Journal articles on the topic 'Biomedical instrumentation (including diagnostics)'
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Strzelecki, Michał, and Pawel Badura. "Machine Learning for Biomedical Application." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042022.
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Kang, Xiaoying, Yue Li, Shuai Yin, Wen Li, and Ji Qi. "Reactive Species-Activatable AIEgens for Biomedical Applications." Biosensors 12, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12080646.
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Precision medicine requires highly sensitive and specific diagnostic strategies with high spatiotemporal resolution. Accurate detection and monitoring of endogenously generated biomarkers at the very early disease stage is of extensive importance for precise diagnosis and treatment. Aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) have emerged as a new type of excellent optical agents, which show great promise for numerous biomedical applications. In this review, we highlight the recent advances of AIE-based probes for detecting reactive species (including reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), reactive sulfur species (RSS), and reactive carbonyl species (RCS)) and related biomedical applications. The molecular design strategies for increasing the sensitivity, tuning the response wavelength, and realizing afterglow imaging are summarized, and theranostic applications in reactive species-related major diseases such as cancer, inflammation, and vascular diseases are reviewed. The challenges and outlooks for the reactive species-activatable AIE systems for disease diagnostics and therapeutics are also discussed. This review aims to offer guidance for designing AIE-based specifically activatable optical agents for biomedical applications, as well as providing a comprehensive understanding about the structure–property application relationships. We hope it will inspire more interesting researches about reactive species-activatable probes and advance clinical translations.
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Kantsyrev, V. L., R. Bruch, R. Phaneuf, and N. G. Publicover. "New Concepts for X-Ray, Soft X-Ray, and EUV Optical Instrumentation Including Applications in Spectroscopy, Plasma Diagnostics, and Biomedical Microscopy: A Status Report." Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology 7, no. 2 (1997): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/xst-1997-7206.
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Kantsyrev, V. "New Concepts for X-Ray, Soft X-Ray, and EUV Optical Instrumentation Including Applications in Spectroscopy, Plasma Diagnostics, and Biomedical Microscopy: A Status Report." Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology 7, no. 2 (June 1997): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jxra.1997.0257.
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Stepanov, Eugene V., Alexander N. Glushko, Vadim K. Konyukhov, and Dmitriy A. Lapshin. "Soft- and hardware platform for spectral analysis systems based on tunable semiconductor lasers." Laser Physics 32, no. 8 (June 15, 2022): 084007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/ac7330.
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Abstract A soft- and hardware platform is described for supporting the operation of spectral analysis devices and systems based on tunable semiconductor lasers. The wide spectral range covered by lasers of this type and the versatility of methods for controlling their spectral parameters make it possible to solve various problems within the framework of a single instrumental approach. This includes the most complex tasks of spectral analysis of multicomponent gas mixtures including atmospheric and exhaled air. Main areas of the platform application include IR molecular spectroscopy, chemical technologies, atmospheric pollution control, diagnostics of low-temperature plasma components, biomedical diagnostics.
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Wang, Jue, Mira Naftaly, and Edward Wasige. "An Overview of Terahertz Imaging with Resonant Tunneling Diodes." Applied Sciences 12, no. 8 (April 10, 2022): 3822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12083822.
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Terahertz (THz) imaging is a rapidly growing application motivated by industrial demands including harmless (non-ionizing) security imaging, multilayer paint quality control within the automotive industry, insulating foam non-invasive testing in aerospace, and biomedical diagnostics. One of the key components in the imaging system is the source and detector. This paper gives a brief overview of room temperature THz transceiver technology for imaging applications based on the emerging resonant tunneling diode (RTD) devices. The reported results demonstrate that RTD technology is a very promising candidate to realize compact, low-cost THz imaging systems.
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Farasat, Malihe, Ehsan Aalaei, Saeed Kheirati Ronizi, Atin Bakhshi, Shaghayegh Mirhosseini, Jun Zhang, Nam-Trung Nguyen, and Navid Kashaninejad. "Signal-Based Methods in Dielectrophoresis for Cell and Particle Separation." Biosensors 12, no. 7 (July 11, 2022): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12070510.
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Separation and detection of cells and particles in a suspension are essential for various applications, including biomedical investigations and clinical diagnostics. Microfluidics realizes the miniaturization of analytical devices by controlling the motion of a small volume of fluids in microchannels and microchambers. Accordingly, microfluidic devices have been widely used in particle/cell manipulation processes. Different microfluidic methods for particle separation include dielectrophoretic, magnetic, optical, acoustic, hydrodynamic, and chemical techniques. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a method for manipulating polarizable particles’ trajectories in non-uniform electric fields using unique dielectric characteristics. It provides several advantages for dealing with neutral bioparticles owing to its sensitivity, selectivity, and noninvasive nature. This review provides a detailed study on the signal-based DEP methods that use the applied signal parameters, including frequency, amplitude, phase, and shape for cell/particle separation and manipulation. Rather than employing complex channels or time-consuming fabrication procedures, these methods realize sorting and detecting the cells/particles by modifying the signal parameters while using a relatively simple device. In addition, these methods can significantly impact clinical diagnostics by making low-cost and rapid separation possible. We conclude the review by discussing the technical and biological challenges of DEP techniques and providing future perspectives in this field.
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Ozkan-Ariksoysal, Dilsat. "Current Perspectives in Graphene Oxide-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Diagnostics." Biosensors 12, no. 8 (August 6, 2022): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12080607.
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Since the first commercial biosensor device for blood glucose measurement was introduced in the 1970s, many “biosensor types” have been developed, and this research area remains popular worldwide. In parallel with some global biosensor research reports published in the last decade, including a great deal of literature and industry statistics, it is predicted that biosensor design technologies, including handheld or wearable devices, will be preferred and highly valuable in many areas in the near future. Biosensors using nanoparticles still maintain their very important place in science and technology and are the subject of innovative research projects. Among the nanomaterials, carbon-based ones are considered to be one of the most valuable nanoparticles, especially in the field of electrochemical biosensors. In this context, graphene oxide, which has been used in recent years to increase the electrochemical analysis performance in biosensor designs, has been the subject of this review. In fact, graphene is already foreseen not only for biosensors but also as the nanomaterial of the future in many fields and is therefore drawing research attention. In this review, recent and prominent developments in biosensor technologies using graphene oxide (GO)-based nanomaterials in the field of cancer diagnosis are briefly summarized.
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Yadav, Amit K., Damini Verma, Reena K. Sajwan, Mrinal Poddar, Sumit K. Yadav, Awadhesh Kumar Verma, and Pratima R. Solanki. "Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Nanodiagnostics for Human and Gut Metabolites Diagnostics: Recent Advances and Challenges." Biosensors 12, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12090733.
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Metabolites are the intermediatory products of metabolic processes catalyzed by numerous enzymes found inside the cells. Detecting clinically relevant metabolites is important to understand their physiological and biological functions along with the evolving medical diagnostics. Rapid advances in detecting the tiny metabolites such as biomarkers that signify disease hallmarks have an immense need for high-performance identifying techniques. Low concentrations are found in biological fluids because the metabolites are difficult to dissolve in an aqueous medium. Therefore, the selective and sensitive study of metabolites as biomarkers in biological fluids is problematic. The different non-electrochemical and conventional methods need a long time of analysis, long sampling, high maintenance costs, and costly instrumentation. Hence, employing electrochemical techniques in clinical examination could efficiently meet the requirements of fully automated, inexpensive, specific, and quick means of biomarker detection. The electrochemical methods are broadly utilized in several emerging and established technologies, and electrochemical biosensors are employed to detect different metabolites. This review describes the advancement in electrochemical sensors developed for clinically associated human metabolites, including glucose, lactose, uric acid, urea, cholesterol, etc., and gut metabolites such as TMAO, TMA, and indole derivatives. Different sensing techniques are evaluated for their potential to achieve relevant degrees of multiplexing, specificity, and sensitivity limits. Moreover, we have also focused on the opportunities and remaining challenges for integrating the electrochemical sensor into the point-of-care (POC) devices.
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Zambry, Nor Syafirah, Godwin Attah Obande, Muhammad Fazli Khalid, Yazmin Bustami, Hairul Hisham Hamzah, Mohd Syafiq Awang, Ismail Aziah, and Asrulnizam Abd Manaf. "Utilizing Electrochemical-Based Sensing Approaches for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Clinical Samples: A Review." Biosensors 12, no. 7 (June 29, 2022): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12070473.
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The development of precise and efficient diagnostic tools enables early treatment and proper isolation of infected individuals, hence limiting the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The standard diagnostic tests used by healthcare workers to diagnose severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have some limitations, including longer detection time, the need for qualified individuals, and the use of sophisticated bench-top equipment, which limit their use for rapid SARS-CoV-2 assessment. Advances in sensor technology have renewed the interest in electrochemical biosensors miniaturization, which provide improved diagnostic qualities such as rapid response, simplicity of operation, portability, and readiness for on-site screening of infection. This review gives a condensed overview of the current electrochemical sensing platform strategies for SARS-CoV-2 detection in clinical samples. The fundamentals of fabricating electrochemical biosensors, such as the chosen electrode materials, electrochemical transducing techniques, and sensitive biorecognition molecules, are thoroughly discussed in this paper. Furthermore, we summarised electrochemical biosensors detection strategies and their analytical performance on diverse clinical samples, including saliva, blood, and nasopharyngeal swab. Finally, we address the employment of miniaturized electrochemical biosensors integrated with microfluidic technology in viral electrochemical biosensors, emphasizing its potential for on-site diagnostics applications.
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Ashraf, Ghazala, Zi-Tao Zhong, Muhammad Asif, Ayesha Aziz, Tayyaba Iftikhar, Wei Chen, and Yuan-Di Zhao. "State-of-the-Art Fluorescent Probes: Duplex-Specific Nuclease-Based Strategies for Early Disease Diagnostics." Biosensors 12, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12121172.
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Precision healthcare aims to improve patient health by integrating prevention measures with early disease detection for prompt treatments. For the delivery of preventive healthcare, cutting-edge diagnostics that enable early disease detection must be clinically adopted. Duplex-specific nuclease (DSN) is a useful tool for bioanalysis since it can precisely digest DNA contained in duplexes. DSN is commonly used in biomedical and life science applications, including the construction of cDNA libraries, detection of microRNA, and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) recognition. Herein, following the comprehensive introduction to the field, we highlight the clinical applicability, multi-analyte miRNA, and SNP clinical assays for disease diagnosis through large-cohort studies using DSN-based fluorescent methods. In fluorescent platforms, the signal is produced based on the probe (dyes, TaqMan, or molecular beacon) properties in proportion to the target concentration. We outline the reported fluorescent biosensors for SNP detection in the next section. This review aims to capture current knowledge of the overlapping miRNAs and SNPs’ detection that have been widely associated with the pathophysiology of cancer, cardiovascular, neural, and viral diseases. We further highlight the proficiency of DSN-based approaches in complex biological matrices or those constructed on novel nano-architectures. The outlooks on the progress in this field are discussed.
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Zimina, Tatiana M., Nikita O. Sitkov, Kamil G. Gareev, Viacheslav Fedorov, Denis Grouzdev, Veronika Koziaeva, Huile Gao, Stephanie E. Combs, and Maxim Shevtsov. "Biosensors and Drug Delivery in Oncotheranostics Using Inorganic Synthetic and Biogenic Magnetic Nanoparticles." Biosensors 12, no. 10 (September 25, 2022): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12100789.
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Magnetic nanocarriers have attracted attention in translational oncology due to their ability to be employed both for tumor diagnostics and therapy. This review summarizes data on applications of synthetic and biogenic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in oncological theranostics and related areas. The basics of both types of MNPs including synthesis approaches, structure, and physicochemical properties are discussed. The properties of synthetic MNPs and biogenic MNPs are compared with regard to their antitumor therapeutic efficiency, diagnostic potential, biocompatibility, and cellular toxicity. The comparative analysis demonstrates that both synthetic and biogenic MNPs could be efficiently used for cancer theranostics, including biosensorics and drug delivery. At the same time, reduced toxicity of biogenic particles was noted, which makes them advantageous for in vivo applications, such as drug delivery, or MRI imaging of tumors. Adaptability to surface modification based on natural biochemical processes is also noted, as well as good compatibility with tumor cells and proliferation in them. Advances in the bionanotechnology field should lead to the implementation of MNPs in clinical trials.
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Gharib, Ghazaleh, İsmail Bütün, Zülâl Muganlı, Gül Kozalak, İlayda Namlı, Seyedali Seyedmirzaei Sarraf, Vahid Ebrahimpour Ahmadi, Erçil Toyran, Andre J. van Wijnen, and Ali Koşar. "Biomedical Applications of Microfluidic Devices: A Review." Biosensors 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12111023.
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Both passive and active microfluidic chips are used in many biomedical and chemical applications to support fluid mixing, particle manipulations, and signal detection. Passive microfluidic devices are geometry-dependent, and their uses are rather limited. Active microfluidic devices include sensors or detectors that transduce chemical, biological, and physical changes into electrical or optical signals. Also, they are transduction devices that detect biological and chemical changes in biomedical applications, and they are highly versatile microfluidic tools for disease diagnosis and organ modeling. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the significant advances that have been made in the development of microfluidics devices. We will discuss the function of microfluidic devices as micromixers or as sorters of cells and substances (e.g., microfiltration, flow or displacement, and trapping). Microfluidic devices are fabricated using a range of techniques, including molding, etching, three-dimensional printing, and nanofabrication. Their broad utility lies in the detection of diagnostic biomarkers and organ-on-chip approaches that permit disease modeling in cancer, as well as uses in neurological, cardiovascular, hepatic, and pulmonary diseases. Biosensor applications allow for point-of-care testing, using assays based on enzymes, nanozymes, antibodies, or nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). An anticipated development in the field includes the optimization of techniques for the fabrication of microfluidic devices using biocompatible materials. These developments will increase biomedical versatility, reduce diagnostic costs, and accelerate diagnosis time of microfluidics technology.
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Hnilicová, P., M. Bittšanský, and D. Dobrota. "Optimization of Brain T2 Mapping Using Standard CPMG Sequence In A Clinical Scanner." Measurement Science Review 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msr-2014-0016.
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Abstract In magnetic resonance imaging, transverse relaxation time (T2) mapping is a useful quantitative tool enabling enhanced diagnostics of many brain pathologies. The aim of our study was to test the influence of different sequence parameters on calculated T2 values, including multi-slice measurements, slice position, interslice gap, echo spacing, and pulse duration. Measurements were performed using standard multi-slice multi-echo CPMG imaging sequence on a 1.5 Tesla routine whole body MR scanner. We used multiple phantoms with different agarose concentrations (0 % to 4 %) and verified the results on a healthy volunteer. It appeared that neither the pulse duration, the size of interslice gap nor the slice shift had any impact on the T2. The measurement accuracy was increased with shorter echo spacing. Standard multi-slice multi-echo CPMG protocol with the shortest echo spacing, also the smallest available interslice gap (100 % of slice thickness) and shorter pulse duration was found to be optimal and reliable for calculating T2 maps in the human brain.
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Jimenez, Valery Ortiz, Kee Young Hwang, Dang Nguyen, Yasif Rahman, Claire Albrecht, Baylee Senator, Ongard Thiabgoh, et al. "Magnetoimpedance Biosensors and Real-Time Healthcare Monitors: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges." Biosensors 12, no. 7 (July 12, 2022): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12070517.
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A small DC magnetic field can induce an enormous response in the impedance of a soft magnetic conductor in various forms of wire, ribbon, and thin film. Also known as the giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect, this phenomenon forms the basis for the development of high-performance magnetic biosensors with magnetic field sensitivity down to the picoTesla regime at room temperature. Over the past decade, some state-of-the-art prototypes have become available for trial tests due to continuous efforts to improve the sensitivity of GMI biosensors for the ultrasensitive detection of biological entities and biomagnetic field detection of human activities through the use of magnetic nanoparticles as biomarkers. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the development of GMI biosensors and review medical devices for applications in biomedical diagnostics and healthcare monitoring, including real-time monitoring of respiratory motion in COVID-19 patients at various stages. We also discuss exciting research opportunities and existing challenges that will stimulate further study into ultrasensitive magnetic biosensors and healthcare monitors based on the GMI effect.
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Alsalameh, Sulaiman, Khalid Alnajjar, Tariq Makhzoum, Noor Al Eman, Ismail Shakir, Tanveer Ahmad Mir, Khaled Alkattan, Raja Chinnappan, and Ahmed Yaqinuddin. "Advances in Biosensing Technologies for Diagnosis of COVID-19." Biosensors 12, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12100898.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted normal human life worldwide. Due to its rapid community spread and high mortality statistics, the development of prompt diagnostic tests for a massive number of samples is essential. Currently used traditional methods are often expensive, time-consuming, laboratory-based, and unable to handle a large number of specimens in resource-limited settings. Because of its high contagiousness, efficient identification of SARS-CoV-2 carriers is crucial. As the advantages of adopting biosensors for efficient diagnosis of COVID-19 increase, this narrative review summarizes the recent advances and the respective reasons to consider applying biosensors. Biosensors are the most sensitive, specific, rapid, user-friendly tools having the potential to deliver point-of-care diagnostics beyond traditional standards. This review provides a brief introduction to conventional methods used for COVID-19 diagnosis and summarizes their advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses the pathogenesis of COVID-19, potential diagnostic biomarkers, and rapid diagnosis using biosensor technology. The current advancements in biosensing technologies, from academic research to commercial achievements, have been emphasized in recent publications. We covered a wide range of topics, including biomarker detection, viral genomes, viral proteins, immune responses to infection, and other potential proinflammatory biomolecules. Major challenges and prospects for future application in point-of-care settings are also highlighted.
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Xu, Meimei, Yanyan Li, Chenglong Lin, Yusi Peng, Shuai Zhao, Xiao Yang, and Yong Yang. "Recent Advances of Representative Optical Biosensors for Rapid and Sensitive Diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2." Biosensors 12, no. 10 (October 12, 2022): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12100862.
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The outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has again emphasized the significance of developing rapid and highly sensitive testing tools for quickly identifying infected patients. Although the current reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) diagnostic techniques can satisfy the required sensitivity and specificity, the inherent disadvantages with time-consuming, sophisticated equipment and professional operators limit its application scopes. Compared with traditional detection techniques, optical biosensors based on nanomaterials/nanostructures have received much interest in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 due to the high sensitivity, high accuracy, and fast response. In this review, the research progress on optical biosensors in SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, including fluorescence biosensors, colorimetric biosensors, Surface Enhancement Raman Scattering (SERS) biosensors, and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensors, was comprehensively summarized. Further, promising strategies to improve optical biosensors are also explained. Optical biosensors can not only realize the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 but also be applied to judge the infectiousness of the virus and guide the choice of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, showing enormous potential to become point-of-care detection tools for the timely control of the pandemic.
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Gupta, Yubraj, Carlos Costa, Eduardo Pinho, and Luís Bastião Silva. "DICOMization of Proprietary Files Obtained from Confocal, Whole-Slide, and FIB-SEM Microscope Scanners." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 2322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062322.
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The evolution of biomedical imaging technology is allowing the digitization of hundreds of glass slides at once. There are multiple microscope scanners available in the market including low-cost solutions that can serve small centers. Moreover, new technology is being researched to acquire images and new modalities are appearing in the market such as electron microscopy. This reality offers new diagnostics tools to clinical practice but emphasizes also the lack of multivendor system’s interoperability. Without the adoption of standard data formats and communications methods, it will be impossible to build this industry through the installation of vendor-neutral archives and the establishment of telepathology services in the cloud. The DICOM protocol is a feasible solution to the aforementioned problem because it already provides an interface for visible light and whole slide microscope imaging modalities. While some scanners currently have DICOM interfaces, the vast majority of manufacturers continue to use proprietary solutions. This article proposes an automated DICOMization pipeline that can efficiently transform distinct proprietary microscope images from CLSM, FIB-SEM, and WSI scanners into standard DICOM with their biological information maintained within their metadata. The system feasibility and performance were evaluated with fifteen distinct proprietary modalities, including stacked WSI samples. The results demonstrated that the proposed methodology is accurate and can be used in production. The normalized objects were stored through the standard communications in the Dicoogle open-source archive.
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Puumala, Lauren S., Samantha M. Grist, Jennifer M. Morales, Justin R. Bickford, Lukas Chrostowski, Sudip Shekhar, and Karen C. Cheung. "Biofunctionalization of Multiplexed Silicon Photonic Biosensors." Biosensors 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13010053.
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Silicon photonic (SiP) sensors offer a promising platform for robust and low-cost decentralized diagnostics due to their high scalability, low limit of detection, and ability to integrate multiple sensors for multiplexed analyte detection. Their CMOS-compatible fabrication enables chip-scale miniaturization, high scalability, and low-cost mass production. Sensitive, specific detection with silicon photonic sensors is afforded through biofunctionalization of the sensor surface; consequently, this functionalization chemistry is inextricably linked to sensor performance. In this review, we first highlight the biofunctionalization needs for SiP biosensors, including sensitivity, specificity, cost, shelf-stability, and replicability and establish a set of performance criteria. We then benchmark biofunctionalization strategies for SiP biosensors against these criteria, organizing the review around three key aspects: bioreceptor selection, immobilization strategies, and patterning techniques. First, we evaluate bioreceptors, including antibodies, aptamers, nucleic acid probes, molecularly imprinted polymers, peptides, glycans, and lectins. We then compare adsorption, bioaffinity, and covalent chemistries for immobilizing bioreceptors on SiP surfaces. Finally, we compare biopatterning techniques for spatially controlling and multiplexing the biofunctionalization of SiP sensors, including microcontact printing, pin- and pipette-based spotting, microfluidic patterning in channels, inkjet printing, and microfluidic probes.
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Janghorban, Mohammad, Irvyne Aradanas, Sara Kazemi, Philippa Ngaju, and Richa Pandey. "Recent Advances, Opportunities, and Challenges in Developing Nucleic Acid Integrated Wearable Biosensors for Expanding the Capabilities of Wearable Technologies in Health Monitoring." Biosensors 12, no. 11 (November 8, 2022): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12110986.
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Wearable biosensors are becoming increasingly popular due to the rise in demand for non-invasive, real-time monitoring of health and personalized medicine. Traditionally, wearable biosensors have explored protein-based enzymatic and affinity-based detection strategies. However, in the past decade, with the success of nucleic acid-based point-of-care diagnostics, a paradigm shift has been observed in integrating nucleic acid-based assays into wearable sensors, offering better stability, enhanced analytical performance, and better clinical applicability. This narrative review builds upon the current state and advances in utilizing nucleic acid-based assays, including oligonucleotides, nucleic acid, aptamers, and CRISPR-Cas, in wearable biosensing. The review also discusses the three fundamental blocks, i.e., fabrication requirements, biomolecule integration, and transduction mechanism, for creating nucleic acid integrated wearable biosensors.
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Huber, François, Hans Peter Lang, Stefanie Heller, Julia Anna Bielicki, Christoph Gerber, Ernst Meyer, and Adrian Egli. "Rapid Bacteria Detection from Patients’ Blood Bypassing Classical Bacterial Culturing." Biosensors 12, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12110994.
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Sepsis is a life-threatening condition mostly caused by a bacterial infection resulting in inflammatory reaction and organ dysfunction if not treated effectively. Rapid identification of the causing bacterial pathogen already in the early stage of bacteremia is therefore vital. Current technologies still rely on time-consuming procedures including bacterial culturing up to 72 h. Our approach is based on ultra-rapid and highly sensitive nanomechanical sensor arrays. In measurements we observe two clearly distinguishable distributions consisting of samples with bacteria and without bacteria respectively. Compressive surface stress indicates the presence of bacteria. For this proof-of-concept, we extracted total RNA from EDTA whole blood samples from patients with blood-culture-confirmed bacteremia, which is the reference standard in diagnostics. We determined the presence or absence of bacterial RNA in the sample through 16S-rRNA hybridization and species-specific probes using nanomechanical sensor arrays. Via both probes, we identified two clinically highly-relevant bacterial species i.e., Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus down to an equivalent of 20 CFU per milliliter EDTA whole blood. The dynamic range of three orders of magnitude covers most clinical cases. We correctly identified all patient samples regarding the presence or absence of bacteria. We envision our technology as an important contribution to early and sensitive sepsis diagnosis directly from blood without requirement for cultivation. This would be a game changer in diagnostics, as no commercial PCR or POCT device currently exists who can do this.
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Weihs, Felix, Alisha Anderson, Stephen Trowell, and Karine Caron. "Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Biosensors for Point-of-Need Diagnosis—Progress and Perspectives." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020660.
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The demand for point-of-need (PON) diagnostics for clinical and other applications is continuing to grow. Much of this demand is currently serviced by biosensors, which combine a bioanalytical sensing element with a transducing device that reports results to the user. Ideally, such devices are easy to use and do not require special skills of the end user. Application-dependent, PON devices may need to be capable of measuring low levels of analytes very rapidly, and it is often helpful if they are also portable. To date, only two transduction modalities, colorimetric lateral flow immunoassays (LFIs) and electrochemical assays, fully meet these requirements and have been widely adopted at the point-of-need. These modalities are either non-quantitative (LFIs) or highly analyte-specific (electrochemical glucose meters), therefore requiring considerable modification if they are to be co-opted for measuring other biomarkers. Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (RET)-based biosensors incorporate a quantitative and highly versatile transduction modality that has been extensively used in biomedical research laboratories. RET-biosensors have not yet been applied at the point-of-need despite its advantages over other established techniques. In this review, we explore and discuss recent developments in the translation of RET-biosensors for PON diagnoses, including their potential benefits and drawbacks.
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Li, Qi, Xingchen Zhou, Qian Wang, Wenfang Liu, and Chuanpin Chen. "Microfluidics for COVID-19: From Current Work to Future Perspective." Biosensors 13, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13020163.
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Spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has significantly impacted the public health and economic sectors. It is urgently necessary to develop rapid, convenient, and cost-effective point-of-care testing (POCT) technologies for the early diagnosis and control of the plague’s transmission. Developing POCT methods and related devices is critical for achieving point-of-care diagnosis. With the advantages of miniaturization, high throughput, small sample requirements, and low actual consumption, microfluidics is an essential technology for the development of POCT devices. In this review, according to the different driving forces of the fluid, we introduce the common POCT devices based on microfluidic technology on the market, including paper-based microfluidic, centrifugal microfluidic, optical fluid, and digital microfluidic platforms. Furthermore, various microfluidic-based assays for diagnosing COVID-19 are summarized, including immunoassays, such as ELISA, and molecular assays, such as PCR. Finally, the challenges of and future perspectives on microfluidic device design and development are presented. The ultimate goals of this paper are to provide new insights and directions for the development of microfluidic diagnostics while expecting to contribute to the control of COVID-19.
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Jurov, Andrea, Špela Kos, Nataša Hojnik, Ivana Sremački, Anton Nikiforov, Christophe Leys, Gregor Serša, and Uroš Cvelbar. "Analysing Mouse Skin Cell Behaviour under a Non-Thermal kHz Plasma Jet." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 1266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031266.
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Plasma jets are extensively used in biomedical applications, particularly for exploring cell viability behaviour. However, many experimental parameters influence the results, including jet characteristics, secondary liquid chemistry and protocols used, slowing research progress. A specific interest of the presented research was skin cell behaviour under a non-thermal kHz plasma jet—a so-called cold plasma jet—as a topical skin treatment. Our research was focused on in vitro mouse skin cell direct plasma treatment with argon as an operating gas. The research was complemented with detailed gas-phase diagnostics and liquid-phase chemical analysis of the plasma and plasma-treated medium, respectively. The obtained results showed that direct plasma jet treatment was very destructive, leading to low cell viability. Even with short treatment times (from 35 s to 60 s), apoptosis was observed for most L929 murine fibroblasts under approximately the same conditions. This behaviour was attributed to plasma species generated from direct treatment and the types of cell lines used. Importantly, the research exposed important points that should be taken under consideration for all further research in this field: the urgent need to upgrade and standardise existing plasma treatment protocols of cell lines; to monitor gas and liquid chemistries and to standardise plasma discharge parameters.
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Shuba, Anastasiia, Tatiana Kuchmenko, and Ruslan Umarkhanov. "Piezoelectric Gas Sensors with Polycomposite Coatings in Biomedical Application." Sensors 22, no. 21 (November 5, 2022): 8529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218529.
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When developing methods for diagnosing pathologies and diseases in humans and animals using electronic noses, one of the important trends is the miniaturization of devices, while maintaining significant information for diagnostic purposes. A combination of several sorbents that have unique sorption features of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on one transducer is a possible option for the miniaturization of sensors for gas analysis. This paper considers the principles of creating polycomposite coatings on the electrodes of piezoelectric quartz resonators, including the choice of sorbents for the formation of sensitive layers, determining the mass and geometry of the formation of sensitive layers in a polycomposite coating, as well as an algorithm for processing the output data of sensors to obtain maximum information about the qualitative and quantitative composition of the gas phase. A comparative analysis of the efficiency and kinetics of VOC vapor sorption by sensors with polycomposite coatings and a set of sensors with relevant single coatings has been carried out. Regression equations have been obtained to predict the molar-specific sensitivity of the microbalance of VOC vapors by a sensor with a polycomposite coating of three sorbents with an error of 5–15% based on the results of the microbalance of VOC vapors on single coatings. A method for creating “visual prints” of sensor signals with polycomposite coatings is shown, with results comparable to those from an array of sensors. The parameters Aij∑ are proposed for obtaining information on the qualitative composition of the gas phase when processing the output data of sensors with polycomposite coatings. A biochemical study of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples, a microbiological investigation of calf tracheal washes, and a clinical examination were conducted to assess the presence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). An analysis of the gas phase over EBC samples with an array of sensors with polycomposite coatings was also carried out. The “visual prints” of the responses of sensors with polycomposite coatings and the results of the identification of VOCs in the gas phase over EBC samples were compared to the results of bacteriological studies of tracheal washes of the studied calves. A connection was found between the parameters Aij∑ of a group of sensors with polycomposite coatings and the biochemical parameters of biosamples. The adequacy of replacing an array of piezoelectric sensors with single coatings by the sensors with polycomposite coatings is shown.
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Hussain, Mubashir, Jun Zou, He Zhang, Ru Zhang, Zhu Chen, and Yongjun Tang. "Recent Progress in Spectroscopic Methods for the Detection of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria." Biosensors 12, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12100869.
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Detection of foodborne pathogens at an early stage is very important to control food quality and improve medical response. Rapid detection of foodborne pathogens with high sensitivity and specificity is becoming an urgent requirement in health safety, medical diagnostics, environmental safety, and controlling food quality. Despite the existing bacterial detection methods being reliable and widely used, these methods are time-consuming, expensive, and cumbersome. Therefore, researchers are trying to find new methods by integrating spectroscopy techniques with artificial intelligence and advanced materials. Within this progress report, advances in the detection of foodborne pathogens using spectroscopy techniques are discussed. This paper presents an overview of the progress and application of spectroscopy techniques for the detection of foodborne pathogens, particularly new trends in the past few years, including surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence spectroscopy, multiangle laser light scattering, and imaging analysis. In addition, the applications of artificial intelligence, microfluidics, smartphone-based techniques, and advanced materials related to spectroscopy for the detection of bacterial pathogens are discussed. Finally, we conclude and discuss possible research prospects in aspects of spectroscopy techniques for the identification and classification of pathogens.
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Chugui, Yu, A. Verkhoglyad, A. Poleshchuk, V. Korolkov, E. Sysoev, and P. Zavyalov. "3D Optical Measuring Systems and Laser Technologies for Scientific and Industrial Applications." Measurement Science Review 13, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msr-2013-0048.
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Abstract Modern industry and science require novel 3D optical measuring systems and laser technologies with micro/nanometer resolution for solving actual problems. Such systems, including the 3D dimensional inspection of ceramic parts for electrotechnical industry, laser inspection of wheel pair diagnostic for running trains and 3D superresolution low-coherent micro- /nanoprofilometers are presented. The newest results in the field of laser technologies for high-precision synthesis of microstructures by updated image generator using the semiconductor laser are given. The measuring systems and the laser image generator developed and produced by TDI SIE and IAE SB RAS have been tested by customers and used in different branches of industry and science.
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Smutok, Oleh, Taras Kavetskyy, Tetiana Prokopiv, Roman Serkiz, Ondrej Šauša, Ivan Novák, Helena Švajdlenková, Igor Maťko, Mykhailo Gonchar, and Evgeny Katz. "Biosensor Based on Peroxidase-Mimetic Nanozyme and Lactate Oxidase for Accurate L-Lactate Analysis in Beverages." Biosensors 12, no. 11 (November 18, 2022): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12111042.
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Precision analysis of the key biological metabolites such as L-lactate has great practical importance for many technological processes in food technology, including beverage production. Here we describe a new, highly selective, and sensitive biosensor for accurate L-lactate assay based on a combination of peroxidase-mimetic nanozymes with microbial lactate oxidase (LOx) immobilized onto the surface of a graphite-rod electrode (GE). The peroxidase-like nanozymes were synthesized using the debris of carbon microfibers (CFs) functionalized with hemin (H) and modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) or platinum microparticles (PtMPs). The nanozyme formed with PtMPs as well as corresponding bioelectrodes based on it (LOx-CF-H-PtMPs/GE) is characterized by preferable catalytic and operational characteristics, so it was selected for the analysis of L-lactate content in real samples of grape must and red wine. The results of the L-lactate analysis obtained by the developed biosensors are highly correlated with a very selective spectrophotometric approach used as a reference. The developed biosensor, due to its high selectivity and sensitivity, is very prospective not only for the beverage industry and food technology, but also for clinical diagnostics and medicine, as well as in other applications where the accurate analysis of L-lactate is highly important.
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Puumala, Lauren S., Samantha M. Grist, Kithmin Wickremasinghe, Mohammed A. Al-Qadasi, Sheri Jahan Chowdhury, Yifei Liu, Matthew Mitchell, Lukas Chrostowski, Sudip Shekhar, and Karen C. Cheung. "An Optimization Framework for Silicon Photonic Evanescent-Field Biosensors Using Sub-Wavelength Gratings." Biosensors 12, no. 10 (October 8, 2022): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12100840.
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Silicon photonic (SiP) evanescent-field biosensors aim to combine the information-rich readouts offered by lab-scale diagnostics, at a significantly lower cost, and with the portability and rapid time to result offered by paper-based assays. While SiP biosensors fabricated with conventional strip waveguides can offer good sensitivity for label-free detection in some applications, there is still opportunity for improvement. Efforts have been made to design higher-sensitivity SiP sensors with alternative waveguide geometries, including sub-wavelength gratings (SWGs). However, SWG-based devices are fragile and prone to damage, limiting their suitability for scalable and portable sensing. Here, we investigate SiP microring resonator sensors designed with SWG waveguides that contain a “fishbone” and highlight the improved robustness offered by this design. We present a framework for optimizing fishbone-style SWG waveguide geometries based on numerical simulations, then experimentally measure the performance of ring resonator sensors fabricated with the optimized waveguides, targeting operation in the O-band and C-band. For the O-band and C-band devices, we report bulk sensitivities up to 349 nm/RIU and 438 nm/RIU, respectively, and intrinsic limits of detection as low as 5.1 × 10−4 RIU and 7.1 × 10−4 RIU, respectively. This performance is comparable to the state of the art in SWG-based sensors, positioning fishbone SWG resonators as an attractive, more robust, alternative to conventional SWG designs.
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Daghigh Ahmadi, Ehsaneh, Saudah Hafeji, Zohaib Khurshid, Eisha Imran, Muhammad Sohail Zafar, Morvarid Saeinasab, and Farshid Sefat. "Biophotonics in Dentistry." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 4254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094254.
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The aim of this review paper is to concentrate on the use and application of photonics in dentistry. More than one hundred review and research articles were comprehensively analysed in terms of applications of photonics in dentistry, including surgical applications, as well as dental biomaterials, diagnosis and treatments. In biomedical engineering, various fields, such as biology, chemistry, material and physics, come together in to tackle a disease/disorder either as a diagnostic tool or an option for treatment. Engineers believe that biophotonics is the application of photonics in medicine, whereas photonics is simply a technology for creating and connecting packets of light energy, known as photons. This review paper provides a comprehensive discussion of its main elements, such as photoelasticity, interferometry techniques, optical coherence tomography, different types of lasers, carbon nanotubes, graphene and quantum dots.
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Cantor, Charles R., Takeshi Sano, Natalia E. Broude, and Cassandra L. Smith. "Instrumentation in molecular biomedical diagnostics: An overview." Genetic Analysis: Biomolecular Engineering 14, no. 2 (July 1997): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1050-3862(97)00006-5.
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Ramesh, Manickam, Ravichandran Janani, Chinnaiyan Deepa, and Lakshminarasimhan Rajeshkumar. "Nanotechnology-Enabled Biosensors: A Review of Fundamentals, Design Principles, Materials, and Applications." Biosensors 13, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13010040.
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Biosensors are modern engineering tools that can be widely used for various technological applications. In the recent past, biosensors have been widely used in a broad application spectrum including industrial process control, the military, environmental monitoring, health care, microbiology, and food quality control. Biosensors are also used specifically for monitoring environmental pollution, detecting toxic elements’ presence, the presence of bio-hazardous viruses or bacteria in organic matter, and biomolecule detection in clinical diagnostics. Moreover, deep medical applications such as well-being monitoring, chronic disease treatment, and in vitro medical examination studies such as the screening of infectious diseases for early detection. The scope for expanding the use of biosensors is very high owing to their inherent advantages such as ease of use, scalability, and simple manufacturing process. Biosensor technology is more prevalent as a large-scale, low cost, and enhanced technology in the modern medical field. Integration of nanotechnology with biosensors has shown the development path for the novel sensing mechanisms and biosensors as they enhance the performance and sensing ability of the currently used biosensors. Nanoscale dimensional integration promotes the formulation of biosensors with simple and rapid detection of molecules along with the detection of single biomolecules where they can also be evaluated and analyzed critically. Nanomaterials are used for the manufacturing of nano-biosensors and the nanomaterials commonly used include nanoparticles, nanowires, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanorods, and quantum dots (QDs). Nanomaterials possess various advantages such as color tunability, high detection sensitivity, a large surface area, high carrier capacity, high stability, and high thermal and electrical conductivity. The current review focuses on nanotechnology-enabled biosensors, their fundamentals, and architectural design. The review also expands the view on the materials used for fabricating biosensors and the probable applications of nanotechnology-enabled biosensors.
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Castrejón-Jiménez, Nayeli Shantal, Blanca Estela García-Pérez, Nydia Edith Reyes-Rodríguez, Vicente Vega-Sánchez, Víctor Manuel Martínez-Juárez, and Juan Carlos Hernández-González. "Challenges in the Detection of SARS-CoV-2: Evolution of the Lateral Flow Immunoassay as a Valuable Tool for Viral Diagnosis." Biosensors 12, no. 9 (September 5, 2022): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12090728.
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SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging infectious disease of zoonotic origin that caused the coronavirus disease in late 2019 and triggered a pandemic that has severely affected human health and caused millions of deaths. Early and massive diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients is the key to preventing the spread of the virus and controlling the outbreak. Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) are the simplest biosensors. These devices are clinical diagnostic tools that can detect various analytes, including viruses and antibodies, with high sensitivity and specificity. This review summarizes the advantages, limitations, and evolution of LFIA during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the challenges of improving these diagnostic devices.
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Navay Baghban, Hossein, Mohammad Hasanzadeh, Yuqian Liu, and Farzad Seidi. "Efficient Entrapment of Alpha-Synuclein Biotinylated Antibody in KCC-1-NH-CS2 and Application for the Sensitive Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Using Recognition of Biomarker: An Innovative Electrochemical Label-Free Immunosensor for the Biomedical Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases." Biosensors 12, no. 10 (October 21, 2022): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12100911.
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The early detection of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a critical issue in terms of efficiency. Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a biomarker in PD checks. Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is the major constituent of Lewy bodies and a pathogenic hallmark of all synucleinopathies, including PDs, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. In this study, KCC-1-NH-CS2 was conjugated with biotinylated Ab and entrapped in P(β-CD) polymer cavities. Using this approach, a novel electrochemical label-free immunosensor was designed for the quantification of α-syn in real human samples. For this purpose, the glassy carbon electrode electropolymerized with P(β-CD) biopolymer provided an excellent matrix for entrapping of KCC-1-NH-CS2 loaded with the biotinylated antibody of α-syn. Using the chronoamperometric technique, the proposed immunosensor shows a suitable range of 0.02 to 64 ng/mL for the determination of α-syn. Additionally, a low limit of quantification of the engineered biosensor was obtained at 0.02 ng/mL. The developed immunosensor’s adequate stability, sensitivity, and selectivity, together with its ease of manufacture, make it a promising diagnostic technique for further research. This study also will pave the way for further applications of the synergetic effect of β-CD and KCC-1-NH-CS2 for biomedical analysis in the near future.
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Coltro, Wendell. "Paper-based microfluidics: What can we expect?" Brazilian Journal of Analytical Chemistry 9, no. 37 (October 5, 2022): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30744/brjac.2179-3425.point-of-view-wktcoltro.n37.
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In the last three decades, the scientific community has observed exponential growth in the development of microfluidic platforms and their use for applications in different fields. The noticeable advances are attributed to the advantages provided by miniaturization.1 In summary, the downscaling of analytical devices has offered attractive features, including reduced consumption of samples and reagents, short analysis time, and minimal waste generation. In addition, the possibility to perform multiplexed assays in portable devices without bulky instrumentation is another attractive feature that boosted the investigation of miniaturized devices with the capability to be tested directly in the point-of-care (POC). Due to the sample volume required to proceed with a chemical analysis on a microscale (typically in the µL range), a complete understanding of the fluid control and handle on channels defined in micrometric dimensions was necessary, giving rise to the science known as microfluidics.2 Many platforms including rigid and flexible materials can be explored for manufacturing microfluidic networks. Among all the substrates reported in the literature, the “paper” is by far the simplest and cheapest material currently employed for the development of microfluidic devices dedicated to analytical, bioanalytical, biomedical, environmental, food, and forensics applications.3 For many readers, the first question is why paper is used instead of other materials such as glass. Well, glass is a rigid material, and microchannel engraving requires cleanroom facilities, photolithographic patterning, developing steps, and thermal sealing. This standard protocol makes use of sophisticated instrumentation, and it is not readily available to most researchers. In this way, paper emerges as a simple and alternative material to be used for microfluidics. One of the major benefits of microfluidics refers to the sample-in-answer-out capability, which requires a fully automated fluid control to allow sample preparation, analytical separation, and detection stages. The fluid-controlled handling inside microchannels opens the possibility to integrate multiple analytical tasks in parallel into a high-throughput device. Considering these possibilities, it is worthwhile reflecting on how paper can be used to transport and handle a fluid. Paper is currently one of the most widely used raw materials in research laboratories. Its use has been explored for over a century. In 1949, a paper containing barriers made of paraffin was exploited to successfully demonstrate the elution of pigments within a channel based on the sample diffusion process.4 In 2007, paper was reinvented by the Whitesides group as a globally affordable substrate material for the development of miniaturized analytical platforms.5 Since this period, paper has become an increasingly popular platform for multipurpose applications. Probably, its broad use is associated with advantages over other conventional substrates, as well as the fabrication technologies and the concept of “do-it-yourself microfluidics”.6 In comparison with other conventional materials, like glass and silicon, paper is relatively inexpensive, globally affordable, lightweight, bioactive, and easy to transport and store. Furthermore, paper-based products can be easily found as kitchen towels, coffee filters, blood separation paper, filter paper, office paper, and others. How does one create an analytical device on paper? This question is a common inquiry of undergraduate and graduate students when starting to study microfluidics. Initially, it is important to emphasize that paper substrates have a porous structure, which facilitates the spontaneous transport of fluid by capillarity. The wicking speed of liquid on a microchannel defined on paper depends on pore size and paper thickness. Microfluidic networks can be created on paper using hydrophobic barriers or defined by cutting approaches, which make it possible to obtain single paper strips or more complex designs containing interconnected microchannels for multiplexed assays3. In this regard, lithography-based fabrication methods were first employed to demonstrate the potential of paper substrates for developing microfluidic structures. However, due to the contradictory view in terms of cost, many other alternative approaches were developed to make affordable and popular the concept and potential of paper-based microfluidics. Thanks to the researchers´ creativity and paper versatility, the fabrication of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices is feasible through direct printing using wax, inkjet, or laser printing processes or even by manual protocols (freehand drawing or spraying) involving pens, pencils, stamps, scissors, scholar’s glue, or lacquer resins. Paper-based microfluidic devices, including examples of simple spot test arrays, chemosensors, biosensors, electrochemical sensors, wearable devices, and lateral flow assays, have been found in the main scientific Journals associated with analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.7-10 In the academy, most of the advances seen in the recent literature have demonstrated improvements in terms of durability, shelf life, reproducibility, robustness, and analytical reliability, making paper-based microfluidic devices promising and emerging candidates to gain space in the market as alternatives to other materials. In this way, entrepreneurship and innovation deserve to be highlighted and emerge as the focus of many researchers interested in opening their businesses or company. The bridge between the academy and the productive sector depends on investment and engagement to overcome administrative and legal bureaucracies not only to open a company but also to maintain it in full operating mode. The commercialization of microfluidic devices has been constantly growing. In the last three years, for example, many companies located in different countries have shipped over five hundred million units/year, clearly demonstrating the potential of microfluidic devices for different application areas including drug delivery, flow chemistry, analytical devices, pharmaceutical and life science, point-of-care diagnostics and clinical and veterinary settings.11 Considering the advantages of paper-based materials, what can we expect in the coming years? Commercially available products with sample-in-answer-out capabilities are highly desirable to be found more and more in the market. Due to the global affordability of paper as well as its attractive features to create microfluidic and sensor prototypes, it is possible to see a real niche full of possibilities for success. In this view, it is time to try our best and make commercially available paper-based products like wearable sensors or lateral flow devices to monitor clinically relevant compounds in different biological fluids like blood, urine, serum, sweat, saliva, and tears. This may be accelerated by spin-offs or startups independently or in partnership with well-established companies. In other words, it is time to innovate and transform an idea into a commercial product with a societal impact. The interface between rapid tests and immediate responses directly by the end user are highly desirable features in the market and risk analysis. The SARS-CoV-2 worldwide outbreak is the most recent example that science can offer the possibility to obtain clinical diagnostics in a matter of minutes, allowing one to decide on the ideal treatment or, in this case, social isolation to prevent the virus transmission. Tens of self-diagnostics kits based on paper strips for SARS-CoV-2 are already commercially available for society in drug shops, hospitals, or healthcare clinics. Similar strategies may be seen shortly for Monkeypox or other global outbreaks.
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Cavalera, Simone, Giulia Pezzoni, Santina Grazioli, Emiliana Brocchi, Stefano Baselli, Davide Lelli, Barbara Colitti, et al. "Investigation of the “Antigen Hook Effect” in Lateral Flow Sandwich Immunoassay: The Case of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Detection." Biosensors 12, no. 9 (September 8, 2022): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12090739.
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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious disease affecting bovine with severe symptomatology. The implementation of effective control strategies to prevent infection outbreak requires rapid diagnostic tools. Two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), targeting different epitopes of the LSDV structural protein p32, and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used to set up a colorimetric sandwich-type lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). Combinations including one or two mAbs, used either as the capture or detection reagent, were explored to investigate the hook effect due to antigen saturation by the detector antibody. The mAb-AuNP preparations were optimized by a full-factorial design of experiment to achieve maximum sensitivity. Opposite optimal conditions were selected when one Mab was used for capture and detection instead of two mAbs; thus, two rational routes for developing a highly sensitive LFIA according to Mab availability were outlined. The optimal LFIA for LSDV showed a low limit of detection (103.4 TCID50/mL), high inter- and intra-assay repeatability (CV% < 5.3%), and specificity (no cross-reaction towards 12 other viruses was observed), thus proving to be a good candidate as a useful tool for the point-of-need diagnosis of LSD.
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Chen, Junyi, Shaoqi Huang, Yan Long, Kan Wang, Yangtai Guan, Lianping Hou, Bo Dai, Songlin Zhuang, and Dawei Zhang. "A 3D-Printed Standardized Modular Microfluidic System for Droplet Generation." Biosensors 12, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12121085.
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Droplet-based microfluidics has a variety of applications, such as material synthesis and single-cell analysis. In this paper, we propose a modular microfluidic system using projection micro-stereolithography three-dimensional (3D) printing technology for droplet generation. All modules are designed using a standard cubic structure with a specific leakage-free connection interface. Versatile droplets, including single droplets, alternating droplets, merged droplets, and Janus particles, have been successfully produced. The droplet size and the generation rate can be flexibly controlled by adjusting the flow rates. The influence of the flow rate fraction between the discrete phase and the continuous phase over the generation of the alternating and merged droplets is discussed. Furthermore, the ‘UV curing’ module can be employed to solidify the generated droplets to avoid coalescence and fix the status of the Janus particles. The proposed modular droplet generators are promising candidates for various chemical and biological applications, such as single-cell incubation, screening of protein crystallization conditions, synthesis of nanoparticles, and gene delivery. In addition, we envision that more functional modules, e.g., valve, microreactor, and detection modules, could be developed, and the 3D standardized modular microfluidics could be further applied to other complex systems, i.e., concentration gradient generators and clinical diagnostic systems.
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Faubel, Werner, Stefan Heissler, Ute Pyell, and Natalia Ragozina. "Photothermal trace detection in capillary electrophoresis for biomedical diagnostics and toxic materials (invited)." Review of Scientific Instruments 74, no. 1 (January 2003): 491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1523135.
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Byrne, Hugh J., Isha Behl, Genecy Calado, Ola Ibrahim, Mary Toner, Sheila Galvin, Claire M. Healy, Stephen Flint, and Fiona M. Lyng. "Biomedical applications of vibrational spectroscopy: Oral cancer diagnostics." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 252 (May 2021): 119470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2021.119470.
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Levinton, F. M., H. Reichert, and M. De Bock. "ITER beam aided diagnostics." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): C02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/c02012.
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Abstract We provide an overview of ITER beam aided diagnostics, including the motional Stark effect (MSE) and charge exchange recombination spectroscopy (CXRS). ITER presents several unique challenges to plasma diagnostics in general and beam-aided diagnostics in particular. The large size, long pulse, and DT operation drives much of the diagnostic design. This in turn has driven a significant R&D effort concerning the maintenance of plasma facing mirrors with sufficient reflectivity to maintain the utility of the diagnostic. In the case of MSE a new approach utilizing spectral splitting will be pursued instead of the conventional polarimetry approach due to the difficulty of maintaining and calibrating the polarizations properties of the plasma facing mirror.
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Shang, Keshuai, Shuangjue Wang, Siyu Chen, and Xia Wang. "Sensitivity Detection of Uric Acid and Creatinine in Human Urine Based on Nanoporous Gold." Biosensors 12, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12080588.
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Given the significance of uric acid and creatinine in clinical diagnostic, disease prevention and treatment, a multifunctional electrochemical sensor was proposed for sensitive detection of uric acid and creatinine. The sensitive detection of uric acid was realized based on the unique electrochemical oxidation of nanoporous gold (NPG) towards uric acid, showing good linearity from 10 μM to 750 μM with a satisfactory sensitivity of 222.91 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.06 μM. Based on the Jaffé reaction between creatinine and picric acid, the sensitive detection of creatinine was indirectly achieved in a range from 10 to 2000 μM by determining the consumption of picric acid in the Jaffé reaction with a detection sensitivity of 195.05 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a LOD of 10 μM. For human urine detection using the proposed electrochemical sensor, the uric acid detection results were comparable to that of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with a deviation rate of less than 10.28% and the recoveries of uric acid spiked in urine samples were 89~118%. Compared with HPLC results, the deviation rate of creatinine detection in urine samples was less than 4.17% and the recoveries of creatinine spiked in urine samples ranged from 92.50% to 117.40%. The multifunctional electrochemical sensor exhibited many advantages in practical applications, including short detection time, high stability, simple operation, strong anti-interference ability, cost-effectiveness, and easy fabrication, which provided a promising alternative for urine analysis in clinical diagnosis.
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Lee, Jinyoung. "Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensors Using Fusion Technologies with Biologicals & Chemicals for Food Assessment." Biosensors 13, no. 2 (January 24, 2023): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13020183.
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High-sensitivity sensors applied in various diagnostic systems are considered to be a promising technology in the era of the fourth industrial revolution. Biosensors that can quickly detect the presence and concentration of specific biomaterials are receiving research attention owing to the breakthroughs in detection technology. In particular, the latest technologies involving the miniaturization of biosensors using nanomaterials, such as nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and nanometals, have been widely studied. Nano-sized biosensors applied in food assessment and in in vivo measurements have the advantages of rapid diagnosis, high sensitivity and selectivity. Nanomaterial-based biosensors are inexpensive and can be applied to various fields. In the present society, where people are paying attention to health and wellness, high-technology food assessment is becoming essential as the consumer demand for healthy food increases. Thus, biosensor technology is required in the food and medical fields. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely studied for use in electrochemical biosensors. The sensitive electrical characteristics of CNTs allow them to act as electron transfer mediators in electrochemical biosensors. CNT-based biosensors require novel technologies for immobilizing CNTs on electrodes, such as silicon wafers, to use as biosensor templates. CNT-based electrochemical biosensors that serve as field-effect transistors (FET) increase sensitivity. In this review, we critically discuss the recent advances in CNT-based electrochemical biosensors applied with various receptors (antibodies, DNA fragments, and other nanomaterials) for food evaluation, including pathogens, food allergens, and other food-based substances.
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Shao, Huilin, Tae-Jong Yoon, Monty Liong, Ralph Weissleder, and Hakho Lee. "Magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical NMR-based diagnostics." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 1 (December 16, 2010): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.1.17.
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Rapid and accurate measurements of protein biomarkers, pathogens and cells in biological samples could provide useful information for early disease diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and design of personalized medicine. In general, biological samples have only negligible magnetic susceptibility. Thus, using magnetic nanoparticles for biosensing not only enhances sensitivity but also effectively reduces sample preparation needs. This review focuses on the use of magnetic nanoparticles for in vitro detection of biomolecules and cells based on magnetic resonance effects. This detection platform, termed diagnostic magnetic resonance (DMR), exploits magnetic nanoparticles as proximity sensors, which modulate the spin–spin relaxation time of water molecules surrounding molecularly-targeted nanoparticles. By developing more effective magnetic nanoparticle biosensors, DMR detection limits for various target moieties have been considerably improved over the last few years. Already, a library of magnetic nanoparticles has been developed, in which a wide range of targets, including DNA/mRNA, proteins, small molecules/drugs, bacteria, and tumor cells, have been quantified. More recently, the capabilities of DMR technology have been further advanced with new developments such as miniaturized nuclear magnetic resonance detectors, better magnetic nanoparticles and novel conjugational methods. These developments have enabled parallel and sensitive measurements to be made from small volume samples. Thus, the DMR technology is a highly attractive platform for portable, low-cost, and efficient biomolecular detection within a biomedical setting.
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Rutten, Iene, Devin Daems, Karen Leirs, and Jeroen Lammertyn. "Highly Sensitive Multiplex Detection of Molecular Biomarkers Using Hybridization Chain Reaction in an Encoded Particle Microfluidic Platform." Biosensors 13, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13010100.
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In the continuous combat against diseases, there is the need for tools that enable an improved diagnostic efficiency towards higher information density combined with reduced time-to-result and cost. Here, a novel fully integrated microfluidic platform, the Evalution™, is evaluated as a potential solution to this need. Encoded microparticles combined with channel-based microfluidics allow a fast, sensitive and simultaneous detection of several disease-related biomarkers. Since the binary code is represented by physically present holes, 210 different codes can be created that will not be altered by light or chemically induced degradation. Exploiting the unique features of this multiplex platform, hybridization chain reaction (HCR) is explored as a generic approach to reach the desired sensitivity. Compared to a non-amplified reference system, the sensitivity was drastically improved by a factor of 104, down to low fM LOD values. Depending on the HCR duration, the assay can be tuned for sensitivity or total assay time, as desired. The huge potential of this strategy was further demonstrated by the successful detection of a multiplex panel of six different nucleic acid targets including viruses and bacteria. The ability to not only discriminate these two categories but, with the same effort, also virus strains (human adenovirus and human bocavirus), virus subtypes (human adenovirus type B and D) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Streptococcus pneumonia), exemplifies the specificity of the developed approach. The effective, yet highly simplified, isothermal and protein-enzyme-free signal amplification tool reaches an LOD ranging from as low as 33 ± 4 to 151 ± 12 fM for the different targets. Moreover, direct detection in a clinically relevant sample matrix was verified, resulting in a detection limit of 309 ± 80 fM, approximating the low fM levels detectable with the gold standard analysis method, PCR, without the drawbacks related to protein enzymes, thermal cycling and elaborate sample preparation steps. The reported strategy can be directly transferred as a generic approach for the sensitive and specific detection of various target molecules in multiplex. In combination with the high-throughput capacity and reduced reagent consumption, the Evalution™ demonstrates immense potential in the next generation of diagnostic tools towards more personalized medicine.
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Ramana, Lakshmi Adusumilli, Shaik Razia, and K. Srinivasa Rao. "THE ANALYSIS ON APPLICATION OF IOT IN BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 20243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.20243ecst.
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IoT-based biomedical applications are used in biomedical systems such as healthcare, diagnostics, prevention, therapy and monitoring. In addition, healthcare studies are moving toward individualised measurement as a whole. Observed assessments in the laboratory/clinic must be replaced by more comprehensive evaluations. But traditional barriers to long-term free-lived assessment have been the high cost and complexity of equipment. Due to the lack of supervised conditions in free-living assessments, environmental analysis is needed to provide context to individual measurements. Biomedical engineers should be aware of the opportunities, challenges, and limitations presented by low-cost and easily accessible Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. In our biomedical research project, IoT hardware and software technologies have been used to extract quantitative data for comparison with cloud-based cognitive information. A custom interface shows patient-specific information, pathology details and user interaction results to increase the user experience.
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Walborn, Amanda, Priya Patel, Debra Hoppensteadt, Michael Mosier, Matthew T. Rondina, and Jawed Fareed. "Extracellular Nucleosome Levels in the Etiopathogenesis of Sepsis Associated Coagulopathy." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.564.564.
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Abstract Introduction: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are structures composed of DNA, histones, and bactericidal factors that are expelled by neutrophils in order to trap and neutralize bacteria. NETs play a role in host defense by trapping and killing infecting bacteria and inactivating bacterial virulence factors. Activation of the coagulation cascade by these components can lead to "immunothrombosis" and facilitate the containment and destruction of bacteria within a fibrin clot. Although extracellular nucleosomes (structures consisting of DNA wound around a histone protein core) within NETs can contribute to host defense, they can also play a role in disease pathology by leading to inflammation, endothelial damage, and pathological thrombosis. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a condition characterized by systemic activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems that can occur in conjunction with several underlying conditions, including sepsis. Links between infection, host response, and systemic coagulation, extracellular nucleosomes may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of sepsis-associated DIC. The purpose of this study was to quantify extracellular nucleosomes in the plasma of patients with sepsis-associated DIC. Materials and Methods: Citrated, de-identified plasma samples were collected from patients with sepsis and suspected DIC at ICU admission and on ICU days 4 and 8 under an IRB approved protocol. DIC score was evaluated in each sample using the ISTH scoring algorithm incorporating platelet count, PT/INR, fibrinogen (Recombiplastin, Instrumentation Laboratory, Bedford, MA), and D-Dimer (HyphenBioMed,Neuville-Sur-Oise, France). Plasma from healthy individuals was purchased from a commercial laboratory (George King Biomedical, Overland,KS). Nucleosomes in plasma were measured using the Cell Death Detection ELISA (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN). The correlation of variation for both intra-assay and inter-assay variation was <15%. Results: Nucleosomes were significantly elevated in patients with sepsis and suspected DIC compared to healthy individuals on ICU days 0 (p = 0.028), 4 (p < 0.0001), and 8 (p = 0.013). Results are shown in Table 1. When patients were categorized according to ISTH DIC score, a non-significant trend towards increasing nucleosomes with increasing DIC score was observed. Nucleosomes were significantly elevated in patients with overt DIC compared to normal individuals on ICU day 0 (p = 0.02). On ICU day 4, nucleosomes were significantly elevated in patients with both overt and non-overt DIC compared to healthy individuals (p < 0.01). Results are shown in Table 2. Furthermore, nucleosome levels correlated significantly (r >0.2, p<0.05) with factors involved in inflammation and coagulation. Nucleosomes correlated significantly with D-Dimer, prothrombin fragment F1.2, IL-8, and IL-10. No significant correlation was observed between nucleosomes and IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, VEGF,IFNγ, TNFα, IL-1α, IL-1β, MCP1, and EGF. Conclusion: Plasma nucleosome levels were elevated in patients hospitalized with sepsis and suspected DIC, and a trend towards increasing circulating nucleosome levels with increasing DIC score was observed. This supports the hypothesis that nucleosomes contribute to the pathophysiology of sepsis-associated DIC. The correlation of nucleosomes with the infection markers and a subset of inflammatory markers suggests that the presence of nucleosomes in the plasma of patients with sepsis-associated DIC may be due to specific, infection-related processes and not to general inflammatory processes. Additionally, the correlation of circulating nucleosome levels with markers of thrombin generation and fibrinolysis suggests that nucleosomes may play a role in the activation of coagulation observed in patients with sepsis-associated DIC. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Ullah, Sadia Fida, Geisianny Moreira, Shoumen Palit Austin Datta, Eric McLamore, and Diana Vanegas. "An Experimental Framework for Developing Point-of-Need Biosensors: Connecting Bio-Layer Interferometry and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy." Biosensors 12, no. 11 (October 29, 2022): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12110938.
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Biolayer interferometry (BLI) is a well-established laboratory technique for studying biomolecular interactions important for applications such as drug development. Currently, there are interesting opportunities for expanding the use of BLI in other fields, including the development of rapid diagnostic tools. To date, there are no detailed frameworks for implementing BLI in target-recognition studies that are pivotal for developing point-of-need biosensors. Here, we attempt to bridge these domains by providing a framework that connects output(s) of molecular interaction studies with key performance indicators used in the development of point-of-need biosensors. First, we briefly review the governing theory for protein-ligand interactions, and we then summarize the approach for real-time kinetic quantification using various techniques. The 2020 PRISMA guideline was used for all governing theory reviews and meta-analyses. Using the information from the meta-analysis, we introduce an experimental framework for connecting outcomes from BLI experiments (KD, kon, koff) with electrochemical (capacitive) biosensor design. As a first step in the development of a larger framework, we specifically focus on mapping BLI outcomes to five biosensor key performance indicators (sensitivity, selectivity, response time, hysteresis, operating range). The applicability of our framework was demonstrated in a study of case based on published literature related to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to show the development of a capacitive biosensor based on truncated angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the receptor. The case study focuses on non-specific binding and selectivity as research goals. The proposed framework proved to be an important first step toward modeling/simulation efforts that map molecular interactions to sensor design.
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Lee, S. G., Y. U. Nam, J. G. Bak, J. W. Juhn, J. H. Lee, K. D. Lee, S. H. Seo, et al. "Overview and recent progress of KSTAR diagnostics." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): C01065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/c01065.
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Abstract The 14th experimental campaign from the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) device has passed since the first experimental campaign was carried out in 2008. The basic diagnostic systems such as magnetic diagnostics, interferometer, inspection illuminator, visible spectrometer, ECE radiometer have been used for the first plasma experiment in KSTAR. Currently more than 50 diagnostic systems have been continuously installed including improved basic diagnostics and advanced imaging diagnostics in KSTAR. A recent progress and future plan of diagnostics for KSTAR are briefly discussed.
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Appavoo, Divambal, Sung Young Park, and Lei Zhai. "Responsive polymers for medical diagnostics." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, no. 29 (2020): 6217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tb00366b.
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Stimulus-responsive polymers have been used in improving the efficacy of medical diagnostics through different approaches including enhancing the contrast in imaging techniques and promoting the molecular recognition in diagnostic assays.
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Gupta, Banshi D., Anisha Pathak, and Anand M. Shrivastav. "Optical Biomedical Diagnostics Using Lab-on-Fiber Technology: A Review." Photonics 9, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9020086.
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Point-of-care and in-vivo bio-diagnostic tools are the current need for the present critical scenarios in the healthcare industry. The past few decades have seen a surge in research activities related to solving the challenges associated with precise on-site bio-sensing. Cutting-edge fiber optic technology enables the interaction of light with functionalized fiber surfaces at remote locations to develop a novel, miniaturized and cost-effective lab on fiber technology for bio-sensing applications. The recent remarkable developments in the field of nanotechnology provide innumerable functionalization methodologies to develop selective bio-recognition elements for label free biosensors. These exceptional methods may be easily integrated with fiber surfaces to provide highly selective light-matter interaction depending on various transduction mechanisms. In the present review, an overview of optical fiber-based biosensors has been provided with focus on physical principles used, along with the functionalization protocols for the detection of various biological analytes to diagnose the disease. The design and performance of these biosensors in terms of operating range, selectivity, response time and limit of detection have been discussed. In the concluding remarks, the challenges associated with these biosensors and the improvement required to develop handheld devices to enable direct target detection have been highlighted.