Journal articles: 'Biomechanics of articular cartilage'

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June, R. K., and D. P. Fyhrie. "Temperature effects in articular cartilage biomechanics." Journal of Experimental Biology 213, no. 22 (October 29, 2010): 3934–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.042960.

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Takashima, Tatsuki, Yoshitaka Nakanishi, and Hidehiko Higaki. "Material and Wear Characteristics of Artificial Articular Cartilage(Orthopaedic Biomechanics)." Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Conference on Biomechanics : emerging science and technology in biomechanics 2004.1 (2004): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeapbio.2004.1.171.

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Reiter, Mary Pat, Shawn H. Ward, Barbara Perry, Adrian Mann, Joseph W. Freeman, and Moti L. Tiku. "Intra-articular injection of epigallocatechin (EGCG) crosslinks and alters biomechanical properties of articular cartilage, a study via nanoindentation." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 25, 2022): e0276626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276626.

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Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are debilitating conditions, affecting millions of people. Both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis degrade the articular cartilage (AC) at the ends of long bones, resulting in weakened tissue prone to further damage. This degradation impairs the cartilage’s mechanical properties leading to areas of thinned cartilage and exposed bone which compromises the integrity of the joint. No preventative measures exist for joint destruction. Discovering a way to slow the degradation of AC or prevent it would slow the painful progression of the disease, allowing millions to live pain-free. Recently, that the articular injection of the polyphenol epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) slows AC damage in an arthritis rat model. It was suggested that EGCG crosslinks AC and makes it resistant to degradation. However, direct evidence that intraarticular injection of EGCG crosslinks cartilage collagen and changes its compressive properties are not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intraarticular injection of EGCG induced biomechanical properties of AC. We hypothesize that in vivo exposure EGCG will bind and crosslink to AC collagen and alter its biomechanical properties. We developed a technique of nano-indentation to investigate articular cartilage properties by measuring cartilage compressive properties and quantifying differences due to EGCG exposure. In this study, the rat knee joint was subjected to a series of intraarticular injections of EGCG and contralateral knee joint was injected with saline. After the injections animals were sacrificed, and the knees were removed and tested in an anatomically relevant model of nanoindentation. All mechanical data was normalized to the measurements in the contralateral knee to better compare data between the animals. The data demonstrated significant increases for reduced elastic modulus (57.5%), hardness (83.2%), and stiffness (17.6%) in cartilage treated with injections of EGCG normalized to those treated with just saline solution when compared to baseline subjects without injections, with a significance level of alpha = 0.05. This data provides evidence that EGCG treated cartilage yields a strengthened cartilage matrix as compared to AC from the saline injected knees. These findings are significant because the increase in cartilage biomechanics will translate into resistance to degradation in arthritis. Furthermore, the data suggest for the first time that it is possible to strengthen the articular cartilage by intraarticular injections of polyphenols. Although this data is preliminary, it suggests that clinical applications of EGCG treated cartilage could yield strengthened tissue with the potential to resist or compensate for matrix degradation caused by arthritis.

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Hartmann, Bastian, Gabriele Marchi, Paolo Alberton, Zsuzsanna Farkas, Attila Aszodi, Johannes Roths, and Hauke Clausen-Schaumann. "Early Detection of Cartilage Degeneration: A Comparison of Histology, Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Micro-Indentation, and Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Nano-Indentation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (October 6, 2020): 7384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197384.

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We have determined the sensitivity and detection limit of a new fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based optoelectronic micro-indenter for biomechanical testing of cartilage and compared the results to indentation-type atomic force microscopy (IT-AFM) and histological staining. As test samples, we used bovine articular cartilage, which was enzymatically degraded ex vivo for five minutes using different concentrations of collagenase (5, 50, 100 and 500 µg/mL) to mimic moderate extracellular matrix deterioration seen in early-stage osteoarthritis (OA). Picrosirius Red staining and polarization microscopy demonstrated gradual, concentration-dependent disorganization of the collagen fibrillar network in the superficial zone of the explants. Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) grading of histopathological changes did not discriminate between undigested and enzymatically degraded explants. IT-AFM was the most sensitive method for detecting minute changes in cartilage biomechanics induced by the lowest collagenase concentration, however, it did not distinguish different levels of cartilage degeneration for collagenase concentrations higher than 5 µg/mL. The FBG micro-indenter provided a better and more precise assessment of the level of cartilage degeneration than the OARSI histological grading system but it was less sensitive at detecting mechanical changes than IT-AFM. The FBG-sensor allowed us to observe differences in cartilage biomechanics for collagenase concentrations of 100 and 500 µg/mL. Our results confirm that the FBG sensor is capable of detecting small changes in articular cartilage stiffness, which may be associated with initial cartilage degeneration caused by early OA.

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He, Chuan, Wu He, Fuke Wang, Lu Tong, Zhengguang Zhang, Di Jia, Guoliang Wang, Jiali Zheng, Guangchao Chen, and Yanlin Li. "Biomechanics of Knee Joints after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." Journal of Knee Surgery 31, no. 04 (June 30, 2017): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1603799.

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AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the biomechanical properties of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL); tibial, femoral articular cartilage; and meniscus in knee joints receiving computer-aided or conventional ACL reconstruction. Three-dimensional (3D) knee joint finite element models were established for healthy volunteers (normal group) and patients receiving computer-aided surgery (CAS) or conventional (traditional surgery [TS]) ACL reconstruction. The stress and stress distribution on the ACL, tibial, femoral articular cartilage, and meniscus were examined after force was applied on the 3D knee joint finite element models. No significant differences were observed in the stress on ACL among normal group, CAS group, and TS group when a femoral backward force was loaded. However, when a vertical force of 350 N was loaded on the knee joints, TS group had significant higher stress on the articular cartilage and meniscus than the other two groups at any flexion angle of 0, 30, 60, and 90 degrees. However, no significant differences were observed between CAS group and normal group. In conclusion, computer-aided ACL reconstruction has advantages over conventional surgery approach in restoring the biomechanical properties of knee joints, thus reducing the risk of damage to the knee joint cartilage and meniscus after ACL reconstruction.

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Sergienko, R. A., S. S. Strafun, S. I. Savosko, and A. M. Makarenko. "Analysis of the dynamics of the structural changes development in the humerus of guinea pigs under modeling biomechanical disturbances." Reports of Morphology 25, no. 3 (September 19, 2019): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/morphology-journal-2019-25(3)-06.

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Today, the role of the traumatic factor and inflammation in the development and progression of osteoarthrosis is generally recognized, but the available research results do not allow to establish the role of impaired biomechanics as a monofactor in the development of deforming ostearthrosis of the shoulder joint. Violation of the function of the bone and bone-cartilage elements of the joint, which is compensated by soft tissue formations, leads to overloads of the joints, upsets the normal balance of the load forces in the joint, creates abnormal biomechanics and the resulting pathological manifestations of deforming osteoarthrosis. The aim of the study is research of the dynamics of the disturbed biomechanics influence of the shoulder joint on the development of deformation osteoarthrosis and the features of the development of its structural changes. The experiments were conducted on guinea pigs weighing 380-420 grams at the age of 5 months. A model of surgical restriction of joint mobility was reproduced, which caused the formation of contracture. Using the methods of histology and scanning electron microscopy, we studied the relief of the articular surface, the topography of degenerative changes, and structural changes in the articular cartilage and subchondral bone. A statistical evaluation of the obtained data samples was carried out using Student t-test. The results were considered reliable at р<0.05. The results of an experimental study demonstrated a decrease in the thickness and structure of articular cartilage when modeling deforming osteoarthrosis and confirmed the hypothesis that pathological limitation of the mobility of the shoulder joint and violation of biomechanics is an independent factor in the formation of osteoarthrosis. After surgery on day 30, degenerative changes and their progression with the formation of contracture on day 90 of observation were found in the articular cartilage. The features of the development of articular surface degeneration, the dynamics of the pathological changes and topography, which can expand the understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, were established. The loss of the superficial zone caused the progression of dystrophic changes in the articular cartilage and sclerosis of the subchondral bone at 60 and 90 days.

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PENG, XIONGQI, GENG LIU, and ZAOYANG GUO. "FINITE ELEMENT CONTACT ANALYSIS OF A HUMAN SAGITTAL KNEE JOINT." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 10, no. 02 (June 2010): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519410003423.

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Articular cartilage is a vital component of human knee joints by providing a low-friction and wear-resistant surface in knee joints and distributing stresses to tibia. The degeneration or damage of articular cartilage will incur acute pain on the human knee joints. Hence, to understand the mechanism of normal and pathological functions of articular cartilage, it is very important to investigate the contact mechanics of the human knee joints. Experimental research has difficulties in reproducing the physiological conditions of daily activities and measuring the key factors such as contact-stress distributions inside knee joint without violating the physiological environment. On the other hand, numerical approaches such as finite element (FE) analysis provide a powerful tool in the biomechanics study of the human knee joint. This article presents a two-dimensional (2D) FE model of the human knee joints that includes the femur, tibia, patella, quadriceps, patellar tendon, and cartilages. The model is analyzed with dynamic loadings to study stress distribution in the tibia and contact area during contact with or without articular cartilage. The results obtained in this article are very helpful to find the pathological mechanism of knee joint degeneration or damage, and thus guide the therapy of knee illness and artificial joint replacement.

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Wilk, Kevin E., Leonard C. Macrina, and Michael M. Reinold. "Rehabilitation following Microfracture of the Knee." CARTILAGE 1, no. 2 (March 19, 2010): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1947603510366029.

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Postoperative rehabilitation programs following articular cartilage repair procedures will vary greatly among patients and need to be individualized based on the nature of the lesion, the unique characteristics of the patient, and the type and detail of each surgical procedure. These programs are based on knowledge of the basic science, anatomy, and biomechanics of articular cartilage as well as the biological course of healing following surgery. The goal is to restore full function in each patient as quickly as possible by facilitating a healing response without overloading the healing articular cartilage. The purpose of this article is to overview the principles of rehabilitation following microfracture procedures of the knee.

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Eschweiler, Joerg, Nils Horn, Bjoern Rath, Marcel Betsch, Alice Baroncini, Markus Tingart, and Filippo Migliorini. "The Biomechanics of Cartilage—An Overview." Life 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11040302.

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Articular cartilage (AC) sheathes joint surfaces and minimizes friction in diarthrosis. The resident cell population, chondrocytes, are surrounded by an extracellular matrix and a multitude of proteins, which bestow their unique characteristics. AC is characterized by a zonal composition (superficial (tangential) zone, middle (transitional) zone, deep zone, calcified zone) with different mechanical properties. An overview is given about different testing (load tests) methods as well as different modeling approaches. The widely accepted biomechanical test methods, e.g., the indentation analysis, are summarized and discussed. A description of the biphasic theory is also shown. This is required to understand how interstitial water contributes toward the viscoelastic behavior of AC. Furthermore, a short introduction to a more complex model is given.

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Marks, Ray. "Osteoarthritis and Articular Cartilage: Biomechanics and Novel Treatment Paradigms." Advances in Aging Research 03, no. 04 (2014): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aar.2014.34039.

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LU, XIN L., and VAN C. MOW. "Biomechanics of Articular Cartilage and Determination of Material Properties." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40, no. 2 (February 2008): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31815cb1fc.

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Pordzik, Johannes, Anke Bernstein, Julius Watrinet, Hermann O. Mayr, Sergio H. Latorre, Hagen Schmal, and Michael Seidenstuecker. "Correlation of Biomechanical Alterations under Gonarthritis between Overlying Menisci and Articular Cartilage." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 8673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238673.

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Just like menisci, articular cartilage is exposed to constant and varying stresses. Injuries to the meniscus are associated with the development of gonarthritis. Both the articular cartilage and the menisci are subject to structural changes under gonarthritis. The aim of this study was to investigate biomechanical alterations in articular cartilage and the menisci under gonarthritis by applying an indentation method. The study assessed 11 menisci from body donors as controls and 21 menisci from patients with severe gonarthritis. For the simultaneous examination of the articular cartilage and the menisci, we only tested the joint surfaces of the tibial plateau covered by the corresponding menisci. Over the posterior horn of the meniscus, the maximum applied load—the highest load registered by the load cell—of the arthritic samples of 0.02 ± 0.02 N was significantly greater (p = 0.04) than the maximum applied load of the arthritis-free samples of 0.01 ± 0.01 N. The instantaneous modulus (IM) at the center of the arthritic cartilage covered by the meniscus with 3.5 ± 2.02 MPa was significantly smaller than the IM of the arthritis-free samples with 5.17 ± 1.88 MPa (p = 0.04). No significant difference was found in the thickness of the meniscus-covered articular cartilage between the arthritic and arthritis-free samples. Significant correlations between the articular cartilage and the corresponding menisci were not observed at any point. In this study, the biomechanical changes associated with gonarthritis affected the posterior horn of the meniscus and the mid region of the meniscus-covered articular cartilage. The assessment of cartilage thickness as a structural characteristic of osteoarthritis may be misleading with regard to the interpretation of articular cartilage’s biomechanical properties.

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Pfeiffer, Steven J., Jeffrey T. Spang, Daniel Nissman, David Lalush, Kyle Wallace, Matthew S. Harkey, Laura S. Pietrosimone, Darin Padua, Troy Blackburn, and Brian Pietrosimone. "Association of Jump-Landing Biomechanics With Tibiofemoral Articular Cartilage Composition 12 Months After ACL Reconstruction." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 232596712110164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211016424.

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Background: Excessively high joint loading during dynamic movements may negatively influence articular cartilage health and contribute to the development of posttraumatic osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Little is known regarding the link between aberrant jump-landing biomechanics and articular cartilage health after ACLR. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to determine the associations between jump-landing biomechanics and tibiofemoral articular cartilage composition measured using T1ρ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relaxation times 12 months postoperatively. We hypothesized that individuals who demonstrate alterations in jump-landing biomechanics, commonly observed after ACLR, would have longer T1ρ MRI relaxation times (longer T1ρ relaxation times associated with less proteoglycan density). Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 27 individuals with unilateral ACLR participated in this cross-sectional study. Jump-landing biomechanics (peak vertical ground-reaction force [vGRF], peak internal knee extension moment [KEM], peak internal knee adduction moment [KAM]) and T1ρ MRI were collected 12 months postoperatively. Mean T1ρ relaxation times for the entire weightbearing medial femoral condyle, lateral femoral condyle (global LFC), medial tibial condyle, and lateral tibial condyle (global LTC) were calculated bilaterally. Global regions of interest were further subsectioned into posterior, central, and anterior regions of interest. All T1ρ relaxation times in the ACLR limb were normalized to the uninjured contralateral limb. Linear regressions were used to determine associations between T1ρ relaxation times and biomechanics after accounting for meniscal/chondral injury. Results: Lower ACLR limb KEM was associated with longer T1ρ relaxation times for the global LTC (Δ R 2 = 0.24; P = .02), posterior LTC (Δ R 2 = 0.21; P = .03), and anterior LTC (Δ R 2 = 0.18; P = .04). Greater ACLR limb peak vGRF was associated with longer T1ρ relaxation times for the global LFC (Δ R 2 = 0.20; P = .02) and central LFC (Δ R 2 = 0.15; P = .05). Peak KAM was not associated with T1ρ outcomes. Conclusion: At 12 months postoperatively, lower peak KEM and greater peak vGRF during jump landing were related to longer T1ρ relaxation times, suggesting worse articular cartilage composition.

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Łuczkiewicz, Piotr, Karol Daszkiewicz, Jacek Chróścielewski, Wojciech Witkowski, and Pawel J. Winklewski. "The Influence of Articular Cartilage Thickness Reduction on Meniscus Biomechanics." PLOS ONE 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2016): e0167733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167733.

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Jurvelin, J. S., M. D. Buschmann, and E. B. Hunziker. "Mechanical anisotropy of the human knee articular cartilage in compression." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 217, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095441103765212712.

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Articular cartilage exhibits anisotropic mechanical properties when subjected to tension. However, mechanical anisotropy of mature cartilage in compression is poorly known. In this study, both confined and unconfined compression tests of cylindrical cartilage discs, taken from the adult human patello-femoral groove and cut either perpendicular (normal disc) or parallel (tangential disc) to the articular surface, were utilized to determine possible anisotropy in Young's modulus, E, aggregate modulus, Ha, Poisson's ratio, v and hydraulic permeability, k, of articular cartilage. The results indicated that Ha was significantly higher in the direction parallel to the articular surface as compared with the direction perpendicular to the surface ( Ha = 1.237 ± 0.486 MPa versus Ha = 0.845 ± 0.383 MPa, p = 0.017, n = 10). The values of Poisson's ratio were similar, 0.158 ± 0.148 for normal discs compared with 0.180 ± 0.046 for tangential discs. Analysis using the linear biphasic model revealed that the decrease of permeability during the offset compression of 0–20 per cent was higher ( p = 0.015, n = 10) in normal (from 25.5 × 10− 15 to 1.8 × 10−15 m4/N s) than in tangential (from 12.3 × 10− 15 to 1.3 × 10− 15 m4/N s) discs. Based on the results, it is concluded that the mechanical characteristics of adult femoral groove articular cartilage are anisotropic also during compression. Anisotropy during compression may be essential for normal cartilage function. This property has to be considered when developing advanced theoretical models for cartilage biomechanics.

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HARMAN, MELINDA K., SCOTT A. BANKS, BENJAMIN J. FREGLY, W. GREGORY SAWYER, and W. ANDREW HODGE. "BIOMECHANICAL MECHANISMS FOR DAMAGE: RETRIEVAL ANALYSIS AND COMPUTATIONAL WEAR PREDICTIONS IN TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENTS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 05, no. 03 (September 2005): 469–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519405001588.

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Damage patterns on the articular surface of the proximal tibia, including cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritic knees and damage of polyethylene knee prostheses after total knee replacement, provide information related to knee joint biomechanics and damage mechanisms at the articular surface. This study reports articular damage patterns and knee kinematics assessed in the knees of older subjects, before and after total knee replacement. The damage patterns are used to evaluate computational dynamic contact and tribological models that predict polyethylene damage in a patient-specific total knee replacement model.

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Murakami, Teruo, Kazuhiro Nakashima, and Yoshinori Sawae. "ROLES OF ADSORBED FILM IN HYDRATION LUBRICATION FOR ARTICULAR CARTILAGE(1A1 Micro & Nano Biomechanics I)." Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Conference on Biomechanics : emerging science and technology in biomechanics 2007.3 (2007): S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeapbio.2007.3.s7.

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Jurvelin, J., A.-M. Säämänen, J. Arokoski, H. J. Helminen, I. Kiviranta, and M. Tammi. "Biomechanical Properties of the Canine Knee Articular Cartilage as Related to Matrix Proteoglycans and Collagen." Engineering in Medicine 17, no. 4 (October 1988): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/emed_jour_1988_017_042_02.

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The instant, creep and equilibrium responses of canine knee articular cartilages were determined after a constant load application with an in situ indentation creep test and related to the chemical composition of the tissue. Instantly, the cartilage stiffness correlated inversely with the proportion of proteoglycans (PGs) extractable with guanidium chloride. The tibial cartilage, rich in PGs but relatively poor in collagen, showed a low resistance to instant rearrangement of the solid matrix after load application. However, the resistance of the tibial cartilage to water flow during creep deformation was similar or even higher than in the femur. The rate of creep correlated inversely with the PG content. The equilibrium modulus of the femoral cartilage (0.40 MPa), 29 per cent higher than in the tibia (0.31 MPa), was related to the content of PGs, while in the tibia the direct correlation between PGs and modulus was not observed. Our results suggest that while PGs control the fluid flow in articular cartilage, a high PG content alone does not guarantee high stiffness of the cartilage. Instead, the properties of the collagen network are suggested to control particularly the instant shape alterations of the articular cartilage under compression.

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Tarniţă, Daniela, Marius Catana, and Dan Nicolae Tarnita. "Modeling and Finite Element Analysis of the Human Knee Joint Affected by Osteoarthritis." Key Engineering Materials 601 (March 2014): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.601.147.

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The paper presents a complex three-dimensional model of the human knee joint, containing bones, ligaments, menisci, tibial and femoral cartilages. To investigate the role of the articular cartilage in the developing of the osteoarthritis, to analyze and simulate the biomechanical behavior of the human knee joint, a finite element analysis was performed. The non-linearities are due to the presence of the contact elements modeled between components surfaces and to the nonlinear properties of the cartilage, applying a load of 800 N and 1500 N, for 0o in flexion. The results show that misalignment (valgus variation) could damage the articular cartilage because they increase the stress magnitude, that progressively produce articular cartilage damage and it enhances the osteoarthritis phenomenon due to mechanical factors. The displacements and the Von Mises stress distributions on the cartilage and menisci for the virtual prototype, considering an angle of 10 degrees for valgus, are presented. The obtained values are comparable with the values obtained by other authors.

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Oka, Masanori. "Biomechanics and repair of articular cartilge." Journal of Orthopaedic Science 6, no. 5 (September 2001): 448–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007760170014.

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Bjornsen, Elizabeth, Todd A. Schwartz, Caroline Lisee, Troy Blackburn, David Lalush, Daniel Nissman, Jeffrey Spang, and Brian Pietrosimone. "Loading during Midstance of Gait Is Associated with Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage Composition Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." CARTILAGE 13, no. 1 (January 2022): 194760352110722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19476035211072220.

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Objective A complex association exists between aberrant gait biomechanics and posttraumatic knee osteoarthritis (PTOA) development. Previous research has primarily focused on the link between peak loading during the loading phase of stance and joint tissue changes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). However, the associations between loading and cartilage composition at other portions of stance, including midstance and late stance, is unclear. The objective of this study was to explore associations between vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) at each 1% increment of stance phase and tibiofemoral articular cartilage magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1ρ relaxation times following ACLR. Design Twenty-three individuals (47.82% female, 22.1 ±4.1 years old) with unilateral ACLR participated in a gait assessment and T1ρ MRI collection at 12.25 ± 0.61 months post-ACLR. T1ρ relaxation times were calculated for the articular cartilage of the weightbearing medial and lateral femoral (MFC, LFC) and tibial (MTC, LTC) condyles. Separate bivariate, Pearson product moment correlation coefficients ( r) were used to estimate strength of associations between T1ρ MRI relaxation times in the medial and lateral tibiofemoral articular cartilage with vGRF across the entire stance phase. Results Greater vGRF during midstance (46%-56% of stance phase) was associated with greater T1ρ MRI relaxation times in the MFC ( r ranging between 0.43 and 0.46). Conclusions Biomechanical gait profiles that include greater vGRF during midstance are associated with MRI estimates of lesser proteoglycan density in the MFC. Inability to unload the ACLR limb during midstance may be linked to joint tissue changes associated with PTOA development.

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Liu, George T., Lawrence A. Lavery, Robert C. Schenck, Dan R. Lanctot, Chong F. Zhu, and Kyriacos A. Athanasiou. "Human articular cartilage biomechanics of the second metatarsal intermediate cuneiform joint." Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery 36, no. 5 (September 1997): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1067-2516(97)80039-7.

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Mohammadi, Ali, Katariina A. H. Myller, Petri Tanska, Jukka Hirvasniemi, Simo Saarakkala, Juha Töyräs, Rami K. Korhonen, and Mika E. Mononen. "Rapid CT-based Estimation of Articular Cartilage Biomechanics in the Knee Joint Without Cartilage Segmentation." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 48, no. 12 (November 11, 2020): 2965–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-020-02666-y.

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AbstractKnee osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful joint disease, causing disabilities in daily activities. However, there is no known cure for OA, and the best treatment strategy might be prevention. Finite element (FE) modeling has demonstrated potential for evaluating personalized risks for the progression of OA. Current FE modeling approaches use primarily magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to construct personalized knee joint models. However, MRI is expensive and has lower resolution than computed tomography (CT). In this study, we extend a previously presented atlas-based FE modeling framework for automatic model generation and simulation of knee joint tissue responses using contrast agent-free CT. In this method, based on certain anatomical dimensions measured from bone surfaces, an optimal template is selected and scaled to generate a personalized FE model. We compared the simulated tissue responses of the CT-based models with those of the MRI-based models. We show that the CT-based models are capable of producing similar tensile stresses, fibril strains, and fluid pressures of knee joint cartilage compared to those of the MRI-based models. This study provides a new methodology for the analysis of knee joint and cartilage mechanics based on measurement of bone dimensions from native CT scans.

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Meng, Qingen, John Fisher, and Ruth Wilcox. "The effects of geometric uncertainties on computational modelling of knee biomechanics." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 8 (August 2017): 170670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170670.

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The geometry of the articular components of the knee is an important factor in predicting joint mechanics in computational models. There are a number of uncertainties in the definition of the geometry of cartilage and meniscus, and evaluating the effects of these uncertainties is fundamental to understanding the level of reliability of the models. In this study, the sensitivity of knee mechanics to geometric uncertainties was investigated by comparing polynomial-based and image-based knee models and varying the size of meniscus. The results suggested that the geometric uncertainties in cartilage and meniscus resulting from the resolution of MRI and the accuracy of segmentation caused considerable effects on the predicted knee mechanics. Moreover, even if the mathematical geometric descriptors can be very close to the imaged-based articular surfaces, the detailed contact pressure distribution produced by the mathematical geometric descriptors was not the same as that of the image-based model. However, the trends predicted by the models based on mathematical geometric descriptors were similar to those of the imaged-based models.

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Yuan, Hou Jiang, Zhou Jian Wei, and Xia Zhen Yu. "Study on Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogel Materials for Improving the Performance of Artificial Articular Cartilage." Advanced Materials Research 703 (June 2013): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.703.29.

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Polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel has compatibility and biomechanical properties of human articular cartilage similar and good biological. The implantation in the human body can replace part of articular cartilage, which plays the role of bearing and alleviate the impact force. It has the prospect of clinical application. This paper introduces the research progress of polyvinyl alcohol hydro-gel materials. And compared with the characteristics of articular cartilage, clarify the possibility of repair of articular cartilage defects of the materials.

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Huang, Chun-Yuh, Van C. Mow, and Gerard A. Ateshian. "The Role of Flow-Independent Viscoelasticity in the Biphasic Tensile and Compressive Responses of Articular Cartilage." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 123, no. 5 (May 16, 2001): 410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1392316.

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A long-standing challenge in the biomechanics of connective tissues (e.g., articular cartilage, ligament, tendon) has been the reported disparities between their tensile and compressive properties. In general, the intrinsic tensile properties of the solid matrices of these tissues are dictated by the collagen content and microstructural architecture, and the intrinsic compressive properties are dictated by their proteoglycan content and molecular organization as well as water content. These distinct materials give rise to a pronounced and experimentally well-documented nonlinear tension–compression stress–strain responses, as well as biphasic or intrinsic extracellular matrix viscoelastic responses. While many constitutive models of articular cartilage have captured one or more of these experimental responses, no single constitutive law has successfully described the uniaxial tensile and compressive responses of cartilage within the same framework. The objective of this study was to combine two previously proposed extensions of the biphasic theory of Mow et al. [1980, ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 102, pp. 73–84] to incorporate tension–compression nonlinearity as well as intrinsic viscoelasticity of the solid matrix of cartilage. The biphasic-conewise linear elastic model proposed by Soltz and Ateshian [2000, ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 122, pp. 576–586] and based on the bimodular stress-strain constitutive law introduced by Curnier et al. [1995, J. Elasticity, 37, pp. 1–38], as well as the biphasic poroviscoelastic model of Mak [1986, ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 108, pp. 123–130], which employs the quasi-linear viscoelastic model of Fung [1981, Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues, Springer-Verlag, New York], were combined in a single model to analyze the response of cartilage to standard testing configurations. Results were compared to experimental data from the literature and it was found that a simultaneous prediction of compression and tension experiments of articular cartilage, under stress-relaxation and dynamic loading, can be achieved when properly taking into account both flow-dependent and flow-independent viscoelasticity effects, as well as tension–compression nonlinearity.

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Farahpour, Nader, Mahdi Majlesi, and Mohammad Reza Hoseinpouri. "The Effect of Shoe Type and Load Carrying on Electromyographic Activity of Lower Extremity Muscles during Stair Ascent and Descent." Journal of Sport Biomechanics 5, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/biomechanics.5.2.2.

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Objective Stair ascent and descent is an essential movement task in daily life in which individuals are subjected to repetitive impact forces. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intensity of Electromyographic (EMG) activity in lower extremity muscles of healthy young men during stair ascent and descent task wearing different type of shoes and carrying loads. Methods Nine men with a mean age of 25.94±3.26 years, mean height of 174±7.4 cm, and mean weight of 70.95±8.25 kg were selected. Four stairs were fabricated and the electromyographic activity of their lower extremity muscles (two muscles in the posterior leg and three quadriceps muscles) in the right side of the body was measured using the 16-channel EMG system MA300 during the task. These tests were conducted in two conditions of with and without load carrying. The load was a cube-shaped box weighing 15% of the body weight. Three cases of footwear were set: barefoot, athletic shoes, and formal shoes. Repeated measure ANOVA was used for data analysis at the significant level of P<0.05. Results The load factor had a significant effect on the intensity of muscle activity. The intensity of muscle activity during ascending stairs was higher than that during descending. In stair descent task, the EMG activity of the vastus medialis muscle was greater than that of the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris muscles, which causes the patella to be pulled inward more leading to patellofemoral articular cartilage wear in the long term. Conclusion Stair ascent puts more pressure on the ankle and knee joints. When carrying the load up stairs, the use of proper shoes can greatly reduce the intensity of muscle activity and delay fatigue. It is, therefore, recommended that people with patellofemoral articular cartilage wear should not use the stairs, if possible.

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Schmitz, Randy J., David Harrison, Hsin-Min Wang, and Sandra J. Shultz. "Sagittal-Plane Knee Moment During Gait and Knee Cartilage Thickness." Journal of Athletic Training 52, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 560–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-2050-52.4.05.

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Context: Understanding the factors associated with thicker cartilage in a healthy population is important when developing strategies aimed at minimizing the cartilage thinning associated with knee osteoarthritis progression. Thicker articular cartilage is commonly thought to be healthier cartilage, but whether the sagittal-plane biomechanics important to gait are related to cartilage thickness is unknown. Objective: To determine the relationship of a weight-bearing region of the medial femoral condyle's cartilage thickness to sagittal gait biomechanics in healthy individuals. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-eight healthy participants (15 women: age = 21.1 ± 2.1 years, height = 1.63 ± 0.07 m, weight = 64.6 ± 9.9 kg; 13 men: age = 22.1 ± 2.9 years, height = 1.79 ± 0.05 m, weight = 75.2 ± 9.6 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s): Tibiofemoral angle (°) was obtained via goniometric assessment, thickness of the medial femoral condyle cartilage (mm) was obtained via ultrasound imaging, and peak internal knee-extensor moment (% body weight · height) was measured during 10 trials of over-ground walking at a self-selected pace. We used linear regression to examine the extent to which peak internal knee-extensor moment predicted cartilage thickness after accounting for tibiofemoral angle and sex. Results: Sex and tibiofemoral angle (12.3° ± 3.2°) were entered in the initial step as control factors (R2 = 0.01, P = .872). In the final step, internal knee-extensor moment (1.5% ± 1.3% body weight · height) was entered, which resulted in greater knee-extensor moment being related to greater cartilage thickness (2.0 ± 0.3 mm; R2Δ = 0.31, PΔ = .003). Conclusion: Individuals who walked with a greater peak internal knee-extensor moment during gait had a cartilage structure that is generally considered beneficial in a healthy population. Our study offers promising findings that a potentially modifiable biomechanical factor is associated with cartilage status in a healthy population. Establishing these baseline relationships in uninjured populations may help us to better understand potential factors related to maladaptive gait patterns that predispose a person to adverse changes in the cartilage environment.

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Kwan, M. K., S. A. Hacker, S. L. Y. Woo, and J. S. Wayne. "The Effect of Storage on the Biomechanical Behavior of Articular Cartilage—A Large Strain Study." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 114, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2895440.

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The transplantation of stored shell osteochondral allografts is a potentially useful alternative to total joint replacements for the treatment of joint ailments. The maintenance of normal cartilage properties of the osteochondral allografts during storage is important for the allograft to function properly and survive in the host joint. Since articular cartilage is normally under large physiological stresses, this study was conducted to investigate the biomechanical behavior under large strain conditions of cartilage tissue stored for various time periods (i.e., 3, 7, 28, and 60 days) in tissue culture media. A biphasic large strain theory developed for soft hydrated connective tissues was used to describe and determine the biomechanical properties of the stored cartilage. It was found that articular cartilage stored for up to 60 days maintained the ability to sustain large compressive strains of up to 40 percent or more, like normal articular cartilage. Moreover, the equilibrium stress-strain behavior and compressive modulus of the stored articular cartilage were unchanged after up to 60 days of storage.

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Longo, Umile Giuseppe, Stefano Petrillo, Edoardo Franceschetti, Alessandra Berton, Nicola Maffulli, and Vincenzo Denaro. "Stem Cells and Gene Therapy for Cartilage Repair." Stem Cells International 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/168385.

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Cartilage defects represent a common problem in orthopaedic practice. Predisposing factors include traumas, inflammatory conditions, and biomechanics alterations. Conservative management of cartilage defects often fails, and patients with this lesions may need surgical intervention. Several treatment strategies have been proposed, although only surgery has been proved to be predictably effective. Usually, in focal cartilage defects without a stable fibrocartilaginous repair tissue formed, surgeons try to promote a natural fibrocartilaginous response by using marrow stimulating techniques, such as microfracture, abrasion arthroplasty, and Pridie drilling, with the aim of reducing swelling and pain and improving joint function of the patients. These procedures have demonstrated to be clinically useful and are usually considered as first-line treatment for focal cartilage defects. However, fibrocartilage presents inferior mechanical and biochemical properties compared to normal hyaline articular cartilage, characterized by poor organization, significant amounts of collagen type I, and an increased susceptibility to injury, which ultimately leads to premature osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, the aim of future therapeutic strategies for articular cartilage regeneration is to obtain a hyaline-like cartilage repair tissue by transplantation of tissues or cells. Further studies are required to clarify the role of gene therapy and mesenchimal stem cells for management of cartilage lesions.

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Daszkiewicz, Karol, and Piotr Łuczkiewicz. "Biomechanics of the medial meniscus in the osteoarthritic knee joint." PeerJ 9 (November 24, 2021): e12509. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12509.

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Background Increased mechanical loading and pathological response of joint tissue to the abnormal mechanical stress can cause degradation of cartilage characteristic of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Despite osteoarthritis is risk factor for the development of meniscal lesions the mechanism of degenerative meniscal lesions is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of the study is to investigate the influence of medial compartment knee OA on the stress state and deformation of the medial meniscus. Methods The finite element method was used to simulate the stance phase of the gait cycle. An intact knee model was prepared based on magnetic resonance scans of the left knee joint of a healthy volunteer. Degenerative changes in the medial knee OA model were simulated by nonuniform reduction in articular cartilage thickness in specific areas and by a decrease in the material parameters of cartilage and menisci. Two additional models were created to separately evaluate the effect of alterations in articular cartilage geometry and material parameters of the soft tissues on the results. A nonlinear dynamic analysis was performed for standardized knee loads applied to the tibia bone. Results The maximum von Mises stress of 26.8 MPa was observed in the posterior part of the medial meniscus body in the OA model. The maximal hoop stress for the first peak of total force was 83% greater in the posterior horn and only 11% greater in the anterior horn of the medial meniscus in the OA model than in the intact model. The reduction in cartilage thickness caused an increase of 57% in medial translation of the medial meniscus body. A decrease in the compressive modulus of menisci resulted in a 2.5-fold greater reduction in the meniscal body width compared to the intact model. Conclusions Higher hoop stress levels on the inner edge of the posterior part of the medial meniscus in the OA model than in the intact model are associated with a greater medial translation of the meniscus body and a greater reduction in its width. The considerable increase in hoop stresses shows that medial knee OA may contribute to the initiation of meniscal radial tears.

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Karpiński, Robert, Łukasz Jaworski, Józef Jonak, and Przemysław Krakowski. "Stress distribution in the knee joint in relation to tibiofemoral angle using the finite element method." MATEC Web of Conferences 252 (2019): 07007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925207007.

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The article presents the results of a preliminary study on the structural analysis of the knee joint, considering changes in the mechanical properties of the articular cartilage of the joint. Studies have been made due to the need to determine the tension distribution occurring in the cartilage of the human knee. This distribution could be the starting point for designing custom made human knee prosthesis. Basic anatomy, biomechanical analysis of the knee joint and articular cartilage was introduced. Based on a series of computed tomography [CT] scans, the 3D model of human knee joint was reverse-engineered, processed and exported to CAD software. The static mechanical analysis of the knee joint model was conducted using the finite element method [FEM], in three different values of tibiofemoral angle and with varying mechanical properties of the cartilage tissue. Main conclusions of the study are: the capability to absorb loads by articular cartilage of the knee joint is preliminary determined as decreasing with increasing degenerations of the cartilage and with age of a patient. Without further information on changes of cartilage’s mechanical parameters in time it is hard to determine the nature of relation between mentioned capability and these parameters.

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Ravalli, Silvia, Marta Anna Szychlinska, Giovanni Lauretta, and Giuseppe Musumeci. "New Insights on Mechanical Stimulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 23, 2020): 2927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082927.

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Successful tissue regeneration therapies require further understanding of the environment in which the cells are destined to be set. The aim is to structure approaches that aspire to a holistic view of biological systems and to scientific reliability. Mesenchymal stem cells represent a valuable resource for cartilage tissue engineering, due to their chondrogenic differentiation capacity. Promoting chondrogenesis, not only by growth factors but also by exogenous enhancers such as biomechanics, represents a technical enhancement. Tribological evaluation of the articular joint has demonstrated how mechanical stimuli play a pivotal role in cartilage repair and participate in the homeostasis of this tissue. Loading stresses, physiologically experienced by chondrocytes, can upregulate the production of proteins like glycosaminoglycan or collagen, fundamental for articular wellness, as well as promote and preserve cell viability. Therefore, there is a rising interest in the development of bioreactor devices that impose compression, shear stress, and hydrostatic pressure on stem cells. This strategy aims to mimic chondrogenesis and overcome complications like hypertrophic phenotyping and inappropriate mechanical features. This review will analyze the dynamics inside the joint, the natural stimuli experienced by the chondrocytes, and how the biomechanical stimuli can be applied to a stem cell culture in order to induce chondrogenesis.

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SAKAI, Nobuo, Natusko HOSODA, Yuichiro HAGIHARA, Yoshinori SAWAE, and Teruo MURAKAMI. "ANALYSES OF FUNCTIONAL MECHANISM OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE." Biomechanisms 21 (2012): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3951/biomechanisms.21.251.

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Darling, Eric M., and Kyriacos A. Athanasiou. "Biomechanical Strategies for Articular Cartilage Regeneration." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 31, no. 9 (October 2003): 1114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1114/1.1603752.

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Erdemir, Ahmet, Craig Bennetts, Sean Davis, Akhil Reddy, and Scott Sibole. "Multiscale cartilage biomechanics: technical challenges in realizing a high-throughput modelling and simulation workflow." Interface Focus 5, no. 2 (April 6, 2015): 20140081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2014.0081.

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Understanding the mechanical environment of articular cartilage and chondrocytes is of the utmost importance in evaluating tissue damage which is often related to failure of the fibre architecture and mechanical injury to the cells. This knowledge also has significant implications for understanding the mechanobiological response in healthy and diseased cartilage and can drive the development of intervention strategies, ranging from the design of tissue-engineered constructs to the establishment of rehabilitation protocols. Spanning multiple spatial scales, a wide range of biomechanical factors dictate this mechanical environment. Computational modelling and simulation provide descriptive and predictive tools to identify multiscale interactions, and can lead towards a greater comprehension of healthy and diseased cartilage function, possibly in an individualized manner. Cartilage and chondrocyte mechanics can be examined in silico , through post-processing or feed-forward approaches. First, joint–tissue level simulations, typically using the finite-element method, solve boundary value problems representing the joint articulation and underlying tissue, which can differentiate the role of compartmental joint loading in cartilage contact mechanics and macroscale cartilage field mechanics. Subsequently, tissue–cell scale simulations, driven by the macroscale cartilage mechanical field information, can predict chondrocyte deformation metrics along with the mechanics of the surrounding pericellular and extracellular matrices. A high-throughput modelling and simulation framework is necessary to develop models representative of regional and population-wide variations in cartilage and chondrocyte anatomy and mechanical properties, and to conduct large-scale analysis accommodating a multitude of loading scenarios. However, realization of such a framework is a daunting task, with technical difficulties hindering the processes of model development, scale coupling, simulation and interpretation of the results. This study aims to summarize various strategies to address the technical challenges of post-processing-based simulations of cartilage and chondrocyte mechanics with the ultimate goal of establishing the foundations of a high-throughput multiscale analysis framework. At the joint–tissue scale, rapid development of regional models of articular contact is possible by automating the process of generating parametric representations of cartilage boundaries and depth-dependent zonal delineation with associated constitutive relationships. At the tissue–cell scale, models descriptive of multicellular and fibrillar architecture of cartilage zones can also be generated in an automated fashion. Through post-processing, scripts can extract biphasic mechanical metrics at a desired point in the cartilage to assign loading and boundary conditions to models at the lower spatial scale of cells. Cell deformation metrics can be extracted from simulation results to provide a simplified description of individual chondrocyte responses. Simulations at the tissue–cell scale can be parallelized owing to the loosely coupled nature of the feed-forward approach. Verification studies illustrated the necessity of a second-order data passing scheme between scales and evaluated the role that the microscale representative volume size plays in appropriately predicting the mechanical response of the chondrocytes. The tools summarized in this study collectively provide a framework for high-throughput exploration of cartilage biomechanics, which includes minimally supervised model generation, and prediction of multiscale biomechanical metrics across a range of spatial scales, from joint regions and cartilage zones, down to that of the chondrocytes.

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Peng, Gordon, Sean M. McNary, Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, and A. Hari Reddi. "Superficial Zone Extracellular Matrix Extracts Enhance Boundary Lubrication of Self-Assembled Articular Cartilage." CARTILAGE 7, no. 3 (October 26, 2015): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1947603515612190.

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Objective Previous work has shown that increasing the production of boundary lubricant, superficial zone protein (SZP), did not reduce the friction coefficient of self-assembled articular cartilage constructs and was possibly due to poor retention of the lubricant. The aim of this investigation was to reduce the friction coefficient of self-assembled articular cartilage constructs through enhancing SZP retention by the exogenous addition of extracellular matrix (ECM) extracted from the superficial zone of native articular cartilage. Design Superficial zone cartilage was shaved from juvenile bovine femoral condyles using a dermatome, minced finely with razor blades, extracted with 4 M guanidine-hydrochloride, buffer exchanged with culture medium, and added directly to the culture medium of self-assembled articular cartilage constructs at low (10 µg/mL) and high (100 µg/mL) concentrations for 4 weeks. Biochemical and biomechanical properties were determined at the conclusion of 4 weeks culture. Results ECM treatment increased compressive and tensile stiffness of self-assembled articular cartilage constructs and decreased the friction coefficient. Glycosaminoglycan content decreased and collagen content increased significantly in self-assembled constructs by the ECM treatment. Conclusions Friction coefficients of self-assembled articular cartilage constructs were reduced by adding extracted superficial zone ECM into the culture medium of self-assembled articular cartilage constructs.

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Fleischhauer, Lutz, Dominique Muschter, Zsuzsanna Farkas, Susanne Grässel, Attila Aszodi, Hauke Clausen-Schaumann, and Paolo Alberton. "Nano-Scale Mechanical Properties of the Articular Cartilage Zones in a Mouse Model of Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 2596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052596.

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Destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery in mice is used to elucidate the mechanism of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PT-OA). The study of cartilage biomechanics in PT-OA is important for understanding the pathophysiology of the condition. We used indentation-type atomic force microscopy (IT-AFM) to assess the nanostiffness of the interterritorial matrix of articular cartilage (AC) zones in the medial and the lateral tibia plateau (MTP and LTP) on native tissue sections 2 and 8 weeks after DMM or Sham surgery. At 2 weeks, pronounced stiffening of the DMM AC was observed compared to Sham, with the most marked changes occurring in the superficial zone and affecting the proteoglycan moiety rather than the collagen network. The LTP cartilage was obviously stiffer than the MTP in DMM, but not in Sham. At 8 weeks, only modest differences in nanostiffness were observed between DMM and Sham. The difference in stiffness between MTP and LTP was reduced, and the proteoglycan and collagen phases changed in a more similar manner. Interestingly, the deep zone was softer in the DMM compared to the Sham. Sham AC showed an increase in stiffness between 2 and 8 weeks, a trend that was counteracted in the DMM group. Collectively, our study demonstrates that nano-scale IT-AFM is a sensitive tool to monitor biomechanical changes during the course of PT-OA.

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Yan, Shi Fang, Song Shan Zhou, and Jiang Yuan Hou. "The Application of Biological Materials of Carpal Articular Cartilage in Athletic Injury." Advanced Materials Research 675 (March 2013): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.675.240.

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This paper investigated the effect of biological materials on rehabilitation carpal articular cartilage injury in athletic injury, which aimed at provides ideal biological materials for the injury repair and functional reconstruction of carpal articular cartilage injury. Arthroscopic micro fracture technique combined with hyaluronic acid gel can improve the thickness of cartilage regeneration, which is more close to the hyaline cartilage; Calcium polyphosphate fiber / gelatin composite scaffold can meet the needs of tissue engineering scaffold composite porosity; Auto-genous periosteal graft fixation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can promote the repair, generation and self-adaptation of articular cartilage. the carpal articular cartilage injury is common in exercise and training due to wrist joint physiological structure and biomechanical characteristic, tissue engineering of cartilage repair implant the cells and scaffold composite into the damaged tissues or organs, so as to achieve the purpose of wound repair and functional reconstruction, which provides a effective way for wrist joint cartilage injury.

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Faruk Kılıçaslan, Ömer, Ali Levent, Hüseyin Kürşat Çelik, Mehmet Ali Tokgöz, Özkan Köse, and Allan E. W. Rennie. "Effect of cartilage thickness mismatch in osteochondral grafting from knee to talus on articular contact pressures: A finite element analysis." Joint Diseases and Related Surgery 32, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52312/jdrs.2021.41.

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Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cartilage thickness mismatch on tibiotalar articular contact pressure in osteochondral grafting from femoral condyles to medial talar dome using a finite element analysis (FEA). Materials and methods: Flush-implanted osteochondral grafting was performed on the talar centromedial aspect of the dome using osteochondral plugs with two different cartilage thicknesses. One of the plugs had an equal cartilage thickness with the recipient talar cartilage and the second plug had a thicker cartilage representing a plug harvested from the knee. The ankle joint was loaded during a single-leg stance phase of gait. Tibiotalar contact pressure, frictional stress, equivalent stress (von Mises values), and deformation were analyzed. Results: In both osteochondral grafting simulations, tibiotalar contact pressure, frictional stress, equivalent stress (von Mises values) on both tibial and talar cartilage surfaces were restored to near-normal values. Conclusion: Cartilage thickness mismatch does not significantly change the tibiotalar contact biomechanics, when the graft is inserted flush with the talar cartilage surface.

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Wong, Chin-Chean, Chih-Hwa Chen, Li-Hsuan Chiu, Yang-Hwei Tsuang, Meng-Yi Bai, Ren-Jei Chung, Yun-Ho Lin, Fon-Jou Hsieh, You-Tzung Chen, and Tsung-Lin Yang. "Facilitating In Vivo Articular Cartilage Repair by Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Grafts Produced From Auricular Chondrocytes." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 3 (December 6, 2017): 713–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517741306.

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Background: Insufficient cell numbers still present a challenge for articular cartilage repair. Converting heterotopic auricular chondrocytes by extracellular matrix may be the solution. Hypothesis: Specific extracellular matrix may convert the phenotype of auricular chondrocytes toward articular cartilage for repair. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: For in vitro study, rabbit auricular chondrocytes were cultured in monolayer for several passages until reaching status of dedifferentiation. Later, they were transferred to chondrogenic type II collagen (Col II)–coated plates for further cell conversion. Articular chondrogenic profiles, such as glycosaminoglycan deposition, articular chondrogenic gene, and protein expression, were evaluated after 14-day cultivation. Furthermore, 3-dimensional constructs were fabricated using Col II hydrogel-associated auricular chondrocytes, and their histological and biomechanical properties were analyzed. For in vivo study, focal osteochondral defects were created in the rabbit knee joints, and auricular Col II constructs were implanted for repair. Results: The auricular chondrocytes converted by a 2-step protocol expressed specific profiles of chondrogenic molecules associated with articular chondrocytes. The histological and biomechanical features of converted auricular chondrocytes became similar to those of articular chondrocytes when cultivated with Col II 3-dimensional scaffolds. In an in vivo animal model of osteochondral defects, the treated group (auricular Col II) showed better cartilage repair than did the control groups (sham, auricular cells, and Col II). Histological analyses revealed that cartilage repair was achieved in the treated groups with abundant type II collagen and glycosaminoglycans syntheses rather than elastin expression. Conclusion: The study confirmed the feasibility of applying heterotopic chondrocytes for cartilage repair via extracellular matrix–induced cell conversion. Clinical Relevance: This study proposes a feasible methodology to convert heterotopic auricular chondrocytes for articular cartilage repair, which may serve as potential alternative sources for cartilage repair.

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Murakami, Teruo, Maki Ihara, Yoshinori Sawae, Nobuo Sakai, and Eiji Kosaki. "Time-dependent and Depth-dependent Deformation of Biphasic Articular Cartilage under Constant Total Compressive Deflection(Micro- and Nano-biomechanics)." Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Conference on Biomechanics : emerging science and technology in biomechanics 2004.1 (2004): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeapbio.2004.1.213.

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Shirazi, R., and A. Shirazi-Adl. "Computational biomechanics of articular cartilage of human knee joint: Effect of osteochondral defects." Journal of Biomechanics 42, no. 15 (November 2009): 2458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.07.022.

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Myller, Katariina A. H., Rami K. Korhonen, Juha Töyräs, Jari Salo, Jukka S. Jurvelin, and Mikko S. Venäläinen. "Computational evaluation of altered biomechanics related to articular cartilage lesions observed in vivo." Journal of Orthopaedic Research 37, no. 5 (March 28, 2019): 1042–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.24273.

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Mow, V. C., A. Ratcliffe, M. P. Rosenwasser, and J. A. Buckwalter. "Experimental Studies on Repair of Large Osteochondral Defects at a High Weight Bearing Area of the Knee Joint: A Tissue Engineering Study." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 113, no. 2 (May 1, 1991): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2891235.

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There is a vast clinical need for the development of an animal model to study the fundamentals of healing of injured or diseased diarthrodial joints (knee, hip, shoulder, wrist, etc). Current prosthetic replacements do not offer acceptable treatment for injuries and diseases of these joints in young active individuals. New clinical treatment modalities, based on sound biologic principles, are sought for the development of repair or healing tissues engineered to have similar biomechanical properties as normal articular cartilage. In this paper we present a brief review of this need, and propose a grafting procedure which may lead to a successful animal model for studies of long term repair of major osteochondral defects. This grafting procedure uses an autologous periosteum-bone graft or an autologous-synthetic bone replacement graft. We have applied these grafts for in vivo repair of large surgically created defects in the high weight bearing area of the distal femoral condyle of mature New Zealand white rabbits. Further, an interdisciplinary study, including histochemistry, biochemistry (composition and metabolic activities), and biomechanics (biphasic properties), was performed to assess the feasibility of our animal model to generate viable repair tissues. We found our grafting procedure produced, 8 weeks postoperatively, tissues which were very similar to those found in normal articular cartilage. However, our histological studies indicate incomplete bonding between the repair tissue and the adjacent cartilage, and lack of an appropriate superficial zone at the articular surface. These deficiencies may cause long term failure of the repair tissue. Further studies must be undertaken to enhance development of a strong bond and a collagen-rich surface zone. This may require the use of growth factors (e.g., transforming growth factors β) capable of simulating extra collagen production, or the use of serum derived tissue glue for bonding. At present, we are pursuing these studies.

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Strauss, Eric J., Laurie R. Goodrich, Chih-Tung Chen, Chisa Hidaka, and Alan J. Nixon. "Biochemical and Biomechanical Properties of Lesion and Adjacent Articular Cartilage after Chondral Defect Repair in an Equine Model." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 11 (November 2005): 1647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546505275487.

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Background Chondral defects may lead to degradative changes in the surrounding cartilage, predisposing patients to developing osteoarthritis. Purpose To quantify changes in the biomechanical and biochemical properties of the articular cartilage adjacent to chondral defects after experimental defect repair. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Specimens were harvested from tissue within (lesion), immediately adjacent to, and at a distance from (remote area) a full-thickness cartilage defect 8 months after cartilage repair with genetically modified chondrocytes expressing insulin-like growth factor-I or unmodified, control chondrocytes. Biomechanical properties, including instantaneous Young's and equilibrium aggregate moduli, were determined by confined compression testing. Biochemical properties, such as water and proteoglycan content, were also measured. Results The instantaneous Young's modulus, equilibrium modulus, and proteoglycan content increased, whereas water content decreased with increasing distance from the repaired lesion. The instantaneous Young's and equilibrium moduli of the adjacent articular cartilage were 80% and 50% that of remote area samples, respectively, whereas water content increased 0.9% and proteoglycan content was decreased by 35%. No significant changes in biomechanical and biochemical properties were found either in the lesion tissue or in adjacent cartilage with genetic modification of the chondrocytes. Conclusion Articular cartilage adjacent to repaired chondral defects showed significant remodeling 8 months after chondral defect repair, regardless of whether genetically modified or unmodified cells were implanted. Clinical Relevance Changes in the biochemical and biomechanical properties of articular cartilage adjacent to repaired chondral defects may represent remodeling as part of an adaptive process or degeneration secondary to an altered distribution of joint forces. Quantification of these changes could provide important parameters for assessing progress after operative chondral defect repair.

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Salzmann, Gian M., Philipp Niemeyer, Alfred Hochrein, Martin J. Stoddart, and Peter Angele. "Articular Cartilage Repair of the Knee in Children and Adolescents." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 232596711876019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118760190.

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Articular cartilage predominantly serves a biomechanical function, which begins in utero and further develops during growth and locomotion. With regard to its 2-tissue structure (chondrocytes and matrix), the regenerative potential of hyaline cartilage defects is limited. Children and adolescents are increasingly suffering from articular cartilage and osteochondral deficiencies. Traumatic incidents often result in damage to the joint surfaces, while repetitive microtrauma may cause osteochondritis dissecans. When compared with their adult counterparts, children and adolescents have a greater capacity to regenerate articular cartilage defects. Even so, articular cartilage injuries in this age group may predispose them to premature osteoarthritis. Consequently, surgery is indicated in young patients when conservative measures fail. The operative techniques for articular cartilage injuries traditionally performed in adults may be performed in children, although an individualized approach must be tailored according to patient and defect characteristics. Clear guidelines for defect dimension–associated techniques have not been reported. Knee joint dimensions must be considered and correlated with respect to the cartilage defect size. Particular attention must be given to the subchondral bone, which is frequently affected in children and adolescents. Articular cartilage repair techniques appear to be safe in this cohort of patients, and no differences in complication rates have been reported when compared with adult patients. Particularly, autologous chondrocyte implantation has good biological potential, especially for large-diameter joint surface defects.

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Guliyan, Volodymyr, Marcin Plenzler, Dariusz Straszewski, Marcin Paśnik, Olga Korbolewska, Wojciech Suszczyński, and Robert Śmigielski. "Original Functional Rehabilitation Programme Based on Healing Physiology After Reconstruction of Articular Cartilage in Knee Joint." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2, no. 11_suppl3 (November 1, 2014): 2325967114S0018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967114s00189.

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Objectives: The evaluation of the quality of articular cartilage remodelling by means of arthroscopy findings and MRI imaging in a patient, who completed the original rehabilitation program. Methods: The rehabilitation program was conducted according to the Carolina Medical Center rehabilitation protocol. The patient was a 46 years old woman with fourth-degree cartilage damage (Outerbridge classification) located on the right medial femoral condyle of the following size: 1.5x2cm and 1x1.5cm. An arthroscopic micro-fracture repair of the cartilage was performed on the medial femoral condyle of the right knee. After the surgery the original rehabilitation program has been divided into 4 stages based on biological aspects of the physiology of cartilage tissue healing and biomechanics of the knee joint. 18 months after the reconstruction and a complete rehabilitation program, the patient underwent another right knee arthroscopy. During the surgery cartilage was been reevaluated in vivo. A pre-operative MRI was made, as well as a post-operative one after the second arthroscopy. The aim of the MRI examination was to objectify the treatment’s results. Results: The applied surgical treatment and following rehabilitation resulted in the remodelling of the cartilage-like tissue, which was observed in, both, the arthroscopy and the MRI imaging. The MRI evaluation of the quality of the cartilage tissue 18 months after the reconstruction gave very good results according to the MOCART scale (magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue). Conclusion: The positive results of the cartilage remodelling process recorded after the application of the original rehabilitation programme encourages to continue the study on a larger group of patients.

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McCready, Erin, Jeremiah T. Easley, Makayla Risch, Kevin L. Troyer, James W. Johnson, Benjamin C. Gadomski, Kirk C. McGilvray, John D. Kisiday, and Brad B. Nelson. "Biomechanical, Morphological, and Biochemical Characteristics of Articular Cartilage of the Ovine Humeral Head." CARTILAGE 13, no. 1 (January 2022): 194760352210814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19476035221081465.

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Objective. Shoulder pain is commonly attributed to rotator cuff injury or osteoarthritis. Ovine translational models are used to investigate novel treatments aimed at remedying these conditions to prevent articular cartilage degeneration and subsequent joint degradation. However, topographical properties of articular cartilage in the ovine shoulder are undefined. This study investigates the biomechanical, morphological, and biochemical attributes of healthy ovine humeral head articular cartilage and characterizes topographical variations between surface locations. Design. Ten humeral heads were collected from healthy skeletally mature sheep and each was segregated into 4 quadrants using 16 regions of interest (ROIs) across the articular surface. Articular cartilage of each ROI was analyzed for creep indentation, thickness, and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) and collagen quantity. Comparisons of each variable were made between quadrants and between ROIs within each quadrant. Results. Percent creep, thickness, and sGAG content, but not collagen content, were significantly different between humeral head quadrants. Subregion analysis of the ROIs within each surface quadrant revealed differences in all measured variables within at least one quadrant. Percent creep was correlated with sGAG (r = −0.32, P = 0.0001). Collagen content was correlated with percent creep (r = 0.32, P = 0.0009), sGAG (r = −0.19, P = 0.049), and thickness (r = −0.19, P = 0.04). Conclusions. Topographical variations exist in mechanical, morphologic, and biochemical properties across the articular surface of the ovine humeral head. Recognizing this variability in ovine humeral head cartilage will provide researchers and clinicians with accurate information that could impact study outcomes.

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Guo, Weimin, Xifu Zheng, Weiguo Zhang, Mingxue Chen, Zhenyong Wang, Chunxiang Hao, Jingxiang Huang, et al. "Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Oriented PLGA/ACECM Composite Scaffolds Enhance Structure-Specific Regeneration of Hyaline Cartilage in a Rabbit Model." Stem Cells International 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6542198.

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Articular cartilage lacks a blood supply and nerves. Hence, articular cartilage regeneration remains a major challenge in orthopedics. Decellularized extracellular matrix- (ECM-) based strategies have recently received particular attention. The structure of native cartilage exhibits complex zonal heterogeneity. Specifically, the development of a tissue-engineered scaffold mimicking the aligned structure of native cartilage would be of great utility in terms of cartilage regeneration. Previously, we fabricated oriented PLGA/ACECM (natural, nanofibrous, articular cartilage ECM) composite scaffolds. In vitro, we found that the scaffolds not only guided seeded cells to proliferate in an aligned manner but also exhibited high biomechanical strength. To detect whether oriented cartilage regeneration was possible in vivo, we used mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)/scaffold constructs to repair cartilage defects. The results showed that cartilage defects could be completely regenerated. Histologically, these became filled with hyaline cartilage and subchondral bone. Moreover, the aligned structure of cartilage was regenerated and was similar to that of native tissue. In conclusion, the MSC/scaffold constructs enhanced the structure-specific regeneration of hyaline cartilage in a rabbit model and may be a promising treatment strategy for the repair of human cartilage defects.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Biomechanics of articular cartilage'

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