Academic literature on the topic 'Biomolecular and medicinal chemistry, n.e.c'

The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein transmembrane subunit, gp41, mediates the fusion of viral and target cell membranes. The 2 helical regions in the ectodomain of gp41, the N-helix and the C-helix, form a helical bundle complex that has been suggested as a fusion-active conformation. Previously, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method had been established to measure the interaction of 2 helical regions of gp41. In this study, the ELISA method was modified to apply high-throughput screening (HTS) of an organic compound library. A few compounds had been identified to prevent the interaction between 2 helical regions of gp41, and they were further shown to inhibit the gp41-mediated viral infection. In addition, they specifically quenched the fluorescence of tryptophan in the N-helix region, indicating that these compounds bound to the N-helix rather than the C-helix of gp41. These results suggested that this assay method targeting gp41 could be used for HTS of HIV fusion inhibitors. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2005:13-19)

After sequencing the human genome, the challenge ahead is to systematically analyze the functions and disease relation of the proteins encoded. Here the authors describe the application of a flow cytometry—based high-throughput assay to screen for apoptosis-activating proteins in transiently transfected cells. The assay is based on the detection of activated caspase-3 with a specific antibody, in cells overexpressing proteins tagged C- or N-terminally with yellow fluorescent protein. Fluorescence intensities are measured using a flow cytometer integrated with a high-throughput autosampler. The applicability of this screen has been tested in a pilot screen with 200 proteins. The candidate proteins were all verified in an independent microscopy-based nuclear fragmentation assay, finally resulting in the identification of 6 apoptosis inducers. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2007:510-520)

Some new N- and C-modified biomolecular peptide analogues of both VV-hemorphin-5 and VV-hemorphin-7 with varied amino acids (Cys, Glu, His), 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid, and niacin (nicotinic acid) were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis—Fmoc (9-fluorenylmethoxy-carbonyl) chemistry and were characterized in water solutions with different pH using spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. Basic physicochemical properties related to the elucidation of the peptide structure at physiological pH have been also studied. The results showed that the interaction of peptide compounds with light and electricity preserves the structural and conformational integrity of the compounds in the solutions. Moreover, textile cotton fibers were modified with the new compounds and the binding of the peptides to the surface of the material was proved by FTIR and SEM analysis. Washing the material with an alkaline soap solution did not show a violation of the modified structure of the cotton. Antiviral activity against the human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV-S2) and human adenovirus serotype 5 (HAdV-5), the antimicrobial activity against B. cereus and P. aeruginosa used as model bacterial strains and cytotoxic effect of the peptide derivatives and modified cotton textile material has been evaluated. Antimicrobial tests showed promising activity of the newly synthesized compounds against the used Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The compounds C-V, H-V, AC-V, and AH-V were found slightly more active than NH7C and NCH7. The activity has been retained after the deposition of the compounds on cotton fibers.

Fusion of host cell and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) membranes is mediated by the 2 “heptad-repeat” regions of the viral gp41 protein. The collapse of the C-terminal heptad-repeat regions into the hydrophobic grooves of a coiled-coil formed by the corresponding homotrimeric N-terminal heptad-repeat regions generates a stable 6-helix bundle. This brings viral and cell membranes together for membrane fusion, facilitating viral entry. The authors developed an assay based on soluble peptides derived from the gp41 N-terminal heptad-repeat region (IQN36) as well as from the C-terminal region (C34). Both peptides were labeled with fluorophores, IQN36 with allophycocyanin (APC) and C34 with the lanthanide europium (Eu3+). Formation of the 6-helix bundle brings both fluorophores in close proximity needed for Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Compounds that interfere with binding of C34-Eu with IQN36-APC suppress the FRET signal. The assay was validated with various peptides and small molecules, and quenching issues were addressed. Evaluation of a diversified compound collection in a high-throughput screening campaign enabled identification of small molecules with different chemical scaffolds that inhibit this crucial intermediate in the HIV-1 entry process. This study's observations substantiate the expediency of time-resolved FRET-based assays to identify small-molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2007:865-874)

Role of Water Molecules in Enabling Site Hopping and Vehicular Transport Mechanisms in Polynorbornene-based Anion Exchange Membrane Zhongyang Wang, ⸹ Ge Sun ， ⸹ Mrinmay Mandal, ‡, Paul A. Kohl, ‡, Juan de Pablo, ⸹ Shrayesh N. Patel, ⸹ and Paul F. Nealey ⸹ ‡ School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0100, United States ⸹ Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA Ion exchange membranes are at the heart of electrochemical conversion and storage devices such as fuel cells 1, water electrolyzers 2, CO2 electrolyzers 3. redox flow batteries 4, and reverse electrodialysis 5. Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) have attracted enormous attention as alternatives to replace perfluorinated, sulfonic acid-based proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) 6 because alkaline membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) composed of anion exchange ionomers (AEIs) and AEMs that allow the use of Ni 7, 8, Fe 9, and Ag 10 based precious-group-metal (PGM) free catalysts in alkaline environments for hydrogen oxidation reactions (HORs) and oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs). However, the lack of understanding of ion transport mechanisms at different hydration levels of an anion exchange membrane hinders the rational design of the MEAs in an AEMFC. Here we investigate site hopping and vehicular transport mechanisms using anion exchange thin films, interdigitated electrodes, and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Halide ion (Br-, Cl- and I-) conductivities in polynorbornene-based thin films are measured as a function of temperature and relative humidity using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Halide ions show Arrhenius behaviors, and activation energy (Ea) is for the first time used as an indicator for detecting the transition of site hopping and vehicular transport mechanisms. Using atomistic molecular dynamics simulation, we quantitatively demonstrate that the transition of site hopping and vehicular mechanisms is aided by better solvation environments of anions and more percolated water pathways. References Z. Wang, J. Parrondo, C. He, S. Sankarasubramanian and V. Ramani, Nature Energy, 2019, 4, 281-289. S. Z. Oener, M. J. Foster and S. W. Boettcher, Science, 2020, 369, 1099-1103. D. A. Salvatore, C. M. Gabardo, A. Reyes, C. P. O’Brien, S. Holdcroft, P. Pintauro, B. Bahar, M. Hickner, C. Bae, D. Sinton, E. H. Sargent and C. P. Berlinguette, Nature Energy, 2021, 6, 339-348. K. Lin, Q. Chen, M. R. Gerhardt, L. Tong, S. B. Kim, L. Eisenach, A. W. Valle, D. Hardee, R. G. Gordon, M. J. Aziz and M. P. Marshak, Science, 2015, 349, 1529-1532. R. D. Cusick, Y. Kim and B. E. Logan, Science, 2012, 335, 1474-1477. J. Wang, Y. Zhao, B. P. Setzler, S. Rojas-Carbonell, C. Ben Yehuda, A. Amel, M. Page, L. Wang, K. Hu, L. Shi, S. Gottesfeld, B. Xu and Y. Yan, Nature Energy, 2019, 4, 392-398. G. Braesch, Z. Wang, S. Sankarasubramanian, A. G. Oshchepkov, A. Bonnefont, E. R. Savinova, V. Ramani and M. Chatenet, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2020, 8, 20543-20552. S. Kabir, K. Lemire, K. Artyushkova, A. Roy, M. Odgaard, D. Schlueter, A. Oshchepkov, A. Bonnefont, E. Savinova, D. C. Sabarirajan, P. Mandal, E. J. Crumlin, Iryna V. Zenyuk, P. Atanassov and A. Serov, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2017, 5, 24433-24443. H. Adabi, A. Shakouri, N. Ul Hassan, J. R. Varcoe, B. Zulevi, A. Serov, J. R. Regalbuto and W. E. Mustain, Nature Energy, 2021, 6, 834-843. H. Erikson, A. Sarapuu and K. Tammeveski, ChemElectroChem, 2019, 6, 73-86.

N–C axial chirality, although disregarded for decades, is an interesting type of chirality with appealing applications in medicinal chemistry and agrochemistry. However, atroposelective synthesis of optically pure compounds is extremely challenging and only a limited number of synthetic routes have been designed. In particular, asymmetric N-arylation reactions allowing atroposelective N–C bond forming events remain scarce, although great advances have been achieved recently. In this minireview we summarize the synthetic approaches towards synthesis of N–C axially chiral compounds via stereocontrolled N–C bond forming events. Both organo-catalyzed and metal-catalyzed transformations are described, thus illustrating the diversity and specificity of both strategies.

Iodine mediated intermolecular C–N and C–I bonds formation of alkenes was realized. A series of alkenes could be converted into the aminoiodination products, which are versatile building blocks in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry.

AbstractFurther exploration of the trifunctional character of previously introduced alkyl 4-chloro-2-diazo-3-oxobutanoates in reactions with N-protected substituted o-aminophenols followed by deprotection provided a convenient entry into [1,2,3]triazolo[5,1-c][1,4]benzoxazines, which are of high medicinal importance, as documented in the literature. The same approach applied to N-protected substituted o-(aminomethyl)phenols afforded [1,2,3]triazolo[5,1-c][1,4]benzoxazepines, which are practically unexplored compounds from a medicinal chemistry perspective. The syntheses start with SN2-type alkylation of the phenol. Removal of the protecting group triggers imine formation followed by Wolff 1,2,3-triazole synthesis.

Azaheterocycles derivatives with pyridine-imidazole skeleton are compounds of great value for medicinal chemistry. We report herein the nitration of 1,1′-(pyridine-2,6-diylbis(methylene))bis{3-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium} bromide using a typical mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid. The nitration occur with the oxidative cleavage of N–C bond between imidazolium ring and methylene group.

Telomeres are nucleoprotein complexes found at the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomeres consist of a short sequence of repetitive double stranded DNA, TTAGGG repeats in humans (and all mammals), and a complex of 6 proteins, termed the shelterin complex. The length of the telomeres varies greatly between species, from approximately 300 base pairs in yeast to many 10-15 kilo bases in humans, because of the end replication problem this length get shorten with each cell division and ultimately leads to cell death. However the immortal eukaryotic cells and some transformed human cells over come this incomplete end replication problem with the use of enzyme called Telomerase. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that adds a specific DNA sequence repeats (TTAGGG) to the 3¢ end of DNA strands in the telomere regions. However from the telomerase activity studies, it was concluded that telomerase is active in almost 90% of human cancers but not in normal somatic tissues. Finally, the low or transient expression of telomerase in normal tissues, including normal stem cells, and the generally longer telomeres in normal cells versus tumor cells provide a degree of tumor specificity to telomerase-based drugs and reduce the probability of toxicity to normal tissue. All of these factors suggest that cancer drugs based on telomerase might have a broad therapeutic window. This dissertation focusing on the synthesis of acridine derivatives that have the capability to inhibit the enzyme telomerase. Several N-acridyl maleimide (NAM), N-acridyl succinimide (NAS) and N-acridyl phthalimide (NAP) derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for their anti cancer activity against various cancer cell lines. While synthesizing acridine derivatives it was required to form the C-N bonds at various stages. Developed a copper-nicotinic acid complex, which catalyzes the coupling of aryl halides with N-formyl amines and cyclic imides to form C-N bond. Explored Cu (II) catalyzed formation of C-N bond by coupling aryl halides with various N-nucleophiles such as formamide, N,N-dimethyl formamide, N-formyl amines and various cyclic imides.

The Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH) has a high prevalence and low rates of control and its major complication infarction. In the center of the genesis of these diseases are found the Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs), whose first inhibitor described was the aminoguanidine. Amongst the therapeutic arsenal available for treating hypertension are the guanidines agonists of α2-adrenergic receptors of central action. Given the high prevalence of hypertension and high mortality rates associated with complications of the disease, this work proposes the synthesis of aminoguanidinehydrazones (AGH) with potential application for the treatment of hypertension and at another time, the creation of rigid molecular frameworks for these flexible AGHs that allow the obtention of prototypes that, retaining the anti-hypertensive activity, are useful for prevention of damage caused by ischemic heart disease. It was synthesized 20 AGHs with different aromatic substituents, which yields ranged from about 70 to 90%, using classical methods of condensation between aminoguanidine and different aromatic aldehydes, being described here for the first time the antihypertensive activity for one of them, the compound 234, also known as LQM01. Among the synthesized AGHs, four were selected to serve as the basis for the synthesis of rigid analogs, and 25 different substances were obtained with yields ranging around 40 to 90% using a variety of synthetic strategies. Of these 25 substances, 13 are new, there are no reports in the literature of its synthesis and / or pharmacological activities. In a second step, this paper also proposes a new methodology development study for the reaction of carbon-nitrogen bond formation in aqueous medium catalyzed by copper in order to contribute to the arsenal of currently available reactions for arylation of primary amines and amides, with a reaction that is easy to perform, inexpensive and environmentally friendly. Two new methods were developed, one allowing the arylation of primary amines and other the arylation of primary and secondary amides and certain heterocyclic amines, both supplemented with TPGS using water as solvent and glucose as a reducing agent. In the arylation of primary amines model we bring here 34 examples of reactions, including different aliphatic and aromatic amines and aromatic and heteroaromatic halides with yields ranging around 50 to 90%. We also bring 34 examples of reactions with the catalyst system to arylation of amides, including reactions with aromatic and aliphatic amides, a lactam, aryl and heteroaryl halides, and also some heterocyclic amines with yields ranging around 60 to 90%. This work allowed two important contributions, one in the field of Medicinal Chemistry, with the synthesis of novel derivatives rigid molecular frameworks of AGHs with potential application in cardiovascular disease and other contribution in the field of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, with the development of new methodologies for C-N bond formation in an aqueous medium and with the use of sustainable additives.
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A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS) é uma doença com alta prevalência e baixas taxas de controle, que traz como uma das principais complicações o infarto. No centro da gênese destas doenças encontramos os chamados Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada (AGEs), cujo primeiro inibidor descrito foi a aminoguanidina. Dentre o arsenal terapêutico disponível para o tratamento da hipertensão estão as guanidinas agonistas de receptores α2‐adrenérgicos de ação central. Tendo em vista a alta prevalência de HAS e taxas de mortalidade associadas às complicações decorrentes da doença, este trabalho propõe a síntese de aminoguanidinoidrazonas (AGHs) com aplicação potencial para o tratamento da HAS e em outro momento, a criação de arcabouços moleculares rígidos para estas AGHs flexíveis que permitam a obtenção de protótipos que, retendo a atividade anti‐hipertensiva, sejam úteis para prevenção dos danos provocados pelas doenças isquêmicas do coração. Foram sintetizadas 20 AGHs carregando diferentes substituintes aromáticos, cujos rendimentos variaram da ordem de 70 a 90%, utilizando metodologia clássica de condensação entre a aminoguanidina e diferentes aldeídos aromáticos, sendo aqui descrita pela primeira vez a atividade anti‐hipertensiva para uma delas, o composto 234, também conhecido por LQM01. Dentre as AGHs sintetizadas, quatro foram selecionadas para servirem como base para a síntese de análogos rígidos, sendo obtidas 25 substâncias diferentes, das classes dos diidroimidazois, tetraidropirimidinas, aminotriazinas, aminopirimidinas e benzotriazepinaminas, com rendimentos variando da ordem de 40 a 90%. Destas 25 substâncias, 13 são inéditas, não havendo relatos na literatura de sua obtenção e/ou atividades farmacológicas Em um segundo momento, o presente trabalho propõe também um estudo de desenvolvimento de metodologia inédita de formação de ligação carbononitrogênio em meio aquoso, catalisada por cobre com o intuito de contribuir para o arsenal de reações disponível atualmente para a arilação de aminas primárias e amidas com uma reação que seja de fácil execução, barata e ambientalmente correta. Foram desenvolvidas duas metodologias inéditas, uma permitindo a arilação de aminas primárias e outra, a arilação de amidas primárias, secundárias e algumas aminas heterocíclicas, ambas utilizando água suplementada com TPGS como solvente e glicose como agente redutor. No modelo de arilação de aminas primárias trazemos aqui 34 exemplos de reações, incluindo diferentes aminas alifáticas e aromáticas e haletos aromáticos e heteroaromáticos, cujos rendimentos variaram da ordem de 50 a 90%. Trazemos também 34 exemplos de reações com o sistema catalítico de arilação de amidas, incluindo reações com amidas aromáticas, alifáticas, uma lactama, haletos de arila e heteroarila e também algumas aminas heterocíclicas, cujos rendimentos variaram da ordem de 60 a 90%. O presente trabalho permitiu duas contribuições importantes, uma no campo da Química Medicinal, com a síntese de inovadores arcabouços moleculares rígidos derivados das AGHs com potencial aplicação em doenças cardiovasculares e outra contribuição no campo da Química Orgânica Sintética, com o desenvolvimento de novas metodologias de formação de ligação C‐N em meio aquoso e com a utilização de aditivos sustentáveis.

Pyrazoles have a wide range of applications in medicinal chemistry, drug discovery, agrochemistry, coordination chemistry, and organometallic chemistry. Their popularity has skyrocketed since the early 1990s. Basically, Pyrazole (C3H3N2H) is a simple doubly unsaturated five membered heterocyclic aromatic ring molecule comprising two nitrogen (N) atoms at positions 1- and 2- and three carbon (C) atoms. Pyrazole nucleus is synthesized with various strategies such as multicomponent approach, dipolar cycloadditions, cyclocondensation of hydrazine with carbonyl system, using heterocyclic system and multicomponent approach. A special emphasis is placed on a thorough examination of response processes. Furthermore, the reasons for the increasing popularity of pyrazoles in several fields of science are examined. Pyrazoles have recently been the focus of many techniques, mostly because of how frequently they are used as scaffolds in the synthesis of bioactive chemicals and reactions in various media. The goal of this chapter is to discuss the current developments in synthetic techniques and biological activity related to pyrazole derivatives. The many pharmacological functions of the pyrazole moiety and different synthesis techniques were discussed. This chapter has summarized novel strategies and wide applications of pyrazole scaffold.