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Journal articles on the topic 'Biomedical fluid mechanics'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Bazilevs, Yuri, Kenji Takizawa, and Tayfun E. Tezduyar. "Biomedical fluid mechanics and fluid–structure interaction." Computational Mechanics 54, no. 4 (July 15, 2014): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00466-014-1056-7.

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2

Manning, K. B., T. M. Przyhysz, A. A. Fontaine, S. Deutsch, and J. M. Tarbell. "MECHANICAL HEART VALVE CAVITATION FLUID MECHANICS." ASAIO Journal 50, no. 2 (March 2004): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002480-200403000-00049.

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3

Tarbell, John M., Sheldon Weinbaum, and Roger D. Kamm. "Cellular Fluid Mechanics and Mechanotransduction." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 33, no. 12 (December 2005): 1719–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-005-8775-z.

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4

Yoganathan, Ajit P., Zhaoming He, and S. Casey Jones. "Fluid Mechanics of Heart Valves." Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6, no. 1 (August 15, 2004): 331–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140111.

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5

Mei, C. C., J. Zhang, and H. X. Jing. "Fluid mechanics of Windkessel effect." Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 56, no. 8 (January 8, 2018): 1357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11517-017-1775-y.

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6

Grotberg, James B. "Respiratory Fluid Mechanics and Transport Processes." Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 3, no. 1 (August 2001): 421–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.3.1.421.

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7

Schussnig, Richard, Douglas R. Q. Pacheco, Manfred Kaltenbacher, and Thomas-Peter Fries. "Semi-implicit fluid–structure interaction in biomedical applications." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 400 (October 2022): 115489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2022.115489.

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8

van Loon, R., and F. N. van de Vosse. "Call for Papers: ‘Fluid-Structure Interaction in Biomedical Applications’." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 58, no. 10 (December 10, 2008): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1891.

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9

Nerem, R. M. "Vascular Fluid Mechanics, the Arterial Wall, and Atherosclerosis." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 114, no. 3 (August 1, 1992): 274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2891384.

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Atherosclerosis, a disease of large- and medium-size arteries, is the chief cause of death in the United States and in most of the western world. Severe atherosclerosis interferes with blood flow; however, even in the early stages of the disease, i.e. during atherogenesis, there is believed to be an important relationship between the disease processes and the characteristics of the blood flow in the arteries. Atherogenesis involves complex cascades of interactions among many factors. Included in this are fluid mechanical factors which are believed to be a cause of the highly focal nature of the disease. From in vivo studies, there is evidence of hemodynamic influences on the endothelium, on intimal thickening, and on monocyte recruitment. In addition, cell culture studies have demonstrated the important effect of a cell’s mechanical environment on structure and function. Most of this evidence is for the endothelial cell, which is believed to be a key mediator of any hemodynamic effect, and it is now well documented that cultured endothelial monolayers, in response to a fluid flow-imposed laminar shear stress, undergo a variety of changes in structure and function. In spite of the progress in recent years, there are many areas in which further work will provide important new information. One of these is in the engineering of the cell culture environment so as to make it more physiologic. Animal studies also are essential in our efforts to understand atherogenesis, and it is clear that we need better information on the pattern of the disease and its temporal development in humans and animal models, as well as the specific underlying biologic events. Complementary to this will be in vitro model studies of arterial fluid mechanics. In addition, one can foresee an increasing role for computer modelling in our efforts to understand the pathophysiology of the atherogenic process. This includes not only computational fluid mechanics, but also modelling the pathobiologic processes taking place within the arterial wall. A key to the atherogenic process may reside in understanding how hemodynamics influences not only intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation, but also the recruitment of the monocyte/macrophage and the formation of foam cells. Finally, it will be necessary to begin to integrate our knowledge of cellular phenomena into a description of the biologic processes within the arterial wall and then to integrate this into a picture of the disease process itself.

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10

Wootton, David M., and David N. Ku. "Fluid Mechanics of Vascular Systems, Diseases, and Thrombosis." Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1, no. 1 (August 1999): 299–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.299.

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11

Altobelli, S. A., and R. M. Nerem. "An Experimental Study of Coronary Artery Fluid Mechanics." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 107, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3138512.

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Preserved baboon and canine hearts were perfused using an in-vitro pulsatile flow system. Flow rate and pulsation frequency were controlled, and velocity profile measurements were made at several sites on the left epicardial coronary arteries of each heart. Velocity profiles were measured using a multi-channel, pulsed ultrasonic Doppler velocimeter, and the data were processed with a laboratory microcomputer system. Flow in the left main coronary artery appeared to be similar to descriptions of developing curved tube flow, but an unexplained oscillation of the velocity profiles was observed in this artery. Near the bifurcation of the main coronary artery into the anterior descending and the circumflex, the pattern of velocity profile skewing appeared to be determined by the angle through which the daughter vessels turned from the main and the overall curvature of the “plane” of bifurcation. Several diameters downstream from the bifurcation the flow appeared to be quasi-steady.

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12

Mendoza, Ernesto, and Geert W. Schmid-Scho¨nbein. "A Model for Mechanics of Primary Lymphatic Valves." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 125, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1568128.

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Recent experimental evidence indicates that lymphatics have two valve systems, a set of primary valves in the wall of the endothelial cells of initial lymphatics and a secondary valve system in the lumen of the lymphatics. While the intralymphatic secondary valves are well described, no analysis of the primary valves is available. We propose a model for primary lymphatics valves at the junctions between lymphatic endothelial cells. The model consists of two overlapping endothelial extensions at a cell junction in the initial lymphatics. One cell extension is firmly attached to the adjacent connective tissue while the other cell extension is not attached to the interstitial collagen. It is free to bend into the lumen of the lymphatic when the lymphatic pressure falls below the adjacent interstitial fluid pressure. Thereby the cell junction opens a gap permitting entry of interstitial fluid into the lymphatic lumen. When the lymphatic fluid pressure rises above the adjacent interstitial fluid pressure, the endothelial extensions contact each other and the junction is closed preventing fluid reflow into the interstitial space. The model illustrates the mechanics of valve action and provides the first time a rational analysis of the mechanisms underlying fluid collection in the initial lymphatics and lymph transport in the microcirculation.

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13

Tanida, Yoshimichi. "Some Topics in Bio-Fluid Mechanics." Artificial Organs 17, no. 4 (November 12, 2008): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1594.1993.tb00572.x.

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14

Gulabivala, K., Y.-L. Ng, M. Gilbertson, and I. Eames. "The fluid mechanics of root canal irrigation." Physiological Measurement 31, no. 12 (November 12, 2010): R49—R84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/31/12/r01.

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15

GAGNON, D. A., and T. D. MONTENEGRO-JOHNSON. "THRIFTY SWIMMING WITH SHEAR-THINNING: A NOTE ON OUT-OF-PLANE EFFECTS FOR UNDULATORY LOCOMOTION THROUGH SHEAR-THINNING FLUIDS." ANZIAM Journal 59, no. 4 (April 2018): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181118000032.

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Microscale propulsion is integral to numerous biomedical systems, including biofilm formation and human reproduction, where the surrounding fluids comprise suspensions of polymers. These polymers endow the fluid with non-Newtonian rheological properties, such as shear-thinning and viscoelasticity. Thus, the complex dynamics of non-Newtonian fluids present numerous modelling challenges. Here, we demonstrate that neglecting ‘out-of-plane’ effects during swimming through a shear-thinning fluid results in a significant overestimate of fluid viscosity around the undulatory swimmer Caenorhabditis elegans. This miscalculation of viscosity corresponds with an overestimate of the power the swimmer expends, a key biophysical quantity important for understanding the internal mechanics of the swimmer. As experimental flow-tracking techniques improve, accurate experimental estimates of power consumption in similar undulatory systems, such as the planar beating of human sperm through cervical mucus, will be required to probe the interaction between internal power generation, fluid rheology, and the resulting waveform.

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Granados-Ortiz, Francisco-Javier, and Joaquín Ortega-Casanova. "Mechanical Characterisation and Analysis of a Passive Micro Heat Exchanger." Micromachines 11, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11070668.

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Heat exchangers are widely used in many mechanical, electronic, and bioengineering applications at macro and microscale. Among these, the use of heat exchangers consisting of a single fluid passing through a set of geometries at different temperatures and two flows in T-shape channels have been extensively studied. However, the application of heat exchangers for thermal mixing over a geometry leading to vortex shedding has not been investigated. This numerical work aims to analyse and characterise a heat exchanger for microscale application, which consists of two laminar fluids at different temperature that impinge orthogonally onto a rectangular structure and generate vortex shedding mechanics that enhance thermal mixing. This work is novel in various aspects. This is the first work of its kind on heat transfer between two fluids (same fluid, different temperature) enhanced by vortex shedding mechanics. Additionally, this research fully characterise the underlying vortex mechanics by accounting all geometry and flow regime parameters (longitudinal aspect ratio, blockage ratio and Reynolds number), opposite to the existing works in the literature, which usually vary and analyse blockage ratio or longitudinal aspect ratio only. A relevant advantage of this heat exchanger is that represents a low-Reynolds passive device, not requiring additional energy nor moving elements to enhance thermal mixing. This allows its use especially at microscale, for instance in biomedical/biomechanical and microelectronic applications.

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17

Ani, C. J., Y. Danyuo, S. Odunsoya, Karen Malatesta, and W. O. Soboyejo. "Single Cell Deformation and Detachment Models of Shear Assay Measurements." Advanced Materials Research 1132 (December 2015): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1132.51.

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This paper presents concepts for the modeling of cell deformation and cell detachment from biocompatible biomedical materials. A combination of fluid mechanics and fracture mechanics concepts is used to model the detachment of cells under shear assay conditions. The analytical and computational models are validated by shear assay experiments in which human-osteo-sarcoma (HOS) cell are detached from surfaces that are relevant to bio-micro-electro-mechanical systems (BioMEMS), bio-microelectronics and orthopaedic/dental implants. The experiments revealed that cell detachment occurs from patches in which of α/β integrins are separated from the extracellular matrix that is left on the substrate. The stress/strain distribution and energy release rates associated with the observed detachments are also computed using elastic cell deformation, fluid/structure interactions and linear fracture mechanics (LEFM) model. The simulations reveal show that cancer cells generally experience higher levels of deformation than normal cells. The simulations also revealed that the cell-extracellular matrix interface was prone to cell detachment (interfacial failure), as observed in the shear assay experiments. The critical energy release rates for normal cell detachment were also found to be greater than those required for the detachment of cancer cells. The implications of the results are discussed for the design of biomedical implants and their interfaces.

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18

Liu, Yutong, Andrew Hamilton, Ashwin Nagaraj, LiJing L. Yan, Kiang Liu, Yong-Gen Lai, David D. McPherson, and Krishnan B. Chandran. "Alteration in Fluid Mechanics in Porcine Femoral Arteries with Atheroma Development." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 32, no. 4 (April 2004): 544–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:abme.0000019174.02192.ac.

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19

Ma, Yong-Xin, Bo Tian, Qi-Xing Qu, He-Yuan Tian, and Shao-Hua Liu. "Bilinear Bäcklund transformation, breather- and travelling-wave solutions for a (2+1)-dimensional extended Kadomtsev–Petviashvili II equation in fluid mechanics." Modern Physics Letters B 35, no. 19 (June 1, 2021): 2150315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984921503152.

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Fluid-mechanics studies are applied in mechanical engineering, biomedical engineering, oceanography, meteorology and astrophysics. In this paper, we investigate a (2+1)-dimensional extended Kadomtsev–Petviashvili II equation in fluid mechanics. Based on the Hirota bilinear method, we give a bilinear Bäcklund transformation. Via the extended homoclinic test technique, we construct the breather-wave solutions under certain constraints. We obtain the velocities of the breather waves, which depend on the coefficients in that equation. Besides, we derive the lump solutions with the periods of the breather-wave solutions tending to the infinity. Based on the polynomial-expansion method, travelling-wave solutions are constructed. We observe that the shapes of a breather wave and a lump remain unchanged during the propagation. We graphically discuss the effects of those coefficients on the breather wave and lump.

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20

Hsieh, Adam H., Diane R. Wagner, Louis Y. Cheng, and Jeffrey C. Lotz. "Dependence of Mechanical Behavior of the Murine Tail Disc on Regional Material Properties: A Parametric Finite Element Study." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 127, no. 7 (June 8, 2005): 1158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2073467.

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In vivo rodent tail models are becoming more widely used for exploring the role of mechanical loading on the initiation and progression of intervertebral disc degeneration. Historically, finite element models (FEMs) have been useful for predicting disc mechanics in humans. However, differences in geometry and tissue properties may limit the predictive utility of these models for rodent discs. Clearly, models that are specific for rodent tail discs and accurately simulate the disc’s transient mechanical behavior would serve as important tools for clarifying disc mechanics in these animal models. An FEM was developed based on the structure, geometry, and scale of the mouse tail disc. Importantly, two sources of time-dependent mechanical behavior were incorporated: viscoelasticity of the matrix, and fluid permeation. In addition, a novel strain-dependent swelling pressure was implemented through the introduction of a dilatational stress in nuclear elements. The model was then validated against data from quasi-static tension-compression and compressive creep experiments performed previously using mouse tail discs. Finally, sensitivity analyses were performed in which material parameters of each disc subregion were individually varied. During disc compression, matrix consolidation was observed to occur preferentially at the periphery of the nucleus pulposus. Sensitivity analyses revealed that disc mechanics was greatly influenced by changes in nucleus pulposus material properties, but rather insensitive to variations in any of the endplate properties. Moreover, three key features of the model—nuclear swelling pressure, lamellar collagen viscoelasticity, and interstitial fluid permeation—were found to be critical for accurate simulation of disc mechanics. In particular, collagen viscoelasticity dominated the transient behavior of the disc during the initial 2200s of creep loading, while fluid permeation governed disc deformation thereafter. The FEM developed in this study exhibited excellent agreement with transient creep behavior of intact mouse tail motion segments. Notably, the model was able to produce spatial variations in nucleus pulposus matrix consolidation that are consistent with previous observations in nuclear cell morphology made in mouse discs using confocal microscopy. Results of this study emphasize the need for including nucleus swelling pressure, collagen viscoelasticity, and fluid permeation when simulating transient changes in matrix and fluid stress/strain. Sensitivity analyses suggest that further characterization of nucleus pulposus material properties should be pursued, due to its significance in steady-state and transient disc mechanical response.

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21

Zhang, Wei, Carly Herrera, Satya N. Atluri, and Ghassan S. Kassab. "Effect of Surrounding Tissue on Vessel Fluid and Solid Mechanics." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 126, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 760–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1824128.

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There is no doubt that atherosclerosis is one of the most important health problems in the Western Societies. It is well accepted that atherosclerosis is associated with abnormal stress and strain conditions. A compelling observation is that the epicardial arteries develop atherosclerosis while the intramural arteries do not. Atherosclerotic changes involving the epicardial portion of the coronary artery stop where the artery penetrates the myocardium. The objective of the present study is to understand the fluid and solid mechanical differences between the two types of vessels. A finite element analysis was employed to investigate the effect of external tissue contraction on the characteristics of pulsatile blood flow and the vessel wall stress distribution. The sequential coupling of fluid-solid interaction (FSI) revealed that the changes of flow velocity and wall shear stress, in response to cyclical external loading, appear less important than the circumferential stress and strain reduction in the vessel wall under the proposed boundary conditions. These results have important implications since high stresses and strains can induce growth, remodeling, and atherosclerosis; and hence we speculate that a reduction of stress and strain may be atheroprotective. The importance of FSI in deformable vessels with pulsatile flow is discussed and the fluid and solid mechanics differences between epicardial and intramural vessels are highlighted.

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22

Raissi, Maziar, Alireza Yazdani, and George Em Karniadakis. "Hidden fluid mechanics: Learning velocity and pressure fields from flow visualizations." Science 367, no. 6481 (January 30, 2020): 1026–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw4741.

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For centuries, flow visualization has been the art of making fluid motion visible in physical and biological systems. Although such flow patterns can be, in principle, described by the Navier-Stokes equations, extracting the velocity and pressure fields directly from the images is challenging. We addressed this problem by developing hidden fluid mechanics (HFM), a physics-informed deep-learning framework capable of encoding the Navier-Stokes equations into the neural networks while being agnostic to the geometry or the initial and boundary conditions. We demonstrate HFM for several physical and biomedical problems by extracting quantitative information for which direct measurements may not be possible. HFM is robust to low resolution and substantial noise in the observation data, which is important for potential applications.

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23

Yoganathan, Ajit P., Yi-Ren Woo, Hsing-Wen Sung, and Michael Jones. "Advances in Prosthetic Heart Valves: Fluid Mechanics of Aortic Valve Designs." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 2, no. 4 (October 1987): 579–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088532828700200405.

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24

Sorkin, Raya, Giulia Bergamaschi, Douwe Kamsma, Guy Brand, Elya Dekel, Yifat Ofir-Birin, Ariel Rudik, et al. "Probing cellular mechanics with acoustic force spectroscopy." Molecular Biology of the Cell 29, no. 16 (August 8, 2018): 2005–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e18-03-0154.

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A large number of studies demonstrate that cell mechanics and pathology are intimately linked. In particular, deformability of red blood cells (RBCs) is key to their function and is dramatically altered in the time course of diseases such as anemia and malaria. Due to the physiological importance of cell mechanics, many methods for cell mechanical probing have been developed. While single-cell methods provide very valuable information, they are often technically challenging and lack the high data throughput needed to distinguish differences in heterogeneous populations, while fluid-flow high-throughput methods miss the accuracy to detect subtle differences. Here we present a new method for multiplexed single-cell mechanical probing using acoustic force spectroscopy (AFS). We demonstrate that mechanical differences induced by chemical treatments of known effect can be measured and quantified. Furthermore, we explore the effect of extracellular vesicles (EVs) uptake on RBC mechanics and demonstrate that EVs uptake increases RBC deformability. Our findings demonstrate the ability of AFS to manipulate cells with high stability and precision and pave the way to further new insights into cellular mechanics and mechanobiology in health and disease, as well as potential biomedical applications.

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25

Knight, Earl E., Esteban Rougier, Zhou Lei, Bryan Euser, Viet Chau, Samuel H. Boyce, Ke Gao, Kurama Okubo, and Marouchka Froment. "HOSS: an implementation of the combined finite-discrete element method." Computational Particle Mechanics 7, no. 5 (July 31, 2020): 765–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40571-020-00349-y.

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Abstract Nearly thirty years since its inception, the combined finite-discrete element method (FDEM) has made remarkable strides in becoming a mainstream analysis tool within the field of Computational Mechanics. FDEM was developed to effectively “bridge the gap” between two disparate Computational Mechanics approaches known as the finite and discrete element methods. At Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) researchers developed the Hybrid Optimization Software Suite (HOSS) as a hybrid multi-physics platform, based on FDEM, for the simulation of solid material behavior complemented with the latest technological enhancements for full fluid–solid interaction. In HOSS, several newly developed FDEM algorithms have been implemented that yield more accurate material deformation formulations, inter-particle interaction solvers, and fracture and fragmentation solutions. In addition, an explicit computational fluid dynamics solver and a novel fluid–solid interaction algorithms have been fully integrated (as opposed to coupled) into the HOSS’ solid mechanical solver, allowing for the study of an even wider range of problems. Advancements such as this are leading HOSS to become a tool of choice for multi-physics problems. HOSS has been successfully applied by a myriad of researchers for analysis in rock mechanics, oil and gas industries, engineering application (structural, mechanical and biomedical engineering), mining, blast loading, high velocity impact, as well as seismic and acoustic analysis. This paper intends to summarize the latest development and application efforts for HOSS.

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26

Gorman, John, Eph Sparrow, and Kevin Krautbauer. "Fluid mechanics and sound generation for lung-clearance therapy." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 27, no. 4 (April 3, 2017): 820–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-01-2016-0014.

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Purpose The study described here aims to set forth an analysis approach for a specific biomedical therapeutic device principally involving fluid mechanics and resulting sound generation. The function of the therapeutic device is to clear mucus from the airways of the lungs. Clearance of the airways is a primary means of relief for cystic fibrosis and is also effective in less profound dysfunctions such as asthma. The complete system consists of a device to periodically pulse air pressure and a vest that girdles the abdomen of the patient and receives and discharges the pulsating airflow. The source of pulsed air can be tuned both with respect to the amplitude and frequency of the pressure pulsations. Design/methodology/approach The key design tools used here are computational fluid dynamics and the theory of turbulence-based sound generation. The fluid flow inside of the device is multidimensional, unsteady and turbulent. Findings Results provided by the fluid mechanic study include the rates of fluid flow between the device and the inflatable vest, the rates of air supplied to and extracted from the device, the fluid velocity magnitudes and directions that result from the geometry of the device and the magnitude of the turbulence generated by the fluid motion and the rotating component of the device. Both the velocity magnitudes and the strength of the turbulence contribute to the quantitative evaluation of the sound generation. Originality/value A comprehensive literature search on this type of therapeutic device to clear mucus from the airways of the lungs revealed no previous analysis of the fluid flow and sound generation inside of the device producing the pulsed airflow. The results presented in this paper pinpoint the locations and causes of sound generation that can cause audible discomfort for patients.

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27

STURM, CHRISTOF, WEI LI, JOHN C. WOODARD, and NED H. C. HWANG. "Fluid Mechanics of Left Ventricular Assist System Outflow Housings." ASAIO Journal 38, no. 3 (July 1992): M225—M227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002480-199207000-00025.

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28

Oldenburg, Jan, Julian Renkewitz, Michael Stiehm, and Klaus-Peter Schmitz. "Contributions towards Data driven Deep Learning methods to predict Steady State Fluid Flow in mechanical Heart Valves." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2021-2159.

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Abstract It is commonly accepted that hemodynamic situation is related with cardiovascular diseases as well as clinical post-procedural outcome. In particular, aortic valve stenosis and insufficiency are associated with high shear flow and increased pressure loss. Furthermore, regurgitation, high shear stress and regions of stagnant blood flow are presumed to have an impact on clinical result. Therefore, flow field assessment to characterize the hemodynamic situation is necessary for device evaluation and further design optimization. In-vitro as well as in-silico fluid mechanics methods can be used to investigate the flow through prostheses. In-silico solutions are based on mathematical equitation’s which need to be solved numerically (Computational Fluid Dynamics - CFD). Fundamentally, the flow is physically described by Navier-Stokes. CFD often requires high computational cost resulting in long computation time. Techniques based on deep-learning are under research to overcome this problem. In this study, we applied a deep-learning strategy to estimate fluid flows during peak systolic steady-state blood flows through mechanical aortic valves with varying opening angles in randomly generated aortic root geometries. We used a data driven approach by running 3,500 two dimensional simulations (CFD). The simulation data serves as training data in a supervised deep learning framework based on convolutional neural networks analogous to the U-net architecture. We were able to successfully train the neural network using the supervised data driven approach. The results showing that it is feasible to use a neural network to estimate physiological flow fields in the vicinity of prosthetic heart valves (Validation error below 0.06), by only giving geometry data (Image) into the Network. The neural network generates flow field prediction in real time, which is more than 2500 times faster compared to CFD simulation. Accordingly, there is tremendous potential in the use of AIbased approaches predicting blood flows through heart valves on the basis of geometry data, especially in applications where fast fluid mechanic predictions are desired.

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29

Yamaguchi, T., S. Hanai, H. Horio, and T. Hasegawa. "An application of computational fluid mechanics to the air flow in an infant incubator." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 20, no. 5 (September 1992): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02368169.

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30

Arzani, Amirhossein, and Shawn C. Shadden. "Wall shear stress fixed points in cardiovascular fluid mechanics." Journal of Biomechanics 73 (May 2018): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.03.034.

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31

Imran, Naveed, and Maryiam Javed. "The integrated MHD thermal performance with slip conditions on metachronal propulsion: the engineering material for biomedical applications." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 17, no. 6 (October 14, 2021): 1045–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-02-2021-0034.

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PurposeParticular attention is given to the viscous damping force parameter, stiffness parameter, rigidity parameter, and Brinkman number and plotted their graph for thermal distribution, momentum profile and concentration profile.Design/methodology/approachIn the field of engineering, biologically inspired propulsion systems are getting the utmost importance. Keeping in view their developmental progress, the present study was made. The theoretical analysis explores the effect of heat and mass transfer on non-Newtonian Sisko fluid with slip effects and transverse magnetic field in symmetric compliant channel. Using low Reynolds number, so that the authors neglect inertial forces and for keeping the pressure constant during the flow, channel height is used largely as compared to the ratio of wavelength. The governing equations of fluid flow problem are solved using the perturbation analysis.FindingsResults are considered for thickening, thinning and viscous nature of fluid models. It is found that the velocity distribution profile is boosted for increasing values of the Sisko fluid parameter and porous effect, while thermal profile is reducing for Brinkman number (viscous dissipation effects) for all cases. Moreover, shear-thicken and shear-thinning behavior of non-Newtonian Sisko fluid is also explained through the graphs.Originality/valueHear-thicken and shear-thinning behavior of non-Newtonian Sisko fluid is also explained through the graphs.

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32

Burchell, Christopher, Agisilaos Kourmatzis, Yongling Zhao, Joel Raco, Taye Mekonnen, Hak-Kim Chan, and Shaokoon Cheng. "Effects of respiratory rate on the fluid mechanics of a reconstructed upper airway." Medical Engineering & Physics 100 (February 2022): 103746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.103746.

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33

Pawaskar, Sainath Shrikant, Eileen Ingham, John Fisher, and Zhongmin Jin. "Fluid load support and contact mechanics of hemiarthroplasty in the natural hip joint." Medical Engineering & Physics 33, no. 1 (January 2011): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2010.09.009.

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34

Dwivedi, Ayush, Gorakh Sawant, and Ashish Karn. "Computational Solvers for Iterative Hydraulic loss Calculations in Pipe Systems." Journal of Engineering Education Transformations 35, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.16920/jeet/2022/v35i4/22106.

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Abstract —The study of fluid mechanics spans several engineering disciplines including Mechanical, Civil, Aerospace, Chemical, Environmental, Petroleum, and Biomedical Engineering. In all these disciplines, hydraulic loss calculations in pipes are extremely important. However, the iterative nature of the solution to these engineering problems makes it intricate and cumbersome to solve. Further, it gets very difficult to visualize the solutions to such iterative problems for a wide variety of cases. The current paper aims to bridge this gap by the creation of two open-source Excel-VBA based computational solvers. The first tool corresponds to the determination of the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor through the Colebrook Equation and its visualization on a Moody's chart, which can be effectively employed by engineering instructors as an active learning tool. Second, a complete tool covering all four kinds of pipe flow situations (including the iterative problems) has been developed. The developed computational tools were employed in an undergraduate Fluid Mechanics classroom and the detailed student responses were collected on ten aspects related to teaching and learning divided broadly under four categories – 'overall rating', 'student perceptions on self-learning', 'Improvement in teaching delivery', and 'recommendation for other courses'. The data collected from student responses were subjected to statistical analysis. The results of hypothesis testing and the p-value calculations clearly justify the immense usefulness of this tool in the improvement of the overall teaching-learning process of Fluid Mechanics. Finally, the developed computational tools are being hosted free on the web for the benefit of engineering instructors, learners and professionals alike. Keywords:Pipe losses; computational tool; Fluid Mechanics; Hydraulic loss; Moody's chart; Excel VBA.

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Smith, D. J., J. R. Blake, and E. A. Gaffney. "Fluid mechanics of nodal flow due to embryonic primary cilia." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 5, no. 22 (January 22, 2008): 567–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2007.1306.

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Breaking of left–right symmetry is crucial in vertebrate development. The role of cilia-driven flow has been the subject of many recent publications, but the underlying mechanisms remain controversial. At approximately 8 days post-fertilization, after the establishment of the dorsal–ventral and anterior–posterior axes, a depressed structure is found on the ventral side of mouse embryos, termed the ventral node. Within the node, ‘whirling’ primary cilia, tilted towards the posterior, drive a flow implicated in the initial left–right signalling asymmetry. However, the underlying fluid mechanics have not been fully and correctly explained until recently and accurate characterization is required in determining how the flow triggers the downstream signalling cascades. Using the approximation of resistive force theory, we show how the flow is produced and calculate the optimal configuration to cause maximum flow, showing excellent agreement with in vitro measurements and numerical simulation, and paralleling recent analogue experiments. By calculating numerical solutions of the slender body theory equations, we present time-dependent physically based fluid dynamics simulations of particle pathlines in flows generated by large arrays of beating cilia, showing the far-field radial streamlines predicted by the theory.

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Birmingham, E., J. A. Grogan, G. L. Niebur, L. M. McNamara, and P. E. McHugh. "Computational Modelling of the Mechanics of Trabecular Bone and Marrow Using Fluid Structure Interaction Techniques." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 41, no. 4 (December 4, 2012): 814–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-012-0714-1.

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Kohles, Sean S., Ryan W. Mangan, Edward Stan, and James McNames. "A First-Order Mechanical Device to Model Traumatized Craniovascular Biodynamics." Journal of Medical Devices 1, no. 1 (July 30, 2006): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2355689.

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Mathematical models currently exist that explore the physiology of normal and traumatized intracranial function. Mechanical models are used to assess harsh environments that may potentially cause head injuries. However, few mechanical models are designed to study the adaptive physiologic response to traumatic brain injury. We describe a first-order physical model designed and fabricated to elucidate the complex biomechanical factors associated with dynamic intracranial physiology. The uni-directional flow device can be used to study interactions between the cranium, brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, vasculature, blood, and the heart. Solid and fluid materials were selected to simulate key properties of the cranial system. Total constituent volumes (solid and fluid) and volumetric flow (650ml∕min) represent adult human physiology, and the lengths of the individual segments along the flow-path are in accord with Poiseuille’s equation. The physical model includes a mechanism to simulate autoregulatory vessel dynamics. Intracranial pressures were measured at multiple locations throughout the model during simulations with and without post-injury brain tissue swelling. Two scenarios were modeled for both cases: Applications of vasodilation/constriction and changes in the head of bed position. Statistical results indicate that all independent variables had significant influence over fluid pressures measured throughout the model (p<0.0001) including the vasoconstriction mechanism (p=0.0255). The physical model represents a first-order design realization that helps to establish a link between mathematical and mechanical models. Future designs will provide further insight into traumatic head injury and provide a framework for unifying the knowledge gained from mathematical models, injury mechanics, clinical observations, and the response to therapies.

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Yang, Xiaolei. "Editorial: Fluid mechanics problems in wind energy." Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters 11, no. 5 (July 2021): 100303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taml.2021.100303.

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Clark, C., W. Jin, and A. Glaser. "The Fluid Mechanics of a Sac-Type Ventricular Assist Device." International Journal of Artificial Organs 13, no. 12 (December 1990): 814–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889001301209.

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Chen, D., S. Graf, D. Norris, S. Sundaram, and Y. Ventikos. "Active and passive cilia motion: a computational fluid mechanics model." Journal of Biomechanics 39 (January 2006): S265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)84014-5.

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Lim, J. L. L., and M. E. DeMont. "Fluid mechanics of paddle-assisted walking in Atlantic Canadian lobster." Journal of Biomechanics 39 (January 2006): S354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)84415-5.

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Nicosia, Mark A., and JoAnne Robbins. "The fluid mechanics of bolus ejection from the oral cavity." Journal of Biomechanics 34, no. 12 (December 2001): 1537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(01)00147-6.

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43

Zaher, A. Z., Khalid K. Ali, and Kh S. Mekheimer. "Electroosmosis forces EOF driven boundary layer flow for a non-Newtonian fluid with planktonic microorganism: Darcy Forchheimer model." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 31, no. 8 (June 30, 2021): 2534–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-10-2020-0666.

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Purpose The study of the electro-osmotic forces (EOF) in the flow of the boundary layer has been a topic of interest in biomedical engineering and other engineering fields. The purpose of this paper is to develop an innovative mathematical model for electro-osmotic boundary layer flow. This type of fluid flow requires sophisticated mathematical models and numerical simulations. Design/methodology/approach The effect of EOF on the boundary layer Williamson fluid model containing a gyrotactic microorganism through a non-Darcian flow (Forchheimer model) is investigated. The problem is formulated mathematically by a system of non-linear partial differential equations (PDEs). By using suitable transformations, the PDEs system is transformed into a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations subjected to the appropriate boundary conditions. Those equations are solved numerically using the finite difference method. Findings The boundary layer velocity is lower in the case of non-Newtonian fluid when it is compared with that for a Newtonian fluid. The electro-osmotic parameter makes an increase in the velocity of the boundary layer. The boundary layer velocity is lower in the case of non-Darcian fluid when it is compared with Darcian fluid and as the Forchheimer parameter increases the behavior of the velocity becomes more closely. Entropy generation decays speedily far away from the wall and an opposite effect occurs on the Bejan number behavior. Originality/value The present outcomes are enriched to give valuable information for the research scientists in the field of biomedical engineering and other engineering fields. Also, the proposed outcomes are hopefully beneficial for the experimental investigation of the electroosmotic forces on flows with non-Newtonian models and containing a gyrotactic microorganism.

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Dubini, G., R. Pietrabissa, and F. M. Montevecchi. "Fluid-structure interaction problems in bio-fluid mechanics: a numerical study of the motion of an isolated particle freely suspended in channel flow." Medical Engineering & Physics 17, no. 8 (December 1995): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1350-4533(95)00019-j.

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Federico, Salvatore, Guido La Rosa, Walter Herzog, and John Z. Wu. "Effect of Fluid Boundary Conditions on Joint Contact Mechanics and Applications to the Modeling of Osteoarthritic Joints." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 126, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1691445.

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The long-term goal of our research is to understand the mechanism of osteoarthritis (OA) initiation and progress through experimental and theoretical approaches. In previous theoretical models, joint contact mechanics was implemented without consideration of the fluid boundary conditions and with constant permeability. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fluid boundary conditions at the articular surfaces on the contact mechanics, in terms of load sharing and fluid flow properties using variable permeability. The tested conditions included totally sealed surfaces, open surfaces, and open surfaces with variable permeability. While the sealed surface model failed to predict relaxation times and load sharing properly, the class of open surface models (open surfaces with constant permeability, and surfaces with variable permeability) gave good agreement with experiments, in terms of relaxation time and load sharing between the solid and the fluid phase. In particular, the variable permeability model was judged to be the most realistic of the three models, from a biological and physical point of view. This model was then used to simulate joint contact in the early and late stages of OA. In the early stages of OA, the model predicted a decrease in peak contact pressure and an increase in contact area, while in the late stages of OA, peak pressures were increased and contact areas were decreased compared to normal. These findings agree well with experimental observations.

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PIERRE, J., B. DAVID, H. PETITE, and C. ODDOU. "MECHANICS OF ACTIVE POROUS MEDIA: BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATION." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 08, no. 02 (June 2008): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519408002607.

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In orthopedics, a currently developed technique for large graft hybrid implants consists of using porous and biocompatible scaffolds seeded with a patient's bone cells. Successful culture in such large implants remains a challenge for biologists, and requires strict control of the physicochemical and mechanical environments achieved by perfusion within a bioreactor for several weeks. This perfusion, with a nutritive fluid carrying solute ingredients, is necessary for the active cells to grow, proliferate, differentiate, and produce extracellular matrices. An understanding and control of these processes, which lead to substrate degradation and extracellular matrix remodeling during the in vitro culture phase, depend widely on the success in the realization of new orthopedic biomaterials. Within this context, the analysis of the interactions between convective phenomena of hydrodynamic origin and chemical reactions of biological order which are associated to these processes is a fundamental challenge in the framework of bone tissue engineering. In order to better account for the different intricate processes taking place in such a sample and to design a relevant experimental protocol leading to the definition of an optimal tissue implant, we propose one- and two-dimensional theoretical models based on transport phenomena in porous active media.

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VALENCIA, ALVARO, and FRANCISCO TORRES. "EFFECTS OF HYPERTENSION AND PRESSURE GRADIENT IN A HUMAN CEREBRAL ANEURYSM USING FLUID STRUCTURE INTERACTION SIMULATIONS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 17, no. 01 (February 2017): 1750018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021951941750018x.

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Fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulations were carried out in a human cerebral aneurysm model with the objective of quantifying the effects of hypertension and pressure gradient on the behavior of fluid and solid mechanics. Six FSI simulations were conducted using a hyperelastic Mooney–Rivlin model. Important differences in wall shear stress (WSS), wall displacements, and effective von Mises stress are reported. The hypertension increases wall stress and displacements in the aneurysm region; however, the effects of hypertension on the hemodynamics in the aneurysm region were small. The pressure gradient affects the WSS in the aneurysm and also the displacement and wall stress on the aneurysm. Maximum wall stress with hypertension in the range of rupture strength was found.

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Tansley, G. D., R. J. Edwards, and C. R. Gentie. "Role of computational fluid mechanics in the analysis of prosthetic heart valve flow." Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 26, no. 2 (March 1988): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02442261.

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Bark, David L., and Lakshmi P. Dasi. "The Impact of Fluid Inertia on In Vivo Estimation of Mitral Valve Leaflet Constitutive Properties and Mechanics." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 44, no. 5 (September 28, 2015): 1425–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-015-1463-8.

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Swartz, Melody A., Arja Kaipainen, Paolo A. Netti, Christian Brekken, Yves Boucher, Alan J. Grodzinsky, and Rakesh K. Jain. "Mechanics of interstitial-lymphatic fluid transport: theoretical foundation and experimental validation." Journal of Biomechanics 32, no. 12 (December 1999): 1297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(99)00125-6.

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