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Journal articles on the topic 'Biomedical labeling - Semiconductor Nanocrystals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2023

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1

Sathe, Komal Pramod, Neha Sunil Garud, Vilas Balasaheb Bangar, and Namrata Ramesh Gadakh. "A REVIEW ON QUANTUM DOTS (QDS)." Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 13, no. 06 (July 31, 2022): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202213603.

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Recently, the drugs in nanometer size range have found to increase the performance of various dosage forms. Quantum dots (QDs) have gained attention and interest of scientists due to their targeting and imaging potential in nano based drug delivery, in pharmaceutical and biomedical (cell biology) applications. They are artificial semiconductor nanocrystals that have tunable and efficient photo luminescence with narrow emission spectra and high light stability making them excellent probes for bioimaging applications. QDs absorb white light and can produce different colors determined by the size of the particles and band Gap. Nowadays, quantum dots are used for labeling live biological material in vitro and in vivo in animals (other than humans) for research purposes and also useful for immunoassay studies. In the present article, we have discussed various aspects of QDs, highlighting their pharmaceutical and biomedical applications and current challenges in introducing QDs into clinical practice.

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Yukawa, Hiroshi, Shogo Mizufune, Chiharu Mamori, Yukimasa Kagami, Koichi Oishi, Noritada Kaji, Yukihiro Okamoto, et al. "Quantum Dots for Labeling Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells." Cell Transplantation 18, no. 5-6 (May 2009): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096368970901805-615.

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Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) have a self-renewing ability and can be induced to differentiate into various types of mesenchymal tissue. Because of their potential for clinical application, it has become desirable to label the cells for tracing transplanted cells and for in vivo imaging. Quantum dots (QDs) are novel inorganic probes that consist of CdSe/ZnS-core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals and have recently been explored as fluorescent probes for stem cell labeling. In this study, negatively charged QDs655 were applied for ASCs labeling, with the cationic liposome, Lipofectamine. The cytotoxicity of QDs655-Lipofectamine was assessed for ASCs. Although some cytotoxicity was observed in ASCs transfected with more than 2.0 nM of QDs655, none was observed with less than 0.8 nM. To evaluate the time dependency, the fluorescent intensity with QDs655 was observed until 24 h after transfection. The fluorescent intensity gradually increased until 2 h at the concentrations of 0.2 and 0.4 nM, while the intensity increased until 4 h at 0.8 nM. The ASCs were differentiated into both adipogenic and osteogenic cells with red fluorescence after transfection with QDs655, thus suggesting that the cells retain their potential for differentiation even after transfected with QDs655. These data suggest that QDs could be utilized for the labeling of ASCs.

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Waiskopf, Nir, Rany Rotem, Itzhak Shweky, Lior Yedidya, Hermona Soreq, and Uri Banin. "Labeling Acetyl- and Butyrylcholinesterase Using Semiconductor Nanocrystals for Biological Applications." BioNanoScience 3, no. 1 (January 4, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12668-012-0072-3.

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4

Michalet, Xavier, Fabien Pinaud, Thilo D. Lacoste, Maxime Dahan, Marcel P. Bruchez, A. Paul Alivisatos, and Shimon Weiss. "Properties of Fluorescent Semiconductor Nanocrystals and their Application to Biological Labeling." Single Molecules 2, no. 4 (December 2001): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1438-5171(200112)2:4<261::aid-simo261>3.0.co;2-p.

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5

Peng, Xuan, Fujin Ai, Li Yan, Enna Ha, Xin Hu, Shuqing He, and Junqing Hu. "Synthesis strategies and biomedical applications for doped inorganic semiconductor nanocrystals." Cell Reports Physical Science 2, no. 5 (May 2021): 100436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100436.

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6

Wang, Ying. "Luminescent CdTe and CdSe Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Preparation, Optical Properties and Applications." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 1068–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18156.

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The novel optical and electrical properties of luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals are appealing for ultrasensitive multiplexing and multicolor applications in a variety of fields, such as biotechnology, nanoscale electronics, and opto-electronics. Luminescent CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals are archetypes for this dynamic research area and have gained interest from diverse research communities. In this review, we first describe the advances in preparation of size- and shape-controlled CdSe and CdTe semiconductor nanocrystals with the organometallic approach. This article gives particular focus to water soluble nanocrystals due to the increasing interest of using semiconductor nanocrystals for biological applications. Post-synthetic methods to obtain water solubility, the direct synthesis routes in aqueous medium, and the strategies to improve the photoluminescence efficiency in both organic and aqueous phase are discussed. The shape evolution in aqueous medium via self-organization of preformed nanoparticles is a versatile and powerful method for production of nanocrystals with different geometries, and some recent advances in this field are presented with a qualitative discussion on the mechanism. Some examples of CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals that have been applied successfully to problems in biosensing and bioimaging are introduced, which may profoundly impact biological and biomedical research. Finally we present the research on the use of luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals for construction of light emitting diodes, solar cells, and chemical sensors, which demonstrate that they are promising building blocks for next generation electronics.

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7

Boldt, Klaus. "Raman spectroscopy of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals." Nano Futures 6, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2399-1984/ac4e77.

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Abstract Raman spectroscopy is a powerful method that gives insight into the atomic structure and composition of nanomaterials, but also allows to draw conclusions about their electronic properties. It is based on the inelastic scattering of light, which is able to excite phonons in the material. In the field of semiconductor nanocrystals, Raman spectroscopy has been employed to make significant contributions to the analysis of lattice distortion, interfaces, phase mixing, and defect formation. Yet, there is no clear consensus on how the electronic and crystal structure of the material interacts with the incident light to yield the observed spectra. This review gives a brief overview over the method. It then reviews the most important findings, current developments, and discusses the efforts to formulate a consistent model that allows to establish the method as a tool for structural analysis.

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8

Kang, Bin, Shu-Quan Chang, Hao Sun, Yao-Dong Dai, and Da Chen. "γ-Radiation Synthesis and Properties of Superparamagnetic CS-ZnSe:Mn Nanocrystals for Biological Labeling." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 3857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.174.

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Chitosan coated ZnSe:Mn (CS-ZnSe:Mn) nanocrystals were successfully synthesized in aqueous system through a γ-radiation route at room temperature under ambient pressure. The structure and properties of nanocrystals were investigated with transmission electron microscope (TEM), fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrometer, photoluminescence emission (PL) spectra, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersion spectrum (EDS). Results showed that the diameter of these nanocrystals was about 4 nm with narrow size distribution. With the increase of doped Mn2+ concentration, strong emission peak at 610 nm was observed besides the weak emission peak at 425 nm since the non-radiative transition of 4T1(4G)–6A1(6S) level, resulting the transfer of fluorescence color from blue to orange. Moreover, analysis of SQUID magnetometer indicated that the nanocrystals were superparamagnetic with a saturation magnetization of 1.7 emu/g and a Curie-Weiss temperature of 14–15 K. Hep G2 cells were incubated in solution of nanocrystals and results showed that the synthesized nanocrystals could stain cytoplasm but could not enter into nucleus.

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9

Самохвалов, П. С., Д. О. Володин, С. В. Бозрова, Д. С. Довженко, М. А. Звайгзне, П. А. Линьков, Г. О. Нифонтова, И. О. Петрова, А. В. Суханова, and И. Р. Набиев. "Преобразование полупроводниковых наночастиц в плазмонные материалы путем направленной замены органических лигандов, связанных с их поверхностью." Письма в журнал технической физики 45, no. 7 (2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2019.07.47528.17631.

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AbstractPlasmonic nanoparticles have become a popularly accepted research tool in optoelectronics, photonics, and biomedical applications. The relatively recently appearing semiconductor plasmonic nanoparticles, as opposed to metal ones, are characterized by infrared plasmonic optical transitions and their application has a great future. In this work, the possibility of conversion of semiconductor (excitonic) fluorescence nanocrystals, i.e., quantum dots of the CuInS_2 composition, to plasmonic nanoparticles by postsynthetic treatment without changes in the chemical composition of inorganic part of the nanocrystals was demonstrated for the first time ever.

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10

Yeh, P. H., L. J. Chen, P. T. Liu, D. Y. Wang, and T. C. Chang. "Nonvolatile Memory Devices with NiSi2/CoSi2 Nanocrystals." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.18032.

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Metal-oxide-semiconductor structures with NiSi2 and CoSi2 nanocrystals embedded in the SiO2 layer have been fabricated. A pronounced capacitance–voltage hysteresis was observed with a memory window about 1 V under low programming voltage. The retention characteristic can be improved by using HfO2 layer as control oxide. The processing of the structure is compatible with the current manufacturing technology of semiconductor industry.

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11

Samokhvalov, P. S., M. V. Artemyev, and I. R. Nabiev. "Current methods of the synthesis of luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals for biomedical applications." Nanotechnologies in Russia 8, no. 5-6 (May 2013): 409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1995078013030166.

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12

Sarma, D. D., Ranjani Viswanatha, Sameer Sapra, Ankita Prakash, and M. García-Hernández. "Magnetic Properties of Doped II–VI Semiconductor Nanocrystals." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 5, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 1503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2005.322.

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13

Campora, Lorenzo Donato, Christoph Metzger, Stephan Dähnhardt-Pfeiffer, Roland Drexel, Florian Meier, and Siegfried Fürtauer. "Fluorescence Labeling of Cellulose Nanocrystals—A Facile and Green Synthesis Route." Polymers 14, no. 9 (April 29, 2022): 1820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091820.

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Efficient chemical modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) by grafting commonly involves aprotic solvents, toxic reactants, harsh reaction conditions, or catalysts, which have negative effects on the particle character, reduced dispersibility and requires further purification, if products are intended for biomedical applications. This work, in contrast, presents a robust, facile, and green synthesis protocol for the grafting of an amino-reactive fluorophore like fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) on aqueous CNCs, combining and modifying existent approaches in a two-step procedure. Comparably high grafting yields were achieved, which were confirmed by thermogravimetry, FTIR, and photometry. The dispersive properties were confirmed by DLS, AF4-MALS, and TEM studies. The presented route is highly suitable for the introduction of silane-bound organic groups and offers a versatile platform for further modification routes of cellulose-based substrates.

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14

Li, Yin-Xiang, Xue-Mei Dong, Meng-Na Yu, He-Shan Zhang, Mustafa Eginligil, Yi-Jie Nie, Ling-Hai Xie, Zong-Qiong Lin, Ju-Qing Liu, and Wei Huang. "3D Steric Bulky Semiconductor Molecules toward Organic Optoelectronic Nanocrystals." ACS Materials Letters 3, no. 12 (November 18, 2021): 1799–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.1c00573.

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15

Yin, Penghui, Yi Tan, Hanbing Fang, Manu Hegde, and Pavle V. Radovanovic. "Plasmon-induced carrier polarization in semiconductor nanocrystals." Nature Nanotechnology 13, no. 6 (April 23, 2018): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41565-018-0096-0.

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16

Eggenberger, K., A. Merkulov, M. Darbandi, T. Nann, and P. Nick. "Direct Immunofluorescence of Plant Microtubules Based on Semiconductor Nanocrystals." Bioconjugate Chemistry 18, no. 6 (November 2007): 1879–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc700188d.

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17

Rogach, Andrey L. "Fluorescence energy transfer in hybrid structures of semiconductor nanocrystals." Nano Today 6, no. 4 (August 2011): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2011.06.001.

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18

Ioannou, Andriani, Iro Eleftheriou, Andrea Lubatti, Anna Charalambous, and Paris A. Skourides. "High-Resolution Whole-MountIn SituHybridization Using Quantum Dot Nanocrystals." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/627602.

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The photostability and narrow emission spectra of nanometer-scale semiconductor crystallites (QDs) make them desirable candidates for whole-mount fluorescentin situhybridization to detect mRNA transcripts in morphologically preserved intact embryos. We describe a method for direct QD labeling of modified oligonucleotide probes through streptavidin-biotin and antibody-mediated interactions (anti-FITC and anti-digoxigenin). To overcome permeability issues and allow QD conjugate penetration, embryos were treated with proteinase K. The use of QDs dramatically increased sensitivity of whole-mountin situhybridization (WISH) in comparison with organic fluorophores and enabled fluorescent detection of specific transcripts within cells without the use of enzymatic amplification. Therefore, this method offers significant advantages both in terms of sensitivity, as well as resolution. Specifically, the use of QDs alleviates issues of photostability and limited brightness plaguing organic fluorophores and allows fluorescent imaging of cleared embryos. It also offers new imaging possibilities, including intracellular localization of mRNAs, simultaneous multiple-transcript detection, and visualization of mRNA expression patterns in 3D.

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19

Kim, Yongwook, Wonjung Kim, Hye-Joo Yoon, and Seung Koo Shin. "Bioconjugation of Hydroxylated Semiconductor Nanocrystals and Background-Free Biomolecule Detection." Bioconjugate Chemistry 21, no. 7 (July 21, 2010): 1305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc100114q.

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20

Rakovich, Aliaksandra, Tatsiana Rakovich, Vincent Kelly, Vladimir Lesnyak, Alexander Eychmüller, Yury P. Rakovich, and John F. Donegan. "Photosensitizer Methylene Blue-Semiconductor Nanocrystals Hybrid System for Photodynamic Therapy." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 2656–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2010.1376.

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21

Yang, Heesun, Swadeshmukul Santra, and Paul H. Holloway. "Syntheses and Applications of Mn-Doped II-VI Semiconductor Nanocrystals." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 5, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 1364–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2005.308.

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22

Gao, Xiaohu, Warren C. W. Chan, and Shuming Nie. "Quantum-dot nanocrystals for ultrasensitive biological labeling and multicolor optical encoding." Journal of Biomedical Optics 7, no. 4 (2002): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.1506706.

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23

Al-Jamal, Wafa' T. "Core-shell Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Effect of Composition, Size, Surface Coatings on their Optical Properties, Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics." Current Pharmaceutical Design 23, no. 3 (February 20, 2017): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666161026164920.

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Quantum dots are semiconducting nanocrystals that exhibit extraordinary optical properties. QD have shown higher photostability compared to standard organic dye type probes. Therefore, they have been heavily explored in the biomedical field. This review will discuss the different approaches to synthesis, solubilise and functionalise QD. Their main biomedical applications in imaging and photodynamic therapy will be highlighted. Finally, QD biodistribution profile and in vivo toxicity will be discussed.

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Generalova, Alla N., Svetlana V. Sizova, Tatiana A. Zdobnova, Margarita M. Zarifullina, Michail V. Artemyev, Alexander V. Baranov, Vladimir A. Oleinikov, Vitaly P. Zubov, and Sergey M. Deyev. "Submicron polymer particles containing fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals CdSe/ZnS for bioassays." Nanomedicine 6, no. 2 (February 2011): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm.10.162.

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25

Liu, Xin, and Mark T. Swihart. "Heavily-doped colloidal semiconductor and metal oxide nanocrystals: an emerging new class of plasmonic nanomaterials." Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, no. 11 (2014): 3908–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60417a.

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Xu, Gaixia, Ken-Tye Yong, Indrajit Roy, and Atcha Kopwitthaya. "FGF2-Labeled Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Luminescent Biolabels for Imaging Neuroblastoma Cells." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2010.1164.

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27

Wang, Ying. "Luminescent CdTe and CdSe Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Preparation, Optical Properties and Applications." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 1068–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.303.

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28

Heine, Markus, Alexander Bartelt, Oliver T. Bruns, Denise Bargheer, Artur Giemsa, Barbara Freund, Ludger Scheja, et al. "The cell-type specific uptake of polymer-coated or micelle-embedded QDs and SPIOs does not provoke an acute pro-inflammatory response in the liver." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 5 (September 2, 2014): 1432–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.155.

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Semiconductor quantum dots (QD) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocrystals (SPIO) have exceptional physical properties that are well suited for biomedical applications in vitro and in vivo. For future applications, the direct injection of nanocrystals for imaging and therapy represents an important entry route into the human body. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate biological responses of the body to nanocrystals to avoid harmful side effects. In recent years, we established a system to embed nanocrystals with a hydrophobic oleic acid shell either by lipid micelles or by the amphiphilic polymer poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) (PMAOD). The goal of the current study is to investigate the uptake processes as well as pro-inflammatory responses in the liver after the injection of these encapsulated nanocrystals. By immunofluorescence and electron microscopy studies using wild type mice, we show that 30 min after injection polymer-coated nanocrystals are primarily taken up by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. In contrast, by using wild type, Ldlr -/- as well as Apoe -/- mice we show that nanocrystals embedded within lipid micelles are internalized by Kupffer cells and, in a process that is dependent on the LDL receptor and apolipoprotein E, by hepatocytes. Gene expression analysis of pro-inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) or chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (Cxcl10) indicated that 48 h after injection internalized nanocrystals did not provoke pro-inflammatory pathways. In conclusion, internalized nanocrystals at least in mouse liver cells, namely endothelial cells, Kupffer cells and hepatocytes are at least not acutely associated with potential adverse side effects, underlining their potential for biomedical applications.

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Li, Haojun, Meng Xu, Rui Shi, Aiying Zhang, and Jiatao Zhang. "Advances in Electrostatic Spinning of Polymer Fibers Functionalized with Metal-Based Nanocrystals and Biomedical Applications." Molecules 27, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 5548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175548.

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Considering the metal-based nanocrystal (NC) hierarchical structure requirements in many real applications, starting from basic synthesis principles of electrostatic spinning technology, the formation of functionalized fibrous materials with inorganic metallic and semiconductor nanocrystalline materials by electrostatic spinning synthesis technology in recent years was reviewed. Several typical electrostatic spinning synthesis methods for nanocrystalline materials in polymers are presented. Finally, the specific applications and perspectives of such electrostatic spun nanofibers in the biomedical field are reviewed in terms of antimicrobial fibers, biosensing and so on.

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30

Chalmers, Natalia I., Robert J. Palmer, Laurence Du-Thumm, Richard Sullivan, Wenyuan Shi, and Paul E. Kolenbrander. "Use of Quantum Dot Luminescent Probes To Achieve Single-Cell Resolution of Human Oral Bacteria in Biofilms." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 2 (November 17, 2006): 630–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02164-06.

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ABSTRACT Oral biofilms are multispecies communities, and in their nascent stages of development, numerous bacterial species engage in interspecies interactions. Better insight into the spatial relationship between different species and how species diversity increases over time can guide our understanding of the role of interspecies interactions in the development of the biofilms. Quantum dots (QD) are semiconductor nanocrystals and have emerged as a promising tool for labeling and detection of bacteria. We sought to apply QD-based primary immunofluorescence for labeling of bacterial cells with in vitro and in vivo biofilms and to compare this approach with the fluorophore-based primary immunofluorescence approach we have used previously. To investigate QD-based primary immunofluorescence as the means to detect distinct targets with single-cell resolution, we conjugated polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to the QD surface. We also conducted simultaneous QD conjugate-based and fluorophore conjugate-based immunofluorescence and showed that these conjugates were complementary tools in immunofluorescence applications. Planktonic and biofilm cells were labeled effectively by considering two factors: the final nanomolar concentration of QD conjugate and the amount of antibody conjugated to the QD, which we define as the degree of labeling. These advances in the application of QD-based immunofluorescence for the study of biofilms in vitro and in vivo will help to define bacterial community architecture and to facilitate investigations of interactions between bacterial species in these communities.

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Huang, Michael H., and Mahesh Madasu. "Facet-dependent and interfacial plane-related photocatalytic behaviors of semiconductor nanocrystals and heterostructures." Nano Today 28 (October 2019): 100768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2019.100768.

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32

Ali, Haydar, Santu Ghosh, and Nikhil R. Jana. "Biomolecule-derived Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticle as Bioimaging Probe." MRS Advances 3, no. 15-16 (2018): 779–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.80.

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ABSTRACTNanomaterials have broad application potential in biomedical and environmental science. Engineered nanomaterials are required to explore such potential. Among them carbon-based fluorescent nanoparticles offer promising alternative of conventionally used semiconductor nanocrystals, as they do not have heavy metals and associated toxicity issues. We are developing synthetic methods for high quality fluorescent carbon nanoparticle, suitable for biological staining and diagnostics. Here we focus on synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticle from biomolecules, exploiting the conventionally used nucleation-growth conditions for synthesis of high quality nanocrystals such as quantum dot and metal oxides. We have shown that high quality fluorescent carbon nanoparticle can be synthesized from folic acid, riboflavin and lactose and they can be used as non-toxic bio-imaging probe.

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Barachevsky, V. A. "Photochromic quantum dots." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Fizika, no. 11 (2021): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/00213411/64/11/30.

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The analysis of the results of fundamental and applied research in the field of creation of photochromic nanoparticles of the "core-shell" type, in which semiconductor nanocrystals - quantum dots were used as a core, and the shell included physically or chemically sorbed molecules of photochromic thermally relaxing (spiropyrans, spirooxazines , chromenes, azo compounds) or thermally irreversible (diarylethenes, fulgimides) compounds. It has been shown that such nanoparticles provide reversible modulation of the QD radiation intensity, which can be used in information and biomedical technologies.

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Bryan, J. Daniel, Dana A. Schwartz, and Daniel R. Gamelin. "The Influence of Dopants on the Nucleation of Semiconductor Nanocrystals from Homogeneous Solution." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 5, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 1472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2005.314.

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Schrier, Joshua, Byounghak Lee, and Lin-Wang Wang. "Mechanical and Electronic-Structure Properties of Compressed CdSe Tetrapod Nanocrystals." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 1994–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18264.

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The coupling of mechanical and optical properties in semiconductor nanostructures can potentially lead to new types of devices. This work describes our theoretical examination of the mechanical properties of CdSe tetrapods under directional forces, such as may be induced by AFM tips. In addition to studying the general behavior of the mechanical properties under modifications of geometry, nanocrystal-substrate interaction, and dimensional scaling, our calculations indicate that mechanical deformations do not lead to large changes in the band-edge state eigenenergies, and have only a weak effect on the oscillator strengths of the lowest energy transitions.

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36

Wu, Xingyong, Hongjian Liu, Jianquan Liu, Kari N. Haley, Joseph A. Treadway, J. Peter Larson, Nianfeng Ge, Frank Peale, and Marcel P. Bruchez. "Immunofluorescent labeling of cancer marker Her2 and other cellular targets with semiconductor quantum dots." Nature Biotechnology 21, no. 1 (December 2, 2002): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt764.

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37

Banerjee, Ipsita A., Germaine Muniz, Sang-Yup Lee, and Hiroshi Matsui. "Mineralization of Semiconductor Nanocrystals on Peptide-Coated Bionanotubes and Their pH-Dependent Morphology Changes." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 2287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.642.

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38

Cherian, Roby, and Priya Mahadevan. "Effects of Non-Stoichiometry on the Lattice Constant of Semiconductor Nanocrystals: CdSe and GaAs." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 5564–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2009.1194.

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39

Abdel-Salam, Mohamed, Basma Omran, Kathryn Whitehead, and Kwang-Hyun Baek. "Superior Properties and Biomedical Applications of Microorganism-Derived Fluorescent Quantum Dots." Molecules 25, no. 19 (September 30, 2020): 4486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194486.

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Quantum dots (QDs) are fluorescent nanocrystals with superb photo-physical properties. Applications of QDs have been exponentially increased during the past decade. They can be employed in several disciplines, including biological, optical, biomedical, engineering, and energy applications. This review highlights the structural composition and distinctive features of QDs, such as resistance to photo-bleaching, wide range of excitations, and size-dependent light emission features. Physical and chemical preparation of QDs have prominent downsides, including high costs, regeneration of hazardous byproducts, and use of external noxious chemicals for capping and stabilization purposes. To eliminate the demerits of these methods, an emphasis on the latest progress of microbial synthesis of QDs by bacteria, yeast, and fungi is introduced. Some of the biomedical applications of QDs are overviewed as well, such as tumor and microRNA detection, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, and microbial labeling. Challenges facing the microbial fabrication of QDs are discussed with the future prospects to fully maximize the yield of QDs by elucidating the key enzymes intermediating the nucleation and growth of QDs. Exploration of the distribution and mode of action of QDs is required to promote their biomedical applications.

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Sivasankarapillai, Vishnu Sankar, Jobin Jose, Muhammad Salman Shanavas, Akash Marathakam, Md Sahab Uddin, and Bijo Mathew. "Silicon Quantum Dots: Promising Theranostic Probes for the Future." Current Drug Targets 20, no. 12 (August 22, 2019): 1255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450120666190405152315.

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Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the leading research areas involving nanoscale manipulation of atoms and molecules. During the past decade, the growth of nanotechnology has been one of the most important developments that have taken place in the biomedical field. The new generation nanomaterials like Quantum dots are gaining much importance. Also, there is a growing interest in the development of nano-theranostics platforms in medical diagnostics, biomedical imaging, drug delivery, etc. Quantum dots are also known as nanoscale semiconductor crystals, with unique electronic and optical properties. Recently, silicon quantum dots are being studied extensively due to their less-toxic, inert nature and ease of surface modification. The silicon quantum dots (2-10nm) are comparatively stable, having optical properties of silicon nanocrystals. This review focuses on silicon quantum dots and their various biomedical applications like drug delivery regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Also, the processes involved in their modification for various biomedical applications along with future aspects are discussed.

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Castanheira, Paula, Leonardo Torquetti Torquetti, Débora Rodrigues Soares Magalhãs, Marcio B. Nehemy, and Alfredo M. Goes. "DAPI Diffusion after Intravitreal Injection of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Injured Retina of Rats." Cell Transplantation 18, no. 4 (April 2009): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/096368909788809811.

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To evaluate DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) as a nuclear tracer of stem cell migration and incorporation it was observed the pattern of retinal integration and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) injected into the vitreous cavity of rat eyes with retinal injury. For this purpose adult rat retinas were submitted to laser damage followed by transplantation of DAPI-labeled BM-MSCs grafts and double-labeled DAPI and quantum dot-labeled BM-MSCs. To assess a possible DAPI diffusion as well as the integration and differentiation of DAPI-labeled BM-MSCs in laser-injured retina, host retinas were evaluated 8 weeks after injury/transplantation. It was demonstrated that, 8 weeks after the transplant, most of the retinal cells in all neural retinal presented nuclear DAPI labeling, specifically in the outer nuclear layer (ONL), inner nuclear layer (INL), and ganglion cell layer (GCL). Meanwhile, at this point, most of the double-labeled BM-MSCs (DAPI and quantum dot) remained in the vitreous cavity and no retinal cells presented the quantum dot marker. Based on these evidences we concluded that DAPI diffused to adjacent retinal cells while the nanocrystals remained labeling only the transplanted BM-MSCs. Therefore, DAPI is not a useful marker for stem cells in vivo tracing experiments because the DAPI released from dying cells in moment of the transplant are taken up by host cells in the tissue.

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Choi, Seong Jae, Dong Kee Yi, Jae-Young Choi, Jong-Bong Park, In-Yong Song, Eunjoo Jang, Joo In Lee, et al. "Spatial Control of Quantum Sized Nanocrystal Arrays onto Silicon Wafers." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 4285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.884.

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Monolayer arrays of monodispersed nanocrystals (<10 nm) onto three dimensional (3D) substrates have considerable potential for various engineering applications such as highly integrated memory devices, solar cells, biosensors and photo and electro luminescent displays because of their highly integrated features with nanocrystal homogeneity. However, most reports on nanocrystal arrays have focused on two dimensional (2D) flat substrates, and the production of wafer-scale monolayer arrays is still challenging. Here we address the feasibility of arraying nanocrystal monolayers in wafer-scale onto 3D substrates. We present both metal (Pd) and semiconductor (CdSe) nanocrystals arrayed in monolayer onto trenched silicon wafers (4 inch diameter) using a facile electrostatic adsorption scheme. In particular, CdSe nanocrystal arrays in the trench well showed superior luminescent efficiency compared to those onto the protruded trench flat, due to the densely arrayed CdSe nanocrystals in the vertical direction. Furthermore, the surface coverage controllability was investigated using a 2D silicon substrate. Our approach can be applied to generate highly efficient displays, memory chips and integrated sensing devices.

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Ray, Shariqsrijon Sinha, and Jayita Bandyopadhyay. "Nanotechnology-enabled biomedical engineering: Current trends, future scopes, and perspectives." Nanotechnology Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 728–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2021-0052.

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Abstract Applications of nanotechnology in biomedical engineering are vast and span several interdisciplinary areas of nanomedicine, diagnostics, and nanotheranostics. Herein, we provide a brief perspective on nanotechnology as an enabling tool for the design of new functional materials and devices for medical applications. Semiconductor nanocrystals, also known as quantum dots, are commonly used in optical imaging to diagnose diseases such as cancer. Varieties of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, and two-dimensional carbon-based nanostructures, are prospective therapeutics and may also be used in protective antiviral/antibacterial applications. Similarly, a number of nanomaterials have shown the potential to overcome the drawbacks of conventional antiviral drugs. However, assessing the adverse effects and toxicities of nanoparticles in medicine and therapeutics is becoming more critical. This article discusses the latest developments of nanomaterials in diagnosis, nanotheranostics, and nanomedicines, with particular emphasis on the importance of nanomaterials in fighting against coronavirus disease. Further, we considered the safety and toxicity of nanomaterials in the context of biomedical applications. Finally, we provided our perspective on the future of nanotechnology in emerging biomedical engineering fields.

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Yang, Heqing, Xi Yao, Daming Huang, Xingjun Wang, Hua Zhong Shi, Banglao Zhang, Shouxin Liu, and Yu Fang. "Sol–Gel Synthesis and Photoluminescence of III-V Semiconductor InAs Nanocrystals Embedded in Silica Glasses." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 5, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 786–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2005.100.

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Keshari, Ashish K., and Avinash C. Pandey. "Size and Distribution: A Comparison of XRD, SAXS and SANS Study of II–VI Semiconductor Nanocrystals." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 1221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.370.

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The uniqueness of size dependent functional properties of II–VI semiconductor nanocrystals have led to the development of various techniques for determination of shape, size and distributions, although the accurate measurements of the particle sizes has always been a fundamental task in nanoscience and even become more crucial with the discovery of quantum confinement effect. Acomparison of the well established techniques X-ray diffraction (XRD), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) with an emphasis on size and distribution of the prepared samples are reported in order to elaborate more precise techniques for the analysis of particles sizes. Modified Scherrer formula for spherical particles has been used to calculate the particle sizes from XRD spectra. Analysis of SAXS data has been reported using Guinier model. Small angle neutron scattering measurements has been performed for ZnO nanocrystals and the scattering data obtained is simulated for polydisperse sphere. The bare ZnO, ZnS and CdS and doped with Mn2+ systems are taken within the framework of our discussion. These materials were synthesized by chemical precipitation route and found to have size distribution from 2 to 6 nm for spherical particles. Sizes determined from various techniques are in good agreement with each other however small angle scattering technique is more reliable than XRD to determine the sizes of the nanoparticles.

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Ding, Yadan, Tie Cong, Xia Hong, and Yichun Liu. "Magnetic-field-assisted ultrasensitive immunoassay based on multi-phonon resonant raman scattering of semiconductor nanocrystals." Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 14, no. 5 (July 2018): 1765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2017.11.081.

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Wu, Xingyong, Hongjian Liu, Jianquan Liu, Kari N. Haley, Joseph A. Treadway, J. Peter Larson, Nianfeng Ge, Frank Peale, and Marcel P. Bruchez. "Erratum: Corrigendum: Immunofluorescent labeling of cancer marker Her2 and other cellular targets with semiconductor quantum dots." Nature Biotechnology 21, no. 4 (April 2003): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0403-452b.

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Wang, Shiye, Weili Liu, Miao Zhang, Zhitang Song, Chenglu Lin, J. Y. Dai, P. F. Lee, H. L. W. Chan, and C. L. Choy. "Negative Photoconductivity and Memory Effects of Germanium Nanocrystals Embedded in HfO2 Dielectric." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.17931.

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A metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structure containing an HfO2/SiO2 stack tunnel layer, isolated Germanium (Ge) nanocrystals, and an HfO2 capping layer, was obtained by an electron-beam evaporation method. A high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) study revealed that uniform and pronounced Ge nanocrystals had formed after annealing. Raman spectroscopy provided evidence for the formation of Ge–Ge bonds and the optimal annealing temperature for the crystallization ratio of the Ge. The electric properties of the MIS structure were characterized by capacitance-voltage (C-V) and current–voltage (I–V) measurements at room temperature. Negative photoconductivity was observed when the structure was under a forward bias, which screened the bias voltage, resulting in a decrease in the current at a given voltage and a negative shift in flat band voltage. A relatively high stored charge density of 3.27 × 1012 cm−2 was also achieved.

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Azizi, Seyed Naser, Mohammad Javad Chaichi, Parmis Shakeri, Ahmadreza Bekhradnia, Mehdi Taghavi, and Mousa Ghaemy. "Chemiluminescence of Mn-Doped ZnS Nanocrystals Induced by Direct Chemical Oxidation and Ionic Liquid-Sensitized Effect as an Efficient and Green Catalyst." Journal of Spectroscopy 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/803592.

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A novel chemiluminescence (CL) method was proposed for doping water-soluble Mn in ZnS quantum dots (QDs) as CL emitter. Water-soluble Mn-doped ZnS QDs were synthesized by using L-cysteine as stabilizer in aqueous solution. These nanoparticles were structurally and optically characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) emission spectroscopy. The CL of ZnS QDs was induced directly by chemical oxidation and its ionic liquid-sensitized effect in aqueous solution was then investigated. It was found that oxidants, especially hydrogen peroxide, could directly oxidize ZnS QDs to produce weak CL emission in basic solutions. In the presence of 1,3-dipropylimidazolium bromide/copper, a drastic light emission enhancement was observed which is related to a strong interaction between Cu2+and the imidazolium ring. In these conditions, an efficient CL light was produced at low pH which is suggested to be beneficial to the biological analysis. The CL properties of QDs not only will be helpful to study physical chemistry properties of semiconductor nanocrystals but also they are expected to find use in many fields such as luminescence devices, bioanalysis, and multicolor labeling probes.

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Lim, Yong Taik, Sungjee Kim, Akira Nakayama, Nathan E. Stott, Moungi G. Bawendi, and John V. Frangioni. "Selection of Quantum Dot Wavelengths for Biomedical Assays and Imaging." Molecular Imaging 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 153535002003021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/15353500200302163.

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Fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots [QDs]) are hypothesized to be excellent contrast agents for biomedical assays and imaging. A unique property of QDs is that their absorbance increases with increasing separation between excitation and emission wavelengths. Much of the enthusiasm for using QDs in vivo stems from this property, since photon yield should be proportional to the integral of the broadband absorption. In this study, we demonstrate that tissue scatter and absorbance can sometimes offset increasing QD absorption at bluer wavelengths, and counteract this potential advantage. By using a previously validated mathematical model, we explored the effects of tissue absorbance, tissue scatter, wavelength dependence of the scatter, water-to- hemoglobin ratio, and tissue thickness on QD performance. We conclude that when embedded in biological fluids and tissues, QD excitation wavelengths will often be quite constrained, and that excitation and emission wavelengths should be selected carefully based on the particular application. Based on our results, we produced near-infrared QDs optimized for imaging surface vasculature with white light excitation and a silicon CCD camera, and used them to image the coronary vasculature in vivo. Taken together, our data should prove useful in designing fluorescent QD contrast agents optimized for specific biomedical applications.

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