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Journal articles on the topic 'Biophysical stimulation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Wang, Feng-Sheng, Re-Wen Wu, Yu-Shan Chen, Jih-Yang Ko, Holger Jahr, and Wei-Shiung Lian. "Biophysical Modulation of the Mitochondrial Metabolism and Redox in Bone Homeostasis and Osteoporosis: How Biophysics Converts into Bioenergetics." Antioxidants 10, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091394.

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Bone-forming cells build mineralized microstructure and couple with bone-resorbing cells, harmonizing bone mineral acquisition, and remodeling to maintain bone mass homeostasis. Mitochondrial glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways together with ROS generation meet the energy requirement for bone-forming cell growth and differentiation, respectively. Moderate mechanical stimulations, such as weight loading, physical activity, ultrasound, vibration, and electromagnetic field stimulation, etc., are advantageous to bone-forming cell activity, promoting bone anabolism to compromise osteoporosis development. A plethora of molecules, including ion channels, integrins, focal adhesion kinases, and myokines, are mechanosensitive and transduce mechanical stimuli into intercellular signaling, regulating growth, mineralized extracellular matrix biosynthesis, and resorption. Mechanical stimulation changes mitochondrial respiration, biogenesis, dynamics, calcium influx, and redox, whereas mechanical disuse induces mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, which aggravates bone-forming cell apoptosis, senescence, and dysfunction. The control of the mitochondrial biogenesis activator PGC-1α by NAD+-dependent deacetylase sirtuins or myokine FNDC/irisin or repression of oxidative stress by mitochondrial antioxidant Nrf2 modulates the biophysical stimulation for the promotion of bone integrity. This review sheds light onto the roles of mechanosensitive signaling, mitochondrial dynamics, and antioxidants in mediating the anabolic effects of biophysical stimulation to bone tissue and highlights the remedial potential of mitochondrial biogenesis regulators for osteoporosis.

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Moretti, Lorenzo, Davide Bizzoca, Giovanni Angelo Giancaspro, Giuseppe Danilo Cassano, Francesco Moretti, Stefania Setti, and Biagio Moretti. "Biophysical Stimulation in Athletes’ Joint Degeneration: A Narrative Review." Medicina 57, no. 11 (November 4, 2021): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57111206.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent degenerative joint disease and the main cause of pain and disability in elderly people. OA currently represents a significant social health problem, since it affects 250 million individuals worldwide, mainly adults aged over 65. Although OA is a multifactorial disease, depending on both genetic and environmental factors, it is reported that joint degeneration has a higher prevalence in former athletes. Repetitive impact and loading, joint overuse and recurrent injuries followed by a rapid return to the sport might explain athletes’ predisposition to joint articular degeneration. In recent years, however, big efforts have been made to improve the prevention and management of sports injuries and to speed up the athletes’ return-to-sport. Biophysics is the study of biological processes and systems using physics-based methods or based on physical principles. Clinical biophysics has recently evolved as a medical branch that investigates the relationship between the human body and non-ionizing physical energy. A physical stimulus triggers a biological response by regulating specific intracellular pathways, thus acting as a drug. Preclinical and clinical trials have shown positive effects of biophysical stimulation on articular cartilage, subchondral bone and synovia. This review aims to assess the role of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) and extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) in the prevention and treatment of joint degeneration in athletes.

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Somers, Sarah M., Alexander A. Spector, Douglas J. DiGirolamo, and Warren L. Grayson. "Biophysical Stimulation for Engineering Functional Skeletal Muscle." Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews 23, no. 4 (August 2017): 362–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0444.

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Herness, M. S. "Neurophysiological and biophysical evidence on the mechanism of electric taste." Journal of General Physiology 86, no. 1 (July 1, 1985): 59–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.86.1.59.

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The phenomenon of electric taste was investigated by recording from the chorda tympani nerve of the rat in response to both electrical and chemical stimulations of the tongue with electrolytes in order to gain some insight into its mechanism on both a neurophysiological and biophysical basis. The maximum neural response levels were identical for an individual salt (LiCl, NaCl, KCl, or CaCl2), whether it was presented as a chemical solution or as an anodal stimulus through a subthreshold solution. These observations support the idea that stimulation occurs by iontophoresis of ions to the receptors at these current densities (less than 100 microA/cm2). Electric responses through dilute HCl were smaller than the chemically applied stimulations, but the integrated anodal responses appeared similar to chemical acid responses, as evidenced by an OFF response to both forms of stimuli. Hydrogen may be more permeant to the lingual epithelium and would thus be shunted away from the taste receptors during anodal stimulation. When the anion of electric taste was varied via subthreshold salt solutions, the response magnitude increased as the mobility of the anion decreased. The transport numbers of the salts involved adequately explains these differences. The physical aspects of ion migration occurring within the adapting fluid on the tongue are also discussed. Direct neural stimulation by the current appears to occur only at higher current densities (greater than 300 microA/cm2). If the taste cells of the tongue were inactivated with either iodoacetic acid (IAA) or N-ethyl maleimide (NEM), or removed with collagenase, then responses from the chorda tympani could be obtained only at these higher current densities. Latency measurements before and after IAA or NEM treatment corroborated these findings. The results are discussed in terms of several proposed mechanisms of electric taste and it is concluded that an ion accumulation mechanism can adequately explain the data.

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De Francesco, Francesco De, Pasquale Gravina, Stefano Varagona, Stefania Setti, Antonio Gigante, and Michele Riccio. "Biophysical Stimulation in Delayed Fracture Healing of Hand Phalanx: A Radiographic Evaluation." Biomedicines 10, no. 10 (October 9, 2022): 2519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102519.

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Phalangeal fractures are common events among the upper limbs accounting for 10% of all human body fractures. Fracture complete healing process may persevere several months or years. Most phalangeal fractures present favorable union within 3 to 6 weeks. In the literature, biophysical stimulation has yielded favorable outcomes in the treatment of hand fractures. A survey involving hospitals in the US reported the use of biophysical stimulation (72%) in relation to nonhealing fractures at three months after trauma. A noninvasive procedure such as biophysical stimulation may be preferential prior to consideration of invasive procedures. In this retrospective study, we analyzed 80 phalangeal fractures, 43 of which did not show any radiographic sign of healing 30 days after surgery; on radiograms, we calculated radiographic data and the total active motion (TAM) for clinical comparison. All radiographic images were evaluated using Adobe Photoshop CS3 (version 10.0, Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). We calculated the index of relative bone healing each month after surgery starting from 30 days, which was considered as T1, and followed up for a total of 6 months after stimulation (T6) with better results in stimulated groups. We concluded that prompt administration of biophysical stimulation supports fracture healing and yields an important improvement in the union rate compared with nontreatment. Above all, our patients experienced less injury-related distress between the fracture and repair period, which consequently reduced immobilization time, envisaging an early rehabilitation interval, with a better patient hand outcome.

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Kiran, Sneh, and Abha Rani Sinha. "Comparison of modified biophysical profile and vibroacoustic stimulation for intrapartum fetal assessment and prediction of perinatal outcome." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 4 (March 27, 2018): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20181336.

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Background: Present study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of intrapartum modified biophysical profile along with vibroacoustic stimulation test in the assessment of fetal well-being compared with modified biophysical profile for women with a singleton pregnancy.Methods: This prospective study was carried out on a group of pregnant women of gestational age more than 35 weeks attending the labour room of obstetrics and gynecological department of Patna medical college and hospital, from October 2013 to October 2015. A total 220 pregnant women were selected and randomly divided into two groups, 110 women were given modified biophysical profile and 110 were underwent modified biophysical profile with VAST.Results: Among 110 women, who underwent modified biophysical profile, 80(72.7%) showed reactive response and 30(27.3%) showed non-reactive response. A total 110 women, in whom modified biophysical profile was combined with VAST, 100(91%) showed reactive response and 10 (9%) showed non-reactive response. Statistical comparison for predicting perinatal mortality was done. Modified biophysical profile with VAST had a high sensitivity (100% vs. 80%), specificity (92.5% vs. 75.2%), negative predictive value (100% vs. 98.7%) and positive predictive value (20% vs. 13.3%) as compared to modified biophysical profile. Test accuracy for predicting perinatal mortality was more than mBPP (92.7% vs.75.4%).Conclusions: Addition of VAST in place of NST in modified biophysical profile has high specificity & positive predictive value, shortens the testing time.

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Massari, Leo, Milena Fini, Ruggero Cadossi, Stefania Setti, and GianCarlo Traina. "Biophysical stimulation in osteonecrosis of the femoral head." Indian Journal of Orthopaedics 43, no. 1 (2009): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5413.45319.

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Opitz, Alexander, Arnaud Falchier, Gary S. Linn, Michael P. Milham, and Charles E. Schroeder. "Limitations of ex vivo measurements for in vivo neuroscience." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 20 (May 1, 2017): 5243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617024114.

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A long history of postmortem studies has provided significant insight into human brain structure and organization. Cadavers have also proven instrumental for the measurement of artifacts and nonneural effects in functional imaging, and more recently, the study of biophysical properties critical to brain stimulation. However, death produces significant changes in the biophysical properties of brain tissues, making an ex vivo to in vivo comparison complex, and even questionable. This study directly compares biophysical properties of electric fields arising from transcranial electric stimulation (TES) in a nonhuman primate brain pre- and postmortem. We show that pre- vs. postmortem, TES-induced intracranial electric fields differ significantly in both strength and frequency response dynamics, even while controlling for confounding factors such as body temperature. Our results clearly indicate that ex vivo cadaver and in vivo measurements are not easily equitable. In vivo examinations remain essential to establishing an adequate understanding of even basic biophysical phenomena in vivo.

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Modolo, Julien, Alexandre Legros, Alex W. Thomas, and Anne Beuter. "Model-driven therapeutic treatment of neurological disorders: reshaping brain rhythms with neuromodulation." Interface Focus 1, no. 1 (November 17, 2010): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2010.0509.

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Electric stimulation has been investigated for several decades to treat, with various degrees of success, a broad spectrum of neurological disorders. Historically, the development of these methods has been largely empirical but has led to a remarkably efficient, yet invasive treatment: deep brain stimulation (DBS). However, the efficiency of DBS is limited by our lack of understanding of the underlying physiological mechanisms and by the complex relationship existing between brain processing and behaviour. Biophysical modelling of brain activity, describing multi-scale spatio-temporal patterns of neuronal activity using a mathematical model and taking into account the physical properties of brain tissue, represents one way to fill this gap. In this review, we illustrate how biophysical modelling is beginning to emerge as a driving force orienting the development of innovative brain stimulation methods that may move DBS forward. We present examples of modelling works that have provided fruitful insights in regards to DBS underlying mechanisms, and others that also suggest potential improvements for this neurosurgical procedure. The reviewed literature emphasizes that biophysical modelling is a valuable tool to assist a rational development of electrical and/or magnetic brain stimulation methods tailored to both the disease and the patient's characteristics.

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Rakovic, D. "Biophysical bases of the acupuncture and microwave resonance stimulation." Фізика живого (Біофізика і далі) 9, no. 1 (2001): 23–34.

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Wells, Jonathon, Chris Kao, Peter Konrad, Tom Milner, Jihoon Kim, Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, and E. Duco Jansen. "Biophysical Mechanisms of Transient Optical Stimulation of Peripheral Nerve." Biophysical Journal 93, no. 7 (October 2007): 2567–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.107.104786.

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Chao, EYS, and N. Inoue. "Biophysical stimulation of bone fracture repair, regeneration and remodelling." European Cells and Materials 6 (December 31, 2003): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22203/ecm.v006a07.

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Pinette, Michael G., Jacquelyn Blackstone, Joseph R. Wax, and Angelina Cartin. "Using fetal acoustic stimulation to shorten the biophysical profile." Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 33, no. 5 (2005): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcu.20116.

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Lin, Michael Y., Laura S. Frieboes, Maryam Forootan, Winnie A. Palispis, Tahseen Mozaffar, Matiar Jafari, Oswald Steward, Christine M. Gall, and Ranjan Gupta. "Biophysical stimulation induces demyelination via an integrin-dependent mechanism." Annals of Neurology 72, no. 1 (July 2012): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.23592.

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Rubinstein, J. T., and C. C. Della Santina. "Development of a biophysical model for vestibular prosthesis research." Journal of Vestibular Research 12, no. 2-3 (June 27, 2003): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2003-122-302.

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Physiologic properties of primary vestibular neurons are compared and contrasted with properties of primary auditory neurons. The differences and similarities suggest possible coding strategies for a vestibular implant. The degree of spike rate variability, or coefficient of variation (CV), is a prominent physiological property of vestibular neurons with undetermined functional significance. At the very least, CV is highly correlated with threshold to electrical stimulation in the intact vestibular labyrinth. If CV is also important for vestibular coding, then electrical stimulation strategies should be designed to restore relatively physiologic patterns of CV. Simulations using a stochastic model of primary afferent vestibular neurons reveal that this should be possible using combinations of low and high-rate pulsatile stimulation. They also demonstrate that differences in the number and independence of synaptic inputs can significantly affect CV.

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Stephan, Martin, Julius Zimmermann, Annett Klinder, Franziska Sahm, Ursula van Rienen, Peer W. Kämmerer, Rainer Bader, and Anika Jonitz-Heincke. "Establishment and Evaluation of an In Vitro System for Biophysical Stimulation of Human Osteoblasts." Cells 9, no. 9 (August 30, 2020): 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9091995.

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While several studies investigated the effects of mechanical or electrical stimulation on osseointegration and bone fracture healing, little is known about the molecular and cellular impact of combined biophysical stimulation on peri-implant osseointegration. Therefore, we established an in vitro system, capable of applying shear stress and electric fields simultaneously. Capacitively coupled electric fields were used for electrical stimulation, while roughened Ti6Al4V bodies conducted harmonically oscillating micromotions on collagen scaffolds seeded with human osteoblasts. Different variations of single and combined stimulation were applied for three days, while samples loaded with Ti6Al4V bodies and untreated samples served as control. Metabolic activity, expression of osteogenic markers and bone remodeling markers were investigated. While combined stimulation showed no substantial benefit compared to sole mechanical stimulation, we observed that 25 µm micromotions applied by roughened Ti6Al4V bodies led to a significant increase in gene expression of osteocalcin and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease 1. Additionally, we found an increase in metabolic activity and expression of bone remodeling markers with reduced procollagen type 1 synthesis after 100 mVRMS electrical stimulation. We were able to trigger specific cellular behaviors using different biophysical stimuli. In future studies, different variations of electrical stimulation will be combined with interfacial micromotions.

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Stojsavljevic, Thomas, Yixin Guo, and Dominick Macaluso. "Adaptive Stimulations in a Biophysical Network Model of Parkinson’s Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 6 (March 14, 2023): 5555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065555.

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Deep brain stimulation (DBS)—through a surgically implanted electrode to the subthalamic nucleus (STN)—has become a widely used therapeutic option for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and other neurological disorders. The standard conventional high-frequency stimulation (HF) that is currently used has several drawbacks. To overcome the limitations of HF, researchers have been developing closed-loop and demand-controlled, adaptive stimulation protocols wherein the amount of current that is delivered is turned on and off in real-time in accordance with a biophysical signal. Computational modeling of DBS in neural network models is an increasingly important tool in the development of new protocols that aid researchers in animal and clinical studies. In this computational study, we seek to implement a novel technique of DBS where we stimulate the STN in an adaptive fashion using the interspike time of the neurons to control stimulation. Our results show that our protocol eliminates bursts in the synchronized bursting neuronal activity of the STN, which is hypothesized to cause the failure of thalamocortical neurons (TC) to respond properly to excitatory cortical inputs. Further, we are able to significantly decrease the TC relay errors, representing potential therapeutics for Parkinson’s disease.

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Emelianov, V. Yu, E. V. Preobrazhenskaia, and N. S. Nikolaev. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Biophysical Methods of Osteogenesis Stimulation: Review." Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia 27, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21823/2311-2905-2021-27-1-86-96.

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Background. Stimulation of osteogenesis (SO) by biophysical methods has been widely used in practice to accelerate healing or stimulate the healing of fractures with non-unions, since the middle of the XIX century. SO can be carried out by direct current electrostimulation, or indirectly by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, capacitive electrical coupling stimulation, and pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation. SO simulates natural physiological processes: in the case of electrical stimulation, it changes the electromagnetic potential of damaged cell tissues in a manner similar to normal healing processes, or in the case of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, it produces weak mechanical effects on the fracture area. SO increases the expression of factors and signaling pathways responsible for tissue regeneration and bone mineralization and ultimately accelerates bone union.The purpose of this review was to present the most up-to-date data from laboratory and clinical studies of the effectiveness of SO.Material and Methods. The results of laboratory studies and the final results of metaanalyses for each of the four SO methods published from 1959 to 2020 in the PubMed, EMBASE, and eLibrary databases are reviewed.Conclusion. The use of SO effectively stimulates the healing of fractures with the correct location of the sensors, compliance with the intensity and time of exposure, as well as the timing of use for certain types of fractures. In case of non-union or delayed union of fractures, spondylodesis, arthrodesis, preference should be given to non-invasive methods of SO. Invasive direct current stimulation can be useful for non-union of long bones, spondylodesis with the risk of developing pseudoarthrosis.

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Chen, Chih-Hao, Dai-Ling Li, Andy Deng-Chi Chuang, Banendu Sunder Dash, and Jyh-Ping Chen. "Tension Stimulation of Tenocytes in Aligned Hyaluronic Acid/Platelet-Rich Plasma-Polycaprolactone Core-Sheath Nanofiber Membrane Scaffold for Tendon Tissue Engineering." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20 (October 18, 2021): 11215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011215.

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To recreate the in vivo niche for tendon tissue engineering in vitro, the characteristics of tendon tissue underlines the use of biochemical and biophysical cues during tenocyte culture. Herein, we prepare core-sheath nanofibers with polycaprolactone (PCL) sheath for mechanical support and hyaluronic acid (HA)/platelet-rich plasma (PRP) core for growth factor delivery. Three types of core-sheath nanofiber membrane scaffolds (CSNMS), consisting of random HA-PCL nanofibers (Random), random HA/PRP-PCL nanofibers (Random+) or aligned HA/PRP-PCL (Align+) nanofibers, were used to study response of rabbit tenocytes to biochemical (PRP) and biophysical (fiber alignment) stimulation. The core-sheath structures as well as other pertinent properties of CSNMS have been characterized, with Align+ showing the best mechanical properties. The unidirectional growth of tenocytes, as induced by aligned fiber topography, was confirmed from cell morphology and cytoskeleton expression. The combined effects of PRP and fiber alignment in Align+ CSNMS lead to enhanced cell proliferation rates, as well as upregulated gene expression and marker protein synthesis. Another biophysical cue on tenocytes was introduced by dynamic culture of tenocyte-seeded Align+ in a bioreactor with cyclic tension stimulation. Augmented by this biophysical beacon from mechanical loading, dynamic cell culture could shorten the time for tendon maturation in vitro, with improved cell proliferation rates and tenogenic phenotype maintenance, compared to static culture. Therefore, we successfully demonstrate how combined use of biochemical/topographical cues as well as mechanical stimulation could ameliorate cellular response of tenocytes in CSNMS, which can provide a functional in vitro environmental niche for tendon tissue engineering.

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Pukale, Ravindra, Mahendra G., Raj Kumari Linthoingambi, and Shikha Agarwal. "A Study of Correlation of Individual Biophysical Variables and Vibroacoustic Stimulation with Perinatal Outcome." Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 4, no. 3 (2016): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijog.2321.1636.4316.5.

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Wu, Re-Wen, Wei-Shiung Lian, Yu-Shan Chen, Jih-Yang Ko, Shao-Yu Wang, Holger Jahr, and Feng-Sheng Wang. "Piezoelectric Microvibration Mitigates Estrogen Loss-Induced Osteoporosis and Promotes Piezo1, MicroRNA-29a, and Wnt3a Signaling in Osteoblasts." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 9476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179476.

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Biophysical stimulation alters bone-forming cell activity, bone formation and remodeling. The effect of piezoelectric microvibration stimulation (PMVS) intervention on osteoporosis development remains uncertain. We investigated whether 60 Hz, 120 Hz, and 180 Hz PMVS (0.05 g, 20 min/stimulation, 3 stimulations/week for 4 consecutive weeks) intervention affected bone integrity in ovariectomized (OVX) mice or osteoblastic activity. PMVS (120 Hz)-treated OVX mice developed fewer osteoporosis conditions, including bone mineral density loss and trabecular microstructure deterioration together with decreased serum resorption marker CTX-1 levels, as compared to control OVX animals. The biomechanical strength of skeletal tissue was improved upon 120 Hz PMVS intervention. This intervention compromised OVX-induced sparse trabecular bone morphology, osteoblast loss, osteoclast overburden, and osteoclast-promoting cytokine RANKL immunostaining and reversed osteoclast inhibitor OPG immunoreactivity. Osteoblasts in OVX mice upon PMVS intervention showed strong Wnt3a immunoreaction and weak Wnt inhibitor Dkk1 immunostaining. In vitro, PMVS reversed OVX-induced loss in von Kossa-stained mineralized nodule formation, Runx2, and osteocalcin expression in primary bone-marrow stromal cells. PMVS also promoted mechanoreceptor Piezo1 expression together with increased microRNA-29a and Wnt3a expression, whereas Dkk1 rather than SOST expression was repressed in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Taken together, PMVS intervention promoted Piezo1, miR-29a, and Wnt signaling to upregulate osteogenic activity and repressed osteoclastic bone resorption, delaying estrogen deficiency-induced loss in bone mass and microstructure. This study highlights a new biophysical remedy for osteoporosis.

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Fini, M., G. Giavaresi, S. Setti, L. Martini, P. Torricelli, and R. Giardino. "Current Trends in the Enhancement of Biomaterial Osteointegration: Biophysical Stimulation." International Journal of Artificial Organs 27, no. 8 (August 2004): 681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139880402700806.

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Polo-Corrales, Liliana, Jaime Ramirez-Vick, and Jhon Jairo Feria-Diaz. "Recent Advances in Biophysical stimulation of MSC for bone regeneration." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 11, no. 15 (April 1, 2018): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2018/v11i15/121405.

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Polo-Corrales, Liliana, Jaime Ramirez-Vick, and Jhon Jairo Feria-Diaz. "Recent Advances in Biophysical stimulation of MSC for bone regeneration." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 11, no. 15 (April 1, 2018): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2018/v11i16/121405.

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Korolj, Anastasia, Erika Yan Wang, Robert A. Civitarese, and Milica Radisic. "Biophysical stimulation for in vitro engineering of functional cardiac tissues." Clinical Science 131, no. 13 (June 23, 2017): 1393–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20170055.

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Engineering functional cardiac tissues remains an ongoing significant challenge due to the complexity of the native environment. However, our growing understanding of key parameters of the in vivo cardiac microenvironment and our ability to replicate those parameters in vitro are resulting in the development of increasingly sophisticated models of engineered cardiac tissues (ECT). This review examines some of the most relevant parameters that may be applied in culture leading to higher fidelity cardiac tissue models. These include the biochemical composition of culture media and cardiac lineage specification, co-culture conditions, electrical and mechanical stimulation, and the application of hydrogels, various biomaterials, and scaffolds. The review will also summarize some of the recent functional human tissue models that have been developed for in vivo and in vitro applications. Ultimately, the creation of sophisticated ECT that replicate native structure and function will be instrumental in advancing cell-based therapeutics and in providing advanced models for drug discovery and testing.

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Gagnon, Robert. "Acoustic Stimulation: Effect on Heart Rate and Other Biophysical Variables." Clinics in Perinatology 16, no. 3 (September 1989): 643–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-5108(18)30626-2.

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Wilson, Marcus T., Ben D. Fulcher, Park K. Fung, P. A. Robinson, Alex Fornito, and Nigel C. Rogasch. "Biophysical modeling of neural plasticity induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation." Clinical Neurophysiology 129, no. 6 (June 2018): 1230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2018.03.018.

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Musselman, Eric David, Nicole A. Pelot, Jake E. Cariello, Gabriel B. Goldhagen, and Warren M. Grill. "SPARC: Biophysical Modeling of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Translational Scaling of Stimulation Parameters Across Species." FASEB Journal 34, S1 (April 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.02512.

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Vaca-González, Juan J., Johana M. Guevara, Miguel A. Moncayo, Hector Castro-Abril, Yoshie Hata, and Diego A. Garzón-Alvarado. "Biophysical Stimuli: A Review of Electrical and Mechanical Stimulation in Hyaline Cartilage." CARTILAGE 10, no. 2 (September 21, 2017): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1947603517730637.

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Objective Hyaline cartilage degenerative pathologies induce morphologic and biomechanical changes resulting in cartilage tissue damage. In pursuit of therapeutic options, electrical and mechanical stimulation have been proposed for improving tissue engineering approaches for cartilage repair. The purpose of this review was to highlight the effect of electrical stimulation and mechanical stimuli in chondrocyte behavior. Design Different information sources and the MEDLINE database were systematically revised to summarize the different contributions for the past 40 years. Results It has been shown that electric stimulation may increase cell proliferation and stimulate the synthesis of molecules associated with the extracellular matrix of the articular cartilage, such as collagen type II, aggrecan and glycosaminoglycans, while mechanical loads trigger anabolic and catabolic responses in chondrocytes. Conclusion The biophysical stimuli can increase cell proliferation and stimulate molecules associated with hyaline cartilage extracellular matrix maintenance.

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Gomez-Tames, Jose, Ilkka Laakso, and Akimasa Hirata. "Review on biophysical modelling and simulation studies for transcranial magnetic stimulation." Physics in Medicine & Biology 65, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 24TR03. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/aba40d.

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Setti, S., M. Fini, F. Benazzo, and R. Cadossi. "The Effect of Biophysical Stimulation on Cartilage Repair with Osteochondral Autograft." Molecular & Cellular Biomechanics 3, no. 4 (2006): 241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/mcb.2006.003.241.

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Hechavarria, Daniel, Abiche Dewilde, Susan Braunhut, Michael Levin, and David L. Kaplan. "BioDome regenerative sleeve for biochemical and biophysical stimulation of tissue regeneration." Medical Engineering & Physics 32, no. 9 (November 2010): 1065–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2010.07.010.

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Petrović, O., A. Frković, and N. Matejčić. "Fetal biophysical profile and vibratory acoustic stimulation in high-risk pregnancies." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 50, no. 1 (July 1995): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(95)02392-p.

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Cadossi, Matteo, Roberto Emanuele Buda, Laura Ramponi, Andrea Sambri, Simone Natali, and Sandro Giannini. "Bone Marrow–derived Cells and Biophysical Stimulation for Talar Osteochondral Lesions." Foot & Ankle International 35, no. 10 (June 10, 2014): 981–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100714539660.

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Poelzing, Steven, Michael Entz, and Seth H. Weinberg. "Acute Modulation of Sodium Channel Biophysical Properties using High-Frequency Stimulation." Biophysical Journal 108, no. 2 (January 2015): 208a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.1151.

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Hung, Clark T., Jennifer Racine-Avila, Matthew J. Pellicore, and Roy Aaron. "Biophysical Modulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation in the Context of Skeletal Repair." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 3919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073919.

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A prominent feature of the skeleton is its ability to remodel in response to biophysical stimuli and to repair under varied biophysical conditions. This allows the skeleton considerable adaptation to meet its physiological roles of stability and movement. Skeletal cells and their mesenchymal precursors exist in a native environment rich with biophysical signals, and they sense and respond to those signals to meet organismal demands of the skeleton. While mechanical strain is the most recognized of the skeletal biophysical stimuli, signaling phenomena also include fluid flow, hydrostatic pressure, shear stress, and ion-movement-related electrokinetic phenomena including, prominently, streaming potentials. Because of the complex interactions of these electromechanical signals, it is difficult to isolate the significance of each. The application of external electrical and electromagnetic fields allows an exploration of the effects of these stimuli on cell differentiation and extra-cellular matrix formation in the absence of mechanical strain. This review takes a distinctly translational approach to mechanistic and preclinical studies of differentiation and skeletal lineage commitment of mesenchymal cells under biophysical stimulation. In vitro studies facilitate the examination of isolated cellular responses while in vivo studies permit the observation of cell differentiation and extracellular matrix synthesis.

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Boinagrov, David, Jim Loudin, and Daniel Palanker. "Strength–Duration Relationship for Extracellular Neural Stimulation: Numerical and Analytical Models." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 4 (October 2010): 2236–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00343.2010.

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The strength–duration relationship for extracellular stimulation is often assumed to be similar to the classical intracellular stimulation model, with a slope asymptotically approaching 1/τ at pulse durations shorter than chronaxy. We modeled extracellular neural stimulation numerically and analytically for several cell shapes and types of active membrane properties. The strength–duration relationship was found to differ significantly from classical intracellular models. At pulse durations between 4 μs and 5 ms stimulation is dominated by sodium channels, with a slope of −0.72 in log-log coordinates for the Hodgkin–Huxley ion channel model. At shorter durations potassium channels dominate and slope decreases to −0.13. Therefore the charge per phase is decreasing with decreasing stimulus duration. With pulses shorter than cell polarization time (∼0.1–1 μs), stimulation is dominated by polarization dynamics with a classical −1 slope and the charge per phase becomes constant. It is demonstrated that extracellular stimulation can have not only lower but also upper thresholds and may be impossible below certain pulse durations. In some regimes the extracellular current can hyperpolarize cells, suppressing rather than stimulating spiking behavior. Thresholds for burst stimuli can be either higher or lower than that of a single pulse, depending on pulse duration. The modeled thresholds were found to be comparable to published experimental data. Electroporation thresholds, which limit the range of safe stimulation, were found to exceed stimulation thresholds by about two orders of magnitude. These results provide a biophysical basis for understanding stimulation dynamics and guidance for optimizing the neural stimulation efficacy and safety.

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Marks, Ray. "Sarcopenia and hip osteoarthritis: possible role for targeted electrical and biophysical muscle stimulation applications." International Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Journal 8, no. 1 (2023): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ipmrj.2023.08.00338.

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Background: Hip osteoarthritis- a painful oftentimes longstanding progressively disabling condition that occurs predominantly among sizeable numbers of older adults may be detrimentally impacted by an atrophic muscle condition known as sarcopenia. Aim: This mini review examines the possible utility of electrical or magnetic muscle stimulation for mitigating sarcopenic muscle mass declines that may be age or disease associated or both among older adults diagnosed as having early or late stage hip osteoarthritis. Methods: Peer reviewed literature on hip osteoarthritis discussing sarcopenia, as well as any evidence that electrical or magnetic muscle stimulation as applied to foster muscle mass increments are relevant to ameliorating this condition were sought and examined. Results: Many reports show hip osteoarthritis remains a highly debilitating disease to counteract and is a condition where the surrounding muscles may be atrophic. While most point to exercise and nutrition as suitable muscle interventions for countering sarcopenia, a favorable role for electrical stimulation cannot be ruled out. Conclusions: There is a possible missed opportunity that implies muscle preservation at the hip through electrical stimulation will be beneficial for fostering function at all stages of hip joint osteoarthritis progression, even if surgery is forthcoming, and should be studied further.

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Vincent, Marion, Olivier Rossel, Mitsuhiro Hayashibe, Guillaume Herbet, Hugues Duffau, David Guiraud, and François Bonnetblanc. "The difference between electrical microstimulation and direct electrical stimulation – towards new opportunities for innovative functional brain mapping?" Reviews in the Neurosciences 27, no. 3 (April 1, 2016): 231–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2015-0029.

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AbstractBoth electrical microstimulation (EMS) and direct electrical stimulation (DES) of the brain are used to perform functional brain mapping. EMS is applied to animal fundamental neuroscience experiments, whereas DES is performed in the operating theatre on neurosurgery patients. The objective of the present review was to shed new light on electrical stimulation techniques in brain mapping by comparing EMS and DES. There is much controversy as to whether the use of DES during wide-awake surgery is the ‘gold standard’ for studying the brain function. As part of this debate, it is sometimes wrongly assumed that EMS and DES induce similar effects in the nervous tissues and have comparable behavioural consequences. In fact, the respective stimulation parameters in EMS and DES are clearly different. More surprisingly, there is no solid biophysical rationale for setting the stimulation parameters in EMS and DES; this may be due to historical, methodological and technical constraints that have limited the experimental protocols and prompted the use of empirical methods. In contrast, the gap between EMS and DES highlights the potential for new experimental paradigms in electrical stimulation for functional brain mapping. In view of this gap and recent technical developments in stimulator design, it may now be time to move towards alternative, innovative protocols based on the functional stimulation of peripheral nerves (for which a more solid theoretical grounding exists).

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Castrillon, Gabriel, Nico Sollmann, Katarzyna Kurcyus, Adeel Razi, Sandro M. Krieg, and Valentin Riedl. "The physiological effects of noninvasive brain stimulation fundamentally differ across the human cortex." Science Advances 6, no. 5 (January 2020): eaay2739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay2739.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive method to modulate brain activity and behavior in humans. Still, stimulation effects substantially vary across studies and individuals, thereby restricting the large-scale application of TMS in research or clinical settings. We revealed that low-frequency stimulation had opposite impact on the functional connectivity of sensory and cognitive brain regions. Biophysical modeling then identified a neuronal mechanism underlying these region-specific effects. Stimulation of the frontal cortex decreased local inhibition and disrupted feedforward and feedback connections. Conversely, identical stimulation increased local inhibition and enhanced forward signaling in the occipital cortex. Last, we identified functional integration as a macroscale network parameter to predict the region-specific effect of stimulation in individual subjects. In summary, we revealed how TMS modulation critically depends on the connectivity profile of target regions and propose an imaging marker to improve sensitivity of noninvasive brain stimulation for research and clinical applications.

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Massari, Leo. "Biophysical Stimulation with Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American) 88, suppl_2 (November 1, 2006): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.f.00536.

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MASSARI, LEO, MILENA FINI, RUGGERO CADOSSI, STEFANIA SETTI, and GIAN CARLO TRAINA. "BIOPHYSICAL STIMULATION WITH PULSED ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN OSTEONECROSIS OF THE FEMORAL HEAD." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 88 (November 2006): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200611001-00009.

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Leismer, Jeff. "New Biophysical Stimulation Modality Provides Significant Strength Gains to Diabetic Neuropathy Patient." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 100, no. 12 (December 2019): e190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2019.10.085.

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Sood, Atul Kumar, and Sanjay Singh. "Vibroacoustic stimulation and modified fetal biophysical profile for early intrapartum fetal assessment." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 61, no. 3 (June 2011): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13224-011-0044-5.

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Adams, Wilson R., Manqing Wang, Rekha Gautam, E. Duco Jansen, and Anita Mahadevan-Jansen. "Probing the Biophysical Mechanisms of Infrared Neural Stimulation with Nonlinear Raman Imaging." Biophysical Journal 116, no. 3 (February 2019): 275a—276a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.1490.

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Wang, Xiaomei, Shuang Zhou, Wei Yao, Hua Wan, Huangan Wu, Luyi Wu, Huirong Liu, Xuegui Hua, and Peifeng Shi. "Effects of Moxibustion Stimulation on the Intensity of Infrared Radiation of Tianshu (ST25) Acupoints in Rats with Ulcerative Colitis." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/704584.

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ST25 is a key acupoint used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis by moxibustion stimulation, but the biophysical mechanism underlying its effects is still unknown. The aim of the present study was to explore the biophysical properties of ST25 acupoint stimulated by moxibustion in a rat model of ulcerative colitis. The infrared radiation intensity of fourteen wavelengths of ST25 showed significant differences between the normal and model control groups. The intensity of infrared radiation of forty wavelengths showed significant differences compared with the corresponding control points in normal rats. The intensity of infrared radiation of twenty-eight wavelengths showed significant differences compared with the corresponding control points in model rats. The intensity of infrared radiation of nine wavelengths in the herb-partition moxibustion group, eighteen wavelengths in the ginger-partition moxibustion group, seventeen wavelengths in the garlic-partition moxibustion group, and fourteen wavelengths in the warming moxibustion group of the left ST25 showed significant differences compared with that of the model control group. For the right-hand-side ST25, these values were 33, 33, 2, and 8 wavelengths, respectively. This indicated that one possible biophysical mechanism of moxibustion on ST25 in ulcerative colitis model rats might involve changes in the intensity of infrared radiation of ST25 at different wavelengths.

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Wong, Sing Wan, Stephen Lenzini, Madeline H. Cooper, David J. Mooney, and Jae-Won Shin. "Soft extracellular matrix enhances inflammatory activation of mesenchymal stromal cells to induce monocyte production and trafficking." Science Advances 6, no. 15 (April 2020): eaaw0158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw0158.

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Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) modulate immune cells to ameliorate multiple inflammatory pathologies. Biophysical signals that regulate this process are poorly defined. By engineering hydrogels with tunable biophysical parameters relevant to bone marrow where MSCs naturally reside, we show that soft extracellular matrix maximizes the ability of MSCs to produce paracrine factors that have been implicated in monocyte production and chemotaxis upon inflammatory stimulation by tumor necrosis factor–α (TNFα). Soft matrix increases clustering of TNF receptors, thereby enhancing NF-κB activation and downstream gene expression. Actin polymerization and lipid rafts, but not myosin-II contractility, regulate mechanosensitive activation of MSCs by TNFα. We functionally demonstrate that human MSCs primed with TNFα in soft matrix enhance production of human monocytes in marrow of xenografted mice and increase trafficking of monocytes via CCL2. The results suggest the importance of biophysical signaling in tuning inflammatory activation of stromal cells to control the innate immune system.

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Stokes, Mark G., Anthony T. Barker, Martynas Dervinis, Frederick Verbruggen, Leah Maizey, Rachel C. Adams, and Christopher D. Chambers. "Biophysical determinants of transcranial magnetic stimulation: effects of excitability and depth of targeted area." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 2 (January 15, 2013): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00510.2012.

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Safe and effective transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) requires accurate intensity calibration. Output is typically calibrated to individual motor cortex excitability and applied to nonmotor brain areas, assuming that it captures a site nonspecific factor of excitability. We tested this assumption by correlating the effect of TMS at motor and visual cortex. In 30 participants, we measured motor threshold (MT) and phosphene threshold (PT) at the scalp surface and at coil-scalp distances of 3.17, 5.63, and 9.03 mm. We also modeled the effect of TMS in a simple head model to test the effect of distance. Four independent tests confirmed a significant correlation between PT and MT. We also found similar effects of distance in motor and visual areas, which did not correlate across participants. Computational modeling suggests that the relationship between the effect of distance and the induced electric field is effectively linear within the range of distances that have been explored empirically. We conclude that MT-guided calibration is valid for nonmotor brain areas if coil-cortex distance is taken into account. For standard figure-of-eight TMS coils connected to biphasic stimulators, the effect of cortical distance should be adjusted using a general correction factor of 2.7% stimulator output per millimeter.

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Del Favero, Giorgia, and Annette Kraegeloh. "Integrating Biophysics in Toxicology." Cells 9, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9051282.

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Integration of biophysical stimulation in test systems is established in diverse branches of biomedical sciences including toxicology. This is largely motivated by the need to create novel experimental setups capable of reproducing more closely in vivo physiological conditions. Indeed, we face the need to increase predictive power and experimental output, albeit reducing the use of animals in toxicity testing. In vivo, mechanical stimulation is essential for cellular homeostasis. In vitro, diverse strategies can be used to model this crucial component. The compliance of the extracellular matrix can be tuned by modifying the stiffness or through the deformation of substrates hosting the cells via static or dynamic strain. Moreover, cells can be cultivated under shear stress deriving from the movement of the extracellular fluids. In turn, introduction of physical cues in the cell culture environment modulates differentiation, functional properties, and metabolic competence, thus influencing cellular capability to cope with toxic insults. This review summarizes the state of the art of integration of biophysical stimuli in model systems for toxicity testing, discusses future challenges, and provides perspectives for the further advancement of in vitro cytotoxicity studies.

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Pollard, Andrew E., and Roger C. Barr. "A biophysical model for cardiac microimpedance measurements." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 298, no. 6 (June 2010): H1699—H1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01131.2009.

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Alterations to cell-to-cell electrical conductance and to the structural arrangement of the collagen network in cardiac tissue are recognized contributors to arrhythmia development, yet no present method allows direct in vivo measurements of these conductances at their true microscopic scale. The present report documents such a plan, which involves interstitial multisite stimulation at a subcellular to cellular size scale, and verifies the performance of the method through biophysical modeling. Although elements of the plan have been analyzed previously, their performance as a whole is considered here in a comprehensive way. Our analyses take advantage of a three-dimensional structural framework in which interstitial, intracellular, and membrane components are coupled to one another on the fine size scale, and electrodes are separated from one another as in arrays we fabricate routinely. With this arrangement, determination of passive tissue resistances can be made from measurements taken on top of the currents flowing in active tissue. In particular, our results show that measurements taken at multiple frequencies and electrode separations provide powerful predictions of the underlying tissue resistances in all geometric dimensions. Because of the small electrode size, separation of interstitial from intracellular compartment contributions is readily achieved.

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