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1

Spann, Nicole. "Freshwater bivalves as biomonitors of metal pollution." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610276.

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2

Jarvis, Stephen C. "Phytal meiofauna as biomonitors of environmental water quality." Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283173.

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3

Gawel, James Edward. "Phytochelatins--biomonitors for metal stress in terrestrial pants." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42586.

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4

Oliver, Lucie Rebecca. "Mussel assemblages as biomonitors of anthropogenic disturbance in estuarine environments." Thesis, Bangor University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438829.

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5

Forbes, PBC, M. Thanjekwayo, JO Okokwo, M. Sekhula, and C. Zvinowanda. "Lichens as biomonitors for manganese and lead in Pretoria, South Africa." Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001756.

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Abstract Parmotrema austrosinense (Zahlbr.) Hale lichens were collected from the Pretoria central business district (CBD), as well as three sites to the east of Pretoria; the National Botanical Gardens, the CSIR campus and the suburb of Lynnwood, with the aim of utilising these lichens as biomonitors of air quality to determine the effects of the phasing out of leaded petrol and the simultaneous introduction of manganese anti-knock additives to fuel in South Africa. In addition to lichens, roadside dust and soil samples were collected from the CBD and CSIR campus, and all samples were analysed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after acid digestion. There was no significant difference (95 % confidence) between the Mn content of lichens from all sampling sites (overall average of 97.1 ± 39.1 μg.g-1, n= 28), which was most likely due to an even suspension of Mn-containing particles arising from soil dust. Additional contributions to Mn loading as a result of vehicle emissions were currently not evident. For all non-CBD sites, higher Pb levels were found in lichens which were nearer to busy roads, suggesting an historical impact by vehicular emissions of Pb arising from leaded petrol usage. The Pb concentrations in lichens found in the CBD (average of 181.1 ± 98.0 μg.g-1, n=10) were significantly higher (95 % confidence limits) than those of lichens growing outside of the CBD area (average of 41.5 ± 36.4 μg.g-1, n=18), and the Pb levels were higher than those of Mn, which was contrary to that found in sites outside the CBD.
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6

Gallacher, D. "The use of benthic macroinvertebrate communities as biomonitors in Hong Kong streams." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22227349.

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7

Stewart, Sharon Christine. "The development of automated biomonitors in the optimization of aquaculture productions and environmental protection." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437642.

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8

Kousehlar, Masoomeh. "Isotopic source apportionment of atmospheric toxic metals in urban and industrial settings using biomonitors." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1618418916924712.

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9

Broad, Samantha Jayne. "The use of Caenorhabditis elegans as biomonitors in the development of new environmentally-safe pesticides." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485202.

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As a widely studied and convenient model organism, C. elegans could be a useful tool in the investigation of in vivo metabolism.' A clear understanding ·of the molecular response to chemical exposure is required across a broad range of disciplines, from pharmacology to pesticide development. B-naphthoflavone, chloroquine, dazomet, imidacloprid, juglone and thiabendazole were selected for study. Touch respons~ assays were employed to monitor the responses of wild-type C. elegans to. different concentrations of chemical over 72 hours and the associated transcriptional response was analysed by whole genome microarray. Populations exposed to the six chemicals over 1 hour and 48 hours were compared to those subjected to osmotic and thermal stress, as well as to unstressed controls. Concerted changes' in the C. elegans transcriptome occur in response to exposure to specific chemicals. A large proportion of responsive genes encode enzymes with a known metabolic role, some with human homologues, predominantly cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-tranferases and UDPglucuronosyltransferases. Genes that encode nuclear hormone receptors and signalling molecules were also up-regulated, and future research will reveal whether they have a role in mediating the response to xenobiotic exposure. Other genes identified included nematode-specific genes, and genes of unknown function with mammal{an homologues. Genes ,encoding the antimicrobial thaumatins and caenacins were up-regulated in response to xenobiotic exposure. Others of the up-regulated genes encode signalling molecules that have been shown to coordinate responses to biotic stress. Taken together these results suggest that there is overlap between the responses to biotic and xenobiotic challenge. A green fluorescent C. elegans reporter strain was produced that describes . the cellular location of the up-regulation of cyp-35A5 by p- naphthoflavone and thiabendazole. This proof of principle provides the potential for panels of such reporters to be used in further investigations of meta,bolism of xenobiotic compounds in C. elegans.
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10

Hammer, Sjurdur. "The use of eggs and diet of great skuas as biomonitors in the Faroe Islands." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8649/.

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11

Nussle, Sean Brian. "TRICHOPTERAN LARVAE AS BIOMONITORS OF TRACE AND HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN NORTHEAST OHIO URBAN STREAMS." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1534960377604447.

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12

Perez, Caroline. "Estudo sobre a determinação de elementos tóxicos (As,Cu e Hg) em amostras de biomonitores da poluição atmosférica pelo método de análise por ativação com nêutrons." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-23072018-092731/.

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No biomonitoramento da poluição atmosférica, as determinações de elementos tóxicos têm sido de suma importância para identificação das suas fontes de emissão e dos efeitos ocasionados com a sua exposição. Consequentemente diferentes técnicas analíticas vêm sendo aprimoradas e aplicadas para essa finalidade, entre elas, a análise por ativação com nêutrons (NAA). Essa técnica apresenta vantagens para a quantificação de elementos poluentes, devido a sua capacidade de análise multielementar e a sua alta sensibilidade, precisão e exatidão dos resultados. Entretanto, nos trabalhos de biomonitoramento, a NAA não tem sido muito utilizada na determinação dos elementos tóxicos As, Cu e Hg. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer um procedimento adequado de NAA para a determinação de As, Cu e Hg em amostras de biomonitores da poluição atmosférica (liquens, bromélias e cascas de árvores). O procedimento de NAA consistiu em irradiação sob fluxo de nêutrons térmicos alíquotas de amostras juntamente aos padrões sintéticos dos elementos, seguida de espectrometria de raios gama. Foram realizados ensaios preliminares de NAA para definição das condições de irradiação e de medição para determinação desses três elementos e, para isso, foram analisados diversos materiais de referência certificados (MRCs). Os resultados de As, Cu e Hg nos MRCs demonstraram boa exatidão e precisão (HORRAT < 2 e IZscoreI < 2). Isto é, para determinação de As, foi verificado que irradiações de 1 h e tempo de decaimento de 1 d para as medições permitem obter resultados satisfatórios. O As foi encontrado em todas as espécies de biomonitores analisadas e os valores de limites de detecção foram inferiores às suas frações mássicas, demostrando que o procedimento proposto pode ser satisfatoriamente utilizado nas análises de biomonitores. Nas determinações de Cu nos MRCs, foi observado que esse elemento pode ser quantificado por meio das irradiações de 20 s e de 1 h pelas medições de 66Cu e de 64Cu, respectivamente. Entretanto, dependendo da amostra, nas irradiações de 1 h pode ocorrer a interferência da alta atividade do 24Na. Nas análises de biomonitores, os tempos de irradiação de 1 h e de decaimento de 1 d foram mais apropriados que as irradiações de curta duração de 20 s, uma vez que os dados obtidos apresentaram boa precisão e limites de detecção mais baixos que os das irradiações de 20 s. Para determinação de Hg, verificou se que não há perda desse elemento nas irradiações realizadas em invólucros ou cápsulas de polietileno. O invólucro foi escolhido devido ao seu baixo custo e a facilidade de aquisição. O tempo de irradiação de 1 h foi apropriado para evitar os problemas das interferências espectrais do 198Au e 75Se, que foram mais evidentes para 8 h de irradiação. O Hg não foi detectado em nenhum dos biomonitores analisados e os limites de detecção calculados variaram de 0,01 a 6,8 μg g-1. Pelos resultados obtidos neste trabalho, concluiu-se que o procedimento de NAA estabelecido pode ser aplicado no biomonitoramento de As, Cu e Hg da poluição aérea e cabe ainda ressaltar que esses três elementos podem ser determinados por meio de uma única irradiação de 1 h, dependendo dos teores destes elementos nas amostras.
In the atmospheric pollution biomonitoring, the determination of toxic elements has been of major importance to the identification of their emission sources and of the caused effects by their exposure. Consequently, different analytical techniques have been improved and applied for this purpose, among them, the neutron activation analysis (NAA). This technique presents advantages for the quantification of pollutant elements due to its capability of multielemental analyses and its high sensitivity, precision and accuracy of results. However, in biomonitoring works, NAA has not been widely used in the determination of toxic elements As, Cu and Hg. The aim of this study was to establish adequate procedures of NAA for As, Cu and Hg determination in biomonitors of atmospheric pollution (lichens, bromeliads and tree barks). The NAA procedure consisted of irradiation, under thermal neutron flux, aliquots of samples with the elemental synthetic standards, followed by gamma ray spectrometry. Preliminary assays of NAA were carried out to define the irradiation and measurement conditions for these three elements determinations. For this purpose, several certified reference materials (CRMs) were analyzed. Results of As, Cu and Hg obtained in CRMs demonstrated good precision and accuracy of obtained data (HORRAT < 2 and IZ scoreI < 2). For As determination, irradiation time of 1 h and 1 d of decay time for the measurements allowed to obtain satisfactory results. Arsenic was detected in all analyzed samples of biomonitors and the detection limits were lower than its mass fractions, showing that the proposed procedure can be satisfactorily used in the biomonitor analyses. In Cu determination in CRMs, it was verified that this element could be quantified using irradiations of 20 s and of 1 h and by measuring 66Cu and 64Cu, respectively. However, depending on the sample, the interference of high activity of 24Na may occur. In the analyses of biomonitors, irradiation time of 1 h and decay time of 1 d were more appropriate to obtain precise results than the short-term irradiations of 20 s. For Hg determination, loss of this element from polyethylene capsules or involucres was not observed and the involucres were selected due to its low cost and easy acquisition. Irradiation time of 1 h was chosen to avoid the problems of spectral interferences of 198Au and 75Se, which were more evident for 8 h of irradiation. Mercury was not detected in the analyzed biomonitor samples and the detection limits varied from 0.01 to 6.8 μg g-1. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that the established NAA procedure can be applied in the biomonitoring of As, Cu and Hg of atmospheric pollution, and it should be noted that these three elements could be determined by a single irradiation of 1 h depending on the mass fractions of the elements in the samples.
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13

Guillot, Héloïse. "L’herpetofaune, sentinelle de l’accumulation et des effets des contaminants environnementaux ?" Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS024/document.

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Le développement des activités industrielles et agricoles du siècle dernier a eu pour conséquence le rejet de substances chimiques dans l’environnement, qui contaminent les écosystèmes, et peuvent s’accumuler dans les plantes, les sédiments, et le long des chaînes alimentaires. Il apparait primordial d’effectuer une évaluation du risque écologique associé à la présence de ces composés dans les milieux naturels et les espèces sentinelles sont des outils judicieux pour déterminer l’exposition des individus et évaluer les conséquences sur les organismes. Les amphibiens et les reptiles possèdent des caractéristiques écologiques et biologiques qui les rendent potentiellement intéressants en tant qu’espèces sentinelles. L’objectif des études présentées dans cette thèse est de déterminer la disponibilité de certaines substances dans l’environnement, et d’évaluer les effets de la contamination environnementale sur les organismes en utilisant plusieurs espèces de reptiles et d’amphibiens, (i) en mesurant les niveaux de polluants accumulés dans les tissus d’espèces de reptiles ; (ii) en évaluant l’influence d’un habitat contaminé sur la morphologie d’adultes de crapaud commun (Bufo bufo) ; (iii) en mesurant de manière expérimentale l’impact d’une molécule fréquemment retrouvée dans l’environnement sur le développement de têtards de crapaud commun. Nos résultats montrent d’une part que les reptiles accumulent efficacement les polluants organiques et les éléments traces métalliques dans leurs tissus, et permettent d’évaluer efficacement la contamination globale d’une zone, mais aussi de mettre en évidence des pollutions ponctuelles localisées. D’autre part, nos travaux montrent une influence de l’habitat agricole sur la morphologie du crapaud commun, potentiellement causé par la présence de contaminants dans ces milieux. Enfin, nous avons pu mettre en évidence un effet de concentrations faibles d’AMPA, métabolite principal du glyphosate, sur le développement de têtards de crapaud commun. Les amphibiens constituent donc des organismes efficaces pour étudier l’impact de la contamination de l’environnement sur les caractéristiques individuelles. Nos travaux montrent ainsi l’utilité de certaines espèces de reptiles et d’amphibiens comme espèces sentinelles de la présence de contaminants dans l’environnement et de leur impact potentiel sur les organismes. Les travaux en écotoxicologie qui portent sur ces organismes restent trop rares, et il est impératif de développer la recherche dans ce domaine, pour participer de manière efficace à l’évaluation du risque environnemental
The development of industrial and agricultural activities over the last century has resulted in the release of chemicals into the environment, which contaminate ecosystems and can accumulate in plants, sediments and across food webs. As such, it is essential to conduct an assessment of the ecological risk associated with the presence of these compounds in natural environments. Achieving this can be aided through the study of sentinel species, which can be used to determine exposure rates of individuals and assess how these subsequently impact wildlife. Amphibians and reptiles display ecological and biological characteristics that may make them particularly attractive as sentinel species. The collection of studies presented in this thesis aims to determine the availability of contaminants in the environment and estimate the effects of this on individual traits of living organisms. Across several species of reptiles and amphibians we, (i) measured levels of pollutants accumulated in the tissues of several reptile species ; (ii) assessed how contaminated habitats impact the morphology of adult common toads (Bufo bufo) ; and (iii) experimentally measured the influence of a molecule frequently detected in the environment on common toad tadpoles’ growth. Results show that reptiles efficiently accumulate organic pollutants and metal trace elements in their tissues, and thereby allow efficient evaluation of the global contamination of an area, as well as the occurrence of localized pollution events. In addition, our work shows an influence of the agricultural habitat on the morphology of adult common toads, which is potentially a consequence of the presence of chemicals in these environments. Finally, we were able to demonstrate an effect of low concentrations of AMPA, the main metabolite of glyphosate, on the development of common toad tadpoles. Amphibians are therefore efficient organisms to study the impact of environmental contamination on individual characteristics. Our work shows the usefulness of certain species of reptiles and amphibians as sentinel species for the presence of contaminants in the environment, and their potential impact on organisms. Ecotoxicological studies on these organisms remain too scarce, and it is imperative to develop research in this field, to participate effectively in the assessment of environmental risk
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14

Poikolainen, J. (Jarmo). "Mosses, epiphytic lichens and tree bark as biomonitors for air pollutants – specifically for heavy metals in regional surveys." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2004. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514274792.

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Abstract The thesis consists of regional forest condition studies, using different biomonitors. Heavy metal deposition was investigated in 1985–2000 on the basis of the heavy metal concentrations (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) in mosses in Finland. A comparison on the suitability of mosses, epiphytic lichens and pine bark as biomonitors of heavy metals was also carried. Bark was also used to study the dispersal of emissions from the Kola Peninsula into northern Finland. The occurrence of green algae on conifers in Finland was investigated in 1985 and 1995. Regional and temporal differences were found in the heavy metal concentrations of mosses in Finland. The concentrations of most metals were the highest in southern Finland, and they decreased towards the north. Some of the major emission source had a noticeable effect on the Cu, Ni and Cr concentrations of mosses in the surroundings of the emission sources. The Pb, Cd and V concentrations decreased the most during the study period. Mosses, lichens and bark gave a relatively similar result for heavy metal deposition in Finland. However, the comparisons indicated that mosses are better suited as biomonitors for regional surveys than epiphytic lichens, because the regional differences in heavy metal deposition were more readily reflected by concentrations in mosses than in lichens. Bark is relatively unsuitable for regional surveys due to the small range of variation in the concentrations. Emissions from the Kola Peninsula had a clear effect on the sulphur and heavy metal concentrations of pine bark. The concentrations in bark were at very high levels close to the smelters, but they rapidly decreased on moving towards the west. The effects of emissions were still clearly visible in north-eastern Lapland. There was strong increase in the abundance of green algae on conifers in southern and central Finland during the period 1985–1995. The increase is probably due to following factors: climate warming, and an increase in nitrogen and a decrease in sulphur in their habitats. Half of each biomonitor sample collected in the surveys has been stored in the specimen bank at Paljakka. The storage of samples offers advantages for monitoring purposes. The availability of long-term sample series makes it possible to construct retrospective time series of the pollutants. The specimen bank is to be further developed in the future by establishing a reputation as a storage facility for samples related to forest ecosystems.
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15

Lima, Nicole Pereira de. "Validação do método de análise por ativação com nêutrons para determinação de urânio em amostras ambientais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-23112018-140537/.

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O urânio (U) é considerado um elemento poluente do ambiente devido à sua toxicidade química e radiológica, com propriedades cumulativas em seres humanos, podendo causar diversos tipos de doenças no organismo. Consequentemente, há um grande interesse na determinação de U em amostras ambientais devido às ações antrópicas como as emissões desse elemento na mineração, nas indústrias e em acidentes nucleares que ocasionam alterações dos seus teores no meio ambiente. Dentre as diversas metodologias analíticas para a determinação de U em amostras ambientais, destaca-se a análise por ativação com nêutrons devido à sua alta sensibilidade e rapidez na análise. O objetivo deste trabalho foi validar o método para a determinação de U em amostras de biomonitores de cascas de árvores e bromélias, por meio dos procedimentos de análise instrumental por ativação com nêutrons térmicos (INAA) e análise por ativação com nêutrons epitérmicos (ENAA) ambos com irradiações de curta e longa duração no reator nuclear IEA-R1. Para a validação dos resultados com relação à precisão e à exatidão, foram analisados 11 materiais de referência certificados (MRCs), cujos dados foram avaliados por meio dos valores de Z score e de HorRat. Os procedimentos experimentais consistiram na irradiação térmica e epitérmica de amostras e de padrões de U por períodos de curta e longa duração, seguida de espectrometria de raios gama usando detector de Ge hiperpuro de alta resolução. Os resultados obtidos para a estimativa da incerteza padrão combinada da fração mássica de U, em uma amostra de casca de árvore, mostraram que a fonte de incerteza que mais contribuiu foi a estatística de contagem e o procedimento que apresentou a menor incerteza nos resultados foi a ENAA de longa duração. Os resultados dos MRCs apresentaram, na maioria dos casos, boa precisão e exatidão e as frações mássicas de U determinadas nas cascas de árvores e bromélias apresentaram resultados reprodutíveis. Dentre os quatro procedimentos estudados, a ENAA de longa e curta duração permitiu, em geral, a quantificação de U nas amostras dos materiais analisados. A INAA de longa e de curta duração nem sempre foi efetiva na determinação de U devido ao problema de interferência espectral e do alto valor de limite de detecção. Os limites de detecção determinados pelos procedimentos estudados foram comparados e os menores valores foram obtidos pela ENAA de longa duração. Em virtude dos fatos mencionados, o procedimento mais indicado para a determinação de U nas amostras ambientais analisadas nesse trabalho foi a ENAA de longa duração devido aos seus baixos limites de detecção, boa precisão e exatidão dos resultados e redução do problema de interferência nas análises.
Uranium (U) is an element considered pollutant in the environment due to its radiological and chemical toxicity. This element may cause several kinds of diseases since it presents cumulative properties in the organism. Consequently, there is a great interest in the U determination in environmental samples that are affected by anthropic actions such as mining, industry and nuclear accidents. Among several analytical methodologies for U determination, neutron activation analysis is considered a sensitive and rapid method. The aim of this study was to validate the method of U determination using the procedures of thermal and epithermal neutron activation analysis (INAA and ENAA) with short and long period of irradiation in the IEA-R1 nuclear reactor for the analysis of biomonitor samples of tree barks and bromeliads. To validate the precision and accuracy of the results, 11 certified reference materials (CRMs) were analyzed. Experimental procedure consisted on irradiating aliquots of the samples and U synthetic standard for short and long period irradiations using thermal and epithermal neutrons, followed by gamma ray spectrometry. Results obtained on the evaluation of the sources of uncertainty showed that statistic of the counting rates was the most relevant in the combined uncertainty of the results. The ENAA using long period irradiation showed the lowest uncertainty. Results obtained in the CRMs showed good precision and accuracy for most of results. In the same way, outcomes obtained for bromeliad and tree bark samples also indicated good reproducibility. Among four procedures of neutron activation analysis, the ENAA using short and long irradiations, in general, allowed to quantify U in the samples analyzed in this study. The INAA using short and long irradiations did not always allow determining U due to the problem of spectral interference and high detection limits. The lowest detection limits for U determination were obtained by ENAA with long period of irradiation. By considering such facts, we conclude that the most appropriate method to determine U in environment sample was ENAA. This is due its low detection limits, good precision, accuracy and also because this method reduce interference in analysis.
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16

Muller, Jochen F. "Occurrence and Distribution Processes of Semivolatile Organic Chemicals in the Atmosphere and Leaves." Thesis, Griffith University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366306.

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In this study the occurrence and behaviour of semivolatile organic chemicals (SOC5) in the atmospheric environment of Brisbane, Australia are examined. The studied compounds include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PANs), tetra- to octachiorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofiirans (PCDD/Fs), a selection of tn- to octachiorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). The characteristics and occurrence of these compounds are outlined and theories and models for vapour/particle and lea±7atmosphere distribution processes are reviewed. An air sampling system developed for sampling SOCs was modified and tested for a series of sampling artefacts. Air samples were collected from seven sites in urban Brisbane. PANs, PCDDIFs and PCBs were detectable in all air and leaf samples. Concentrations and compound profiles were evaluated with respect to the dominant sources. The results show that the main sources for PANs in the air at the seven sites are motor vehicle emissions. For PCDDIFs the homologue profile indicates that a distant source may have significantly contributed to the atmospheric concentrations of these compounds. In a dry atmosphere, SOCs are distributed between the vapour and the particle associated phase. Vapour/particle distribution for SOCs from a given compound group can be correlated with different molecular and physical-chemical descriptors. The vapour/particle distribution results are examined using both an adsorption and absorption based model. The temperature sensitivity of the vapour/particle distribution can be explained using either model. The adsorption model, based on compound subcooled liquid vapour pressure, has a higher predictive capacity. However, a m~or drawback of the adsorption model is that it discriminates between compounds from different compound groups (i.e. PAHs and PCDD/Fs). The absorption model, based on compound KOA values, shows less difference between compounds from different compound groups. Its lower predictive capacity may be the result of more unreliable input parameters. In order to assess leaves as biomonitors, the leaf/atmosphere distribution process of SOCs was studied using predominantly leaves from Melaleuca, an Australian native tree commonly planted along road sides in Brisbane. A comparison of experimentally determined leaf/vapour concentration ratios (ng m3 leaf / ng ni3 air) with calculated leaf/vapour equilibrium bioconcentration factors indicates that PARs with more than 3 rings and PCDD/Fs do not reach equilibrium with the vapour phase in the atmosphere. A kinetic model is applied to identify the main kinetic limitation. The results suggest that for compounds which do not reach equilibrium, the air side resistance is limiting the process. The air side resistance is influenced by a myriad of factors. For predictive purposes it was assumed that the leaf/atmosphere system had reached a steady state situation. This allows the calculation of an empirical loss rate constant which is added to the loss rate constant based on volatiisation. Employing this empirical rate constants, relatively good predictions of leaf concentrations, based on measured atmospheric concentrations, were obtained in a dynamic application of a kinetic leaf/atmosphere distribution model. Additionally, a passive sampling device was developed consisting of fibre glass material coated with tristearin. It seems that SOCs with K0A values larger than lO~ did not reach equilibrium and the kinetics for these compounds is again controlled by the air side resistance. Initial experiments with this sampler show that it has potential for gaining a better insight into the processes which govern the distribution of SOCs between leaves and the atmosphere. Predicting atmospheric concentrations using this device requires further tests and modifications of the sampler.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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17

Nogueira, Cláudio Ailton. ""Avaliação da poluição atmosférica por metais na região metropolitana de São Paulo utilizando a Bromélia Tillandsia Usneoides L. como biomonitor"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-29052007-135539/.

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Tillandsia usneoides L. é uma bromélia que vive em árvores ou em outros substratos inertes, absorvendo água e nutrientes diretamente do ambiente, sem apresentar raízes. Devido às suas características morfológicas e fisiológicas, esta espécie acumula os poluentes presentes na atmosfera. No presente trabalho, Tillandsia usneoides foi usada como biomonitor de poluição atmosférica por metais em São Paulo, Brasil, que é a maior cidade da América do Sul, com uma população de cerca de 18 milhões de habitantes e uma forte atividade industrial. A área urbana é poluída por emissões industriais mas, de acordo com a Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), a agência governamental de controle de qualidade do ar, emissões regulares de cerca de 7,8 milhões de veículos motores são a principal fonte de poluição do ar. As amostras de Tillandsia foram coletadas em um local considerado não poluído e foram expostas por períodos de dois meses em 10 locais da cidade com diferentes níveis de poluição, e em um local de controle. Após a exposição, os metais foram analisados na planta por análise por ativação com nêutrons e por ICP-MS (Pb, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Sb e V). Os resultados obtidos mostraram uma concentração notável de Co e Ni nas plantas expostas em uma área industrial, onde existe uma indústria de processamento de metal, que produz cerca de 600 ton/ano de Co e 16.000 ton/ano de Ni. Cobre e crômio se apresentaram igualmente distribuídos em regiões industriais e em locais próximos a avenidas com tráfego intenso, sugerindo que estes elementos podem ser associados tanto a fontes veiculares como industriais. O acúmulo de Cd verificado nas plantas expostas em áreas industriais indica as atividades intrópicas como a principal fonte desse elemento. Não foram identificadas fontes evidentes para o Pb, uma vez que este elemento se apresentou igualmente espalhado por todos os locais de monitoramento. Elementos ligados ao tráfego, como Zn, Ba and Sb apresentaram altas concentrações em plantas expostas em locais situados próximos a avenidas com tráfego pesado (carros, ônibus e caminhões) e podem ser associados a fontes veiculares. Para Zn, os maiores teores foram relacionados a zonas industriais, e este elemento pode ser também associado à presença de fontes de emissão antrópicas. Os elementos terras raras, Fe e Rb, provavelmente têm as partículas de solo como principal fonte.
Tillandsia usneoides L. is an epiphytic bromeliad that lives on trees or other kinds of inert substrates, absorbing water and nutrients directly from the environment without roots. Due to its morphological and physiological characteristics, this species accumulates the pollutants present in the atmosphere. In the present work, Tillandsia usneoides was used as a biomonitor of metal atmospheric pollution in São Paulo, Brazil, which is the biggest city in South America with a population of 18 million inhabitants and a strong industrial activity. The urban area is polluted by industrial emissions but, according to the Environmental Protection Agency of the State of São Paulo (CETESB), the governmental agency of air quality control, regularly occurring emissions from about 7.8 million motor vehicles provide the principal source of air pollution. The Tillandsia samples were collected from an unpolluted area and were exposed bimonthly in 10 sites of the city with different pollution levels and in a control site. After exposure, trace metals were analyzed in the plant by instrumental neutron activation analysis and ICP-MS (Pb, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Sb e V). The results of the investigation showed a notable concentration of Co and Ni in the plants exposed in an industrial area where there is a metal processing plant, which produces about 600 tons/year of Co and 16,000 tons/year of Ni. Copper and chromium were equally distributed in industrial regions and in sites near heavy traffic avenues, suggesting that these elements can be associated to both vehicular and industrial sources. A high accumulation of Cd in the plant exposed in industrial areas indicates industrial activities as the main source of this element. For Pb, no evident sources could be identified so far as it was spread evenly along the monitoring sites. Traffic-related elements such as Zn, Ba and Sb presented high concentrations in plants exposed in sites near to heavy traffic avenues (cars, buses and trucks) and may be associated to vehicular sources. For Zn, the highest contents were related to industrial zones and this element can be associated to the presence of anthropogenic emission sources. The rare earth elements, Fe and Rb, probably have soil particles as main source.
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18

Taylor, Anne, and n/a. "Zinc, copper and cadmium accumulation, detoxification and storage in the gastropod molluscs Austrocochlea constricta and Bembicium auratum and an assessment of their potential as biomonitors of trace metal pollution in estuarine environments." University of Canberra. Applied Science, 1998. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061109.124205.

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Zinc, copper and cadmium accumulation was measured in two herbivorous gastropod molluscs Austrocochlea constricta and Bembicium auratum from Lake Macquarie NSW an area with a history of trace metal pollution. The investigation consisted of three main parts. The first part examined the influence of organism mass and location within the Lake on whole body tissue metal concentrations. This part of the study also compared the distributions of tissue metal concentrations of populations from Lake Macquarie, a known polluted environment, with those of populations from Jervis Bay NSW, an unpolluted environment, to establish whether either species is a net accumulator of zinc copper or cadmium. The second part of the investigation examined a range of factors which may influence whole body metal concentrations. One location in Lake Macquarie was sampled monthly from August 1995 to July 1996. The factors examined were temporal variation, gender, breeding cycle, and tissue distribution. The final part of the investigation examined the detoxification and storage of excess metals in the gastropods from Lake Macquarie. The mechanisms studied were metallothioneins and granules. The tissue metal concentrations of both species were found to be independent of mass. Location within Lake Macquarie did not significantly influence tissue metal concentrations. Variation between individuals was the most significant contribution to overall variation, resulting in a positive skewing of sample trace metal distributions. B. auratum populations from Lake Macquarie had significantly higher copper and cadmium tissue concentrations and A. constricta populations had significantly higher zinc, copper and cadmium tissue concentrations than the populations from Jervis Bay. This suggests that regulation of these metals is not occurring. A. constricta may therefore be considered a net accumulator of zinc, copper and cadmium and B. auratum of copper and cadmium. Tissue metal concentrations did not vary significantly over time. It is suggested that the organisms are in equilibrium with their environment. B. auratum has higher natural equilibrium concentrations than A. constricta particularly for copper and cadmium, suggesting different routes of exposure, uptake or accumulation for the two species. Gender and breeding cycle did not significantly influence tissue metal concentrations. Most of the variability in total copper and cadmium concentrations of both species was explained by variability in gonad tissue metal concentration, while variability in the gonad and somatic tissues zinc concentration explained about an equal amount of the variability in total zinc concentration. A. constricta and B. auratum were both found to induce a cadmium binding protein which has some features in common with metallothionein. A protein of around 10 000 Da which binds approximately 60% of the soluble cadmium was isolated using gel filtration. This protein was further separated into two isoforms using anion exchange. The first isoform eluted at the same time as MT I and the second at the same time as MT II rabbit liver standard. Large cells containing granular material which stained positive for calcium were observed interspersed among the connective tissue immediately behind the columnar epithelial cells lining the gut wall in both species under a light microscope. Calcium positive granular particles were also observed within the columnar epithelial cells of B. auratum. These species have been shown to be net accumulators of the trace metals investigated, with the exception of zinc in B. auratum. It has also been established that organism mass, gender and reproductive state, the partitioning of metals between tissues, and temporal effects are not confounding factors for the purposes of comparing trace metal concentrations between populations. They should therefore be effective biomonitors of the trace metals investigated, with the exception of zinc in B. auratum.
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19

Boltersdorf, Stefanie Helene [Verfasser], and Willy [Akademischer Betreuer] Werner. "A critical appraisal of accumulative biomonitors to assess and to map sources and rates of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on different regional scales in Germany / Stefanie Helene Boltersdorf ; Betreuer: Willy Werner." Trier : Universität Trier, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1197700579/34.

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20

Cebrian, Pujol Emma. "Sublethal effects of heavy metal contamination on marine sponges: Responses at different biological levels." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/805.

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Many antrophic activities release pollutants to the marine environment. Among them heavy metals are of great importance, since they are conservative pollutants, which can be accumulated through trophy chains. Sometimes, the liberation to the marine waters is acute and drastic, leading to massive mortalities. However, more often, the liberation is by means of low and chronic concentrations. The main objective of the present thesis is to analyze the sponge responses in face to sublethal concentrations of heavy metals and to determine, if it is possible, whether they can be used as biomonitors of such kind of pollution. First, we have studied their availability to accumulate havey metals in both, temporal and especial scales. And then, by means of the use of different biomarkers, to analyze the sublethal effects of heavy metals on sponges at different levels of biological organization, from molecules to populations. The present thesis has been performed by means of experiments in situ and at the laboratory, in order to elucidate heavy metal accumulation patterns and their effects depending on the specie and metal considered.
TÍTOL DE LA TESI: "Efectes subletals de la contaminació per metalls pesats en esponges marines: Respostes a diferents nivells d'organització".

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Moltes activitats antròpiques alliberen contaminants en el medi. Entre els contaminants hem de destacar els metalls pesants, ja que són contaminants conservatius y que s'acumulen a través de les xarxes tròfiques. En alguns casos la alliberació dels contaminants en el medi es dona de forma aguda i dràstica, el què pot provovar mortalitats massives. De totes formes, de forma general l'alliberació al medi dels metalls pesants es dóna a baixes concentracions i de forma crónica. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesis és analitzar les respostes de les esponges a concentracions subletals de metalls pesants i determinar la seva utilitat com a biomonitors d'aquest tipus de contaminació. En primer lloc, s'ha d'estudiar la capacitat de les esponges per acumular metalls pesants tant a una escala temporal com espaial. En segon lloc, mitjançant l'ús de diferents biomarcadors, analitzar els efectes subletals dels metalls en les esponges, a diferents nivells d'organització biológica, desde les molècules fins a les poblacions. Aquesta tesis s'ha dut a terme mitjançant experiments que convinen aproximacions in situ i en el laboratori per tal de compendre de millor maners els models d'acumulació i els seus efectes en funció de l'espècie i el metall considerat.
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21

Murphy, Anthony Patrick. "Dealing with contaminated land in the 'New Regime' : an appraisal of the use of plants as biomonitors for metal contamination analysis and risk assessment for a former landfill site in Greenwich." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2007. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6255/.

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In assessing the health risks posed from heavy metals in a contaminated site, it is important to determine when the contamination occurred and when the metals become available to the surrounding biota. Trees and plants growing in the vicinity of a contaminated site may provide such a historic record. There have been few studies on their role as biomarkers to identify metal mobility or bioavailability for continuous monitoring purposes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of plants as biomonitors for site characterisation and risk assessment purposes and to see if there was any selectivity between metal uptake in leaves and roots. Tree cores were also collected as metals in soil or ground water and may be drawn up via tree roots and deposited in the growth rings. This was examined using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LAICPMS) and Proton Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE). From the plant analysis, the elements present in highest amount were lead, zinc and cooper. The mobility of lead could be monitored by bramble and nettle leaves; that of copper by nettle roots and bramble leaves and that of zinc by nettle roots, bramble and sycamore leaves. Analysis of tree cores by LAICPMS and PIXE showed a contrasting contaminant signature between the sampled trees, as there was inconsistency of metal concentrations within the same segment of growth ring. This variability may offer an insight into labile metal function within the tree physiology. The utility of using the dendrochemical record may best serve as an indicator of macro-environmental perturbations, rather than an indicator of labile metal chronologies, for which only lead showed a reasonably consistent decline through time, across the tree core record.
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22

Ansari, Nafisa Rizzini. "Aplicação de Bunodosoma Caissarum e Perna Perna para estudos de biomonitoramento de metais: caracterização da bioacumulação em microcosmos e dinâmica espacial na Baía de Guanabara." Niterói, 2016. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/2252.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências - Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ
Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a anêmona-do-mar Bunodosoma caissarum como espécie biomonitora da contaminação por metais para a Baía de Guanabara (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) e a região insular adjacente, comparando-a com uma espécie tradicionalmente utilizada na região: o mexilhão Perna perna; além de investigar a bioacumulação de Cd, Hg e Zn por B. caissarum e P. perna por meio de experimentos de incubação em laboratório. A Baía de Guanabara é uma baía eutrófica contaminada por diversos metais. A região insular adjacente é considerada menos impactada por metais, porém esta é influenciada por aportes antrópicos, como os efluentes dos emissários submarinos e a disposição de material dragado em locais próximos a esta região. Bivalves, como o P. perna, são amplamente utilizados para o biomonitoramento de metais na Baía de Guanabara. No entanto, a anêmona B. caissarum pode ser uma alternativa em ambientes onde os mexilhões não são abundantes ou não existem. Neste estudo, mediram-se as concentrações de metais nos tecidos de B. caissarum e P. perna amostrados na Baía de Guanabara e na região insular adjacente em 2013 e estas foram comparadas com concentrações medidas nos mesmos locais em 2009. Os elementos Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti, V e Zn foram determinados por espectrometria de massa com fonte de plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS). Foi observada uma grande variabilidade espacial e temporal nas concentrações dos metais nos tecidos de B. caissarum e P. perna. No entanto, ambas as espécies foram capazes de bioacumular todos os elementos estudados. Devido à abundância de B. caissarum na área de estudo e a sua capacidade de bioacumular os metais estudados, sugere-se seu uso como biomonitor de metais e seu potencial uso como biomonitor complementar para estudos de biomonitoramento com mais de uma espécie de invertebrado, como P. perna. Com esta finalidade, deve-se estudar melhor as características de bioacumulação de metais de interesse ambiental e ecotoxicológico, como Hg, Cd e Zn, por B. caissarum para possibilitar seu uso. Com este intuito, realizaram-se incubações com Hg, Cd e Zn em microcosmos com B. caissarum e P. perna. Os espécimes foram incubados com isótopos destes metais em aquários e as concentrações foram monitoradas durante o período de incubação. O experimento com Hg investigou como B. caissarum afeta a distribuição, metilação e volatilização de Hg adicionando-se o radiotraçador 203Hg a microcosmos com e sem B. caissarum. Mediu-se o Hg total e o metilmercúrio (MeHg) por espectrometria gama e cintilação líquida respectivamente. Os espécimes apresentaram um fator de bioconcentração de 70. Observou-se a produção de MeHg em todos os microcosmos e uma maior volatilização de Hg nos microcosmos com B. caissarum. Nos experimentos com Cd e Zn, spikes enriquecidos em 116Cd ou 68Zn foram adicionados aos microcosmos com B. caissarum ou P. perna e as concentrações foram medidas através do monitoramento de razões isotópicas. Os fatores de bioconcentração para B. caissarum e P. perna expostos a 0,9 μg L-1 de 116Cd foram respectivamente 80,5 e 850 e em espécimes expostos a 1,4 μg L-1, 6,9 μg L-1 e 34,7 μg L-1 de 68Zn foram respectivamente 243, 398 e 340 em B. caissarum e 1789, 1238 e 621 em P. perna. As proteínas citosólicas associadas ao Cd e ao Zn foram extraídas dos tecidos dos espécimes incubados e analisadas por cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho e espectrometria de massa com fonte de plasma indutivamente acoplado. Frações citosólicas associadas ao Cd e ao Zn foram detectadas em ambas as espécies. Em todos os experimentos B. caissarum expeliu secreções mucosas que continham os isótopos adicionados. Estes estudos possibilitaram uma melhor compreensão das características de bioacumulação de Hg, Cd e Zn pelas espécies estudadas e fornecem subsídios para sua aplicação em estudos de biomonitoramento destes metais.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the sea anemone Bunodosoma caissarum as a biomonitor species for metal contamination in Guanabara Bay (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and an adjacent island region, by comparing it with another species traditionally used in the region: the mussel Perna perna. It was also to investigate the uptake of Cd, Hg and Zn through laboratory incubation experiments with both species. Guanabara Bay is an eutrophic bay contaminated by several metals. The adjacent island region is considered less impacted by metals, although that region is influenced by anthropic inputs, such as the effluents of submarine outfalls and the disposal of dredged material from surrounding sites. Bivalves, such as P. perna, are widely used for biomonitoring metal contamination in Guanabara Bay. However the sea anemone B. caissarum can be an alternative in sites where the mussels are not abundant or do not exist. In this study, metal concentrations were measured in the tissues of B. caissarum and P. perna sampled in Guanabara Bay and adjacent islands in 2013 and were compared to previous measurements in the same sites in 2009. The elements Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti, V and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). There was a great spatial and temporal variability of metal concentrations in the tissues of B. caissarum and P. perna. Yet both species were able to bioaccumulate all the studied elements. Due to the abundance of B. Caissarum in the studied area and its capacity to bioaccumulate the studied elements, its use as a biomonitor of metals is suggested and its potential use as a complementary biomonitor. For this purpose, it is necessary to better understand the bioaccumulation characteristics of metals of environmental and ecotoxicological concern by B. caissarum. So, incubations were carried out with Hg, Cd and Zn in microcosms with B. caissarum and P. perna. Specimens were incubated with isotopes of these metals in aquariums and concentrations were monitored during an incubation period. The Hg experiment investigated how B. caissarum affects Hg distribution, methylation and volatilization by adding the radiotracer 203Hg to microcosms with and without the sea anemone. Total Hg and methylmercury (MeHg) were measured respectively by gamma spectrometry and liquid scintillation. Specimens presented a bioconcentration factor of 70. There was MeHg production in all microcosms and a higher Hg volatilization occurred in microcosms with B. caissarum. In Cd and Zn experiments, enriched 116Cd or 68Zn spikes were added to microcosms with B. caissarum or P. perna and concentrations were measured by monitoring isotope ratios. Bioconcentration factors for B. caissarum and P. perna exposed to 0.9 μg L-1 of 116Cd were respectively 80.5 and 850. In specimens exposed to 1.4 μg L-1, 6.9 μg L-1 and 34.7 μg L-1 of 68Zn those factors were respectively 243, 398 and 340 in B. caissarum and 1789, 1238 and 621 for P. perna. Cytosolic proteins associated with Cd and Zn from the tissues of the incubated specimens were extracted and analyzed by sizeexclusion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Cd and Zn-accumulating cytosolic fractions were detected in both species. In all experiments B. caissarum expelled mucus secretions that contained the added isotopes. These studies enabled a better understanding of the bioaccumulation characteristics of Hg, Cd and Zn by the studied species and can contribute to their use in biomonitoring studies with these metals.
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23

Coelho, Joaquim Matheus Santiago. "Serrapilheira aplicada como biomonitor na avaliação do bosque urbano do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, São Paulo,SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-24082012-162944/.

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Diversos processos são considerados responsáveis pela manutenção de ecossistemas. Entre eles podemos destacar a ciclagem mineral que corresponde ao ciclo dos elementos químicos que fluem entre os compartimentos bióticos, folhas e serrapilheira, e abióticos, atmosfera e solo. Esses elementos químicos se acumulam de forma ativa via absorção nos tecidos desses organismos, possibilitando sua aplicação como biomonitor na avaliação da qualidade do ambiente. Partindo dessa premissa é possível, a partir do estudo de ciclagem bioquímica de serrapilheira, conhecer a proveniência dos elementos químicos observados nas folhas diagnose das árvores. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, em escala espacial e temporal, as características da produção e sazonalidade da deposição da serrapilheira bem como estudar a composição química das folhas originadas desta serrapilheira depositada no campus do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN, São Paulo, (RMSP) visando seu emprego como indicador do estagio de conservação ou degradação das áreas estudadas. Foram instalados 10 coletores de serrapilheira, com as dimensões de 1m x 1m, profundidade de 45 cm e 2 mm de malha, dispostos a 20 cm do solo sob a copa das árvores. Para determinação da produção de serrapilheira foram recolhidas deposições mensais nos coletores entre os meses: Fevereiro/2010 à Janeiro/2011. A determinação dos elementos químicos foi realizada utilizando as técnicas de fluorescência de raios-X por dispersão de comprimento de onda (WDXRF) e espectrometria de emissão ótica com fonte de plasma de argônio induzido (ICP-OES). Para a análise estatística dos dados foi aplicada a análise de componentes principais. A heterogeneidade temporal observada foi conseqüência da sazonalidade, interferindo na produção de serrapilheira em relação à quantidade e às porcentagens das frações. A produção de serrapilheira (base seca) durante o período de desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi de 5,86 Kg m-2 ano-1 sendo a espécie Psidiumguajara com maior índice de serrapilheira. Entre as frações, o compartimento folhas foi o mais representativo com 53,12% seguido do compartimento madeira com 26,84% e das partes reprodutivas que representou 20,04% de toda serrapilheira. Os elementos analisados foram Ca, Si, K, P, Fe Cl, Ni, Sr, Zn, Cu, Th, U, Mn, Al, Ti, Na, Mg, S e Br. Os elementos mais abundantes foram Ca, Si e K (1,8%, 0,5% e 0,6%, respectivamente) representando a composição foliar. Apesar de no passado ter havido unidades piloto de purificação de urânio e de tório, bem como considerando as atuais instalações do ciclo do combustível, foi observado que o material monitorado não se apresentou impactado quanto aos elementos químicos avaliados, e as instalações existentes não afetaram o ciclo biogeoquímico das plantas. O estudo trouxe resultados extremamente relevantes para se entender melhor em que estado se encontra o bosque em torno das instalações nucleares do IPEN/SP.
Several processes are considered responsible for ecosystems maintaining. Among them we can highlight mineral cycling that corresponds to the cycle of chemical elements that flow between the biotic compartments, leaves and litterfall, and abiotic, atmosphere and soil. These chemical elements accumulate of the active form through the absorption in the tissues of these organisms, allowing its use as a use as biomonitor in the environment quality evaluation. Based on this premise it is possible, from the biochemical cycling study of litterfall, to know the origin of chemical elements observed in diagnosis leaves of trees. The objective of this study was evaluate, on spatial and temporal scale, the characteristics of the production and seasonality of the litterfall deposition and study the chemical composition of leaves arising from this litterfall deposited on the campus of the Nuclear and Energy Research Institute IPEN, São Paulo (RMSP), aiming the employment as an indicator of the conservation or degradation stage of the studies areas. Were installed 10 litterfall collectors, measuring 1m², depth of 45 cm and 2 mm mesh, placed at 20 cm from soil under the crown of 10 trees. To determinate the production of litterfall was collected the deposition monthly during the months of February/2010 through January/2011. The determination of chemical elements was realized by X-ray fluorescence for dispersion of wavelength (WDXRF) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). For the statistical analysis was applied to principal component analysis. The temporal heterogeneity observed was consequence of seasonality, interfering in the litterfall production relative to the amount and percentages of fractions. The production of litterfall (dry basis), during the development of the research was 5.86 kg m² year-1, being the Psidiumguajava species with the highest litterfall rate. Among the fractions, the most representative compartment was leaves with 53.12%, followed by wood with 26.84% and reproductive parts thats represented 20.04%, of all litterfall. The elements analyzed were Ca, Si, K, P, Fe Cl, Ni, Sr, Zn, Cu, Th, U, Mn, Al, Ti, Na, Mg, S e Br. The most abundant were Ca, Si, and K (1.8%, 0.5% and 0.6 respectively) representing the leaf composition. Although in the past have been pilot units of uranium and thorium purification, as well considering the current fuel cycle installations, it was observed that monitored material not be presented impacted as to the chemical elements evaluated, and the installations existing do not affect the biogeochemical cycle of plants. The study brought highly relevant results to better understand in what state is the forest around the nuclear facilities of IPEN/SP.
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24

Newman, James Edward. "Physiological responses of Gracilariopsis longissima to copper exposure." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2413.

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Seaweeds fulfil many of the criteria regarded as being important for a good biomonitor. They are known to accumulate trace metals and the concentration of these metals measured in the thalli of native populations has been related to the level of contamination in the surrounding water. However, this passive biomonitoring approach has been of limited use and the relationship between the concentration of metal in the seaweed and that in the surrounding environment is not always apparent. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of the rhodophyte Gracilariopsis longissima to copper exposure, in the laboratory and field, in order to increase the understanding of the toxic effects of the metal and ultimately to assess the potential of this species as a biomonitor of trace metal pollution. A series of comparative physiological experiments were performed to assess the relative effects of copper on the growth and physiology of the species. Growth was reduced at significantly lower levels of copper {l2µg Lˉ¹) than any other physiological parameter measured. Photosynthesis, as measured by oxygen evolution and fluorescence measurements, was only reduced at high copper treatments (250-400µg Lˉ¹). This coincided with the actual shrinkage of the algal material, increased ion leakage and loss of pigmentation. One possible explanation for the uncoupling of growth from photosynthesis was investigated and rejected. Copper accumulated in the thallus of exposed material as a linear function of the copper treatment. Algal material was able to recover, in terms of growth, following exposure to elevated levels of copper. This recovery coincided with a significant release of copper from the thalli and a resulting increase of copper in the recovery media. This discovery suggests that the accumulated metal is not irreversibly bound to the thalli, and has important implications in terms of using the species as a biomonitor of copper pollution. Populations of G. longissima collected from sites known to differ in trace metal contamination were exposed to copper in a series of laboratory based experiments to measure the effect of the metal on their growth. Exposure to elevated levels of copper significantly reduced growth. However, no major difference existed between the response of the populations compared. Possible explanations for this are discussed. Considerable inter and intra-individual variability was found to exist within populations of G. longissima and causes and implications of this mostly overlooked source of variation are highlighted. A field method of active biomonitoring using reciprocally transplanted individuals was developed as an alternative to passive biomonitoring and was found to offer a number of distinct advantages. In particular, the ability to observe responses to copper in areas where no natural population occurred was explored at a highly contaminated site.
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25

Lambrecht, Susanne. "Lecanora muralis: eine epilithische Krustenflechte als Biomonitor für luftgetragene Spurenmetalle." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek &quot;Georgius Agricola&quot, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:105-0503886.

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In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde die Eignung von Flechten als Biomonitor für die retrospektive Ermittlung der Luftqualität im Hinblick auf Spurenstoffe systematisch untersucht. Dazu wurde die ubiquitär verbreitete Krustenflechte Lecanora muralis ausgewählt und mit ihrer Hilfe der Einfluss von Lokalität, Probennahmehöhe und -position, Sammelmethodik, Präparationsmethodik, Wachstum etc. eingehend bearbeitet. Die Luftqualität in Nordrhein-Westfalen galt es als regionales Beispiel mit hochdifferenzierten Einflüssen zu charakterisieren. Hierfür wurden Flechten an ihren natürlichen Standorten gesammelt und auf die folgenden Elementgehalte analysiert (sog. passives Biomonitoring): Ag, As, Ba, Ce, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, Tl, V und Zn.
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Viana, Camila de Oliveira. "Uso de liquens como biomonitores na avaliação da contribuição de fontes poluidoras." CNEN - Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte, 2010. http://www.bdtd.cdtn.br//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=120.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Os níveis de poluição atmosférica, em geral, são avaliados pela medida direta dos principais poluentes através, por exemplo, da coleta de aerossóis e particulados em filtros de ar. Entretanto, essa metodologia apresenta dificuldades devido ao custo elevado de aquisição dos equipamentos coletores de ar, custos de manutenção e de coleta e também devido ao grande número de pontos de amostragens necessários para o monitoramento. Uma alternativa é aplicar o biomonitoramento, que é o acompanhamento de reações demonstradas por determinados seres vivos na presença de poluentes atmosféricos. Essa metodologia tem sido útil, pois fornece informações rápidas e seguras quanto aos efeitos antropogênicos no meio ambiente. A biomonitoração por liquens tem sido considerada uma ferramenta adequada de medidas diretas de contaminantes do ar, em comparação aos métodos convencionais. Este trabalho foi o primeiro em Belo Horizonte que, utilizando liquens epifíticos como biomonitores, indicou o nível de poluição atmosférica em termos de elementos químicos no centro da cidade, informação importante, já que Belo Horizonte é a 5 maior cidade brasileira em população, apresentando um fluxo intenso de veículos leves e pesados. O foco do trabalho foi o Parque Municipal Américo René Giannetti, localizado no hipercentro da capital, onde duas coletas foram realizadas amostrando liquens e solo. O Parque das Mangabeiras, unidade de conservação e localizado no limite leste da cidade, também teve essas matrizes analisadas. A concentração elementar foi determinada pela técnica de análise por ativação neutrônica, utilizando o reator nuclear de pesquisa TRIGA MARK I IPR-R1 do CDTN/CNEN. Os resultados foram avaliados pelo cálculo de fatores de enriquecimento, análises estatísticas e confecção de mapas de distribuição de elementos e indicaram que Al, Br, Cs, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb e Zn contribuem significantemente na composição da atmosfera local e que, como principais fontes poluidoras, destacam-se as emissões veiculares e re-suspensão do solo. A contribuição do solo está possivelmente relacionada aos empreendimentos minerários próximos à cidade. Ainda, há evidências de variação na disposição dos elementos químicos ao longo do talo liquênico, não relacionada ao tempo de exposição, mas possivelmente, ao tipo de elemento ou necessidade metabólica do líquen.
Atmospheric pollutant levels are generally analyzed by direct measure, using air collectors. There is, thus, an ever increasing interest in using indirect monitoring methods, such as analysis of bioacumulators organisms that can lead to different and additional diagnosis of the subject. Biomonitoring allows assessing environmental conditions using organisms that respond to levels of environmental pollutants to physiological or behavioral changes. Since the late 1860s, lichens have been increasingly used in air pollutant studies because of some of their biological characteristics, which make them very sensitive to alterations on the air composition. The use of lichens in biomonitoring of the atmospheric pollution levels is nowadays considered a rather adequate tool when compared to the conventional methods of direct measure of air contaminators. Belo Horizonte, the capital of the state of Minas Gerais, is located in the southeastern region of Brazil, having 2 million inhabitants and an intense flux of vehicles. Its surrounding areas are an important industrial center, concentrating many industries in several areas, such as mineral extractive industry, metallurgy, car plant and petrochemical industries. The air quality is usually evaluated analyzing the concentration of inhalable particulate matter (PM10), however, there are very few data about the citys level of atmospheric pollution concerning chemical elements. This work was the first in Belo Horizonte using lichens as biomonitors to indicate the level of atmospheric pollution in terms of chemical elements. The focus of the work was the Parque Municipal, a municipal park located downtown. Two samplings were done and samples of lichens and soil were taken from the Parque Municipal, and some from an ecological park located in the limits of the city (named Parque das Mangabeiras). The determination of the elementary concentration was set applying the analytical nuclear technique neutron activation analysis, k0-standardization method, using the research nuclear reactor TRIGA MARK I IPR-R1, located in Belo Horizonte. The results were evaluated applying the enrichment factors calculation, statistic analysis and production of distribution maps. Observing the results it was possible to conclude that the elements Al, Br, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na e Zn are expressive in the local atmospheric composition pointing out vehicular emissions and soil re-suspension as the main pollutant sources, the latter possibly related to the surrounding mining areas. The results also showed evidences of variation in the arrangement of chemical elements along the lichen thallus. This fact seems to be related to the type of elements or their metabolic needs.
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Yeomans, William Easton. "The effect of treated sewage effluent (urban wastewater) on the trichodinid (protozoa: ciliophora) communities ectozoic on three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus L." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367184.

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Marcondes, Ribeiro Freitas Fábio. "Uso de Cladonia verticillaris (Raddi) Fr. (Líquen) como biomonitor da qualidade do ar no Complexo Industrial Portuário de Suape - PE." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2006. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/913.

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Liquens da região nordeste, especialmente Cladonia verticillaris (Raddi) Fr., são reconhecidos como eficientes biomonitores da qualidade do ar. O Complexo Industrial Portuário de Suape, por não possuir forma alguma de aferição de poluição atmosférica, foi avaliado em 7 pontos, usando C. verticillaris como biomonitor por 12 meses. A cada coleta bimestral, as amostras foram avaliadas no ponto de vista fisiológico (avaliação de pigmentos e fenóis) e, danos à estrutura externa (lupa estereoscópica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura). Foi possível estabelecer os pontos com melhor qualidade do ar, ou áreas críticas, observando a direção predominante dos ventos e pluviosidade. Nas áreas mais poluídas, próximas a indústria Pamesa os teores do principal composto de C. verticillaris, o ácido fumarprotocetrárico, foram bastante reduzidos, com acúmulo de produtos intermediários de sua biossíntese, o que ratifica a ação dos poluentes na célula. Isto pode ser também verificado na quantificação dos pigmentos e danos à estrutura externa. Foram consideradas como áreas críticas os pontos denominados de Viveiro, Bonesa e PC1, todos localizados próximos à indústria Pamesa (fabricante de cerâmicas). Os outros pontos, variaram de má, medianos e bons em termos de qualidade do ar, merecendo também atenção para que exista em Suape a implantação de políticas que garantam bons índices de pureza atmosférica, onde os dados poderão ser utilizados para futuros planejamentos de gestão ambiental na área
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OLIVEIRA, Maria Alice Gonçalves da Silva. "Avaliação da qualidade do ar em ambiente industrial, usando líquen como biomonitor de possíveis riscos de intoxicação ocupacional." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2011. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/6572.

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Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco
Estudos realizados com liquens da região Nordeste destacam Cladonia verticillaris como biomonitor da qualidade do ar em áreas urbanas e industriais. Objetivando-se avaliar o risco de contaminação ocupacional numa indústria petroquímica no Estado de Pernambuco, utilizou-se C. vetrticillaris em ensaios de biomonitoramento. Após oito meses de exposição ao ambiente industrial em 12 pontos monitorados, C. verticillaris apresentou comportamento diferenciado em 6, portanto, esse material foi selecionado para realização de testes complementares de cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) após 1 e 8 meses de experimento. Nas CLAEs realizadas no material após um mês de experimento foram constatados teores do principal composto produzido pela espécie (ácido fumarprotocetrárico - FUM) próximos ao do material tempo zero (0,8 mg/mg). Após 8 meses de experimento o FUM foi detectado nos ensaios de CCD e CLAE nos pontos 07, 08 e 10. O ponto 09 e o 11 apresentaram apenas bandas referentes ao PRO na CCD, na CLAE foram obtidos picos com tempo de retenção semelhantes ao do PRO. O FUM não foi detectado em nenhum dos ensaios referente ao ponto 12. Foram realizados também ensaios em laboratório onde o material foi submetido a estireno ou pirrolidina (produtos processados na indústria) com objetivo de verificar a ação isolada desses produtos. O material foi coletado periodicamente para realização de ensaios de CCD, visualização em lupa e quantificação de pigmentos (clorofilas e feofitinas). A partir da análise das CCDs constatou-se a presença de bandas referentes ao FUM e ao PRO no material submetido ao estireno. No experimento com pirrolidina houve a ausência de bandas referentes aos compostos produzidos pela espécie, demonstrando que o material foi mais sensível á pirrolidina do que ao estireno. A partir da quantificação de pigmentos observou-se diminuição da produção de clorofilas e feofitinas no material submetido ao estireno, além do nível de feofitina ultrapassar o de clorofila. No material submetido á pirrolidina ocorreu uma produção exacerbada de feofitina (15,6 mg/mL). Tais resultados foram ratificados através da visualização do material em lupa onde constatou-se maiores alterações quanto a coloração no material submetido à pirrolidina que passou para a cor marrom, refletindo alta concentração de feofitina. Os resultados das análises do material submetido ao ambiente industrial a aos contaminantes em laboratório se ratificam e indicam o ponto 12 como de maior risco de contaminação ocupacional devido à pirrolidina
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30

Brown, Gordon Lindal. "Assessment of crop losses from ozone using biomonitor plants and risk estimates by experts." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30601.

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Environmental policy makers are required to make decisions under uncertainty regarding the benefits and costs of specific regulatory action. Uncertainty is a phenomenon that cannot be avoided in the assessment of environmental impacts, due to the inherent stochasticity of environmental systems, as well as a lack of adequate empirical data related to specific cause and effect relationships. A primary constraint associated with generation of adequate data from experiments is that environmental research is expensive, and conclusive results may take several years to obtain. In the meantime, significant impacts could be occurring, virtually undetected. A high degree of uncertainty exists in the assessment of the potential effects of ozone (O₃) pollution on agricultural crop yield. Thus, the purpose of this research was to provide information related to the potential impacts of O₃ pollution on crops in the Fraser Valley east of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Two alternate methods were utilized: (i) biomonitoring with Bel W-3 tobacco, a plant variety that is very sensitive to O₃, and (ii) expert judgments of the risks of crop losses from O₃. The biomonitor survey was conducted over three growing seasons (1985 - 1987), in which ambient O₃ pollution conditions were atypically low, limiting the injury response data obtained. However, a correlation was established between biomonitor injury response and ambient O₃ levels, demonstrating that phytotoxic pollution conditions occurred during these years. Calibration of biomonitor injury response with crop yield losses revealed the following: (i) yield losses due to O₃ exposure are likely in the event that biomonitor plants exhibit O₃-induced injury symptoms, and (ii) the absence of biomonitor injury does not preclude the possibility of crop loss, since the O₃ exposure threshold for biomonitor injury may exceed that for loss of certain crops. Although experts are commonly used to provide judgments of potential impacts under uncertainty, there is a paucity of information regarding the desirable attributes of expertise. Selection of experts is largely an ambiguous task, and choices of experts by different persons are likely to be inconsistent. Prior to selection of experts for this project, a comprehensive survey was conducted of over 200 environmental professionals to determine the characteristics of an expert in O₃ effects on crops. It was shown that expertise in this area involves a considerable number of attributes. These were grouped, using factor analysis, into seven independent dimensions: education, type of career experience, length of career experience, cognitive skills, personal qualities related to credibility, scientific recognition and involvement in the scientific community. In general, there was agreement between different groups (e.g., research scientists and members of conservation groups) regarding the relative importance of the various dimensions of expertise. Nine crop loss experts were selected, based on nomination by a large group (166) of their scientific peers. It was demonstrated with regression analysis that nominated experts exhibited the attributes identified in the survey. Logit models were estimated that predict an individual's degree of expertise in O₃ effects on crops, based on specific attributes possessed by that individual. Independent judgments were then obtained from the nine experts regarding probable crop losses under typical O₃ pollution conditions in the Fraser Valley. Probabilistic judgments of crop losses were generally similar among experts and approximated the level of crop losses predicted from the biomonitor survey. Limited empirical exposure-response information for Fraser Valley crops indicated that some cultivars may be more sensitive than assumed by the experts. Additional exposure-response experiments will be required to determine the source of this inconsistency.
Science, Faculty of
Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for
Graduate
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Holding, Kathleen Louise Marie. "Epithilic periphyton as a potential biomonitor of trace metals contamination in freshwater aquatic systems." Thesis, University of Derby, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416563.

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32

Bordon, Isabella Cristina da Costa Leal. "Avaliação de siris da espécie Callinectes danae como biomonitores definitivos na identificação de fontes emissoras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-13062014-095904/.

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O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver uma nova proposta de uso de um biomonitor na identificação de fontes emissoras de metais no meio ambiente. Foi selecionada a espécie de siri Callinectes danae como biomonitor e o estuário de Santos como área de estudo. Numa primeira etapa e considerando que o siri é um organismo bentônico, foi realizada uma avaliação preliminar do teor de metais no sedimento do estuário. Em seguida, foi realizada uma avaliação preliminar do teor de metais nos diferentes tecidos de indivíduos coletados na região (brânquias, hepatopâncreas e músculos). Baseado nos experimentos anteriores, foi proposto um modelo de distribuição dos metais entre os tecidos e destes em relação aos sedimentos. A validação deste modelo de distribuição (assinatura química) foi realizada por meio de um conjunto de procedimentos que visaram testar: 1) a robustez em função do tempo; 2) a especificidade para a região de estudo; 3) a sensibilidade às alterações dos níveis de metais em cada tecido. A partir deste modelo, foram identificados indícios para atribuição de fontes emissoras de metais. Desta forma, concluiu-se que, para a região do estuário de Santos, o siri da espécie C. danae pode ser utilizado como um biomonitor. O modelo proposto foi eficaz, uma vez que foi capaz de responder de forma conclusiva-positiva a todos os testes realizados na sua validação, confirmando esta espécie como um biomonitor definitivo para região. A robustez do modelo irá aumentar com novas coletas e a realimentação do banco de dados.
This study aimed to develop a new methodology for the use of a biomonitor in the identification of metal discharges in environmental evaluations. Crabs of Callinectes danae species were used in an evaluation conducted in the Santos Estuarine System. In the first experiment and since C. danae is a benthic species, a preliminary assessment of the metal concentrations in sediment samples collected in the Santos Estuarine System was performed. Subsequently, a preliminary assessment of metal concentrations in the C. danae tissues was also peformed. The last experiment aimed to identify a chemical fingerprint for the Santos Estuarine System.The development of validation procedures for this model (chemical fingerprint) was conducted and aimed to test: 1) the stability of this model through time; 2) its local specificity for the Santos Estuarine System; 3) the sensibility of this model due to modifications in the metal concentrations in each tissue (gills, hepatopancreas and muscles). By the use of this model, it was possible to identify the sources of metal emissions. According to the results, C. danae can be used as a biomonitor for the Santos Estuarine System. The established model was able to responde in a positive-conclusive way to all the tests performed in its validation, confirming this species as a definitive biomonitor for this area. Thus, the stability of this model will increase with new sampling campaings and consequently introduction of new information in the database.
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BORDON, ISABELLA C. da C. L. "Avaliação de siris da espécie Callinectes danae como biomonitores definitivos na identificação de fontes emissoras." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2014. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/23303.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
FAPESP:10/01902-0
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Lambrecht, Susanne. "Lecanora muralis: eine epilithische Krustenflechte als Biomonitor für luftgetragene Spurenmetalle systematische Untersuchung und regionale Anwendungsbeispiele /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=963515454.

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Clapp, James Bruce. "Avian urate spheres : a non-invasive method to biomonitor environmental pollution and stress in birds." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1209.

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Birds are commonly used as biomonitors of environmental pollution, with most tests involving invasive or destructive sampling techniques. The need to develop and validate non-invasive techniques has long been recognised. From blood, eggs, feathers or guano, the last shows most promise in this field. However it constitutes both faecal and urinary excretions. The faecal component has serious analytical drawbacks from digestive processes and being comprised of both bio-available and unabsorbed components. In contrast the typically white urine part of guano represents substances emanating entirely from within the bird. Despite the analysis of urine (urinalysis) being widely and successfully used in mammals, its limited application to date in birds is at best misguided because it disregards the nature of avian urine. This thesis endeavours to show how the analysis of the (normally discarded) solid component of avian urine may provide a quantifiable measure of both environmental pollutant exposure and endogenous stress hormone concentrations in birds. The literature is reviewed with regard to birds as biomonitors of the environment and the use of non invasive sampling techniques, especially excreta collected from wild animals including birds. Avian renal physiology and urine composition is described with specific reference to current avian urinalysis methods and how these compare with the proposed use of avian urate spheres (AUS) for biomonitoring. It is also shown how the biomineralisation process of AUS formation is relevant to their collection, extraction and chemical analysis from bird guano. To investigate if AUS contents could be used as a measure of a bird’s environmental pollution exposure, concentrations of lead, copper and zinc, were determined in urate spheres from domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus) exposed to a soil contaminated by these metals. Furthermore an attempt was made to compare metal concentrations in AUS with eggs, feathers and whole guano from the same birds. The results suggested AUS contained higher levels of the contaminating metals in exposed birds compared to control birds. However the aim to show the utility of AUS for biomonitoring the birds’ metal exposure was not achieved because of experimental design limitations. A similar investigation was carried out into the suspected exposure of nestling seabirds to elevated metal concentrations in their fish diet. Metal concentrations in urate spheres from the seabirds were measured along with those in various body tissues of their young. This metal analysis, although limited by small sample size, provided no evidence of an elevated exposure when compared with values reported in the literature. Subsequent reanalysis of earlier tested fish samples showed normal metal concentrations, suggesting the earlier reported fish data had been incorrect. To determine if AUS can be used to measure biologically relevant levels of the avian stress hormone corticosterone, a series of experiments is described using captive great tits (Parus major). These involved the ELISA detection of excreted corticosterone in AUS extracts. The suppressive response to dexamethasone administration was measurable in AUS from these birds, suggesting a physiological validation. However many issues have still to be resolved concerning this method of measuring corticosterone levels in birds. The overall finding of this thesis is that the analysis of AUS may have potential value as a noninvasive sampling method to biomonitor environmental pollution and stress in birds.
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Lambrecht, Susanne. "Lecanora muralis: eine epilithische Krustenflechte als Biomonitor für luftgetragene Spurenmentalle : systematische Untersuchung und regionale Anwendungsbeispiele /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. https://fridolin.tu-freiberg.de/archiv/html/GeowissenschaftenLambrechtSusanne050388.html.

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SILVA, Rita Alves. "Cladonia verticillaris (líquen) como biomonitor padrão da qualidade do ar no distrito de Jaboatão-PE." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2002. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/6817.

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Os liquens são reconhecidos como bioindicadores de ambientes e biomonitores da qualidade do ar atmosférico. Neste trabalho selecionou-se o Distrito de Jaboatão, situado na Mesoregião Metropolitana do Recife (RMR), Pernambuco, Brasil, para avaliar a qualidade do ar naquela área, correlacionando os dados fornecidos pelos monitores biológicos liquens, com os resultados obtidos das estações de monitoramento mecânico instaladas pela Companhia Pernambucana de Meio Ambiente (CPRH). Líquen da espécie (Raddi.) Fr. foi o biomonitor utilizado. A espécie foi coletada sobre solos arenosos de tabuleiros costeiros (cerrado) da Paraíba, nas seguintes localidades: Mamanguape, na Reserva Biológica de Guaribas, e em Alhandra, às margens da BR 101 (PB). Os biomonitores ativos foram coletados e acondicionados em recipientes plásticos, bem como o solo de área de ocorrência. Experimentos de transplante do material liquênico foram montados junto às estações de medição da CPRH localizadas na Estação do Metrô (ponto 1) e da CHESF (ponto 2) no referido distrito. As amostras de ambas as localidades foram coletadas em março de 2000, e imediatamente expostas ao ambiente nos pontos de experimento. Após 12 e 18 meses de exposição aos poluentes amostras foram retiradas e analisadas, química e fisiologicamente. Foram quantificados por Espectrômetro de Emissão Atômica por Plasma Indutivamente Aplicado (ICP/AES) os teores de Pb, Cd, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni e Ca. Parte das mesmas amostras foram extraídas por sistema de esgotamento a frio com acetona, e analisadas por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) para identificação e quantificação dos fenóis liquênicos nas amostras. Filtros dos amostradores de grandes volumes (Hi-vol) da CPRH foram analisados, e neles quantificados Pb, Cd, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Zn e Ni. Para este experimento foram consideradas as amostras representativas para as maiores concentrações mensais de Poeira Total em Suspensão (PTS), cujos filtros foram recolhidos no mesmo período em que os biomonitores. Os metais pesados supra referidos foram determinados via Espectrofotometria de Absorção Atômica por Chama (EAA). Para averiguação do comportamento de" % sob condições laboratoriais, foram montados experimentos onde amostras do líquen foram diariamente borrifadas com soluções de acetato de chumbo de chumbo a 1%, 0,1%, e água deionizada como controle. Foram coletadas amostras a 24h, 48h, 5dias e 10 dias, sendoposteriormente analisadas, segundo os mesmos parâmetros já referidos para o material exposto às condições ambientais. Ao final, as amostras mais preservadas e as em maior estado de deterioração, tanto as de experimento em campo, como as de laboratório, foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados demonstraram que todas elas tiveram prejuízo na síntese de fenóis comuns da espécie. Análises em CCD e CLAE comprovaram a ocorrência de substâncias distintas das detectadas nas amostras padrão. Nos ensaios em CLAE ficou comprovado que os poluentes prejudicaram a síntese de fenóis tanto no aspecto qualitativo (substâncias intermediárias das vias metabólicas), mas também no teor das substâncias produzidas no total. Foi evidenciada a produção do ácido protocetrárico, além do hipoprotocetrárico e seu aldeído, como compostos intermediários. Sugeriu-se que o baixo teor de substâncias, e/ou a produção de metabólitos intermediários das rotas metabólicas tenha sido causado por um prejuízo na fotossíntese do fotobionte, por acidificação da célula pelos poluentes, o bloqueio de reações enzimáticas pelos elementos que contaminaram o líquen, ou a associação desses fatores. Em relação à quantificação dos contaminantes, houve o predomínio do Pb, Fe, Ca, Mn , Zn e Cr nas amostras de líquen. Nos filtros recolhidos das estações de monitoramento mecânico, detectou-se em maior concentração o Fe, Cu, Mn e Zn. No material submetido ao acetato de chumbo de chumbo foi verificado que o número de dias de exposição (10) foi suficiente para prejudicar o líquen no aspecto fisiológico. Análises por microscopia eletronica de varrredura (MEV) revelaram uma total desordem na superfície do talo liquênico, após exposição aos poluentes. As células do fotobionte, não visualizadas nas amostras controle, foram facilmente expostas, tornando-se desprotegidas em meio com alto nível de contaminantes. Dados semelhantes foram obtidos para os experimentos em laboratório. A superfície de" iniciou um processo de esfoliação resultando na sua destruição. Foi possível concluir que a zona central da cidade, onde encontra-se a estação do Metrô, é a mais poluída, e que" % como biomonitor, demonstrou capacidade de registrar os mais ínfimos níveis de contaminantes, inclusive quanto a bioacumulação de elementos iônicos, nutrientes e tóxicos e, diante desse contexto, valida a sua utilização como mais um parâmetro para avaliação da qualidade ambiental, em especial do ar atmosféricosubsequently analyzed using the same parameters mentioned above for the material exposed to environmental conditions. At the end, the best preserved samples and a greater state of deterioration, both in the field of experiment, such as laboratory, were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed they all had impaired synthesis of phenols common species. Analyses in TLC and HPLC confirmed the presence of substances other than those detected in standard samples. In trials it was proved that HPLC pollutants impaired synthesis of phenols in both the qualitative aspect (intermediates of metabolic pathways), but also the content of the substances produced in total. Was evidenced protocetrárico acid production, and its addition to hipoprotocetrárico aldehyde as intermediate compounds. It has been suggested that low levels of substances, and / or the production of intermediate metabolites of the metabolic pathways have been caused by a loss in the photobiont photosynthesis, acidification of the cell by pollutants, the blockade of enzymatic reactions of the elements that have polluted the lichen, or a combination of these factors. Regarding the quantification of contaminants, there was predominance of Pb, Fe, Ca, Mn, Zn and Cr in samples of lichen. In filters collected from monitoring stations mechanic, was detected at higher concentration Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn. In material submitted to the lead acetate Lead was found that the number of days of exposure (10) was sufficient to affect the lichen physiological aspect. Analysis by electron microscopy varrredura (SEM) revealed a total disorder in the surface of the lichen thallus, after exposure to pollutants. The photobiont cells, not seen in samples control, were easily exposed, making it unprotected in a medium with high of contaminants. Similar data were obtained for the experiments the laboratory. The surface? " ? ?????? ? initiated a process of exfoliation resulting in its destruction. It was concluded that the downtown area, where is the subway station, is the most polluted, and that? " ? ?????? ?% As biomonitor showed ability to record the smallest levels of contaminants, including as to bioaccumulation of ionic elements, nutrients and toxic and, given this context, validates its use as an additional parameter for the assessment of environmental quality, in particular the atmospheric air.
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Roque, Inês Margarida Ferreira. "The barn owl (Tyto alba) as a biomonitor of environmental contamination with mercury and organochlorine compounds." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/20828.

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Numerosos químicos de origem industrial e natural estão a aumentar a nível global, enquanto os seus efeitos de longo-termo permanecem desconhecidos. A coruja-da-torres é um bom bioindicador de poluição ambiental e as suas penas podem ser utilizadas como ferramentas de biomonitorização minimamente invasivas. A variação intra-individual das concentrações de mercúrio pode ser minimizada através do cálculo de uma média a partir de várias penas do indivíduo, independentemente do tipo de pena. Várias penas do mesmo ninho podem ser combinadas para obter uma melhor estimativa da contaminação no território. Penas de indivíduos atropelados são representativas da contaminação ao nível regional. Menor bioacumulação está relacionada com culturas irrigadas e paisagens agrícolas heterogéneas. O habitat parece mediar a transferências de mercúrio do solo para as presas, e da cadeia trófica até à coruja-das-torres. As penas podem ser particularmente úteis para detetar pesticidas organoclorados em desuso, que geralmente ocorrem em concentrações residuais, embora a contaminação externa deva ser avaliada; Summary: Numerous industrial and natural chemicals are increasing worldwide, while their long-term effects on wildlife and human health remain unknown. Barn owls are good biondicators of environmental pollution and their feathers may be used as minimally invasive monitoring tools. Intra-individual variation in mercury concentrations can be minimized by calculating an average from several feathers from an individual, regardless of feather type. Several feathers from the same nest may be pooled to better represent the average mercury contamination in the territory. Feathers from road-killed barn owls are representative of contamination at a regional level. Lower bioaccumulation in the barn owl is linked with irrigated crops and heterogeneous agricultural landscapes. Habitat seems to mediate the transfer of mercury from the soil to the prey, and along the food web to the barn owl. Feathers may be particularly suitable to detect legacy organochlorine pesticides which generally occur in residual concentrations, but external contamination should be assessed.
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39

Gómez, Ramírez Pilar. "El Búho real (Bubo bubo) como especie biomonitora de contaminantes ambientales persistentes en el Sureste de España." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/52186.

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Los estudios de biomonitorización con aves rapaces permiten evaluar el grado de contaminación ambiental y las consecuencias sobre la salud humana y ambiental. Los niveles de metales e insecticidas organoclorados en sangre de pollos de Búho real del sureste de España fueron en general bajos, siendo los niveles de plomo significativamente superiores en los individuos nacidos en una antigua zona minera. La enzima δ-ALAD es un biomarcador sensible de exposición y efecto a plomo en esta especie. El estudio de organoclorados y PBDEs en huevos no eclosionados sugiere cambios en la dieta o posibles focos de contaminación en la zona. El grosor de cáscara de huevo disminuyó conforme aumentaron las concentraciones de p,p’-DDE, alcanzando un porcentaje de disminución relacionada con declives poblacionales en aves a niveles de DDE superiores a 100 ng/g de peso de lípidos. El desarrollo de una nueva técnica permitió detectar residuos de rodenticidas en el 83% de las muestras de hígado.
Biomonitoring studies with raptor birds can be used to evaluate environmental pollution and consequencies to human and environmental health. Levels of metals and insecticides in blood of eagle owl chicks from Southeastern Spain were in general low, being lead levels significantly higher in individuals born in an ancient mining area. The enzime δ-ALAD is a sensitive biomarker of exposure and effect to lead in this species. The study of organochlorine and PBDEs in unhatched eggs suggests dietary shifts or pollutant sources. Eggshell thickness decreased with increasing p,p’-DDE, reaching a level related to population declines in birds when DDE levels exceded 100 ng/g lipid weight. The development of a new tecnique permited the detection of rodenticide residues in 83% of the liver samples.
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40

Guimarães, Valeria. "Resíduos de mineração e metalurgia: efeitos poluidores em sedimentos e em espécie biomonitora - Rio Ribeira de Iguape - SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44134/tde-14062007-161240/.

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Por aproximadamente 40 anos, o Rio Ribeira de Iguape recebeu resíduos da mineração: rejeitos das plantas de concentração mineral (enriquecidos em Cu, Cr, Pb, Ag e Zn) e escórias de uma unidade de metalurgia (enriquecidas em Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, Pb e As), produzidos e descartados pela empresa Plumbum S/A, localizada em Adrianópolis (Paraná). Para verificar a contribuição destes resíduos na contaminação deste rio, como também identificar a possibilidade de depuração natural ou não no mesmo, definiu-se a necessidade de avaliar três compartimentos: resíduos, sedimentos e organismo biomonitor. Nas amostras de resíduos foram realizadas caracterizações físicas e químicas, nos sedimentos foram realizadas análises químicas, granulométricas e algumas amostras investigadas por MEV/EDS e no biomonitor (molusco Asiático da espécie Corbicula fluminea) foram realizadas análises químicas dos tecidos e das carapaças. Estas análises indicaram a existência de elevados teores de Pb nos resíduos da mineração, os quais ultrapassaram os valores deste metal estabelecidos na norma NBR 10.005 da ABNT. Nesta comparação, os rejeitos do concentrado da Mina do Rocha ultrapassaram em 32 vezes, os da Plumbum em 41 vezes e as escórias em 34 vezes, os limites estabelecidos por tal norma, sendo assim classificados como pertencentes à Classe I ? perigosos. Destes resíduos o mais problemático atualmente é o rejeito da Plumbum, por apresentar granulometria fina, pH mais baixo, apresentar maior teor de Pb no teste de lixiviação, além de estar depositado muito próximo de uma das margens do Rio Ribeira de Iguape. A interação destes resíduos com o sistema aquático foi verificada a partir da detecção de Pb, Zn, Cu nos sedimentos. Os sedimentos depositados em bancos de areia e os estuarinos exibiram maiores teores para Pb (média de 135,00 mg/kg para os depósitos em bancos de areia e 124,00 mg/kg para os estuarinos) e Zn (média de 112,62 mg/kg para os depositados em bancos de areia e de 133,00 mg/kg para os estuarinos). Em todos os tipos de sedimentos foi constatado que o local de coleta que exibiu teores mais elevados para os metais de estudo foi em Iporanga, secundariamente na Ilha do Caranguejo na região do Mar Pequeno, a sul de Iguape. Nos sedimentos em suspensão, as análises em MEV/EDS exibiram a presença de grãos de escória, indicando que estes ainda hoje, estão interagindo com este ambiente e sendo transportados. Esta comprovação, só foi possível, de fato, a partir das análises de tecidos e de carapaças da espécie Corbicula fluminea, os quais demonstraram estar havendo interação dos metais pesados provenientes dos resíduos com a biota deste sistema aquático. Nos tecidos deste biomonitor foram detectados em média 23,99 ?g/g de Cu, 144,21 ?g/g de Zn, 0,71 ?g/g de Cd, 2,41 ?g/g de Pb e 7,11 ?g/g de Cr. Destes metais, o mais preocupante é o Pb, ele apresenta concentrações mais elevadas que os relatados em outros estudos para este mesmo bivalve e também, ultrapassa o valor de referência da ANVISA (2,00 ?g/g) para a concentração deste metal pesado em peixes e produtos de pesca para consumo. Além dos tecidos, as carapaças deste biomonitor, também estão concentrado estes metais pesados. De modo geral, concluiu-se que o Rio Ribeira não está sofrendo processos naturais de depuração e que ainda hoje representa um problema ambiental, pois os metais estão migrando ao longo do curso da drenagem e neste processo sendo biodisponibilizados, o que pode vir a gerar transferência e acumulação na cadeia trófica.
For approximately 40 years, Ribeira de Iguape River received mining wastes (enriched in Cu, Cr, Pb, Ag and Zn) and metallurgical slags (enriched in Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, Pb and As), produced and discharged by Plumbum S/A, a company located in Adrianópolis (Paraná). In order to verify the contribution of these residues in the river contamination and natural purification the compartments of mining residues, sediments and bioindicator organisms were evaluated. Physical and chemical characterizations were realized in the residues samples; while chemical analyses, grain size evaluation and MEV/EDS were carried out in sediments. Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) was taken as a bioindicator, through chemical analyses of its tissues and shells. The results showed high Pb levels, being classified as Class 1 ? dangerous - by ABNT, norm NBR 10,005, once the limited levels were exceeded by Rocha wastes (32x), Plumbum wastes (41x) and slags (34x). The Plumbum waste is currently the most problematic, as it is made of fine grain, lower pH, higher Pb level detected in the extraction test and is deposited very close to the draining site. The interactions of these residues with the aquatic system was verified through Pb, Zn, Cu detection in the sediments. Pb and Zn levels were, respectively, 135.00 mg/kg and 112.62 mg/kg in the sand banks deposits, and 124.00 mg/kg and 133.00 mg/kg in the estuaries deposits, with prominent metal levels in Iporanga and, secondary, in Crab Island, region of the Small Sea, south of Iguape. MEV/EDS analyses carried out in suspended sediments showed the presence of slags grains, suggesting that still nowadays they are transported and interact with the environment, once they have been detected in tissues and shells samples of Corbicula fluminea. In the tissues of this bioindicator, there were detected average levels of 23.99 ?g/g of Cu, 144.21 ?g/g of Zn, 0.71 ?g/g of Cd, 7.11 ?g/g of Cr and 2.41 ?g/g of Pb; making evident that this last value is strongly high and over the ANVISA reference (2.00 ?g/g) for fish and other consumption products. The results suggest that natural processes of Ribeira de Iguape River are not sufficient for its purification, keeping metals\' transport and bioavailability, which can accumulate in the trophic chain, representing a serious environmental problem.
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41

Maria, Silva da Costa Helane. "Purificação e caracterização de uma tripsina sensível a metal pesado do peixe Caranx hippos." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2007. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/1762.

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A tripsina-símile extraída do ceco pilórico de xaréu (Caranx hippos) foi purificada por um procedimento de três etapas: tratamento térmico, precipitação com sulfato de amônio e cromatografia de gel-filtração em Sephadex G-75. Os efeitos de vários íons metálicos e inibidores de proteases na atividade digestiva da enzima in vitro foram determinados. As propriedades físico-químicas e cinéticas da tripsina foram estabelecidas. O pH e temperatura ótima de reação encontrada foram 8,0 e 50°C, respectivamente. Após 30 minutos de incubação a 50ºC, foi detectada uma perda de 20% da atividade tríptica. A constante de Michaelis Menten foi 1,21  0,38 mM usando benzoil-DL-arginina-pnitroanilida (BApNA) como substrato. Uma única banda (35,2 kDa) foi observada quando a amostra da enzima purificada foi aplicada em gel de eletroforese utilizando sulfato sódico de dodecila (SDS-PAGE, 12,5%). Atividade com substrato específico e inativação por inibidores de protease forneceram evidências adicionais que uma tripsina é responsável por esta atividade proteolítica. A tripsina de C. hippos apresentou sensibilidade a metais pesados. Utilizando soluções de íons na concentração de 1 mM, a tripsina foi inibida na ordem decrescente: Cd2+=Al3+>Zn2+>Cu2+>Pb2+>Hg2+. Menor efeito foi detectado com Co2+, K+, Li+, Ba2+, Mn2+, Mg2+e Ca2+. Contudo, a concentração tão baixa quanto 0,01 ppm (10 μg/mL) dos íons Zn2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Cd2+ e Al3+ foram suficientes para inibir 34%, 33%, 33%, 32%, 29% e 28%, da atividade proteolítica, respectivamente
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42

Monclús, Anglada Laura. "Feathers as a matrix to assess stress response in birds and biomonitor environmental pollutants: an integrative approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/565674.

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L'exposició a la contaminació ambiental és una de les principals amenaces per a la salut dels ecosistemes i les poblacions silvestres. L'estrès produït per la contaminació pot causar importants alteracions a la fauna, especialment als depredadors com les aus rapinyaires que, d'altra banda, s'utilitzen com espècies sentinelles del seu ecosistema. Comprendre el mecanisme mitjançant el qual els organismes fan front a l'estrès ambiental i s'adapten a un ambient canviant és crucial per a la seva conservació. Amb aquest propòsit, les hormones d'estrès (corticosterona en aus) s'han utilitzat com a biomarcadors d'estrès ambiental. La corticosterona és l'hormona resultant de l'activació de l'eix hipotalàmic-hipofisari-adrenal (HPA), element clau de la resposta d'estrès. L'activació d'aquest eix i el seu correcte funcionament permet als vertebrats mantenir l'homeòstasi i fer front a les pertorbacions del seu ambient. Per tant, detectar alteracions en el funcionament d'aquest eix (com és l'estrès crònic) pot ser utilitzar com un biomarcador de poblacions en risc i oferir informació valuosa sobre l'estat de l'animal i la seva eficàcia biològica. Les plomes són la única matriu capaç de proporcionar una mesura a llarg termini de corticosterona, i per tant de reflexar l'activitat de l'eix HPA, de manera retrospectiva i integrada en el temps. A més, aquesta matriu pot reflectir l'estat intern de contaminació d'una au, essent una eina molt útil per a la biomonitorització de contaminació ambiental. No obstant, al ser una matriu relativament nova, encara existeixen moltes incògnites metodològiques. A més, tot i que els contaminants tenen el potencial d'alterar l'activitat de l'eix HPA, hi ha molt poca informació al respecte. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és, per una banda, avaluar l'ús de les plomes per mesurar corticosterona com a biomarcador de la salut i l'eficàcia biològica de les aus, explorant alguns aspectes metodològics d'aquesta matriu, i per l'altra, avaluar l'aplicabilitat de les plomes per biomonitoritzar contaminació ambiental estudiant els efectes dels contaminants en la resposta adrenal d'estrès de les aus. Primer, vam explorar la idoneïtat de diferents tipus de plomes per mesurar corticosterona i contaminants ambientals. Vam comparar nivells de corticosterona entre plomes corporals i plomes primàries de vol, que són les més utilitzades en gairebé tots els estudis previs. Les plomes corporals van mostrar una menor variabilitat en els nivells de corticosterona, indicant que aquest tipus de ploma és més adequat per obtenir informació més específica en el temps i minimitzar factors de confusió. A més, es va descriure per primer cop que les plomes natals dels pollets són útils per biomonitoritzar contaminants, essent un nou mètode de mostreig no invasiu. En segon lloc, vam demostrar que els nivells de corticosterona en plomes cobertores són consistents i estables al llarg de la generació de la ploma, mentre que varien d'un any a l'altre indicant flexibilitat individual. A més, es va validar un protocol optimitzat per extreure corticosterona de les plomes de manera més ecològica i ràpida. En tercer lloc, vam observar que concentracions de corticosterona en ploma podien predir mortalitat i fallada reproductiva en el següent període, demostrant la utilitat potencial d'aquesta eina en programes de maneig d'aus. En quart lloc, es va mostrar com els contaminants més persistents influeixen l'activitat de l'eix HPA en aus de vida lliure, adultes o pollets, però no en aus en captivitat. Tot i la relació positiva entre contaminants i l'activitat adrenal, no es va observar que els contaminants afectessin el creixement dels pollets i, mitjançant l'avaluació de la dehidroepiandrosterona en plomes, vam observar una resposta adaptativa de l'eix HPA en adults. Finalment, es van explorar diferents factors fisiològics i metodològics que potencialment podien crear confusió. En general, aquesta tesi proporciona una evidència important de la solidesa i utilitat de les plomes corporales per avaluar nivells de corticosterona a llarg termini i la seva utilitat com a biomarcador de l'eficàcia biològica en aus, així com un avanç per comprendre els efectes de la contaminació ambiental sobre la resposta adrenal d'estrès en les aus rapinyaires.
La exposición a la contaminación ambiental es una de las principales amenazas para la salud de los ecosistemas y las poblaciones silvestres. El estrés producido por la contaminación puede causar importantes alteraciones en la fauna, especialmente en los depredadores como las aves rapaces, que además son utilizadas como especies centinelas de su ecosistema. Comprender el mecanismo mediante el cual los organismos hacen frente al estrés ambiental y se adaptan a un medioambiente cambiante es crucial para su conservación. Con este propósito, las hormonas de estrés (en aves la corticosterona) se han utilizado como biomarcadores de estrés ambiental. La corticosterona es la hormona resultante de la activación del eje hipotalámico-hipofisario-adrenal (HPA), elemento clave de la respuesta de estrés. La activación de este eje y su buen funcionamiento permite a los vertebrados mantener la homeóstasis y hacer frente a las perturbaciones ambientales. Por lo tanto, detectar alteraciones en el funcionamiento de este eje (como es el estrés crónico) puede ser utilizado como biomarcador de poblaciones en riesgo y ofrecer información valiosa sobre el estado de salud y eficacia biológica de los animales. Las plumas son la única matriz capaz de proporcionar una medición a largo plazo de corticosterona, y por tanto de reflejar la actividad del eje HPA, de manera retrospectiva e integrada en el tiempo. Además, esta matriz puede reflejar el estado interno de contaminación de una ave, siendo una herramienta muy útil para biomonitorizar contaminación ambiental. No obstante, al ser una matriz relativamente nueva, aún existen algunas incógnitas metodológicas. Además, aunque los contaminantes tienen el potencial de alterar la actividad del eje HPA, hay muy poca información al respecto. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es, por un lado evaluar el uso de las plumas para cuantificar corticosterona como biomarcador de la salud y eficacia biológica de las aves, explorando algunos aspectos metodológicos de esta matriz, y por el otro, evaluar la aplicabilidad de las plumas para biomonitorizar contaminación ambiental estudiando los efectos de los contaminantes en la respuesta adrenal del estrés de las aves. Primero, exploramos la idoneidad de diferentes tipos de plumas para medir corticosterona y contaminantes ambientales. Las concentraciones de corticosterona se compararon entre plumas corporales y plumas primarias de vuelo, que son las más utilizadas en casi todos los estudios previos. Las plumas corporales mostraron una menor variabilidad en los niveles de corticosterona, indicando que este tipo de pluma es más adecuado para obtener información específica en el tiempo y minimizar factores de confusión. Además, se describió por primera vez que el plumón natal de los pollos es útil para biomonitorizar contaminantes, siendo un nuevo método de muestreo no invasivo. En segundo lugar, demostramos que los niveles de corticosterona en plumas corporales son consistentes y estables a lo largo de la generación de la pluma, mientras que varían de un año al otro indicando flexibilidad individual. Además, se validó un protocolo optimizado para extraer corticosterona de las plumas de una forma más ecológica y rápida. En tercer lugar, observamos que concentraciones de corticosterona en pluma pueden predecir mortalidad y fallo reproductivo en el siguiente período, demostrando la utilidad potencial de esta herramienta en programas de manejo de aves. En cuarto lugar, mostramos que los contaminantes más persistentes influyen en la actividad del eje HPA en aves de vida libre, adultos o pollos, pero no en aves en cautiverio. Aunque se encontró una relación positiva entre contaminantes y una alta actividad adrenal, no se observó que los contaminantes afectaran el crecimiento de los pollos y, mediante la evaluación de la dehidroepiandrosterona en plumas, observamos una respuesta adaptativa del eje HPA en adultos. Finalmente, se exploraron diferentes factores fisiológicos y metodológicos que potencialmente podían crear confusión. En general, esta tesis proporciona una evidencia importante de la solidez y utilidad de las plumas corporales para evaluar niveles de corticosterona a largo plazo y su utilidad como biomarcador de la eficacia biológica en aves, así como un avance para comprender los efectos de la contaminación ambiental sobre la respuesta adrenal del estrés en las aves rapaces.
Exposure to environmental pollution has been one of the major threats for ecosystems and wildlife populations. Pollution stress can cause important alterations to wildlife, especially to top predators such as birds of prey, which have been widely used as important sentinels of their ecosystem. Understanding the stress-copping mechanism of organisms is crucial for species conservation. To this purpose, stress hormones (i.e. corticosterone in birds) have been used as biomarkers of challenging or stressful environments. Corticosterone is the endpoint of the hormonal cascade along the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, which is activated under the presence of some stressors. The HPA axis is one of the main regulatory pathways birds use to deal with changes in the environment, and its effective functioning is imperative for maintaining homeostasis. Thus, detecting alterations in the HPA axis activity (i.e. chronic stress) can be used as a biomarker of populations at risk and offer valuable insights regarding population health and fitness. Feathers are the unique matrix able to provide long-term levels of corticosterone as an assessment of long-term adrenal activity with a retrospective insight. Furthermore, feathers can reflect the internal state of contamination, providing a valuable tool for biomonitoring environmental pollutants. However, as a relatively new matrix, feathers still present some methodological issues that need to be addressed for a proper interpretation of data. In addition, very little information exists on the influence of pollutants on the HPA axis activity. The present thesis aimed to evaluate, on one hand the use of feather corticosterone as a biomarker of bird fitness, addressing some methodological issues of this matrix, and on the other, evaluate the applicability of feathers to biomonitor environmental pollution exploring the effects of pollutants on birds adrenal stress response. First, we explored the suitability of different types of feathers to measure corticosterone and environmental pollutants. Corticosterone concentrations were compared between body feathers and flight feathers, which had been used in almost all previous studies. By showing lower variability, body feathers were found to be a more suitable type of feather to sample due to they provide more specific information in time and minimize confounding factors. In addition, nestling down feathers were described as a new non-invasive method for biomonitoring contaminants. Second, we demonstrated consistency and stability of feather corticosterone concentrations in body feathers over the same feather generation, while we found that levels differ from year to year indicating individual flexibility. Furthermore, we validated an optimized protocol for extracting corticosterone from feathers in a more timesaving and ecological way. Third, we observed that high concentrations of feather corticosterone predict mortality rate and reproductive failure the following seasons, demonstrating the potential utility of this metric in bird management programs. Fourth, we showed that the most persistent pollutants influenced the HPA axis activity of free-living birds, either adults or nestlings, but not captive birds. Interestingly, although a positive association was found between these pollutants and high adrenal activity, they were not observed to negatively affect growth development in nestlings, and through assessing dehydroepiandrosterone in feathers, we observed an adaptive response of the HPA axis in adults. Finally, we explored different potential biological and methodological confounding factors. Overall, this thesis provides important evidence for the robustness of body feathers to assess long-term levels of corticosterone and its usefulness as a biomarker of bird fitness, as well as a step forward for understanding the effects of environmental pollution on the adrenal stress response in birds of prey.
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43

Reichert, Kerstin. "Der Celegans-Toxchip Entwicklung und Validierung eines Biomonitor-Tests auf Grundlage der schadstoffinduzierbaren Genexpression von Caenorhabditis elegans /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2004/130/index.html.

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44

Potter, Kelly L. "The aquatic macrophyte Vallisneria americana as a biomonitor of site quality in Great Lakes Areas of Concern." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0017/MQ52638.pdf.

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45

Guthrie, James McKamey. "Evaluating the suitability of the human toenail as a biomonitor for manganese status the one source cohort /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4929.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on October 25, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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46

Kirkland, Robert. "Actiononaias Ligamentina as a Biomonitor in the Green River: An Unique Approach for Analysis of Environmental Impacts." TopSCHOLAR®, 2002. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/605.

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Biomonitoring has become an important component in bioassessment programs. It is used to maintain high water quality standards, and determine contaminant levels and biological affects in areas that have been heavily disturbed. The objectives of this research were 1) to improve and apply certain modern biomonitoring techniques and 2) to locate possible contaminant sources affecting the flora and fauna of the Green River and of Mammoth Cave. Actinonaias ligamentina (Lamarck, 1819), a freshwater mussel, was used for interpretation of these impacts as well as refinement of biomonitoring techniques. The mussels were collected in the Lawler Bend region of the Green River, an area upstream from the Mammoth Cave System, and from Haynes Shell Midden (dating 4000 - 6000 years before present) 45 miles downstream. Analyzing the shell nacre of these mussels, and the soft tissue of recently collected specimens, produced an abundance of information including high tissue concentrations of organochloride pesticides, significant concentrations of several metals including Cadmium, Copper, Mercury, Nickel, Silver and Zinc (with Mercury and Silver being found at the impact site), and numerous shell nacre stains. These results indicated possible impact from agriculture in the region and past and present contamination from local industries, and demonstrated the importance of the nacreous shell to biomonitoring programs.
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47

Viana, João Cláudio Cerqueira. "Diatomáceas (Bacillariophyceae) epilíticas como biomonitores da qualidade de água dos Rios Cumbuca, Mucugê e Piabinha (Chapada Diamantina-Ba)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFBA, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/12670.

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Fapesb, Cnpq
A região da Chapada Diamantina (Ba) mantém ecossistemas com altitude superiores a 1.200m, apresentando grande número de nascentes e rios com corredeiras e remansos, que suportam cursos d’águas que drenam para o leste do Estado. Considerando essa característica de nascente, eventuais impactos na região da cabeceira podem inviabilizar a qualidade ambiental da água à jusante. O objetivo deste capítulo foi caracterizar as variações espaciais e temporais de fatores limnológicos dos rios Cumbuca e seua afluentes, rio Mucugê e rio Piabinha. O rio Mucugê é o único a receber diretamente descargas de efluentes não-tratados da cidade de Mucugê. Foram analisadas, mensalmente, oito variáveis (temperatura; oxigênio dissolvido: OD, pH; condutividade; nitrogênio total: N-Total, fósforo total: P-Total; carbono orgânico dissolvido: COD e sílica) ao longo de um ano (agosto/05 a agosto/06). Pela análise de componentes principais foram avaliadas as principais tendências de variação dos dados. Os rios possuem águas escuras e comumente apresentam COD superiores a 10mg L-1. As águas são ácidas mantendo faixa de pH entre 3,23 a 5,17 e, freqüentemente têm saturação de oxigênio acima de 100%, que, em períodos de estiagem pode reduzir a 56,99%, como no rio Cumbuca. No rio Mucugê, foram observados valores baixos de OD (37,84%), e pico isolado de pH (6,41), valores elevados de condutividade (79 μS/cm), de fódforo (17,00 μM P-Total) e de nitrogênio (263,00 μM N-Total), principalmente em períodos de estiagem (fev/06). O acréscimo em até 170 vezes de fósforo total no rio Mucugê, em ponto de amostragem à montante da influência de esgotos, determina claramente o processo de eutrofização artificial. Os rios Piabinha e Cumbuca, por outro lado, não apresentaram valores tão elevados, sendo caracteristicamente distróficos. Ao encontrar o rio Cumbuca, as concentrações elevadas de nutrientes do rio Mucugê são diluídas e períodos chuvosos determinam a maior entrada de sílica nos rios.
Salvador, Bahia.
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48

Eça, Gilmara Fernandes. "Organismos bentônicos biomonitores de contaminação por elementos traço e maiores na Baía de Todos os Santos, Bahia, Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFBA, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/12734.

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CNPq
Contaminantes traços ocorrem naturalmente nos diversos compartimentos do ambiente marinho. Entretanto, as atividades antrópicas proporcionam um aporte elevado de elementos traços e maiores para o ambiente, o qual pode impactar negativamente nos compartimentos abióticos, bem como na biota, comprometendo os serviços ambientais e a ecologia dos diversos ambientes costeiros. Neste contexto, este estudo teve dois objetivos. O primeiro visou otimizar métodos para a determinação de elementos traços e maiores em tecidos de poliqueta e esqueletos de coral. O segundo propôs identificar candidatos potenciais (poliqueta - Chaetopterus variopedatus e caranguejo simbionte Polyonyx gibbesi; moluscos bivalves - Crassostrea rhizophorae, Anomalocardia brasiliana, Mytella guyanensis, Lucina pectinata e Braquidontes exustus) a organismos biomonitores de contaminação por elementos traço e maiores para a Baía de Todos os Santos (BTS). Amostras de bivalves foram coletadas na BTS e Baía de Camamu em 2010 e 2011. As amostras de poliquetas foram coletadas na BTS, entre 2010 e 2012. Amostras de sedimento foram coletadas para análise química e granulométrica. Na BTS, tubo de poliquetas e caranguejo simbionte (P. gibbesi) foram coletados juntamente com poliqueta. Amostras para a análise química foram secas, moídas e submetidas à digestão ou extração com solução ácida para solubilização dos analitos. Em laboratório foram feitos testes de otimização para a digestão ácida das amostras de esqueleto de coral e tecido de poliqueta. Para poliqueta, o método otimizado para digestão por microondas com cavidade, com o uso de mistura ácida de 8,1 mol L-1, forneceu bons resultados e foi aplicado às amostras coletadas na BTS. O método otimizado para digestão de esqueleto de coral, usando solução ácida de 6 mol L-1, forneceu bons resultados para um maior número de elementos traço e pode ser aplicado em pesquisa futura com amostras de esqueletos de corais, para monitorar a contaminação de recifes por Cr, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn e Sn. As concentrações de elementos traço das amostras foram determinadas por espectrometria de massa (ICP-MS) e/ou emissão (ICP OES) com plasma indutivamente acoplado. Os resultados mostraram que cada organismo estudado respondeu de modo diferenciado ao nível de contaminação do ambiente em que vive, incorporando elementos traço e/ou maiores nos tecidos. A incorporação foi influenciada por vários fatores, tais como o tipo de contaminante e a biodisponibilidade no ambiente, nível de contaminação, habitat, hábito alimentar e a fisiologia. Esses fatores foram avaliados em conjunto e considerados na escolha dos melhores candidatos a biomonitores de uma área. Como os níveis de contaminação variam ao longo da BTS, devido às inúmeras fontes de contaminantes, é importante utilizar mais de um grupo de organismo para representar a contaminação de toda a área amostrada. Dentre as espécies estudadas, a ostra C. rhizophorae armazenou concentrações bem mais altas de Cu, Cd e Zn, devido à própria fisiologia. Porém, considerando a distribuição geográfica dos organismos estudados na BTS, as espécies de bivalves M. guyanensis e A. brasiliana, e o poliqueta C. variopedatus, por apresentarem concentrações similares para um maior número de elementos (Al, Ba, Co, Cr, Mn, e Zn), são as mais indicadas a biomonitoras destes contaminantes para a BTS, podendo ser utilizadas no monitoramento de outras regiões costeiras tropicais.
Salvador
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49

Martins, Ana Paula Garcia. "Cascas de árvores como biomonitores da poluição atmosférica de origem veicular em parques urbanos da cidade de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5144/tde-25022010-150352/.

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O presente estudo foi desenvolvido para caracterizar a área de influência dos corredores de tráfego, através do monitoramento da concentração de elementos-traço em cascas de árvores. Amostras (n = 98) de cascas de árvores de diversas espécies foram coletadas em cinco parques urbanos da cidade de São Paulo. Para controle, foram coletadas cascas de árvores numa zona rural de Embu-Guaçu, longe de tráfego ou de indústrias. As concentrações de Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ca, Pb, S e Zn foram determinadas nas amostras de cascas de árvores por espectrometria de fluorescência de raios-X. Amostras coletadas nos parques urbanos apresentaram níveis mais elevados de elementos-traço em comparação com as da região controle. Elementos relacionados a atividades antropogênicas exibiram maiores concentrações nas amostras coletads na periferia dos parques, diminuindo gradativamente para os seus centros. Áreas próximas a grandes avenidas ou próximas a semáforos e cruzamentos apresentaram maiores concentrações de elementos nas cascas. Em conclusão, o estudo mostrou que medidas de acúmulo de elementos traço em cascas de árvore, associadas a métodos geoestatísticos, podem auxiliar a determinação das zonas de maior influência da poluição veicular no cenário urbano
The present study was designed to characterize the area of influence of high traffic corridors by monitoring trace element concentrations on tree barks. Samples (n=98) of tree barks were collected from several tree species in five urban parks of the city of São Paulo. For controlling purposes, we collected tree barks in a rural area of Embu-Guaçu which is far from traffic or industries. Concentrations of Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ca, Pb, S and Zn were determined in these barks by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Samples from urban parks exhibited higher levels of trace elements in comparison with those from control region. Elements related to anthropogenic activities exhibited higher concentrations in tree barks at the periphery of the parks, decreasing when moving towards their centers. Areas facing the busy streets or those close to traffic lights or traffic junctions presented higher concentrations of elements in barks. In conclusion, the present study showed that measures of trace elements accumulation in tree barks within geostatistical methods can indicate areas of strong influence of vehicular pollution in the urban scene
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50

COELHO, JOAQUIM M. S. "Serrapilheira aplicada como biomonitor na avaliação do bosque urbano do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, São Paulo, SP." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2012. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10108.

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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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