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Journal articles on the topic 'Biomineral'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

De la Rosa-Tilapa, Alejandro, Agustín Maceda, and Teresa Terrazas. "Characterization of Biominerals in Cacteae Species by FTIR." Crystals 10, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060432.

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A biomineral is a crystalline or amorphous mineral product of the biochemical activity of an organism and the local accumulation of elements available in the environment. The cactus family has been characterized by accumulating calcium oxalates, although other biominerals have been detected. Five species of Cacteae were studied to find biominerals. For this, anatomical sections and Fourier transform infrared, field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry analyses were used. In the studied regions of the five species, they presented prismatic or spherulite dihydrate calcium oxalate crystals, as the predominant biomineral. Anatomical sections of Astrophytum asterias showed prismatic crystals and Echinocactus texensis amorphous silica bodies in the hypodermis. New findings were for Ariocarpus retusus subsp. trigonus peaks assigned to calcium carbonate and for Mammillaria sphaerica peaks belonging to silicates.

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2

Pérez-Huerta, Alberto, Maggie Cusack, and Paul Dalbeck. "Crystallographic contribution to the vital effect in biogenic carbonates Mg/Ca thermometry." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 102, no. 1 (March 2011): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691011010036.

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ABSTRACTThe processes involved in vital effects, defined as biological processes overriding environmental signals, are not well understood and this hampers the interpretation of environmental parameters such as seawater temperature. Insufficient knowledge is available about changes in physico-chemical parameters, in particular those related to crystallography, associated with biomineral formation and emplacement. This paper assesses the influence of crystallography on Mg2+ concentration and distribution in calcite biominerals of bivalved marine organisms, mussels and rhynchonelliform brachiopods, and considers the implications for Mg/Ca thermometry. In the mussel Mytilus edulis, changes in Mg2+ are not associated with crystallography; but in the brachiopod Terebratulina retusa, increases in Mg2+ concentrations (∼0·5–0·6 wt. ) are associated with the {0001 planes of calcite biominerals. A comparison between mussels and brachiopods with avian eggshells, which form at constant ambient temperature, also reveals that there is at least a common 0·1 wt. variation in magnesium concentration in these calcite biomineral systems unrelated to temperature or crystallography. Results demonstrate that the integration of contextual crystallographic, biological and chemical information may be important to extract accurate environmental information from biominerals.

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3

Costa, Flávio Silva, Falko Langenhorst, and Erika Kothe. "Biomineralization of Nickel Struvite Linked to Metal Resistance in Streptomyces mirabilis." Molecules 27, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 3061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103061.

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Biomineral formation is a common trait and prominent for soil Actinobacteria, including the genus Streptomyces. We investigated the formation of nickel-containing biominerals in the presence of a heavy-metal-resistant Streptomyces mirabilis P16B-1. Biomineralization was found to occur both in solid and liquid media. Minerals were identified with Raman spectroscopy and TEM-EDX to be either Mg-containing struvite produced in media containing no nickel, or Ni-struvite where Ni replaces the Mg when nickel was present in sufficient concentrations in the media. The precipitation of Ni-struvite reduced the concentration of nickel available in the medium. Therefore, Ni-struvite precipitation is an efficient mechanism for tolerance to nickel. We discuss the contribution of a plasmid-encoded nickel efflux transporter in aiding biomineralization. In the elevated local concentrations of Ni surrounding the cells carrying this plasmid, more biominerals occurred supporting this point of view. The biominerals formed have been quantified, showing that the conditions of growth do influence mineralization. This control is also visible in differences observed to biosynthetically synthesized Ni-struvites, including the use of sterile-filtered culture supernatant. The use of the wildtype S. mirabilis P16B-1 and its plasmid-free derivative, as well as a metal-sensitive recipient, S. lividans, and the same transformed with the plasmid, allowed us to access genetic factors involved in this partial control of biomineral formation.

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4

Cusack, Maggie. "Biomineralization in Brachiopod Shells." Paleontological Society Papers 7 (November 2001): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600000929.

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Biominerals are produced in all five kingdoms. Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate are the most abundant biominerals performing many functions including protection and skeletal support. The phylum Brachiopoda is divided into three subphyla: Linguliformea, Craniiformea, and Rhynchonelliformea (Williams et al., 1996). The Linguliformea possess inarticulated phosphatic valves. Articulation is also lacking in the calcitic valves of the Craniiformea while the calcitic valves of the Rhynchonelliformea are articulated. The paired valves of the brachiopod shell are one of the earliest examples of biomineralization. The existence of different mineral regimes and shell ultrastructures within the phylum makes the brachiopods ideal candidates for the study of biomineralization. The formation of brachiopod valves is an example of organic controlled mineralization, a term introduced by Lowenstam (1981) to describe biomineralization which is under genetic control via specific organic material controlling the precipitation and formation of the biomineral. In organically induced biomineralization (Lowenstam, 1981), organic molecules provide a nucleating surface on which mineral precipitates. Such precipitation continues as long as the solution is saturated with respect to the mineral ions. Stromatolite formation is an example of organically induced biomineralization. In brachiopod shell formation, organic molecules are not solely involved in nucleation. By binding to specific crystal faces, organic molecules inhibit growth along certain crystal axes and enhance growth in other directions, influencing the growth and formation of organically controlled biominerals. Finally, organic molecules inhibit biomineral growth. Thus, a suite of organic molecules is involved in brachiopod shell formation, their spatial and temporal presentation resulting in the formation of species-specific valves.

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5

Engqvist, Hakan, Lars Kraft, Håkan Spengler, and Leif Hermansson. "A Novel Biomineral Water Based Dental Cement." Key Engineering Materials 284-286 (April 2005): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.284-286.145.

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The area of cements in dentistry is steadily growing with the introduction of new systems that need to be cemented to the tooth, e.g. new inlays and crowns. With the better properties of the implants there is a need for new cements with high bond strength, good esthetic and mechanical properties. The bioactive minerals have not been explored as dental cement. This paper investigates the strength, setting time and film thickness of a novel dental cement based on the biomineral Marokite (calcium aluminate) as bonding system. The reactive Marokite powder is mixed with glass filler (ratio of 1.9 by volume) and water (ratio of 0.4 by weight) to a paste, which hardens within 6 minutes and has a working time of 2 minutes. The compressive strength reaches 143 MPa after 24 hours and the flexural strength almost 40 MPa. When the film thickness is measured at the end of the working time it is about 50 µm. Compared to glass ionomer cement (Fuji Cem) and zinc phosphate cement (Harvad) the biomineral system has higher strength and comparable setting time and film thickness. The investigation shows that it is feasible to develop dental cements based on biominerals, in this case a Marokite based material. The cement complies with the given standards.

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6

Branson, Oscar, Elisa A. Bonnin, Daniel E. Perea, Howard J. Spero, Zihua Zhu, Maria Winters, Bärbel Hönisch, Ann D. Russell, Jennifer S. Fehrenbacher, and Alexander C. Gagnon. "Nanometer-Scale Chemistry of a Calcite Biomineralization Template: Implications for Skeletal Composition and Nucleation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 46 (October 28, 2016): 12934–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522864113.

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Plankton, corals, and other organisms produce calcium carbonate skeletons that are integral to their survival, form a key component of the global carbon cycle, and record an archive of past oceanographic conditions in their geochemistry. A key aspect of the formation of these biominerals is the interaction between organic templating structures and mineral precipitation processes. Laboratory-based studies have shown that these atomic-scale processes can profoundly influence the architecture and composition of minerals, but their importance in calcifying organisms is poorly understood because it is difficult to measure the chemistry of in vivo biomineral interfaces at spatially relevant scales. Understanding the role of templates in biomineral nucleation, and their importance in skeletal geochemistry requires an integrated, multiscale approach, which can place atom-scale observations of organic-mineral interfaces within a broader structural and geochemical context. Here we map the chemistry of an embedded organic template structure within a carbonate skeleton of the foraminifera Orbulina universa using both atom probe tomography (APT), a 3D chemical imaging technique with Ångström-level spatial resolution, and time-of-flight secondary ionization mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), a 2D chemical imaging technique with submicron resolution. We quantitatively link these observations, revealing that the organic template in O. universa is uniquely enriched in both Na and Mg, and contributes to intraskeletal chemical heterogeneity. Our APT analyses reveal the cation composition of the organic surface, offering evidence to suggest that cations other than Ca2+, previously considered passive spectator ions in biomineral templating, may be important in defining the energetics of carbonate nucleation on organic templates.

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7

Pérez-Huerta, A., M. Cusack, and W. Zhu. "Assessment of crystallographic influence on material properties of calcite brachiopods." Mineralogical Magazine 72, no. 2 (April 2008): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.2.563.

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AbstractCalcium carbonate biominerals are frequently analysed in materials science due to their abundance, diversity and unique material properties. Aragonite nacre is intensively studied, but less information is available about the material properties of biogenic calcite, despite its occurrence in a wide range of structures in different organisms. In particular, there is insufficient knowledge about how preferential crystallographic orientations influence these material properties. Here, we study the influence of crystallography on material properties in calcite semi-nacre and fibres of brachiopod shells using nanoindentation and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The nano-indentation results show that calcite semi-nacre is a harder and stiffer (H ≈ 3—5 GPa; E = 50–85 GPa) biomineral structure than calcite fibres (H = 0.4—3 GPa; E = 30—60 GPa). The integration of EBSD to these studies has revealed a relationship between the crystallography and material properties at high spatial resolution for calcite semi-nacre. The presence of crystals with the c-axis perpendicular to the plane-of-view in longitudinal section increases hardness and stiffness. The present study determines how nano-indentation and EBSD can be combined to provide a detailed understanding of biomineral structures and their analysis for application in materials science.

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8

Lim, Kahui, Matthew Rolston, Samantha Barnum, Cara Wademan, and Harold Leverenz. "A biogeographic 16S rRNA survey of bacterial communities of ureolytic biomineralization from California public restrooms." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): e0262425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262425.

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In this study, we examined the total bacterial community associated with ureolytic biomineralization from urine drainage systems. Biomineral samples were obtained from 11 California Department of Transportation public restrooms fitted with waterless, low-flow, or conventional urinals in 2019. Following high throughput 16S rRNA Illumina sequences processed using the DADA2 pipeline, the microbial diversity assessment of 169 biomineral and urine samples resulted in 3,869 reference sequences aggregated as 598 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Using PERMANOVA testing, we found strong, significant differences between biomineral samples grouped by intrasystem sampling location and urinal type. Biomineral microbial community profiles and alpha diversities differed significantly when controlling for sampling season. Observational statistics revealed that biomineral samples obtained from waterless urinals contained the largest ureC/16S gene copy ratios and were the least diverse urinal type in terms of Shannon indices. Waterless urinal biomineral samples were largely dominated by the Bacilli class (86.1%) compared to low-flow (41.3%) and conventional samples (20.5%), and had the fewest genera that account for less than 2.5% relative abundance per OTU. Our findings are useful for future microbial ecology studies of urine source-separation technologies, as we have established a comparative basis using a large sample size and study area.

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9

Di Costanzo, Luigi Franklin. "Atomic Details of Biomineralization Proteins Inspiring Protein Design and Reengineering for Functional Biominerals." Chemistry 4, no. 3 (August 15, 2022): 827–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemistry4030059.

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Biominerals are extraordinary materials that provide organisms with a variety of functions to support life. The synthesis of biominerals and organization at the macroscopic level is a consequence of the interactions of these materials with proteins. The association of biominerals and proteins is very ancient and has sparked a wealth of research across biological, medical and material sciences. Calcium carbonate, hydroxyapatite, and silica represent widespread natural biominerals. The atomic details of the interface between macromolecules and these biominerals is very intriguing from a chemical perspective, considering the association of chemical entities that are structurally different. With this review I provide an overview of the available structural studies of biomineralization proteins, explored from the Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) archive and scientific literature, and of how these studies are inspiring the design and engineering of proteins able to synthesize novel biominerals. The progression of this review from classical template proteins to silica polymerization seeks to benefit researchers involved in various interdisciplinary aspects of a biomineralization project, who need background information and a quick update on advances in the field. Lessons learned from structural studies are exemplary and will guide new projects for the imaging of new hybrid biomineral/protein superstructures at the atomic level.

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10

Kim, Sungjin, Sook Hee Ku, Seong Yoon Lim, Jae Hong Kim, and Chan Beum Park. "Graphene-Biomineral Hybrid Materials." Advanced Materials 23, no. 17 (March 17, 2011): 2009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201100010.

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11

Böhm, Corinna F., Patrick Feldner, Benoit Merle, and Stephan E. Wolf. "Conical Nanoindentation Allows Azimuthally Independent Hardness Determination in Geological and Biogenic Minerals." Materials 12, no. 10 (May 18, 2019): 1630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12101630.

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The remarkable mechanical performance of biominerals often relies on distinct crystallographic textures, which complicate the determination of the nanohardness from indentations with the standard non-rotational-symmetrical Berkovich punch. Due to the anisotropy of the biomineral to be probed, an azimuthal dependence of the hardness arises. This typically increases the standard deviation of the reported hardness values of biominerals and impedes comparison of hardness values across the literature and, as a result, across species. In this paper, we demonstrate that an azimuthally independent nanohardness determination can be achieved by using a conical indenter. It is also found that conical and Berkovich indentations yield slightly different hardness values because they result in different pile-up behaviors and because of technical limitations on the fabrication of perfectly equivalent geometries. For biogenic crystals, this deviation of hardness values between indenters is much lower than the azimuthal variation in non-rotational-symmetrical Berkovich indentations.

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12

Grünewald, Tilman A., Marianne Liebi, Nina K. Wittig, Andreas Johannes, Tanja Sikjaer, Lars Rejnmark, Zirui Gao, et al. "Mapping the 3D orientation of nanocrystals and nanostructures in human bone: Indications of novel structural features." Science Advances 6, no. 24 (June 2020): eaba4171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba4171.

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Bone is built from collagen fibrils and biomineral nanoparticles. In humans, they are organized in lamellar twisting patterns on the microscale. It has been a central tenet that the biomineral nanoparticles are co-aligned with the bone nanostructure. Here, we reconstruct the three-dimensional orientation in human lamellar bone of both the nanoscale features and the biomineral crystal lattice from small-angle x-ray scattering and wide-angle x-ray scattering, respectively. While most of the investigated regions show well-aligned nanostructure and crystal structure, consistent with current bone models, we report a localized difference in orientation distribution between the nanostructure and the biomineral crystals in specific bands. Our results show a robust and systematic, but localized, variation in the alignment of the two signals, which can be interpreted as either an additional mineral fraction in bone, a preferentially aligned extrafibrillar fraction, or the result of transverse stacking of mineral particles over several fibrils.

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13

Monje, P. V., and E. J. Baran. "On the Formation of Weddellite in Chamaecereus silvestrii, a Cactaceae Species from Northern Argentina." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 51, no. 5-6 (June 1, 1996): 426–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1996-5-622.

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Abstract The isolation of well formed crystals of the biomineral weddellite (calcium oxalate dihydrate) from Chamaecereus silvestrii, a Cactaceae species found in the northern part of Argentina, is described. Infrared spectroscopic measurements allow an unambiguous characterization of the nature of the crystals. This is the first report of the presence of a biomineral in this plant species.

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14

Schmahl, W. W., E. Griesshaber, K. Kelm, A. Götz, and W. Mader. "Electron microscopy in biomineral research." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 66, a1 (August 29, 2010): s69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767310098533.

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15

Yang, Li, Christopher E. Killian, Martin Kunz, Nobumichi Tamura, and P. U. P. A. Gilbert. "Biomineral nanoparticles are space-filling." Nanoscale 3, no. 2 (2011): 603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0nr00697a.

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16

Liu, Xiaoguo, Kaili Lin, Chengtie Wu, Yueyue Wang, Zhaoyong Zou, and Jiang Chang. "Multilevel Hierarchically Ordered Artificial Biomineral." Small 10, no. 1 (July 12, 2013): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201301633.

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17

Driessens, F. C. M., J. M. P. M. Borggreven, and R. M. H. Verbeeck. "The Dynamics of Biomineral Systems." Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 96, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19870960302.

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18

Monje, P. V., and E. J. Baran. "On the Formation of Whewellite in the Cactaceae Species Opuntia microdasys." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 52, no. 3-4 (April 1, 1997): 267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1997-3-421.

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The isolation of well formed crystals of the biomineral whewellite (monohydrated calcium oxalate) from Opuntia microdasys, a cactaceae species found in central Mexico, is described. The morphology of the crystals was investigated by means of electron microscopy. Infrared spectroscopic measurements allow an unambiguous characterization of the nature of the crystals. This is the first report of the presence of a biomineral in this species.

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19

Tarczewska, Aneta, Klaudia Bielak, Anna Zoglowek, Katarzyna Sołtys, Piotr Dobryszycki, Andrzej Ożyhar, and Mirosława Różycka. "The Role of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins in Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation during Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization." Biomolecules 12, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 1266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12091266.

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Some animal organs contain mineralized tissues. These so-called hard tissues are mostly deposits of calcium salts, usually in the form of calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate. Examples of this include fish otoliths and mammalian otoconia, which are found in the inner ear, and they are an essential part of the sensory system that maintains body balance. The composition of ear stones is quite well known, but the role of individual components in the nucleation and growth of these biominerals is enigmatic. It is sure that intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) play an important role in this aspect. They have an impact on the shape and size of otoliths. It seems probable that IDPs, with their inherent ability to phase separate, also play a role in nucleation processes. This review discusses the major theories on the mechanisms of biomineral nucleation with a focus on the importance of protein-driven liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS). It also presents the current understanding of the role of IDPs in the formation of calcium carbonate biominerals and predicts their potential ability to drive LLPS.

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20

Gilbert, Pupa U. P. A., Susannah M. Porter, Chang-Yu Sun, Shuhai Xiao, Brandt M. Gibson, Noa Shenkar, and Andrew H. Knoll. "Biomineralization by particle attachment in early animals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 36 (August 19, 2019): 17659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902273116.

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Crystallization by particle attachment (CPA) of amorphous precursors has been demonstrated in modern biomineralized skeletons across a broad phylogenetic range of animals. Precisely the same precursors, hydrated (ACC-H2O) and anhydrous calcium carbonate (ACC), have been observed spectromicroscopically in echinoderms, mollusks, and cnidarians, phyla drawn from the 3 major clades of eumetazoans. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) here also shows evidence of CPA in tunicate chordates. This is surprising, as species in these clades have no common ancestor that formed a mineralized skeleton and appear to have evolved carbonate biomineralization independently millions of years after their late Neoproterozoic divergence. Here we correlate the occurrence of CPA from ACC precursor particles with nanoparticulate fabric and then use the latter to investigate the antiquity of the former. SEM images of early biominerals from Ediacaran and Cambrian shelly fossils show that these early calcifiers used attachment of ACC particles to form their biominerals. The convergent evolution of biomineral CPA may have been dictated by the same thermodynamics and kinetics as we observe today.

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21

Elias, Jeremy, Thomas Angelini, Mark Q. Martindale, and Laurie Gower. "Assessment of Optimal Conditions for Marine Invertebrate Cell-Mediated Mineralization of Organic Matrices." Biomimetics 7, no. 3 (June 26, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7030086.

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Cellular strategies and regulation of their crystallization mechanisms are essential to the formation of biominerals, and harnessing these strategies will be important for the future creation of novel non-native biominerals that recapitulate the impressive properties biominerals possess. Harnessing these biosynthetic strategies requires an understanding of the interplay between insoluble organic matrices, mineral precursors, and soluble organic and inorganic additives. Our long-range goal is to use a sea anemone model system (Nematostella vectensis) to examine the role of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) found in native biomineral systems. Here, we study how ambient temperatures (25–37 °C) and seawater solution compositions (varying NaCl and Mg ratios) will affect the infiltration of organic matrices with calcium carbonate mineral precursors generated through a polymer-induced liquid-precursor (PILP) process. Fibrillar collagen matrices were used to assess whether solution conditions were suitable for intrafibrillar mineralization, and SEM with EDS was used to analyze mineral infiltration. Conditions of temperatures 30 °C and above and with low Mg:Ca ratios were determined to be suitable conditions for calcium carbonate infiltration. The information obtained from these observations may be useful for the manipulation and study of cellular secreted IDPs in our quest to create novel biosynthetic materials.

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22

Nonoyama, Takayuki, and Jian Ping Gong. "Tough Double Network Hydrogel and Its Biomedical Applications." Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 12, no. 1 (June 7, 2021): 393–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101220-080338.

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Soft and wet hydrogels have many similarities to biological tissues, though their mechanical fragility had been one of the biggest obstacles in biomedical applications. Studies and developments in double network (DN) hydrogels have elucidated how to create tough gels universally based on sacrificial bond principles and opened a path for biomedical application of hydrogels in regenerative medicine and artificial soft connective tissues, such as cartilage, tendon, and ligament, which endure high tension and compression. This review explores a universal toughening mechanism for and biomedical studies of DN hydrogels. Moreover, because the term sacrificial bonds has been mentioned often in studies of bone tissues, consisting of biomacromolecules and biominerals, recent studies of gel–biomineral composites to understand early-stage osteogenesis and to simulate bony sacrificial bonds are also summarized.

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23

Demichelis, Raffaella, Alicia Schuitemaker, Natalya A. Garcia, Katarzyna B. Koziara, Marco De La Pierre, Paolo Raiteri, and Julian D. Gale. "Simulation of Crystallization of Biominerals." Annual Review of Materials Research 48, no. 1 (July 2018): 327–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070317-124327.

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Biominerals are crucial materials that play a vital role in many forms of life. Understanding the various steps through which ions in aqueous environment associate to form increasingly structured particles that eventually transform into the final crystalline or amorphous poly(a)morph in the presence of biologically active molecules is therefore of great significance. In this context, computer modeling is now able to provide an accurate atomistic picture of the dynamics and thermodynamics of possible association events in solution, as well as to make predictions as to particle stability and possible alternative nucleation pathways, as a complement to experiment. This review provides a general overview of the most significant computational methods and of their achievements in this field, with a focus on calcium carbonate as the most abundant biomineral.

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24

Pérez-Huerta, Alberto, and Maggie Cusack. "Optimizing Electron Backscatter Diffraction of Carbonate Biominerals—Resin Type and Carbon Coating." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, no. 3 (May 22, 2009): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609090370.

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AbstractElectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is becoming a widely used technique to determine crystallographic orientation in biogenic carbonates. Despite this use, there is little information available on preparation for the analysis of biogenic carbonates. EBSD data are compared for biogenic aragonite and calcite in the common blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, using different types of resin and thicknesses of carbon coating. Results indicate that carbonate biomineral samples provide better EBSD results if they are embedded in resin, particularly epoxy resin. A uniform layer of carbon of 2.5 nm thickness provides sufficient conductivity for EBSD analyses of such insulators to avoid charging without masking the diffracted signal. Diffraction intensity decreases with carbon coating thickness of 5 nm or more. This study demonstrates the importance of optimizing sample preparation for EBSD analyses of insulators such as carbonate biominerals.

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25

Willis, L., E. J. Cox, and T. Duke. "A simple probabilistic model of submicroscopic diatom morphogenesis." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 83 (June 6, 2013): 20130067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0067.

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Unicellular algae called diatoms morph biomineral compounds into tough exoskeletons via complex intracellular processes about which there is much to be learned. These exoskeletons feature a rich variety of structures from submicroscale to milliscale, many that have not been reproduced in vitro . In order to help understand this complex miniature morphogenesis, here we introduce and analyse a simple model of biomineral kinetics, focusing on the exoskeleton's submicroscopic patterned planar structures called pore occlusions. The model reproduces most features of these pore occlusions by retuning just one parameter, thereby indicating what physio-biochemical mechanisms could sufficiently explain morphogenesis at the submicroscopic scale: it is sufficient to identify a mechanism of lateral negative feedback on the biomineral reaction kinetics. The model is nonlinear and stochastic; it is an extended version of the threshold voter model. Its mean-field equation provides a simple and, as far as the authors are aware, new way of mapping out the spatial patterns produced by lateral inhibition and variants thereof.

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26

SUZUKI, MICHIO. "Ⅱ-4. Biomineral proteins in mollusks." NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 83, no. 5 (2017): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.wa2442-8.

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27

Voytekhovsky, Yu L. "Biomineral analogues in ontogeny and phylogeny." Paleontological Journal 49, no. 14 (December 2015): 1691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s003103011514021x.

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28

Currey, J. D. "MATERIALS SCIENCE: Hierarchies in Biomineral Structures." Science 309, no. 5732 (July 8, 2005): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1113954.

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29

Cusack, Maggie, DuJiao Guo, Peter Chung, and Nicholas A. Kamenos. "Biomineral repair of abalone shell apertures." Journal of Structural Biology 183, no. 2 (August 2013): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2013.05.010.

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30

Lins, Ulysses, Carolina N. Keim, and Marcos Farina. "Biomineral Compartmentalization in Uncultured Magnetic Bacteria." Microscopy and Microanalysis 9, S02 (August 2003): 1530–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760344765x.

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Cusack, Maggie. "Biomineral electron backscatter diffraction for palaeontology." Palaeontology 59, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pala.12222.

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Montayeva, Nurgul. "The effect of biomineral composition on the biochemical parameters of animal blood." MATEC Web of Conferences 315 (2020): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031508001.

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The article presents the results of scientific and experimental studies on the creation of a biomineral composition intended for the prevention of diseases and improve animal health. The possibility of creating biomineral compositions based on wormwood of bitter and siliceous rocks - flasks of Western Kazakhstan, taking into account their chemical, mineralogical and biological properties. Based on experimental studies, the choice of siliceous rock, flasks of the West Kazakhstan region, is scientifically justified by the criterion of a high content of amorphous and finely divided silica, which gives the following advantages: - highly dispersed silica, guarantees effective sorption of mycotoxins, salts of heavy metals, chemical toxins, radionuclides, gases and other metabolic products in the animal’s body due to the huge sorbing surface. Wormwood as a biological active component enhances immunity and acts as an antifungal, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory agent. As a result of scientific and experimental work, it was found that the proposed biomineral composition has high biological activity and significant pharmacological action, which is manifested by an improvement in the morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood of cows.

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Lyashchuk, A. V., and V. I. Luzin. "Age features of ultrastructure of biomineral of hip bone in white rats after excessive palm oil intake and administration of Garcinia cambogia extract." Pacific Medical Journal, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34215/1609-1175-2020-1-36-40.

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Objective: Analysis of ultrastructure of a biomineral of hip bones (HB) in white rats in alimentary obesity caused by excessive refined palm oil (PO) intake as well as developing a method for correction of detected changes using Garcinia cambogia extract (GCE).Methods: 216 male rats (juvenile, pubertal, and senile) were used. Animals received PO at a dose of 30 g/kg a day and GCE at a dose of 0.25 g/kg a day 6 weeks later after the start of PO intake. The ultrastructure of PO biomineral was analyzed by X-ray scattering technique.Results: When juvenile rats took PO, the sizes of crystallites were 4.35% larger than control figures by the 60th day, and coefficient of micro-texturing was 4.72% lower. In pubertal rats, these deviations were 6.14 and 5.05%; in senile rats, they were 5.68 and 7.43%, respectively. When administrating GCE, in juvenile rats, the sizes of crystallites were 3.82% lower than values of group without correction by the 60th day, and coefficient of micro-texturing was 4.67% higher. In pubertal rats, these deviations accounted for 5.52 and 8.03%; and in senile rats, they were 4.34 and 5.56%, respectively.Conclusion: Consumption of PO at a dose of 30 g/kg a day is accompanied by destabilization of HP biomineral in white rats. Administration of GCE at a dose of 0.25 g/kg a day reduces the effect of PO on the ultrastructure of HB biomineral from 30 to 60 days in juvenile and pubertal rats, in senile rats – from the 60th day.

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Borzęcka-Prokop, B., A. Wesełucha-Birczyńska, and E. Koszowska. "MicroRaman, PXRD, EDS and microscopic investigation of magnesium calcite biomineral phases. The case of sea urchin biominerals." Journal of Molecular Structure 828, no. 1-3 (February 2007): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.05.040.

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Meldrum, Fiona C., Brigid R. Heywood, Dominic P. E. Dickson, and Stephen Mann. "Iron Biomineralization in the PoriferanIrcinia Oros." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75, no. 4 (November 1995): 993–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400038327.

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Iron-containing precipitates, present within the organic matrix of the poriferanIrcinia oroswere identified as crystalline lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) by electron diffraction and57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. The crystals were located specifically within the spongin filaments, suggesting that the binding and subsequent accumulation of iron by macromolecules present in these filaments were responsible for mineralization. Iron biomineralization did not appear to serve any specific structural role, but may be involved in biological processes such as detoxification.It is well recognized that Porifera are active in the biomineralization of calcium carbonate and silica, producing beautiful and intricate skeletons (Simpson, 1984). However, the formation of other biominerals is less well documented. Iron biomineralization has been reported in a few species of keratose sponges (Töwe & Riitzler, 1968; Vacelet et al., 1988), and the mineral has been identified as lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH). Lepidocrocite is a relatively uncommon biomineral, having previously been identified as only a minor phase in chiton teeth (Webb et al., 1989; Lowenstam & Weiner, 1989).

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Jakubinek, Michael B., Champika J. Samarasekera, and Mary Anne White. "Elephant ivory: A low thermal conductivity, high strength nanocomposite." Journal of Materials Research 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0029.

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There has been much recent interest in heat transport in nanostructures, and alsoin the structure, properties, and growth of biological materials. Here we present measurements of thermal properties of a nanostructured biomineral, ivory. The room-temperature thermal conductivity of ivory is anomalously low in comparison with its constituent components. Low-temperature (2–300 K) measurements ofthermal conductivity and heat capacity reveal a glass-like temperature dependenceof the thermal conductivity and phonon mean free path, consistent with increased phonon-boundary scattering associated with nanostructure. These results suggest that biomineral-like nanocomposite structures could be useful in the design of novel high-strength materials for low thermal conductivity applications.

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Göppert, A., and H. Cölfen. "Infiltration of biomineral templates for nanostructured polypyrrole." RSC Advances 8, no. 59 (2018): 33748–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra07805j.

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Kulchin, Yurii N. "The photonics of self-organizing biomineral nanostructures." Physics-Uspekhi 54, no. 8 (August 31, 2011): 858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufne.0181.201108i.0891.

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Kulchin, Yu N. "The photonics of self-organizing biomineral nanostructures." Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 181, no. 8 (2011): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.0181.201108i.0891.

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Pokroy, Boaz, Lee Kabalah-Amitai, Iryna Polishchuk, Ross T. DeVol, Adam Z. Blonsky, Chang-Yu Sun, Matthew A. Marcus, Andreas Scholl, and Pupa U. P. A. Gilbert. "Narrowly Distributed Crystal Orientation in Biomineral Vaterite." Chemistry of Materials 27, no. 19 (October 2, 2015): 6516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b01542.

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Yue, Wenbo, Robert J. Park, Alex N. Kulak, and Fiona C. Meldrum. "Macroporous inorganic solids from a biomineral template." Journal of Crystal Growth 294, no. 1 (August 2006): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2006.05.028.

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Bahn, Peter R. "A Grand Introduction to the Biomineral World." Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres 44, no. 3 (September 2014): 261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11084-014-9376-3.

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Dogan, A. U., M. Dogan, D. C. N. Chan, and D. E. Wurster. "Bassanite fromSalvadora persica: A new evaporitic biomineral." Carbonates and Evaporites 20, no. 1 (March 2005): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03175444.

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Hassan, Gamal M., and M. A. Sharaf. "ESR dosimetric properties of some biomineral materials." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 62, no. 2 (February 2005): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.08.013.

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Vago, Razi. "Cnidarians Biomineral in Tissue Engineering: A Review." Marine Biotechnology 10, no. 4 (May 15, 2008): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10126-008-9103-z.

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Pacella, Michael S., and Jeffrey J. Gray. "A Benchmarking Study of Peptide–Biomineral Interactions." Crystal Growth & Design 18, no. 2 (January 17, 2018): 607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.7b00109.

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Valtchev, Valentin, Monique Smaihi, Anne-Catherine Faust, and Loic Vidal. "Biomineral-Silica-Induced Zeolitization of Equisetum Arvense." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 42, no. 24 (June 23, 2003): 2782–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200351175.

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Takeoka, Hiroaki, Musashi Seike, Yoshinobu Nakamura, Hiroaki Imai, Yuya Oaki, and Syuji Fujii. "Electroless nickel plating on a biomineral-based sponge structure." Materials Advances 3, no. 2 (2022): 931–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00909e.

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Furko, Monika, Zsolt E. Horváth, Ottó Czömpöly, Katalin Balázsi, and Csaba Balázsi. "Biominerals Added Bioresorbable Calcium Phosphate Loaded Biopolymer Composites." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 15737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415737.

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Nanocrystalline calcium phosphate (CP) bioceramic coatings and their combination with biopolymers are innovative types of resorbable coatings for load-bearing implants that can promote the integration of metallic implants into human bodies. The nanocrystalline, amorphous CP particles are an advantageous form of the various calcium phosphate phases since they have a faster dissolution rate than that of crystalline hydroxyapatite. Owing to the biomineral additions (Mg, Zn, Sr) in optimized concentrations, the base CP particles became more similar to the mineral phase in human bones (dCP). The effect of biomineral addition into the CaP phases was thoroughly studied. The results showed that the shape, morphology, and amorphous characteristic slightly changed in the case of biomineral addition in low concentrations. The optimized dCP particles were then incorporated into a chosen polycaprolactone (PCL) biopolymer matrix. Very thin, non-continuous, rough layers were formed on the surface of implant substrates via the spin coating method. The SEM elemental mapping proved the perfect incorporation and distribution of dCP particles into the polymer matrix. The bioresorption rate of thin films was followed by corrosion measurements over a long period of time. The corrosion results indicated a faster dissolution rate for the dCP-PCL composite compared to the dCP and CP powder layers.

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Wang, Cong, Keon Ah Lee, Eunpyo Choi, Keun-Young Lee, Seung-Yop Lee, Kwang-Hwan Jung, and Jungyul Park. "Enhancement of radionuclide bio-decontamination by screening highly efficient microalgae for Sr biomineralization." Lab on a Chip 18, no. 15 (2018): 2270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8lc00227d.

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In this study, a new strategy for improving the radionuclide bio-decontamination (RBD) activity of microalgae by screening a better strain with high potential for biomineral production has been proposed.

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