Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biophysique membranaires'
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Ribeiro, Nigel. "Synthèse de polycycloprénols et étude biophysique de leurs propriétés membranaires." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/RIBEIRO_Nigel_2006.pdf.
Full textWe have postulated that polyprenyl phosphates could be “primitive” membrane constituents and that polyprenyl alcohols might play the role of their membrane reinforcers. In order to check whether polyprenols reinforce membrane made of polyprenyl phosphates, we have synthesized polyprenyl phosphates bearing different isopentenyl units (between C15 and C45) and polyprenols with acyclic or cyclic chains. About the synthesis of cyclic polyprenols, we have developed a new method based on biomimetic cyclization of allylsilane in the middle of a terpenic chain. This method gave us an easy access of bicyclopolyprenols. Using fluorescence microscopy, we have studied different parameters (such as chain length, degree of unsaturation, acyclic or cyclic chain and pH), which might affect the formation of vesicles from the system: polyprenyl phosphate/H2O with or without polyprenyl alcohol. We have found that polyprenyl phosphates containing 15 to 30 C-atoms form giant vesicles in a wide pH range. Stopped-flow/light-scattering experiments, which evaluate the water permeability through the membrane of unilamellar vesicles prepared from polyprenyl phosphate/polyprenyl alcohol/H2O, revealed that some polyprenyl alcohols do reduce the water permeability even more efficiently than cholesterol, the ubiquitous reinforcer of eukaryotic membranes. These results give a favourable argument for the hypothesis that polyprenyl alcohols might have been reinforcers of “primitive” membranes made of polyprenyl phosphates
Ribeiro, Nigel Nakatani Yoichi Désaubry Laurent. "Synthèse de polycycloprénols et étude biophysique de leurs propriétés membranaires." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2007. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/757/01/RIBEIRO2006.pdf.
Full textNasir, Mehmet Nail. "Caractérisation biophysique des interactions de la mycosubtiline, agent antimicrobien, avec des systèmes membranaires biomimétiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10148.
Full textMycosubtilin is an antimicrobial lipopeptide, produced by different strains of Bacillus subtilis and possessing hemolytic and antifungal properties. Its biological activities are due to its interactions with the plasma membranes of the target cells. However, the precise molecular mechanisms of these interactions need to be further elucidated. The aim of this work is to determine the structure elements involved in the biological activities of mycosubtilin. For that purpose, we used membrane biomimetic systems, such as Langmuir monolayers or multilayers, and we analyzed the interactions of mycosubtilin with them by applying specific biophysical tools (surface tensiometry, PM-IRRAS, BAM, SHG, FT-IR and RMN). We determined that there is a preferential interaction of the lipopeptide with biomimetic membranes containing sterols. Thus the tyrosyle residue of mycosubtilin and the secondary alcohol group of the sterol are involved in these interactions. Significant changes in the morphology of the biomimetic membranes induced by the lipopeptide were highlighted; these modifications are more pronounced when the system is ternary, i.e. when it contains a glycerophospholipid, a sterol and sphingomyelin
M'Baye, Gora Duportail Guy. "Sondes fluorescentes ratiométriques dérivées de la 3- Hydroxyflavone Etude spectroscopique de nouveaux dérivés et applications en biophysique membranaire /." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2007. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/755/01/MBAYE2007.pdf.
Full textAzouzi, Slim. "Interaction de molécules antipaludiques avec des systèmes membranaires biomimétiques." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1989.
Full textIn this thesis, we have studied the possibility to use membrane targets for the development of new antimalarial drugs. Furthermore, we have proposed an original protocol to study the mechanism of action of certain antimalarial drugs. Our work is based on the characterization at the molecular and nanoscale levels of the interactions between antimalarial drugs and membrane models mimicking parasite membrane. Indeed, using various biophysical techniques, we have shown that sphingomyelin membranes of Plasmodium could be an attractive target for many potential antimalarial compounds such as Cyclosporin A. In addition, we have demonstrated the importance of lipid membranes in the hematin detoxification that is implementing carried out by the parasite by incorporating these molecules in an inert crystal inert called hemozoin. Thus, the AFM observations have allowed us to visualize for the first time and in real time the formation of this crystal in a lipid bilayer. Finally, we have showed that the combination of antimalarial drugs with hematin could inhibit the formation of hemozoin by inhibiting of the insertion of hematin in the membranes (e. G. As in chloroquine) or by the increasing of the membranotrope effect of hematin (for e. G. Derivatives of piperazine ursolic acid derivatives)
Vasseur, Lucie. "Optimisation de la production et de la purification du canal hERG en vue d’une caractérisation biophysique et structurale." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT127/document.
Full textThe human protein hERG (human ether-à-go-go related gene) assembles as homo-tetramer to form the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv11.1. This channel is involved in repolarization of the cardiac action potential by regulating the potassium release from cardiomyocytes. hERG malfunction was found to cause long QT syndrome, a disorder that predisposes affected patients to arrhythmias and sudden death. This can be due to congenital mutation in the hERG gene and, most frequently, it is caused by pharmacological agents. Several drugs are known to block the channel ion pathway, resulting in off-target inhibition of hERG. Consequently, understanding the molecular basis of drug binding to hERG has become a high priority. The recent determination of a near-atomic resolution structure of the opened channel, using cryo-electron microscopy, provides insights into how this channel work. But several questions are still unanswered to understand the mechanisms of hERG function and drug binding. Moreover, new biophysical protocols with the purified hERG channel would help scientists and industries to anticipate drug side effects. In this context, we investigated strategies to purify a stable, homogenous and functional hERG channel. Our study was based on a shorter and chimeric hERG channel, the hERG(S1-coil) version. We optimized each step from production to purification of membrane proteins by testing experimental protocols found in the literature. In this thesis project, we first compared production rates of the channel in several prokaryote and eukaryotes recombinant systems. Total protein produced and the percent of functional channel were investigated in membranes from each recombinant system. Then, the channel was extracted from membranes before purification. Solubilizing rates and channel stability were compared depending on detergents. In another hand, we also developed protocols to investigate the channel stability and function along production and purification. A tetrameric and functional channel was finally purified and identified by this strategy. More work however is still needed to improve channel homogeneity and stability before to be suitable for biophysical and structural studies. In the future, this work could also help investigations in production and purification of other oligomeric membrane proteins
Monnier, Noadya. "Étude du mode d'action et de perception de rhamnolipides naturels stimulant l'immunité innée des végétaux : application au colza." Thesis, Amiens, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AMIE0034/document.
Full textPseudomonas aeruginosa rhamnolipids are glycolipids known to trigger defense responses in grapevine and Arabidopsis thaliana but their mode of perception by plants is still unknown. As amphiphilic compounds, rhamnolipids have been proposed to interactdirectly with plasma membrane lipids. Here we show, by a biophysical approach involving solid state NMR and in silico molecular dynamic simulations, that the insertion of rhamnolipids does not disturb the dynamic of plant plasma membrane models. Inorder to characterize early gene expression modifications triggered by rhamnolipids a micro-array study on A. thaliana was realized, revealing a large transcriptional change. The potential of rhamnolipids to protect the agronomical plant Brassica napus was also investigated. Rhamnolipid triggering of chemical and physical defenses associated with efficient protection against the opportunistic pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea, used as a model, was shown. Those results highlight a real potential of RLs as biocontrol agents for Brassicaceae protection
Lazrak, Tarik. "Renforcateurs membranaires : etude structurale et evolution biochimique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13167.
Full textDuchalet, Alysson. "caractérisation biophysique de l'action de molécules polyphénoliques sur les propriétés mécaniques cellulaires et membranaires et lignées colorectales cancéreuses par microscopie à force atomique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024REIMS011.
Full textColorectal cancer is projected to reach 3.1 million new cases and approximately 1.6 million deaths by 2040. Current treatments include chemotherapy regimens using agents like 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), known for their significant toxicity. Moreover, at the metastatic stage, around 90% of tumors develop resistance to chemotherapy due to mechanisms that enhance molecule efflux or promote cell survival. Addressing these challenges requires the development of novel molecules or molecular combinations to enhance chemotherapy efficiency. The biophysical properties of membranes are profoundly influenced by their composition, particularly cholesterol, which affects membrane fluidity. Alterations in lipid composition and membrane biophysical properties can modify tumor progression by impacting cellular signaling, migration, invasion, and response to therapies. Since the 1990s, polyphenols such as resveratrol (RSV) and xanthohumol (XN) have shown promising anticancer activity in both in vitro and animal studies, often enhancing treatment effectiveness, although their precise action mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate how RSV and XN, both potent membrane-interacting compounds, affect cellular biophysics and mechanical properties involved in cancer development. We conducted experiments using three stages of colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines (SW480, HT29, SW620) and a control non-tumor cell line (CRL1831). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that after 24 hours of exposure to RSV and XN, cancerous colorectal cells exhibited reduced volume and increased cellular elasticity, changes not observed in the control cells. These alterations were associated with cortical cytoskeleton remodeling and initiation of apoptosis, supported by increased caspase-3 activity. Using Laurdan fluorescent probe and confocal microscopy, we found that RSV and XN increased plasma membrane fluidity in cancer cells in a manner dependent on cell line aggressiveness, with no significant effects observed in CRL1831 cells. Furthermore, pre-treatment with RSV and XN for 24 hours enhanced the effectiveness of subsequent 5-FU treatment in cancer cell lines. Once again, control cells were not affected, suggesting a cancer-specific effect. Additionally, we explored the impact of RSV and XN on membrane biophysics using simple model membranes. Our aim was to analyze the impact of cholesterol concentration on membrane structure, as well as the membrane response to interaction with RSV and XN, using AFM and molecular modeling. Our results show that RSV tends to induce an increase in membrane elasticity, irrespective of cholesterol content, providing insights into their therapeutic potential in colorectal cancer. Overall, our results demonstrate the importance of biophysical techniques such as AFM in studying alterations in membrane biophysical properties induced by RSV and XN. These alterations could modulate the response to anticancer treatments and influence disease progression, underscoring the need for a multidisciplinary approach integrating biological and biophysical analysis methods to explore their therapeutic potential in colorectal cancer
Matar, Gladys. "Caractérisation biophysique de peptides riches en tryptophane à l'interface air-eau : apport de l'optique non linéaire." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10249.
Full textMembrane proteins are extremely rich in aromatic amino acids, like tryptophan (W). This particularity is found in many antimicrobial peptides and in several virus fusion proteins. An example of these fusion proteins is the HIV-1 envelop glycoprotein, the gp41. It is clear that the W residues are implicated in membrane perturbation and pore formation. The aim of this work was the investigation of the W residue role in such activities, using the nonlinear optic. First, we determined the W hyperpolarizabilité (nonlinear potential) by the Hyper Rayleigh Scattering (HRS). Then, the evolution of the nonlinear signal of small synthetic peptides, as function of the increasing number of their W residues, was demonstrated. These results allowed us to follow the W residue involvement of two peptides, K3W4 and gp41W, in the interaction with lipids monolayer at the air-water interface, using the second harmonic generation (SHG). The influence of such interaction in the peptide structure and orientation was determined using the PM-IRRAS. In conclusion, we showed the coherence between the SHG signal variation, due to the W orientation changes, and the PMIRRAS spectra modification, due to the gp41W helix orientation changes
Kurauskas, Vilius. "Fonction d'une protéine membranaire : étude structurale et dynamique par RMN." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV005/document.
Full textThe use of detergents is often unavoidable in the structural studies of membrane proteins. Dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) is one of the most commonly used detergents for such studies in solution state NMR spectroscopy. The effect of detergent on structure and dynamics remains an important and poorly understood question. In this study we have investigated millisecond dynamics, substrate binding and structural features of three different yeast proteins from mitochondrial carrier family (GGC1, ORC1 and AAC3) in DPC micelles. We have detected millisecond dynamics, which are asymmetrically distributed across the structure. Contrary to previous claims, we show that these dynamics are unrelated to function, as they are not affected by the substitutions which abolish mitochondrial carrier transport in proteoliposomes. Furthermore, we could show that the very well-defined substrate specificity of these proteins in membranes is abolished when they are reconstituted in DPC, questioning their functionality. Structural investigations have revealed that both tertiary and secondary structures of these carriers are perturbed in DPC micelles, with some TM helices showing substantial solvent exposure. We have concluded from these observations that DPC detergent strongly perturbs these, and likely other mitochondrial carriers by rendering them very flexible. Our findings point to a possibly general effect of this detergent on membrane proteins, as we discuss with examples of previously studied membrane proteins. In the second part we have addressed a fundamental question of protein dynamics: how do proteins move inside crystals? We have investigated ms dynamics in a crystalline ubiquitin to gain the insight on the impact of the crystalline lattice on such motions, using solid-state NMR and ms long MD simulations of explicit crystal arrangements. Interestingly a local dynamic exchange process on a ms time scale is still present in crystals. However, by comparing different crystal forms we establish that the thermodynamics of the exchanging states and their interconversion rate constants are significantly altered by the crystal contacts. Furthermore, we detect overall "rocking" motion of molecules in the crystal, occurring on a tens-of-ms time scale, and provide evidence that overall and local motion are coupled. We discuss the implications of ms dynamics on the data quality in X-ray diffraction experiments
Furois-Corbin, Sylvie. "Contribution à l'étude théorique des biopolymères : acides nucléiques et protéines membranaires." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066384.
Full textBarberi, Luca. "Inferring forces from geometry in biology." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS438.
Full textInter-molecular forces on which we have poor prior knowledge are often essential for the stability and evolution of biological assemblies. In this thesis, we focus on two such forces that are critically involved in the deformation of either biopolymers or membranes. We infer these forces by reconciling the geometry of such deformation with simple mechanical models. In the first part of the thesis, we consider the attractive force between DNA molecules mediated by multivalent cations. This attraction is required to compensate DNA bending rigidity when packaging large quantities of DNA in comparatively small environments, such as the nuclei of sperm cells. In vitro, multivalent cations drive DNA condensation into dense toroidal bundles. Geometrical data on DNA toroidal bundles give access to the competition between inter-helical attraction and DNA bending rigidity. From these data, we infer inter-helical forces and argue that the toroid curvature weakens the adhesion between DNA molecules. In the second part of the thesis, we turn to the binding force of a membrane remodeling protein complex, ESCRT-III, to cellular membranes. ESCRT-III proteins assemble into membrane-remodeling polymers during many cellular processes, ranging from HIV budding to cytokinesis. The mechanism by which ESCRT-III polymers deform membranes is still unclear. In vitro, ESCRT-III polymers can reshape spherical membrane vesicles into helical tubes. We argue that helical tubes result from the peculiar positioning of membrane-binding sites on the surface of ESCRT-III polymers. Furthermore, we infer the binding force between ESCRT-III and membrane from the geometry of helical tubes
Warnet, Xavier. "Études des membranes biologiques par RMN du solide in cellulo." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC177.
Full textNuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has revealed efficient for in situ (and in vivo) structural studies of biological macro-molecules. The first studies focused on small soluble molecules, and quickly, the interest shifted toward the study of soluble proteins. For few years now, magie-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR has appeared as a technique of choice to obtain structural information about membrane proteins in their native environment (biological membranes). It is now well established that the two major components of biological membranes, that is to say: lipids and membrane proteins, are intimately connected, and the study of their mutual influences constitute a crucial step in die comprehension of biological membranes as a whole. In order to bring some dues regarding this question we have chosen a particular system: the strain C43(70E3) and its network of proliferating membranes, formed after the over-expression of the b subunit of the ATP synthase F1F0 of E. Coli. The analysis of the organisation of this network, and the involvement of the b subunit (via MAS NMR 13C/15N) and lipids (via mass spectrometry and MAS NMR 31P) allowed us to obtain some information regarding the importance of these two components in the establishment and stabilisation of this membrane network. Moreover, during this project, the combination of 2H NMR and MAS appeared as a technique particularly suited for die study of biological membranes of whole cells (alive) under various growth conditions. Also, the methods used and developed during this project could prove beneficial in the study of various biological membranes, from a proteic and lipidic stand point
Rifi, Omar. "Production des polypeptides issus des glycoprotéines d'enveloppe du VIH-1 pour des études biophysique et structurale par RMN et DC." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAF026.
Full textA few stable regions have been discovered on the HIV-1 env gp against which some patients produce neutralizing antibodies. The most promising ones are located in the MPER and are probably exposed transiently during the fusion. Whereas the peptides isolated from this region failed to induce immunogenic response, previous studies suggest the lipid membrane plays a role in antigens structure and in the immunogenic response.That is why we investigate the structure of these épitopes in membrane models. This requires the production of these épitopes by bacterial overexpression, their purification and their reconstitution in liposomes. A CD study shows that they could undergo a conformational change; this will be confirmed by NMR. Also their immunogenicity will be checked by mice immunization. In addition, we find that cholesterol could change the orientation of peptides encompassing a gp41 CRAC motif
Penel, Simon. "Organisation du détergent dans les cristaux de protéines membranaires : analyse des cristaux des porines de Rhodobacter capsulatus et de Escherichia coli." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10132.
Full textDerde, Mélanie. "Lysozyme natif et chauffé à sec perturbation de l’intégrité membranaire d’Escherichia coli : perturbation de l’intégrité membranaire d’Escherichia coli." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSARB249.
Full textResearch for novel natural antimicrobial compounds is highly stimulated because of the growing number of multi-resistant bacteria on the one hand and the growing consumer demand for natural conservatives on the other hand. Antimicrobial peptides or protein acting on the bacterial membranes could answer this demand. One of the first discovered antimicrobial proteins is lysozyme, is widely known for its muramidase activity against several Gram positive bacteria. Recently, lysozyme was also shown active against Gram negative bacteria. Membrane activity of lysozyme is suggested as one of the possible mechanisms involved. In this work, lysozyme activity on both the outer and cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli is evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Lysozyme has been shown to affect the integrity of both membranes ; pores and ion channels are formed in the outer and cytoplasmic membranes, respectively. LPS and phospholipid monolayers have been used to mimic the E. Coli outer and cytoplasmic membranes, respectively. Lysozyme is able to adsorb onto, to insert into and to reorganize LPS and phospholipid monolayers in a dose-dependent manner. These findings on lipid membrane models are consistent with the membrane disruption observed in vivo. Dry-heated lysozyme, more flexible, hydrophobic and basic than the native protein, has here been shown to exhibit an increased antimicrobial activity compared to native lysozyme. This activity could be related to its increased membrane disruption capacity in vivo. As well dry-heated lysozyme is able to reorganize LPS and phospholipid monolayers in a larger extent than native lysozyme. Actually, dry-heated lysozyme appears to be a efficient, mixture of complementary lysozyme isoforms acting differently on the E. Coli membranes
Socrier, Larissa. "Influence de la localisation d’antioxydants sur la peroxydation des lipides membranaires : étude du mode d’action de dérivés PBN et de composés phénoliques." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2382/document.
Full textReactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential in living cells as they intervene in several physiological processes like the immune system and signaling pathways. However, an excess of the production of ROS can alter the equilibrium with antioxidants. This imbalance is called oxidative stress. As oxidative stress has been reported to be implicated in more than 200 diseases, the action of antioxidants to limit the deleterious effects of ROS is crucial. The antioxidants used by the cells can be chemical. Among them, α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) is widely used in biological systems to neutralize ROS. Because this molecule possesses a poor ability to target membranes, our collaborators synthesized amphiphilic nitrones bearing a PBN moiety. The first chapter describes the interactions of cholesterol derived PBN derivatives with the membrane. Results underlined the influence of the polar moiety on the nature of their interactions with membrane lipids. In addition, the evaluation of the antioxidant properties revealed the importance of the membrane localization of the nitrone moiety on the protective activity of the derivatives. The second chapter deals with a second set of amphiphilic nitrones that have the particularity of bearing a perfluorinated chain that constitutes the hydrophobic moiety. We noticed the membrane localization is important for the antioxidant efficiency; however the nature of the antioxidant moiety remains the most important parameter in this case. Finally, the strategy of grafting two different antioxidants on the same carrier seems to be promising to enhance the protective effect and create a synergistic antioxidant effect. However, cells also use natural antioxidants to defend themselves. These antioxidants come from food, especially from vegetables and fruits. Among them, phenolic compounds are known for their beneficial effects on health. Flavonoïds, phenolic acids, stilbenes and lignans constitute the 4 main classes of phenolic compounds. Lignans are particularly present in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum). Flaxseed is the plant that possesses the highest quantity of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. In order to understand their mechanisms of action and their interactions with membranes, lignans as well as hydroxycinnamic acids were purified from flaxseed. The third chapter describes the results obtained on model membranes. Generally speaking, both classes of compounds are efficient against lipid oxidation. Studying their interactions with membrane lipids allowed us to show that the mechanism of lignans, that penetrate membranes, is more efficient than the mechanism of hydroxycinnamic acids
Beauvais, Estelle. "Caractérisation de systèmes biologiques à l'échelle nanométrique : études des interactions entre des modèles membranaires et des agents exogènes." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01067152.
Full textBoutin, Céline. "Spectroscopie de corrélation de fluorescence pour l'étude de la diffusion membranaire dans les cellules vivantes." Troyes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TROY0019.
Full textFluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is used to probe the dynamic of molecular dyes. In particular, FCS is well adapted to investigate diffusion processes. Thus, such spectroscopic approach was suitable to study the diffusion of rhodamine-6G near a controlled interface in term of hydrophobicity degree. Finally, we have shown that rhodamin-6G is strongly attracted by hydrophobic surfaces. A study of membrane fluidity in living cells has also been conducted. It related to the multidrugs resistance (MDR) phenomena in cancer research. So, we clearly reveal the higher heterogeneity of plasma membrane in MDR cells in comparison with the sensitive ones. The effect of specific and non specific membrane agents allowed us to display the presence of distinct membrane “domain” linked to the resistance. Finally, an instrumental development based on FRET was proposed in order to strongly reduce the axial elongation of the confocal volume. Through a surface functionalization and an appropiate plasma membrane labelling, we have highlighted cell adhesion on surfaces, which enabled us to perform first local FCS measurements on cells
Winckler, Pascale. "Spectroscopie de corrélation de fluorescence : fluidité membranaire et détection de molécule unique en solution concentrée." Troyes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TROY0009.
Full textFluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a single molecule technique very well suited for in vivo studies. We have used FCS to explore plasma membrane microfluidity of living cells. Measurements were conducted at the single cell level, which enabled us to get a detailed over-view of the typical plasma membrane microviscosity distribution of each cell line studied (LR73, MCF7, KB3. 1, MESSA and MDCKII). A Monte Carlo simulation based on a 2D diffusion model enables us to link the asymetric fluidity distribution profile with the plasma membrane micro-organization. This result was used to determine the membrane organisation related to the surexpression of the P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a protein implicated in multidrug resistance. We also compare the membrane structuration of various cancer cell lines, each comes in two versions, a sensitive one and a resistant one to a chemotherapeutic drug: the Doxorubicin. Secondly, we propose a new excitation scheme based on a nonradiative energy transfert. This approach allow us to reduce the illumination depth of the microscope at the nanometric scale. We demonstrate its potential through two applications: FCS in micromolar solutions and fluorescence imaging on cells adhesion areas
Bazzacco, Paola. "Amphipols non-ioniques : nouveaux outils pour les études in vitro de protéines membranaires : Validation et développement des applications et biophysiques." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077095.
Full textMembrane proteins (MPs) are usually kept soluble in aqueous solutions thanks to the use of detergents. The dissociating character of detergents, associated to the need to work at suprami- cellar concentrations, often leads to a rapid inactivation of the proteins. To avoid such a problem, macromolecular structures called "amphipols" (APols) have been proposed. The most thoroughly studied APol to date, A8-35, is an anionic polymer. Its charge prevents its use in various analytical Systems (isoelectrofocusing) or separation techniques (ion exchange chromatography) and is not a favourable factor for the crystallization of MP/APol complexes. This has prompted the design and development of completely non-ionic amphipols (NAPols), which carry glucose moieties. The ability of NAPols to maintain membrane proteins soluble in aqueous solution in the absence of detergent has been established. Examination of the properties and uses of NAPols took the course followed earlier for the development of A8-35, which comprises two main branches. First, the composition and solution properties of MP/NAPol particles are established by DLS, SEC, AUC, SANS, and surface-tension measurements. Second, we have explored the usefulness of these new APols in membrane biochemistry and biophysics, particulariy for those applications, such as IEF, folding of MPs from a denatured state, cell-free synthesis, and biochemical stabilization of NAPol-trapped MPs? where they can advantageously substitute to the current anionic APols
Labbé, Jean-François. "Études biophysiques d'un peptide amyloïde et de ses interactions avec des membranes modèles." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27344/27344.pdf.
Full textMurail, Samuel. "Mécanismes moléculaires des interactions ligand-protéine membranaire : étude biophysique d'un récepteur couplé aux protéines G, VPAC1, et du récepteur périphérique des benzodiazépines." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077120.
Full textThe main goal of this work has been to contribute to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying protein-ligand interaction within the membrane. The first protein studied is the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) and its ligand interest, cholesterol. PBR is involved in steroid biosynthesis, through the cholesterol translocation from the outer to the inner membrane of mitochondria. In the absence of any available structural information on PBR, our first work has been to focus on the PBR structure, by determining from NMR data the conformation of synthetic fragments encompassing the predicted transmembrane domains and then by studying the entire recombinant protein by NMR and circular dichroism. In second step, several studies combining mutagenesis and molecular modeling have be performed which allow to characterize PBR-cholesterol interaction, and the role of key residues this interaction. The second part of our work is devoted to study the interaction of the extracellular domain VPAC1, a G-protein coupled receptor, with the vasointestinal neuropeptide (VIP), which plays important role in human physiopathology. From the VIP conformation obtained by NMR a photoaffinity data, we were able to propose a molecular model of the VIP-VPAC1 interaction using docking protocols and to characterize this interaction using molecular dynamics simulation. Our result contributes to elucidate the molecular basis of VIP recognition and more generally understand the ligand-receptor interaction process of the class B family of GPCRs
Demers, Éric. "Aspects biophysiques de l'interaction membranaire de la retinitis pigmentosa 2 et de la phosphodiestérase 6, deux protéines impliquées dans la rétinite pigmentaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28209/28209.pdf.
Full textMilon, Alain. "Reconstitution membranaire : mesure de l'elasticite et de la permeabilite de bicouches lipidiques, incorporation dans des vesicules de quatre carotenoides alpha, omega-dihydroxyles." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13002.
Full textAlqabandi, Maryam. "Mechanical properties and function of CHMP2B in the ESCRT membrane remodelling and scission pathway." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS525.
Full textThe ESCRT-III protein complex mediates membrane remodeling in many cellular contexts. The ESCRT pathway has been extensively studied in vivo and partially reconstituted in vitro using yeast proteins. In Homo Sapiens, at least 12 ESCRT-III proteins exist, called Charged Multivesicular Body Protein (CHMP 1-7). Although, the main function of the ESCRT-III protein assemblies is to induce membrane scission by constricting membrane necks, the biophysical mechanism remains unclear and the mechanical properties of the CHMP polymers still poorly characterized. Moreover, the usually accepted sequence of recruitment of the major ESCRT components to the membrane prior to scission is CHMP4-CHMP3-CHMP2A but mammalian cells also have CHMP2B considered to be a CHMP2A isoform; so far, its role remains elusive. We have used biomimetic model systems and purified CHMP proteins to study in vitro protein affinity and effects on membrane by several techniques. We established that CHMP2B binding is enhanced with PI(4,5)P2 lipids, whereas the other human core components have no lipid specificity besides their negative charge. We showed that in the presence of CHMP2B, membranes become rigidified in contrast to CMHP2A as well as CHMP4 and CHMP3, suggesting that CHMP2A and CHMP2B have very distinctive properties. Finally, we show in disagreement with the proposed models, that CHMP4 alone cannot deform membranes. In fact, it requires the interaction with CHMP2B or CHMP2A+3 proteins to do so, forming polymer assemblies that stabilizes tubular membrane structures. These observations provide a novel basis for proposing possible mechanism for membrane constriction in the presence of the ATPase Vps4
Chalbi, Mariem. "Rôle de la protéine spermatique Izumo1 dans l'interaction gamétique chez le murin." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00986489.
Full textIzumo1 est une protéine transmembranaire, membre de la famille des protéines Izumo et de la superfamille des Immunoglobulines. Malgré son rôle clé dans l'interaction gamétique, ses propriétés fonctionnelles en tant que protéine d'adhésion, de fusion ou ayant la capacité d'organiser des réseaux comprenant des protéines de fusion n'est pas encore élucidé.
Dans cette étude nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle d'Izumo1 dans l'interaction gamétique.
Pour cela, nous avons généré deux variantes exogènes de la protéine Izumo1et les avons surexprimées à la membrane de plusieurs lignées cellulaires. L'interaction entre ces cellules exprimant la protéine et l'ovocyte a été analysée au moyen d'une technique de micromanipulation de cellules couplée à l'imagerie confocale. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence une forte adhésion entre les cellules exprimant Izumo1 et les ovocytes et nous avons quantifié sa cinétique. Nous avons également généré le domaine extracellulaire recombinant afin de déterminer si Izumo1 seule était capable de se lier directement à l'ovocyte et comment. Nous avons sondé au moyen d'une technique fine de mesure de forces, le biomembrane force probe, l'interaction entre un Izumo1 unique et l'ovocyte. Ces expériences permettent de confirmer que c'est bien Izumo1 et non un partenaire qui est responsable de la forte adhésion entre cellules et ovocytes. Par observation en microscopie confocale d'un ovocyte interagissant avec des cellules surexprimant Izumo1-GFP, nous avons observé l'accumulation d'Izumo1-GFP dans la zone d'adhésion. Le fait que ce processus se reproduise lorsque plusieurs cellules adhèrent à l'ovocyte suggère qu'Izumo1 possède une molécule partenaire largement exprimée à la membrane de l'ovocyte avec laquelle il interagit pour créer de l'adhésion.
Sarkis, Joe. "Mécanismes Moléculaires impliqués dans les Myopathies: Analyses des interactions Dystrophine-Lipides." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00678400.
Full textGroh, Séverine. "La triadine : étude de son rôle et de ses partenaires dans le muscle squelettique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10034.
Full textMeneghel, Julie. "Study of the cryopreservation-related stresses in the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus through a global and multi-scale approach." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA030.
Full textCryopreservation leads to variable degradation of the biological activity and functionality among lactic acid bacteria (LAB), particularly Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, a dairy starter of industrial relevance. The aim of this work was to identify cellular markers of cryoresistance or cryosensitivity for better understanding the mechanisms of cell cryoinjury and increasing LAB industrial performances. Cryopreservation was here considered as a combination of cold and osmotic stresses. A particular focus was given to the analysis of the cell membrane, recognised as a primary site of cryoinjury, but also of the cell wall and proteins. Moreover, cells were analysed from the population level down to the single-cell level to quantify the heterogeneity of cell properties within populations. In the first part of this work, bacterial cultivation conditions were compared to identify two L. bulgaricus strains with markedly different cell cryoresistance. Moreover, a comparative genomic analysis of the strains was performed to provide some clues for the explanation of their different behaviours. In the second part of this work, the membrane properties were evaluated in response to the cold and osmotic stresses: fatty acid composition, organisation of fatty acyl and phospholipid headgroups, and fluidity.Subcellular membrane fluidity was also characterised by fluorescence microscopy using synchrotron radiation, enabling the quantification of inter- and intra-cellular heterogeneities. Finally, original methodological and technical developments were undertaken to achieve the analysis of individual bacterial cells in an aqueous environment by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, for the analysis of the biochemical signature of cells under native conditions. These complementary multidisciplinary approaches revealed different properties and organisation of the membrane of both L. bulgaricus strains. It was proposed that different types of interaction between cryoprotectants of the extracellular matrix and the membrane of both strains could be at the origin of cryoinjury for the sensitive strain. Moreover, a high population heterogeneity characterised the cryosensitive strain, ascribed to differences in terms of biochemical composition and organisation of the membrane and cell wall. Altogether, this work suggests some cellular markers to evaluate LAB cryoresistance and provides methods to characterize population biochemical heterogeneity. These could be applied to any other stressful step of their production process, and should be useful for future production of homogeneous populations of resistant LAB
MUTET, HAYOTTE CHRISTINE. "Etude d'interactions proteines-membranes : cas particulier de l'aspartate aminotransferase mitochondriale." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13101.
Full textSchmidt, Maxime. "Développement d’une méthode de production de vésicules membranaires permettant l’étude du mode d’action des toxines insecticides de Bacillus thuringiensis." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19119.
Full textMost Bacillus thuringiensis toxins permeabilize the intestinal membrane of susceptible insects by forming pores that abolish transmembrane electrical potentials and ionic gradients. Several toxins have been studied using brush border membrane vesicles purified from the insect midgut. Unfortunately, the intestinal membrane from many insects does not form vesicles that are tight enough to be used in permeabilisation experiments. A new technique using giant liposomes and a membrane permeability probe was developed to evaluate the pore-forming ability of two particularly promising toxins for the biocontrol of a major corn pest, the Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte), Cry6Aa1 and the binary toxin DS10/DS11. Both toxins permeabilized the liposomes efficiently. However, analysis of the permeabilisation rates under different experimental conditions indicates that these toxins differ in their biophysical properties. The binary toxin forms pores which are slightly selective for cations, like most B. thuringiensis toxins. On the other hand, although the results suggest that Cry6Aa1 could form anion-selective pores, they could also indicate that, in contrast with other toxins produced by this bacterium, it could form pores only under high ionic strength conditions. Pore formation by both toxins appears to be sensitive to membrane curvature since it is much more efficient in giant liposomes than in liposomes with identical composition, but smaller in size. This study sets the bases for the development of a technique that would allow the toxins to be studied in giant liposomes enriched with proteins and lipids from the intestinal membrane of target insects.
Hopulele, Ioana. "Caractérisation biophysique d'un pore membranaire constitutif du réticulum endoplasmique des hépatocytes de rat." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17379.
Full textFortier, Mélanie. "Étude biophysique des facteurs influençant l'activité des toxines du bacille de Thuringe." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18102.
Full textSasseville, Louis. "Étude structure/fonction des cotransporteurs Na+/glucose." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10330.
Full textThis thesis is about the structure/function relationship in Na+/glucose cotransporters (SGLTs). SGLTs are membrane proteins which use the Na+ transmembrane electrochemical gradient to accumulate their substrates within the cell. As an introduction, a short review of the current state of the field will be followed by a presentation of the different technics used in this work. This work can be divided in three main projects. In the first project, we investigated the structural basis of water permeation through SGLTs. By using molecular modeling technics, we have identified, in silico, a passive permeation pathway used by water to go through the cotransporter across the membrane. Using voltage-clamp volumetric measurement, we were able to corroborate these findings for hSGLT1 expressed in oocytes. A second project allowed elucidation of some of hSGLT1 structural characteristics through the use of dipicrylamine (DPA), a fluorescence acceptor whose repartition in the lipid membrane is voltage-dependant. Use of DPA concomitantly with voltage-clamp fluorescence and FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) has clearly demonstrated the extracellular localisation of part of the 12-13 loop which was previously assumed to be intracellular. In addition, we have shown that hSGLT1 forms a dimeric structure where the subunits are linked by a disulfide bridge. A last project aimed at characterizing the steady-state and pre-steadystate currents of a member of the SGLT family named hSMIT2 (human Na/myo-inositol transporter 2). We showed that phlorizin is a poor inhibitor of pre-steady state currents following depolarisation, and the presence of a time, membrane potential and substrate dependent leak current. A simulated annealing algorithm was developed in order to allow objective determination of both the connectivity and the parameters associated with the optimal kinetic model.
Gagnon, Dominique. "Étude des changements de conformation du cotransporteur de Na⁺/glucose (SGLT1) à l'aide de mesures électrophysiologiques et de marqueurs fluorescents." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6750.
Full textGagnon, Marilène. "Transport d'eau généré par le cotransport Na+/glucose : nouvelle interprétation basée sur les effets distincts des flux entrants de cations et de glucose." Thèse, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14750.
Full textBourgeois, Francis. "Mesure de la stoechiométrie de transport des cotransporteurs de myo-inositol HMIT et SMIT2." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17348.
Full textTan, Ju Jing. "Mechanosensitive ATP release in the lungs." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24849.
Full textATP is widely known to be an energy carrier within cells, but outside of the cell, it acts as an extracellular signaling molecule. Upon binding to purinergic receptors, extracellular ATP initiates the purinergic signaling to regulate certain physiological and pathophysiological processes. In the lungs, ATP stimulates surfactant secretion and promotes mucociliary clearance. Given the critical role of extracellular ATP in the lungs, it is important to understand the mechanism of cellular ATP release — the first step of purinergic signaling. Because mechanical forces constitute the primary trigger of ATP release, this thesis aims to investigate the physiological mechanism(s) and cellular sources of such mechanosensitive ATP release. This work is divided into three parts: 1) To study the spatial and temporal characteristics of ATP release, I developed a highly sensitive imaging technique based on luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence coupled with a custom-designed lens system, which combined a wide field of view (WFOV) and high light-gathering power. To evaluate our imaging approach, I subjected A549 cells, derived from human lung adenocarcinoma, to stretch or 50% hypotonic shock to trigger ATP release. I demonstrated that our technique allows us to precisely quantify the amount and the rate (or efflux) of ATP escaping from cells. The WFOV constitutes an essential tool used in the studies described in this thesis to determine the mechanism and cellular source of ATP release in the alveolus. 2) To examine the physiological mechanism of stretch-induced ATP release in primary alveolar cells, I determined the individual contributions of alveolar type 1 (AT1) in comparison with alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells. To this end, freshly isolated AT2 cells from rat lungs were seeded on a flexible silicone chamber and were cultured for up to seven days, which allowed AT2 cells to progressively transdifferentiate into AT1-like cells. The ratio of alveolar cells (AT2:AT1), being 4:1 on day 3, became 1:4 on day 7. The quantity of released ATP decreased with the decreasing numbers of AT2 cells, implicating them as the main source of ATP release in response to stretch. While pharmacological ATP channel modulators, carbenoxolone and probenecid, did not diminish the amount of ATP release, BAPTA, an intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) chelator, significantly reduced it. Likewise, these three modulators had similar effects on intracellular calcium responses measured by Fura-2, suggesting a connection between ATP release and [Ca2+]i levels. 3) To explore the role of membrane viscoelastic properties in mechanosensitive ATP release, I demonstrated that a 30% strain induced transient ATP release that was accompanied by uptake of propidium iodide (PI) in AT2 cells. This is consistent with a strain-induced transient membrane rupture, big enough for the passage of ATP and PI. ATP efflux also increases with strain rate, and hold time prolongs the half-life of ATP release. Thus, these results provide clues on how stretching of the viscoelastic membrane may lead to ATP release via an alternate mechanism involving transient mechanoporation of the cell membrane. Overall, these findings demonstrate that stretch-induced ATP release does not occur through ATP-conducting channels but rather a transient membrane mechanoporation. Further studies on membrane injury induced by strain are needed to better understand its contribution to mechanosensitive ATP release and [Ca2+]i signaling. Such studies will elucidate purinergic signaling in organs that are constantly exposed to physical stresses. This could suggest novel therapeutic targets/approach to modulate the negative impacts of excessive ATP release observed under certain pathological conditions, such as ventilator-induced lung injury.