymers), which are recently being used in other industrial sectors for reducing the material and energy impact on the environment, as they are derived from renewable biological resources. In this review, after a description of the fundamental concepts of wound healing, with emphasis on advanced wound dressings, the recent developments of bio-based natural and synthetic electrospun structures for efficient wound healing applications are highlighted and discussed. This review aims to improve awareness on the use of bio-based polymers in medical devices.

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Maeng, S. K., S. K. Sharma, A. Magic-Knezev, and G. Amy. "Fate of effluent organic matter (EfOM) and natural organic matter (NOM) through riverbank filtration." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 12 (June 1, 2008): 1999–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.613.

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Understanding the fate of effluent organic matter (EfOM) and natural organic matter (NOM) through riverbank filtration is essential to assess the impact of wastewater effluent on the post treatment requirements of riverbank filtrates. Furthermore, their fate during drinking water treatment can significantly determine the process design. The objective of this study was to characterise bulk organic matter which consists of EfOM and NOM during riverbank filtration using a suite of innovative analytical tools. Wastewater effluent-derived surface water and surface water were used as source waters in experiments with soil columns. Results showed the preferential removal of non-humic substances (i.e. biopolymers) from wastewater effluent-derived surface water. The bulk organic matter characteristics of wastewater effluent-derived surface water and surface water were similar after 5 m soil passage in laboratory column experiment. Humic-like organic matter in surface water and wastewater effluent-derived surface water persisted through the soil passage. More than 50% of total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal with significant reduction of dissolved oxygen (DO) was observed in the top 50 cm of the soil columns for both surface water and wastewater effluent-derived surface water. This was due to biodegradation by soil biomass which was determined by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations and heterotrophic plate counts. High concentrations of ATP in the first few centimeters of infiltration surface reflect the highest microbial activity which correlates with the extent of DOC reduction. Good correlation of DOC removal with DO and biomass development was observed in the soil columns.

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Wübbeler, Jan Hendrik, Nadine Bruland, Milena Wozniczka, and Alexander Steinbüchel. "Biodegradation of the xenobiotic organic disulphide 4,4′-dithiodibutyric acid by Rhodococcus erythropolis strain MI2 and comparison with the microbial utilization of 3,3′-dithiodipropionic acid and 3,3′-thiodipropionic acid." Microbiology 156, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 1221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.036178-0.

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Application of the non-toxic 3,3′-thiodipropionic acid (TDP) and 3,3′-dithiodipropionic acid (DTDP) as precursors for the microbial production of polythioesters (PTEs), a class of biologically persistent biopolymers containing sulphur in the backbone, was successfully established previously. However, synthesis of PTEs containing 4-mercaptobutyrate (4MB) as building blocks could not be achieved. The very harmful 4MB is not used as a PTE precursor or as the carbon source for growth by any known strain. As a promising alternative, the harmless oxidized disulfide of two molecules of 4MB, 4,4′-dithiodibutyric acid (DTDB), was employed for enrichments of bacterial strains capable of biodegradation. Investigation of novel precursor substrates for PTEs and comparison of respective strains growing on TDP, DTDP and DTDB as sole carbon source was accomplished. A broad variety of bacteria capable of using one of these organic sulphur compounds were isolated and compared. TDP and DTDP were degraded by several strains belonging to different genera, whereas all DTDB-utilizing strains were affiliated to the species Rhodococcus erythropolis. Transposon mutagenesis of R. erythropolis strain MI2 and screening of 7500 resulting mutants yielded three mutants exhibiting impaired growth on DTDB. Physiological studies revealed production of volatile hydrogen sulphide and accumulation of significant amounts of 4MB, 4-oxo-4-sulphanylbutanoic acid and succinic acid in the culture supernatants. Based on this knowledge, a putative pathway for degradation of DTDB was proposed: DTDB could be cleaved into two molecules of 4MB, followed by an oxidation yielding 4-oxo-4-sulphanylbutanoic acid. A putative desulphydrase probably catalyses the abstraction of sulphur, thereby generating succinic acid and hydrogen sulphide.

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Shevlyuk, N. N., I. Z. Gatiatullin, and A. A. Stadnikov. "Features of Reparative Histogenesis in Bioplastic Material Application." Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2225-7357-2020-9-1-86-93.

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In modern medicine, various biocompatible materials (based on biodegradable natural biopolymers – collagen, hyaluronic acid, chitin, chitosan, etc.) are widely used, primarily for the purposes of reconstructive and plastic surgery. The development of these materials and their introduction into clinical practice is an extremely urgent task of regenerative biology and medicine. One of the most important properties of bioplastic materials is their ability to undergo biodegradation and gradually be replaced by the recipient's proper tissues. In this case, the intermediate and final metabolic products of these materials should be included in the natural biochemical cycles of the body without their systemic and local accumulation, and degradation products should lack the toxicity effect. Bioplastic materials can also serve as carriers of biologically active substances, for example, growth factors and morphogenetic proteins, antibacterial substances, as well as pharmacological agents that affect the rate of regeneration. The designed three-dimensional porous structure of new materials, morphologically similar to the structure of body tissues, allows them to ensure the migration of fibroblastic cells, the growth of blood vessels in the area occupied by this material, that is, they can serve as a skeleton (matrix), a basis for histio- and organotypic regenerates developing in various organs. Many bioplastic materials have the ability to enhance angiogenesis, and are also able to activate proliferation and cytodifferentiation of epithelial cells and fibroblast differentiation cells of the connective tissue, which leads to the formation of young connective tissue in the transplant zone and epithelization of organ damage. Thus, biocompatible and biodegradable polymers are able to stimulate reparative histogenesis, providing optimal conditions for the formation of histio- and organotypic regenerates of various tissues and organs.

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Yu, Peiqiang, Hangshu Xin, Yajing Ban, and Xuewei Zhang. "Interactive Association between Biopolymers and Biofunctions in Carinata Seeds as Energy Feedstock and Their Coproducts (Carinata Meal) from Biofuel and Bio-oil Processing before and after Biodegradation: Current Advanced Molecular Spectroscopic Investigations." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62, no. 18 (April 28, 2014): 4039–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf405809m.

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Severino, Patricia, Classius F. da Silva, Luciana N. Andrade, Daniele de Lima Oliveira, Joana Campos, and Eliana B. Souto. "Alginate Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Targeting." Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 11 (August 6, 2019): 1312–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190425163424.

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Nanotechnology refers to the control, manipulation, study and manufacture of structures and devices at the nanometer size range. The small size, customized surface, improved solubility and multi-functionality of nanoparticles will continue to create new biomedical applications, as nanoparticles allow to dominate stability, solubility and bioavailability, as well controlled release of drugs. The type of a nanoparticle, and its related chemical, physical and morphological properties influence its interaction with living cells, as well as determine the route of clearance and possible toxic effects. This field requires cross-disciplinary research and gives opportunities to design and develop multifunctional devices, which allow the diagnosis and treatment of devastating diseases. Over the past few decades, biodegradable polymers have been studied for the fabrication of drug delivery systems. There was extensive development of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery and tissue engineering, in view of their applications in controlling the release of drugs, stabilizing labile molecules from degradation and site-specific drug targeting. The primary aim is to reduce dosing frequency and prolong the therapeutic outcomes. For this purpose, inert excipients should be selected, being biopolymers, e.g. sodium alginate, commonly used in controlled drug delivery. Nanoparticles composed of alginate (known as anionic polysaccharide widely distributed in the cell walls of brown algae which, when in contact with water, forms a viscous gum) have emerged as one of the most extensively characterized biomaterials used for drug delivery and targeting a set of administration routes. Their advantages include not only the versatile physicochemical properties, which allow chemical modifications for site-specific targeting but also their biocompatibility and biodegradation profiles, as well as mucoadhesiveness. Furthermore, mechanical strength, gelation, and cell affinity can be modulated by combining alginate nanoparticles with other polymers, surface tailoring using specific targeting moieties and by chemical or physical cross-linking. However, for every physicochemical modification in the macromolecule/ nanoparticles, a new toxicological profile may be obtained. In this paper, the different aspects related to the use of alginate nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeting have been revised, as well as how their toxicological profile will determine the therapeutic outcome of the drug delivery system.

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Chizhov, A. S., A. A. Ol’khov, T. V. Monakhova, L. S. Shibryaeva, and A. L. Iordanskii. "Thermooxidation and Biodegradation of Nonwoven Biopolymer Fibrous Materials." Polymer Science, Series D 11, no. 3 (July 2018): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1995421218030036.

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Dungani, Rudi, Ihak Sumardi, Yoyo Suhaya, Pingkan Aditiawati, Safar Dody, Enih Rosamah, Md Nazrul Islam, Sri Hartati, and Tati Karliati. "Reinforcing effects of seaweed nanoparticles in agar-based biopolymer composite: Physical, water vapor barrier, mechanical, and biodegradable properties." BioResources 16, no. 3 (May 28, 2021): 5118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.5118-5132.

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In recent times, the indiscriminate disposal of post-consumer plastic packaging material has received global attention. There is a need to develop an alternative packaging material from bio-based polymers to reduce plastic waste pollution. This work studied the effects of loading seaweed nanoparticles into an agar matrix by analyzing the physical, mechanical, water vapor barrier, and biodegradation properties, as well as the surface morphological properties of biopolymer composite. The results showed that the addition of seaweed nanoparticles in the biopolymer matrix improved the properties of the agar-based biopolymer composite, except for the water vapor barrier properties of the biopolymer composite. The biopolymer composite film loaded with 6 w/w% seaweed nanoparticles appeared to achieve the highest mechanical strength. In addition, scanning electron microscopy analysis verified that the 6% w/w% seaweed nanoparticles biopolymer composite showed a homogenous surface morphology and had a strong adhesion on the interfaces of the filler and matrix. The samples had a desirable density of 0.0131 cm-1g-1 and a desirable biodegradability when 8 w/w% nanoparticles was used. This study verified that seaweed nanoparticles are compatible with agar matrix in terms of the enhancement of biopolymer composite properties.

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Boskhomdzhiev, A. P., A. P. Bonartsev, T. K. Makhina, V. L. Myshkina, E. A. Ivanov, D. V. Bagrov, E. V. Filatova, A. L. Iordanskii, and G. A. Bonartseva. "Biodegradation kinetics of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-based biopolymer systems." Biochemistry (Moscow) Supplement Series B: Biomedical Chemistry 4, no. 2 (May 23, 2010): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1990750810020083.

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Dewi, Asiska Permata, Erizal Zaini, and Akmal Djamaan. "MANUFACTURE OF PLASTICS FILM CONTAINING OF POLYSTIRENE, POLYCAPROLACTONE, POLY(3-HIDROKSIBUTYRATE-CO-3- HIDROXYVALERATE) AND BIODEGRADATION STUDY IN OCEAN WATER." Jurnal Riset Kimia 7, no. 2 (March 10, 2014): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v7i2.167.

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ABSTRACTThe manufacture of a biodegradable plastics film containing of polymer synthetic polystyrene(PS) and biopolymer of polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)[P(3HB-ko-3HV)] and biodegradation study in ocean water has been carried out. Plastics filmcontaining of PS/PCL/P(3HB-ko-3HV) produced by blending techniques followed by solventcasting with ratios were of 100/0/0, 95/5/0, 95/0/5, 90/5/5, 85/10/5, 85/5/10. This testing wasconducted based on immersion test method recommend by American Society for Testing andMaterials. Poly blend plastics film PS/PCL/P(3HB-ko-3HV) were characterized by tensilestrength, thermal properties and SEM analysis. The profiles of the rate biodegradation view byweight reduction of the tested plastic film for 1-7 weeks period. Tensile strength analysisshowed the decreasing of tensile strength with the addition of P(3HB-ko-3HV). Thermalanalysis showed a decreasing in the melting point with the addition of PCL and P(3HB-co-3HV). SEM micrograph showed the destruction occurred and erosion at surface of plastic filmduring observation time. The rate of biodegradation showed that increasing of PCL and P (3HBco-3HV) in a mixture of plastic film, so biodegradation increased.Keywords: polystyrene, polycaprolactone, poly(3-hidroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate),biodegradation, film plastic.

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Qudsieh, Isam Yassin. "BIODEGRADATION BEHAVIOR OF POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) GRAFTED SAGO STARCH BIOPOLYMER." IIUM Engineering Journal 8, no. 2 (September 29, 2010): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v8i2.91.

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The graft copolymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) onto sago starch (sago starch-g-PMMA) was carried out using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as an initiator. PMMA was grafted onto sago starch using CAN as an initiator under nitrogen gas atmosphere. The maximum percentage of grafting (%G) was determined to be 246% at the optimum conditions. The copolymers produced were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry (FTIR), The FTIR spectra of the copolymers clearly indicated the presence of characteristic peaks of PMMA and sago starch, which suggested that PMMA had been successfully grafted on the sago starch. Biodegradability studies of sago starch-g-PMMA and sago starch were carried out by ?-amylase enzyme. Maximum biodegradation of the biopolymer was achieved after 3 days of incubation, while for the product was 7 days. The maximum production of glucose was achieved when the concentration of -amylase was 50 ppm.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Biopolymers – Biodegradation'

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