Journal articles: 'Biomaterials Fabrication'

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Bettinger, Christopher J. "Synthesis and microfabrication of biomaterials for soft-tissue engineering." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 12 (October 31, 2009): 2183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-09-07-10.

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Biomaterials synthesis and scaffold fabrication will play an increasingly important role in the design of systems for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. These rapidly growing fields are converging as scaffold design must begin to incorporate multidisciplinary aspects in order to effectively organize cell-seeded constructs into functional tissue. This review article examines the use of synthetic biomaterials and fabrication strategies across length scales with the ultimate goal of guiding cell function and directing tissue formation. This discussion is parsed into three subsections: (1) biomaterials synthesis, including elastomers and gels; (2) synthetic micro- and nanostructures for engineering the cell–biomaterial interface; and (3) complex biomaterials systems design for controlling aspects of the cellular microenvironment.

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Shick, Tang Mei, Aini Zuhra Abdul Kadir, Nor Hasrul Akhmal Ngadiman, and Azanizawati Ma’aram. "A review of biomaterials scaffold fabrication in additive manufacturing for tissue engineering." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 34, no. 6 (September 25, 2019): 415–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911519877426.

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The current developments in three-dimensional printing also referred as “additive manufacturing” have transformed the scenarios for modern manufacturing and engineering design processes which show greatest advantages for the fabrication of complex structures such as scaffold for tissue engineering. This review aims to introduce additive manufacturing techniques in tissue engineering, types of biomaterials used in scaffold fabrication, as well as in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Biomaterials and fabrication methods could critically affect the outcomes of scaffold mechanical properties, design architectures, and cell proliferations. In addition, an ideal scaffold aids the efficiency of cell proliferation and allows the movements of cell nutrient inside the human body with their specific material properties. This article provides comprehensive review that covers broad range of all the biomaterial types using various additive manufacturing technologies. The data were extracted from 2008 to 2018 mostly from Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus using keywords such as “Additive Manufacturing,” “3D Printing,” “Tissue Engineering,” “Biomaterial” and “Scaffold.” A 10 years research in this area was found to be mostly focused toward obtaining an ideal scaffold by investigating the fabrication strategies, biomaterials compatibility, scaffold design effectiveness through computer-aided design modeling, and optimum printing machine parameters identification. As a conclusion, this ideal scaffold fabrication can be obtained with the combination of different materials that could enhance the material properties which performed well in optimum additive manufacturing condition. Yet, there are still many challenges from the printing methods, bioprinting and cell culturing that needs to be discovered and investigated in the future.

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Chow, Lesley W., and Jacob F. Fischer. "Creating biomaterials with spatially organized functionality." Experimental Biology and Medicine 241, no. 10 (May 2016): 1025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370216648023.

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Biomaterials for tissue engineering provide scaffolds to support cells and guide tissue regeneration. Despite significant advances in biomaterials design and fabrication techniques, engineered tissue constructs remain functionally inferior to native tissues. This is largely due to the inability to recreate the complex and dynamic hierarchical organization of the extracellular matrix components, which is intimately linked to a tissue’s biological function. This review discusses current state-of-the-art strategies to control the spatial presentation of physical and biochemical cues within a biomaterial to recapitulate native tissue organization and function.

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Kuo, Shyh Ming, Shwu Jen Chang, Chun-Hsu Yao, and Ioannis Manousakas. "A PERSPECTIVE VIEW ON THE PREPARATION OF MICRO- AND NANOPARTICULATES OF BIOMATERIALS FROM ELECTROSTATIC AND ULTRASONIC METHODS." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 21, no. 05 (October 2009): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s101623720900143x.

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Developments on tissue engineering, especially on tissue regeneration and drug delivery, demand also developments on biomaterials. Research on the preparation methods of biomaterials has exhibited remarkable advances in the recent years. Natural biomaterials, such as chitosan and collagen, or synthetic materials like poly(lactic acid) can be shaped in various forms. The parameters involved in the fabrication processes provide methodologies for control of the materials' properties, such as morphology, biodegradability, mechanical strength, and adhesion. As new applications develop for these materials, the preparation methods have to be optimized to achieve the desired material properties. These properties mostly not only mimic the conditions in the human body, but also may divert the microenvironment of cells in the diseased area in order to promote faster or guided healing and tissue regeneration. This review pays attention on some of the fabrication methods for biomaterial particulates of sizes in the micro- and nanoscale. The views expressed here focus on the many years of experience of the authors with electrostatic and ultrasonic fabrication methods. These methods are still under development and up to now can produce particulates of various sizes down to the nanometer scale with narrow size distributions. Such biomaterials that have extraordinary properties may provide ways for the development of remarkable biomedical applications.

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Abdullah, Turdimuhammad, Esra Su, and Adnan Memić. "Designing Silk-Based Cryogels for Biomedical Applications." Biomimetics 8, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8010005.

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There is a need to develop the next generation of medical products that require biomaterials with improved properties. The versatility of various gels has pushed them to the forefront of biomaterials research. Cryogels, a type of gel scaffold made by controlled crosslinking under subzero or freezing temperatures, have great potential to address many current challenges. Unlike their hydrogel counterparts, which are also able to hold large amounts of biologically relevant fluids such as water, cryogels are often characterized by highly dense and crosslinked polymer walls, macroporous structures, and often improved properties. Recently, one biomaterial that has garnered a lot of interest for cryogel fabrication is silk and its derivatives. In this review, we provide a brief overview of silk-based biomaterials and how cryogelation can be used for novel scaffold design. We discuss how various parameters and fabrication strategies can be used to tune the properties of silk-based biomaterials. Finally, we discuss specific biomedical applications of silk-based biomaterials. Ultimately, we aim to demonstrate how the latest advances in silk-based cryogel scaffolds can be used to address challenges in numerous bioengineering disciplines.

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Zhang, Bin, Rodica Cristescu, Douglas B. Chrisey, and Roger J. Narayan. "Solvent-based Extrusion 3D Printing for the Fabrication of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds." International Journal of Bioprinting 6, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v6i1.211.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been emerging as a new technology for scaffold fabrication to overcome the problems associated with the undesirable microstructure associated with the use of traditional methods. Solvent-based extrusion (SBE) 3D printing is a popular 3D printing method, which enables incorporation of cells during the scaffold printing process. The scaffold can be customized by optimizing the scaffold structure, biomaterial, and cells to mimic the properties of natural tissue. However, several technical challenges prevent SBE 3D printing from translation to clinical use, such as the properties of current biomaterials, the difficulties associated with simultaneous control of multiple biomaterials and cells, and the scaffold-to-scaffold variability of current 3D printed scaffolds. In this review paper, a summary of SBE 3D printing for tissue engineering (TE) is provided. The influences of parameters such as ink biomaterials, ink rheological behavior, cross-linking mechanisms, and printing parameters on scaffold fabrication are considered. The printed scaffold structure, mechanical properties, degradation, and biocompatibility of the scaffolds are summarized. It is believed that a better understanding of the scaffold fabrication process and assessment methods can improve the functionality of SBE-manufactured 3D printed scaffolds.

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Park, In Woo, Kyung Won Kim, Yunhwa Hong, Hyun Ji Yoon, Yonghun Lee, Dham Gwak, and Kwang Heo. "Recent Developments and Prospects of M13- Bacteriophage Based Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Devices." Nanomaterials 10, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10010093.

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Recently, biocompatible energy harvesting devices have received a great deal of attention for biomedical applications. Among various biomaterials, viruses are expected to be very promising biomaterials for the fabrication of functional devices due to their unique characteristics. While other natural biomaterials have limitations in mass-production, low piezoelectric properties, and surface modification, M13 bacteriophages (phages), which is one type of virus, are likely to overcome these issues with their mass-amplification, self-assembled structure, and genetic modification. Based on these advantages, many researchers have started to develop virus-based energy harvesting devices exhibiting superior properties to previous biomaterial-based devices. To enhance the power of these devices, researchers have tried to modify the surface properties of M13 phages, form biomimetic hierarchical structures, control the dipole alignments, and more. These methods for fabricating virus-based energy harvesting devices can form a powerful strategy to develop high-performance biocompatible energy devices for a wide range of practical applications in the future. In this review, we discuss all these issues in detail.

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Przekora, Agata. "Current Trends in Fabrication of Biomaterials for Bone and Cartilage Regeneration: Materials Modifications and Biophysical Stimulations." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 2 (January 20, 2019): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020435.

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The aim of engineering of biomaterials is to fabricate implantable biocompatible scaffold that would accelerate regeneration of the tissue and ideally protect the wound against biodevice-related infections, which may cause prolonged inflammation and biomaterial failure. To obtain antimicrobial and highly biocompatible scaffolds promoting cell adhesion and growth, materials scientists are still searching for novel modifications of biomaterials. This review presents current trends in the field of engineering of biomaterials concerning application of various modifications and biophysical stimulation of scaffolds to obtain implants allowing for fast regeneration process of bone and cartilage as well as providing long-lasting antimicrobial protection at the site of injury. The article describes metal ion and plasma modifications of biomaterials as well as post-surgery external stimulations of implants with ultrasound and magnetic field, providing accelerated regeneration process. Finally, the review summarizes recent findings concerning the use of piezoelectric biomaterials in regenerative medicine.

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Vesvoranan, Oraya, Amritha Anup, and Katherine R. Hixon. "Current Concepts and Methods in Tissue Interface Scaffold Fabrication." Biomimetics 7, no. 4 (October 4, 2022): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7040151.

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Damage caused by disease or trauma often leads to multi-tissue damage which is both painful and expensive for the patient. Despite the common occurrence of such injuries, reconstruction can be incredibly challenging and often may focus on a single tissue, which has been damaged to a greater extent, rather than the environment as a whole. Tissue engineering offers an approach to encourage repair, replacement, and regeneration using scaffolds, biomaterials and bioactive factors. However, there are many advantages to creating a combined scaffold fabrication method approach that incorporates the treatment and regeneration of multiple tissue types simultaneously. This review provides a guide to combining multiple tissue-engineered scaffold fabrication methods to span several tissue types concurrently. Briefly, a background in the healing and composition of typical tissues targeted in scaffold fabrication is provided. Then, common tissue-engineered scaffold fabrication methods are highlighted, specifically focusing on porosity, mechanical integrity, and practicality for clinical application. Finally, an overview of commonly used scaffold biomaterials and additives is provided, and current research in combining multiple scaffold fabrication techniques is discussed. Overall, this review will serve to bridge the critical gap in knowledge pertaining to combining different fabrication methods for tissue regeneration without disrupting structural integrity and biomaterial properties.

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Chen, Chang Jun, and Min Zhang. "Fabrication Methods of Porous Tantalum Metal Implants for Use as Biomaterials." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 2063–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.2063.

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Porous tantalum; biomaterials; bone ingrowth; laser cladding; Abstract. Porous tantalum, a new low modulus metal with a characteristic appearance similar to cancellous/trabecular bone, is currently available for use in several orthopedic applications (hip and knee arthroplasty, spine surgery, and bone graft substitute). The open-cell structure of repeating dodecahedrons is produced via carbon vapor deposition/infiltration of commercially pure tantalum onto a vitreous carbon scaffolding. This transition metal maintains several interesting biomaterial properties, including: a high volumetric porosity (70-80%), low modulus of elasticity (3MPa), and high frictional characteristics. Tantalum has excellent biocompatibility and is safe to use in vivo as evidenced by its historical and current use in pacemaker electrodes, cranioplasty plates and as radiopaque markers. The bioactivity and biocompatibility of porous tantalum stems from its ability to form a self-passivating surface oxide layer. This surface layer leads to the formation of a bone-like apatite coating in vivo and affords excellent bone and fibrous in-growth properties allowing for rapid and substantial bone and soft tissue attachment. Tantalum-chondrocyte composites have yielded successful early results in vitro and may afford an option for joint resurfacing in the future. The development of porous tantalum is in its early stages of evolution and the following represents a review of its biomaterial properties and fabrication methods for applications as implant biomaterials.

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Zulkiflee, Izzat, and Mh Busra Fauzi. "Gelatin-Polyvinyl Alcohol Film for Tissue Engineering: A Concise Review." Biomedicines 9, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9080979.

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The field of biomaterials has been steadily expanding as a large number of pharmaceutical and manufacturing companies invest in research in order to commercialize biomaterial products. Various three-dimensional biomaterials have been explored including film, hydrogel, sponge, microspheres etc., depending on different applications. Thus, gelatin and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) are widely used as a natural- and synthetic-based biomaterial, respectively, for tissue engineering and clinical settings. The combination of these materials has proven its synergistic effects in wound-healing applications. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the hybrid gelatin and PVA thin film development and evaluate its potential characteristics for tissue engineering applications from existing published evidence (within year 2010–2020). The primary key factor for polymers mixing technology might improve the quality and the efficacy of the intended polymers. This review provides a concise overview of the current knowledge for hybrid gelatin and PVA with the method of fabricating and mixing technology into thin films. Additionally, the findings guided to an optimal fabrication method and scrutinised characterisation parameters of fabricated gelatin-PVA thin film. In conclusion, hybrid gelatin-PVA thin film has higher potential as a treatment for various biomedical and clinical applications.

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Gervaso, Francesca, Alessandro Sannino, and Giuseppe Peretti. "The biomaterialist’s task: scaffold biomaterials and fabrication technologies." Joints 01, no. 03 (July 2013): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11138/jts/2013.1.3.130.

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This paper focuses on tissue engineering (TE) from the biomaterialist’s point of view. With the aim of answering some simple but key questions about TE, the related literature is here reviewed. In order to obtain an engineered tissue the following steps are mandatory: (a) cell selection, (b) identification of the ideal three-dimensional scaffold for cell seeding and proliferation, (c) choice of the most suitable type of cell culture. Whereas the biotechnologist working in the TE field is responsible for optimizing the cell seeding and culture, the biomaterialist has the challenging task of optimizing the three-dimensional cell support, or scaffold. Therefore, in the present paper, scaffold properties, biomaterials and fabrication technologies are analyzed in depth and reviewed on the basis of the current literature. Finally, mention is also made of the most recently emerging and innovative technologies relating to scaffolds for TE applications.

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Gierej, Agnieszka, Thomas Geernaert, Sandra Van Vlierberghe, Peter Dubruel, Hugo Thienpont, and Francis Berghmans. "Challenges in the Fabrication of Biodegradable and Implantable Optical Fibers for Biomedical Applications." Materials 14, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 1972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14081972.

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The limited penetration depth of visible light in biological tissues has encouraged researchers to develop novel implantable light-guiding devices. Optical fibers and waveguides that are made from biocompatible and biodegradable materials offer a straightforward but effective approach to overcome this issue. In the last decade, various optically transparent biomaterials, as well as different fabrication techniques, have been investigated for this purpose, and in view of obtaining fully fledged optical fibers. This article reviews the state-of-the-art in the development of biocompatible and biodegradable optical fibers. Whilst several reviews that focus on the chemical properties of the biomaterials from which these optical waveguides can be made have been published, a systematic review about the actual optical fibers made from these materials and the different fabrication processes is not available yet. This prompted us to investigate the essential properties of these biomaterials, in view of fabricating optical fibers, and in particular to look into the issues related to fabrication techniques, and also to discuss the challenges in the use and operation of these optical fibers. We close our review with a summary and an outline of the applications that may benefit from these novel optical waveguides.

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Koseva, Neli, Piotr Kurcok, Grazyna Adamus, Kolio Troev, and Marek Kowalczuk. "Polyester-based Copolymers for Biomaterials Fabrication." Macromolecular Symposia 253, no. 1 (August 2007): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200750703.

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Hung, Huey-Shan, and Shan-hui Hsu. "Surface Modification by Nanobiomaterials for Vascular Tissue Engineering Applications." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 10 (March 27, 2020): 1634–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180914104633.

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Treatment of cardiovascular disease has achieved great success using artificial implants, particularly synthetic-polymer made grafts. However, thrombus formation and restenosis are the current clinical problems need to be conquered. New biomaterials, modifying the surface of synthetic vascular grafts, have been created to improve long-term patency for the better hemocompatibility. The vascular biomaterials can be fabricated from synthetic or natural polymers for vascular tissue engineering. Stem cells can be seeded by different techniques into tissue-engineered vascular grafts in vitro and implanted in vivo to repair the vascular tissues. To overcome the thrombogenesis and promote the endothelialization effect, vascular biomaterials employing nanotopography are more bio-mimic to the native tissue made and have been engineered by various approaches such as prepared as a simple surface coating on the vascular biomaterials. It has now become an important and interesting field to find novel approaches to better endothelization of vascular biomaterials. In this article, we focus to review the techniques with better potential improving endothelization and summarize for vascular biomaterial application. This review article will enable the development of biomaterials with a high degree of originality, innovative research on novel techniques for surface fabrication for vascular biomaterials application.

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Bhushan, Sakchi, Sandhya Singh, Tushar Kanti Maiti, Chhavi Sharma, Dharm Dutt, Shubham Sharma, Changhe Li, and Elsayed Mohamed Tag Eldin. "Scaffold Fabrication Techniques of Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Critical Review." Bioengineering 9, no. 12 (November 24, 2022): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9120728.

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Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a promising alternative to repair bone defects using biomaterial scaffolds, cells, and growth factors to attain satisfactory outcomes. This review targets the fabrication of bone scaffolds, such as the conventional and electrohydrodynamic techniques, for the treatment of bone defects as an alternative to autograft, allograft, and xenograft sources. Additionally, the modern approaches to fabricating bone constructs by additive manufacturing, injection molding, microsphere-based sintering, and 4D printing techniques, providing a favorable environment for bone regeneration, function, and viability, are thoroughly discussed. The polymers used, fabrication methods, advantages, and limitations in bone tissue engineering application are also emphasized. This review also provides a future outlook regarding the potential of BTE as well as its possibilities in clinical trials.

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Čapek, Jaroslav, and Dalibor Vojtěch. "Powder Metallurgical Techniques for Fabrication of Biomaterials." Manufacturing Technology 15, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 964–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/ujep/x.2015/a/1213-2489/mt/15/6/964.

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Dalecki, Diane, and Denise C. Hocking. "Ultrasound Technologies for Biomaterials Fabrication and Imaging." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 43, no. 3 (October 18, 2014): 747–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-014-1158-6.

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Li, Zhen, Shunqi Mei, Yajie Dong, Fenghua She, Yongzhen Li, Puwang Li, and Lingxue Kong. "Functional Nanofibrous Biomaterials of Tailored Structures for Drug Delivery—A Critical Review." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12060522.

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Nanofibrous biomaterials have huge potential for drug delivery, due to their structural features and functions that are similar to the native extracellular matrix (ECM). A wide range of natural and polymeric materials can be employed to produce nanofibrous biomaterials. This review introduces the major natural and synthetic biomaterials for production of nanofibers that are biocompatible and biodegradable. Different technologies and their corresponding advantages and disadvantages for manufacturing nanofibrous biomaterials for drug delivery were also reported. The morphologies and structures of nanofibers can be tailor-designed and processed by carefully selecting suitable biomaterials and fabrication methods, while the functionality of nanofibrous biomaterials can be improved by modifying the surface. The loading and releasing of drug molecules, which play a significant role in the effectiveness of drug delivery, are also surveyed. This review provides insight into the fabrication of functional polymeric nanofibers for drug delivery.

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Tonndorf, Robert, Dilbar Aibibu, and Chokri Cherif. "Isotropic and Anisotropic Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: Collagen, Conventional, and Textile Fabrication Technologies and Properties." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 9561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179561.

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In this review article, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are briefly explained and the importance of scaffolds is highlighted. Furthermore, the requirements of scaffolds and how they can be fulfilled by using specific biomaterials and fabrication methods are presented. Detailed insight is given into the two biopolymers chitosan and collagen. The fabrication methods are divided into two categories: isotropic and anisotropic scaffold fabrication methods. Processable biomaterials and achievable pore sizes are assigned to each method. In addition, fiber spinning methods and textile fabrication methods used to produce anisotropic scaffolds are described in detail and the advantages of anisotropic scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are highlighted.

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Bhat, Sumrita, and Ashok Kumar. "Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine." Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, Education and Research 46, no. 2 (2012): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1018.

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ABSTRACT Limitations with the conventional methods have bought biomaterials to the forefront for the repair and restoration of tissue functions. Recent advances in the area of biomaterials have revolutionized the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. According to the nature of polymers they are divided into different classes and each one has found applicability in the area of regenerative medicine. Each class of biomaterials has a set of properties which makes them appropriate for a specific application. The most important property is the behavior of biomaterials when implanted in vivo. It should not elicit any immune rejection reactions neither should its byproducts be toxic to animal tissue. Any type of the biomaterial can be fabricated into a three-dimensional scaffold which can be used as housing for the initial growth and proliferation of the specific cell type. In addition to the conventional methods of scaffold fabrication few contemporary methods include ‘hydrogels’ and ‘cryogels’. These matrices possess interconnected porous network which facilitates the cell migration and proliferation. These gel matrices can be fabricated from both natural and synthetic polymers and have shown applicability in different areas of tissue engineering. Biomaterials have shown applicability as cardiovascular implants, orthopedic implants, dental implants, etc. Furthermore, recent advances in the regenerative medicine have shown that in addition to the use of autologous and allogenic sources, stem cells can prove to be a very good alternative. Stem cells interaction with biomaterials has shown applicability in the regenerative medicine and thus can have an immense potential in future. How to cite this article Bhat S, Kumar A. Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(2):81-89.

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Kazimierczak, Paulina, Krzysztof Palka, and Agata Przekora. "Development and Optimization of the Novel Fabrication Method of Highly Macroporous Chitosan/Agarose/Nanohydroxyapatite Bone Scaffold for Potential Regenerative Medicine Applications." Biomolecules 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9090434.

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Bone scaffolds mimicking the three-dimensional bone structure are of essential importance for bone regeneration. The aim of this study was to develop and optimize the production method of highly macroporous bone scaffold composed of polysaccharide matrix (chitosan–agarose) reinforced with nanohydroxyapatite. The highly macroporous structure was obtained by the simultaneous application of a gas-foaming agent and freeze-drying technique. Fabricated variants of biomaterials (produced using different gas-foaming agent and solvent concentrations) were subjected to porosity evaluation and compression test in order to select the scaffold with the best properties. Then, bioactivity, cytotoxicity, and cell growth on the surface of the selected biomaterial were assessed. The obtained results showed that the simultaneous application of gas-foaming and freeze-drying methods allows for the production of biomaterials characterized by high total and open porosity. It was proved that the best porosity is obtained when solvent (CH3COOH) and foaming agent (NaHCO3) are applied at ratio 1:1. Nevertheless, the high porosity of novel biomaterial decreases its mechanical strength as determined by compression test. Importantly, novel scaffold is non-toxic to osteoblasts and favors cell attachment and growth on its surface. All mentioned properties make the novel biomaterial a promising candidate to be used in regenerative medicine in non-load bearing implantation sites.

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Pahlevanzadeh, Farnoosh, Mohsen Setayeshmehr, Hamid Reza Bakhsheshi-Rad, Rahmatollah Emadi, Mahshid Kharaziha, S. Ali Poursamar, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Safian Sharif, Xiongbiao Chen, and Filippo Berto. "A Review on Antibacterial Biomaterials in Biomedical Applications: From Materials Perspective to Bioinks Design." Polymers 14, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 2238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14112238.

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In tissue engineering, three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging approach to producing functioning tissue constructs to repair wounds and repair or replace sick tissue/organs. It allows for precise control of materials and other components in the tissue constructs in an automated way, potentially permitting great throughput production. An ink made using one or multiple biomaterials can be 3D printed into tissue constructs by the printing process; though promising in tissue engineering, the printed constructs have also been reported to have the ability to lead to the emergence of unforeseen illnesses and failure due to biomaterial-related infections. Numerous approaches and/or strategies have been developed to combat biomaterial-related infections, and among them, natural biomaterials, surface treatment of biomaterials, and incorporating inorganic agents have been widely employed for the construct fabrication by 3D printing. Despite various attempts to synthesize and/or optimize the inks for 3D printing, the incidence of infection in the implanted tissue constructs remains one of the most significant issues. For the first time, here we present an overview of inks with antibacterial properties for 3D printing, focusing on the principles and strategies to accomplish biomaterials with anti-infective properties, and the synthesis of metallic ion-containing ink, chitosan-containing inks, and other antibacterial inks. Related discussions regarding the mechanics of biofilm formation and antibacterial performance are also presented, along with future perspectives of the importance of developing printable inks.

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Blanco-Elices, Cristina, Enrique España-Guerrero, Miguel Mateu-Sanz, David Sánchez-Porras, Óscar García-García, María Sánchez-Quevedo, Ricardo Fernández-Valadés, Miguel Alaminos, Miguel Martín-Piedra, and Ingrid Garzón. "In Vitro Generation of Novel Functionalized Biomaterials for Use in Oral and Dental Regenerative Medicine Applications." Materials 13, no. 7 (April 4, 2020): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071692.

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Recent advances in tissue engineering offer innovative clinical alternatives in dentistry and regenerative medicine. Tissue engineering combines human cells with compatible biomaterials to induce tissue regeneration. Shortening the fabrication time of biomaterials used in tissue engineering will contribute to treatment improvement, and biomaterial functionalization can be exploited to enhance scaffold properties. In this work, we have tested an alternative biofabrication method by directly including human oral mucosa tissue explants within the biomaterial for the generation of human bioengineered mouth and dental tissues for use in tissue engineering. To achieve this, acellular fibrin–agarose scaffolds (AFAS), non-functionalized fibrin-agarose oral mucosa stroma substitutes (n-FAOM), and novel functionalized fibrin-agarose oral mucosa stroma substitutes (F-FAOM) were developed and analyzed after 1, 2, and 3 weeks of in vitro development to determine extracellular matrix components as compared to native oral mucosa controls by using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Results demonstrate that functionalization speeds up the biofabrication method and contributes to improve the biomimetic characteristics of the scaffold in terms of extracellular matrix components and reduce the time required for in vitro tissue development.

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Smith, Matthew J., Sandi G. Dempsey, Robert WF Veale, Claudia G. Duston-Fursman, Chloe A. F. Rayner, Chettha Javanapong, Dane Gerneke, et al. "Further structural characterization of ovine forestomach matrix and multi-layered extracellular matrix composites for soft tissue repair." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 36, no. 6 (November 7, 2021): 996–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08853282211045770.

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Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)–based biomaterials are of great clinical utility in soft tissue repair applications due to their regenerative properties. Multi-layered dECM devices have been developed for clinical indications where additional thickness and biomechanical performance are required. However, traditional approaches to the fabrication of multi-layered dECM devices introduce additional laminating materials or chemical modifications of the dECM that may impair the biological functionality of the material. Using an established dECM biomaterial, ovine forestomach matrix, a novel method for the fabrication of multi-layered dECM constructs has been developed, where layers are bonded via a physical interlocking process without the need for additional bonding materials or detrimental chemical modification of the dECM. The versatility of the interlocking process has been demonstrated by incorporating a layer of hyaluronic acid to create a composite material with additional biological functionality. Interlocked composite devices including hyaluronic acid showed improved in vitro bioactivity and moisture retention properties.

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Liu, Wenyong, Ying Li, Jinyu Liu, Xufeng Niu, Yu Wang, and Deyu Li. "Application and Performance of 3D Printing in Nanobiomaterials." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/681050.

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3D printing (3DP) is becoming a research and development focus in nanobiomaterials as it can quickly and accurately fabricate any desired 3D tissuemodel only if itssize is appropriate. The different material powders (with different dimensional scales) and the printing strategies are the most direct factors influencing 3DP quality. With the development of nanotechnologies, 3DP is adopted more frequently for its rapidness in fabrication and precision in geometry. The fabrication in micro/nanoscale may change the performance of biomaterials and devices because it can retain more anisotropy of biomaterials compared with the traditionally rapid prototyping techniques. Thus, the biosafety issue is especially concerned by many researchers and is investigated in performance and safety of biomaterials and devices. This paper investigates the performance of 3DP in fabrication of nanobiomaterials and devices so as to partially explain how 3DP influences the performance and safety of nanobiomaterials.

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Kaur, Amtoj, Swati Midha, Shibashish Giri, and Sujata Mohanty. "Functional Skin Grafts: Where Biomaterials Meet Stem Cells." Stem Cells International 2019 (July 1, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1286054.

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Skin tissue engineering has attained several clinical milestones making remarkable progress over the past decades. Skin is inhabited by a plethora of cells spatiotemporally arranged in a 3-dimensional (3D) matrix, creating a complex microenvironment of cell-matrix interactions. This complexity makes it difficult to mimic the native skin structure using conventional tissue engineering approaches. With the advent of newer fabrication strategies, the field is evolving rapidly. However, there is still a long way before an artificial skin substitute can fully mimic the functions and anatomical hierarchy of native human skin. The current focus of skin tissue engineers is primarily to develop a 3D construct that maintains the functionality of cultured cells in a guided manner over a period of time. While several natural and synthetic biopolymers have been translated, only partial clinical success is attained so far. Key challenges include the hierarchical complexity of skin anatomy; compositional mismatch in terms of material properties (stiffness, roughness, wettability) and degradation rate; biological complications like varied cell numbers, cell types, matrix gradients in each layer, varied immune responses, and varied methods of fabrication. In addition, with newer biomaterials being adopted for fabricating patient-specific skin substitutes, issues related to escalating processing costs, scalability, and stability of the constructs under in vivo conditions have raised some concerns. This review provides an overview of the field of skin regenerative medicine, existing clinical therapies, and limitations of the current techniques. We have further elaborated on the upcoming tissue engineering strategies that may serve as promising alternatives for generating functional skin substitutes, the pros and cons associated with each technique, and scope of their translational potential in the treatment of chronic skin ailments.

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Ohtsuki, Chikara, and Akari Takeuchi. "Fabrication Process of Biomaterials through Biomineralization-Guided Concept." Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 54, no. 12 (2007): 828–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.54.828.

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Chen, Chuntao, Weixiao Ding, Heng Zhang, Lei Zhang, Yang Huang, Mengmeng Fan, Jiazhi Yang, and Dongping Sun. "Bacterial cellulose-based biomaterials: From fabrication to application." Carbohydrate Polymers 278 (February 2022): 118995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118995.

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Müller, Florence J., and Owen S. Fenton. "Additive Manufacturing Approaches toward the Fabrication of Biomaterials." Advanced Materials Interfaces 9, no. 7 (February 2022): 2100670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admi.202100670.

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Bouzin, Margaux, Amirbahador Zeynali, Mario Marini, Laura Sironi, Riccardo Scodellaro, Laura D’Alfonso, Maddalena Collini, and Giuseppe Chirico. "Multiphoton Laser Fabrication of Hybrid Photo-Activable Biomaterials." Sensors 21, no. 17 (September 1, 2021): 5891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175891.

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The possibility to shape stimulus-responsive optical polymers, especially hydrogels, by means of laser 3D printing and ablation is fostering a new concept of “smart” micro-devices that can be used for imaging, thermal stimulation, energy transducing and sensing. The composition of these polymeric blends is an essential parameter to tune their properties as actuators and/or sensing platforms and to determine the elasto-mechanical characteristics of the printed hydrogel. In light of the increasing demand for micro-devices for nanomedicine and personalized medicine, interest is growing in the combination of composite and hybrid photo-responsive materials and digital micro-/nano-manufacturing. Existing works have exploited multiphoton laser photo-polymerization to obtain fine 3D microstructures in hydrogels in an additive manufacturing approach or exploited laser ablation of preformed hydrogels to carve 3D cavities. Less often, the two approaches have been combined and active nanomaterials have been embedded in the microstructures. The aim of this review is to give a short overview of the most recent and prominent results in the field of multiphoton laser direct writing of biocompatible hydrogels that embed active nanomaterials not interfering with the writing process and endowing the biocompatible microstructures with physically or chemically activable features such as photothermal activity, chemical swelling and chemical sensing.

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Zhang, Shuguang. "Fabrication of novel biomaterials through molecular self-assembly." Nature Biotechnology 21, no. 10 (September 30, 2003): 1171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt874.

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Naranda, Jakob, Matej Bračič, Matjaž Vogrin, Uroš Maver, and Teodor Trojner. "Practical Use of Quartz Crystal Microbalance Monitoring in Cartilage Tissue Engineering." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13, no. 4 (September 21, 2022): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040159.

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Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a real-time, nanogram-accurate technique for analyzing various processes on biomaterial surfaces. QCM has proven to be an excellent tool in tissue engineering as it can monitor key parameters in developing cellular scaffolds. This review focuses on the use of QCM in the tissue engineering of cartilage. It begins with a brief discussion of biomaterials and the current state of the art in scaffold development for cartilage tissue engineering, followed by a summary of the potential uses of QCM in cartilage tissue engineering. This includes monitoring interactions with extracellular matrix components, adsorption of proteins onto biomaterials, and biomaterial–cell interactions. In the last part of the review, the material selection problem in tissue engineering is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of surface nanotopography, the role of nanofilms, and utilization of QCM as a “screening” tool to improve the material selection process. A step-by-step process for scaffold design is proposed, as well as the fabrication of thin nanofilms in a layer-by-layer manner using QCM. Finally, future trends of QCM application as a “screening” method for 3D printing of cellular scaffolds are envisioned.

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Tatara, Alexander M., Gerry L. Koons, Emma Watson, Trenton C. Piepergerdes, Sarita R. Shah, Brandon T. Smith, Jonathan Shum, et al. "Biomaterials-aided mandibular reconstruction using in vivo bioreactors." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 14 (March 18, 2019): 6954–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819246116.

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Large mandibular defects are clinically challenging to reconstruct due to the complex anatomy of the jaw and the limited availability of appropriate tissue for repair. We envision leveraging current advances in fabrication and biomaterials to create implantable devices that generate bone within the patients themselves suitable for their own specific anatomical pathology. The in vivo bioreactor strategy facilitates the generation of large autologous vascularized bony tissue of customized geometry without the addition of exogenous growth factors or cells. To translate this technology, we investigated its success in reconstructing a mandibular defect of physiologically relevant size in sheep. We fabricated and implanted 3D-printed in vivo bioreactors against rib periosteum and utilized biomaterial-based space maintenance to preserve the native anatomical mandibular structure in the defect site before reconstruction. Nine weeks after bioreactor implantation, the ovine mandibles were repaired with the autologous bony tissue generated from the in vivo bioreactors. We evaluated tissues generated in bioreactors by radiographic, histological, mechanical, and biomolecular assays and repaired mandibles by radiographic and histological assays. Biomaterial-aided mandibular reconstruction was successful in a large superior marginal defect in five of six (83%) sheep. Given that these studies utilized clinically available biomaterials, such as bone cement and ceramic particles, this strategy is designed for rapid human translation to improve outcomes in patients with large mandibular defects.

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Pal, Ramendra K., Nicholas E. Kurland, Subhas C. Kundu, and Vamsi K. Yadavalli. "Fabrication of Silk Microstructures Using Photolithography." MRS Proceedings 1718 (2015): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.437.

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ABSTRACTPrecise spatial patterns and micro and nanostructures of peptides and proteins have widespread applications in tissue engineering, bioelectronics, photonics, and therapeutics. Optical lithography using proteins provides a route to directly fabricate intricate, bio-friendly architectures rapidly and across a range of length scales. The unique mechanical strength, optical properties, biocompatibility and controllable degradation of biomaterials from silkworms offer several advantages in this paradigm. Here, we present the biochemical synthesis and applications of a “protein photoresist” synthesized from the silk proteins, fibroin and sericin. Using light-activated direct-write processes such as photolithography, we show how silk proteins can form high resolution, high fidelity structures in two and three dimensions. Protein features can be precisely patterned at sub-microscale resolution (µm) at the bench-top over macroscale areas (cm), easily and repeatedly with high-throughput. For instance, periodic, microstructured arrays can be patterned over large areas to form structurally induced iridescent patterns and functional opto-electronic structures. We further demonstrate how photocrosslinked protein micro-architectures can function for the spatial guidance of cells without use of cell-adhesive ligands as biocompatible and biodegradable scaffolds. The ease of biochemical functionalization, biocompatibility, as well as favorable mechanical properties and biodegradation of this silk biomaterial provide opportunities for otherwise inaccessible applications as sustainable, bioresorbable protein microdevices.

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Fadeeva, Elena, Andrea Deiwick, Boris Chichkov, and Sabrina Schlie-Wolter. "Impact of laser-structured biomaterial interfaces on guided cell responses." Interface Focus 4, no. 1 (February 6, 2014): 20130048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2013.0048.

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To achieve a perfect integration of biomaterials into the body, tissue formation in contact with the interface has to be controlled. In this connection, a selective cell control is required: fibrotic encapsulation has to be inhibited, while tissue guidance has to be stimulated. As conventional biomaterials do not fulfil this specification, functionalization of the biointerface is under development to mimic the natural environment of the cells. One approach focuses on the fabrication of defined surface topographies. Thereby, ultrashort pulse laser ablation is very beneficial, owing to a large variety of fabricated structures, reduced heat-affected zones, high precision and reproducibility. We demonstrate that nanostructures in platinum and microstructures in silicon selectively control cell behaviour: inhibiting fibroblasts, while stimulating neuronal attachment and differentiation. However, the control of fibroblasts strongly correlates with the created size dimensions of the surface structures. These findings suggest favourable biomaterial interfaces for electronic devices. The mechanisms which are responsible for selective cell control are poorly understood. To give an insight, cell behaviour in dependence of biomaterial interfaces is discussed—including basic research on the role of the extracellular matrix. This knowledge is essential to understand such specific cell responses and to optimize biomaterial interfaces for future biomedical applications.

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Riha, Shaima Maliha, Manira Maarof, and Mh Busra Fauzi. "Synergistic Effect of Biomaterial and Stem Cell for Skin Tissue Engineering in Cutaneous Wound Healing: A Concise Review." Polymers 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101546.

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Skin tissue engineering has made remarkable progress in wound healing treatment with the advent of newer fabrication strategies using natural/synthetic polymers and stem cells. Stem cell therapy is used to treat a wide range of injuries and degenerative diseases of the skin. Nevertheless, many related studies demonstrated modest improvement in organ functions due to the low survival rate of transplanted cells at the targeted injured area. Thus, incorporating stem cells into biomaterial offer niches to transplanted stem cells, enhancing their delivery and therapeutic effects. Currently, through the skin tissue engineering approach, many attempts have employed biomaterials as a platform to improve the engraftment of implanted cells and facilitate the function of exogenous cells by mimicking the tissue microenvironment. This review aims to identify the limitations of stem cell therapy in wound healing treatment and potentially highlight how the use of various biomaterials can enhance the therapeutic efficiency of stem cells in tissue regeneration post-implantation. Moreover, the review discusses the combined effects of stem cells and biomaterials in in vitro and in vivo settings followed by identifying the key factors contributing to the treatment outcomes. Apart from stem cells and biomaterials, the role of growth factors and other cellular substitutes used in effective wound healing treatment has been mentioned. In conclusion, the synergistic effect of biomaterials and stem cells provided significant effectiveness in therapeutic outcomes mainly in wound healing improvement.

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Prakasam, Mythili, Ali Chirazi, Grzegorz Pyka, Anna Prokhodtseva, Daniel Lichau, and Alain Largeteau. "Fabrication and Multiscale Structural Properties of Interconnected Porous Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering by Freeze Isostatic Pressure (FIP)." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 9, no. 3 (August 24, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb9030051.

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Biomaterial for tissue engineering is a topic of huge progress with a recent surge in fabrication and characterization advances. Biomaterials for tissue engineering applications or as scaffolds depend on various parameters such as fabrication technology, porosity, pore size, mechanical strength, and surface available for cell attachment. To serve the function of the scaffold, the porous biomaterial should have enough mechanical strength to aid in tissue engineering. With a new manufacturing technology, we have obtained high strength materials by optimizing a few processing parameters such as pressure, temperature, and dwell time, yielding the monolith with porosity in the range of 80%–93%. The three-dimensional interconnectivity of the porous media through scales for the newly manufactured biomaterial has been investigated using newly developed 3D correlative and multi-modal imaging techniques. Multiscale X-ray tomography, FIB-SEM Slice & View stacking, and high-resolution STEM-EDS electronic tomography observations have been combined allowing quantification of morphological and geometrical spatial distributions of the multiscale porous network through length scales spanning from tens of microns to less than a nanometer. The spatial distribution of the wall thickness has also been investigated and its possible relationship with pore connectivity and size distribution has been studied.

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Pitjamit, Siwasit, Kittiya Thunsiri, Wasawat Nakkiew, Tunchanok Wongwichai, Peraphan Pothacharoen, and Wassanai Wattanutchariya. "The Possibility of Interlocking Nail Fabrication from FFF 3D Printing PLA/PCL/HA Composites Coated by Local Silk Fibroin for Canine Bone Fracture Treatment." Materials 13, no. 7 (March 28, 2020): 1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071564.

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The biomaterials polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and hydroxyapatite (HA) were selected to fabricate composite filaments for 3D printing fused filament fabrication (FFF), which was used to fabricate a composite biomaterial for an interlocking nail for canine diaphyseal fractures instead of metal bioinert materials. Bioactive materials were used to increase biological activities and provide a high possibility for bone regeneration to eliminate the limitations of interlocking nails. HA was added to PLA and PCL granules in three ratios according to the percentage of HA: 0%, 5%, and 15% (PLA/PCL, PLA/PCL/5HA, and PLA/PCL/15HA, respectively), before the filaments were extruded. The test specimens were 3D-printed from the extruded composite filaments using an FFF printer. Then, a group of test specimens was coated by silk fibroin (SF) using the lyophilization technique to increase their biological properties. Mechanical, biological, and chemical characterizations were performed to investigate the properties of the composite biomaterials. The glass transition and melting temperatures of the copolymer were not influenced by the presence of HA in the PLA/PCL filaments. Meanwhile, the presence of HA in the PLA/PCL/15HA group resulted in the highest compressive strength (82.72 ± 1.76 MPa) and the lowest tensile strength (52.05 ± 2.44 MPa). HA provided higher bone cell proliferation, and higher values were observed in the SF coating group. Therefore, FFF 3D-printed filaments using composite materials with bioactive materials have a high potential for use in fabricating an interlocking nail for canine diaphyseal fractures.

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Wang, Zuyong, Rui Zhou, Feng Wen, Rongkai Zhang, Lei Ren, Swee Hin Teoh, and Minghui Hong. "Reliable laser fabrication: the quest for responsive biomaterials surface." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 6, no. 22 (2018): 3612–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tb02545a.

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This review presents current efforts in laser fabrication, focusing on the surface features of biomaterials and their biological responses; this provides insight into the engineering of bio-responsive surfaces for future medical devices.

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Mirzaali, Mohammad J., Vahid Moosabeiki, Seyed Mohammad Rajaai, Jie Zhou, and Amir A. Zadpoor. "Additive Manufacturing of Biomaterials—Design Principles and Their Implementation." Materials 15, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 5457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155457.

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Additive manufacturing (AM, also known as 3D printing) is an advanced manufacturing technique that has enabled progress in the design and fabrication of customised or patient-specific (meta-)biomaterials and biomedical devices (e.g., implants, prosthetics, and orthotics) with complex internal microstructures and tuneable properties. In the past few decades, several design guidelines have been proposed for creating porous lattice structures, particularly for biomedical applications. Meanwhile, the capabilities of AM to fabricate a wide range of biomaterials, including metals and their alloys, polymers, and ceramics, have been exploited, offering unprecedented benefits to medical professionals and patients alike. In this review article, we provide an overview of the design principles that have been developed and used for the AM of biomaterials as well as those dealing with three major categories of biomaterials, i.e., metals (and their alloys), polymers, and ceramics. The design strategies can be categorised as: library-based design, topology optimisation, bio-inspired design, and meta-biomaterials. Recent developments related to the biomedical applications and fabrication methods of AM aimed at enhancing the quality of final 3D-printed biomaterials and improving their physical, mechanical, and biological characteristics are also highlighted. Finally, examples of 3D-printed biomaterials with tuned properties and functionalities are presented.

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Capuana, Elisa, Francesco Lopresti, Manuela Ceraulo, and Vincenzo La Carrubba. "Poly-l-Lactic Acid (PLLA)-Based Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine: A Review on Processing and Applications." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 14, 2022): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061153.

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Synthetic biopolymers are effective cues to replace damaged tissue in the tissue engineering (TE) field, both for in vitro and in vivo application. Among them, poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) has been highlighted as a biomaterial with tunable mechanical properties and biodegradability that allows for the fabrication of porous scaffolds with different micro/nanostructures via various approaches. In this review, we discuss the structure of PLLA, its main properties, and the most recent advances in overcoming its hydrophobic, synthetic nature, which limits biological signaling and protein absorption. With this aim, PLLA-based scaffolds can be exposed to surface modification or combined with other biomaterials, such as natural or synthetic polymers and bioceramics. Further, various fabrication technologies, such as phase separation, electrospinning, and 3D printing, of PLLA-based scaffolds are scrutinized along with the in vitro and in vivo applications employed in various tissue repair strategies. Overall, this review focuses on the properties and applications of PLLA in the TE field, finally affording an insight into future directions and challenges to address an effective improvement of scaffold properties.

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Varghese, Jothi, Anjale Rajagopal, and Shashikiran Shanmugasundaram. "Role of Biomaterials Used for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration—A Concise Evidence-Based Review." Polymers 14, no. 15 (July 27, 2022): 3038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14153038.

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Periodontal infections are noncommunicable chronic inflammatory diseases of multifactorial origin that can induce destruction of both soft and hard tissues of the periodontium. The standard remedial modalities for periodontal regeneration include nonsurgical followed by surgical therapy with the adjunctive use of various biomaterials to achieve restoration of the lost tissues. Lately, there has been substantial development in the field of biomaterial, which includes the sole or combined use of osseous grafts, barrier membranes, growth factors and autogenic substitutes to achieve tissue and bone regeneration. Of these, bone replacement grafts have been widely explored for their osteogenic potential with varied outcomes. Osseous grafts are derived from either human, bovine or synthetic sources. Though the biologic response from autogenic biomaterials may be better, the use of bone replacement synthetic substitutes could be practical for clinical practice. This comprehensive review focuses initially on bone graft replacement substitutes, namely ceramic-based (calcium phosphate derivatives, bioactive glass) and autologous platelet concentrates, which assist in alveolar bone regeneration. Further literature compilations emphasize the innovations of biomaterials used as bone substitutes, barrier membranes and complex scaffold fabrication techniques that can mimic the histologically vital tissues required for the regeneration of periodontal apparatus.

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Prakasam, Mythili, Jean-François Silvain, and Alain Largeteau. "Innovative High-Pressure Fabrication Processes for Porous Biomaterials—A Review." Bioengineering 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8110170.

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Biomaterials and their clinical application have become well known in recent years and progress in their manufacturing processes are essential steps in their technological advancement. Great advances have been made in the field of biomaterials, including ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites, glass-ceramics and metal alloys. Dense and porous ceramics have been widely used for various biomedical applications. Current applications of bioceramics include bone grafts, spinal fusion, bone repairs, bone fillers, maxillofacial reconstruction, etc. One of the common impediments in the bioceramics and metallic porous implants for biomedical applications are their lack of mechanical strength. High-pressure processing can be a viable solution in obtaining porous biomaterials. Many properties such as mechanical properties, non-toxicity, surface modification, degradation rate, biocompatibility, corrosion rate and scaffold design are taken into consideration. The current review focuses on different manufacturing processes used for bioceramics, polymers and metals and their alloys in porous forms. Recent advances in the manufacturing technologies of porous ceramics by freeze isostatic pressure and hydrothermal processing are discussed in detail. Pressure as a parameter can be helpful in obtaining porous forms for biomaterials with increased mechanical strength.

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Trombino, Sonia, Federica Curcio, Roberta Cassano, Manuela Curcio, Giuseppe Cirillo, and Francesca Iemma. "Polymeric Biomaterials for the Treatment of Cardiac Post-Infarction Injuries." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13071038.

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Cardiac regeneration aims to reconstruct the heart contractile mass, preventing the organ from a progressive functional deterioration, by delivering pro-regenerative cells, drugs, or growth factors to the site of injury. In recent years, scientific research focused the attention on tissue engineering for the regeneration of cardiac infarct tissue, and biomaterials able to anatomically and physiologically adapt to the heart muscle have been proposed as valuable tools for this purpose, providing the cells with the stimuli necessary to initiate a complete regenerative process. An ideal biomaterial for cardiac tissue regeneration should have a positive influence on the biomechanical, biochemical, and biological properties of tissues and cells; perfectly reflect the morphology and functionality of the native myocardium; and be mechanically stable, with a suitable thickness. Among others, engineered hydrogels, three-dimensional polymeric systems made from synthetic and natural biomaterials, have attracted much interest for cardiac post-infarction therapy. In addition, biocompatible nanosystems, and polymeric nanoparticles in particular, have been explored in preclinical studies as drug delivery and tissue engineering platforms for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This review focused on the most employed natural and synthetic biomaterials in cardiac regeneration, paying particular attention to the contribution of Italian research groups in this field, the fabrication techniques, and the current status of the clinical trials.

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Khadem, Sayyed Ahmad, and Alejandro D. Rey. "Thermodynamic modelling of acidic collagenous solutions: from free energy contributions to phase diagrams." Soft Matter 15, no. 8 (2019): 1833–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm02140f.

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Alkekhia, Dahlia, Paula T. Hammond, and Anita Shukla. "Layer-by-Layer Biomaterials for Drug Delivery." Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 22, no. 1 (June 4, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052350.

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Controlled drug delivery formulations have revolutionized treatments for a range of health conditions. Over decades of innovation, layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly has emerged as one of the most versatile fabrication methods used to develop multifunctional controlled drug release coatings. The numerous advantages of LbL include its ability to incorporate and preserve biological activity of therapeutic agents; coat multiple substrates of all scales (e.g., nanoparticles to implants); and exhibit tuned, targeted, and/or responsive drug release behavior. The functional behavior of LbL films can be related to their physicochemical properties. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the development of LbL-engineered biomaterials for drug delivery, demonstrating their potential in the fields of cancer therapy, microbial infection prevention and treatment, and directing cellular responses. We discuss the various advantages of LbL biomaterial design for a given application as demonstrated through in vitro and in vivo studies.

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Qu, Huawei, Hongya Fu, Zhenyu Han, and Yang Sun. "Biomaterials for bone tissue engineering scaffolds: a review." RSC Advances 9, no. 45 (2019): 26252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05214c.

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Bone tissue engineering has been continuously developing since the concept of “tissue engineering” has been proposed. Biomaterials, as the basic material for the fabrication of scaffolds, play a vital role in bone tissue engineering.

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Champa Jayasuriya, A., Kristalyn J. Mauch, and Nabil A. Ebraheim. "Fabrication and Characterization of Injectable Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 4065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.4065.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate the injectable cross-linked chitosan (CS) microparticles (MPs) to apply for biomedical applications specifically for bone regeneration. The CS MPs were fabricated by emulsification method and formed the cross-links between the amide groups in the CS and phosphate groups in the sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) ionic cross-linking agent. The MPS were analyzed for morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The fabricated CS MPs were in the spherical shape with the size range of 20-100 m. These CS MPs were analyzed for biodegradation by immersing in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH = 7.4) at 37°C for 30 weeks. The biodegradation of CS MPs in PBS was initiated at week 25. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were harvested from the bone marrow of mice tibia and femurs. The MSC attachment on CS MPs was tested using LIVE/DEAD cell sassy with a Fluorescence Microscope. The murine MSCs attachment onto CS MPs at day 2 was confirmed by visualizing fluorescence images. The CS MPs were also analyzed for the injectability and retainability at the site using a subcutaneous injection in a rat model. The fabricated CS MPs possess injectability, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Therefore, these CS MPs have a great potential to apply for various biomedical applications including bone regeneration by injection.

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Cui, Chunxiang, Hua Liu, Yanchun Li, Jinbin Sun, Ru Wang, Shuangjin Liu, and A. Lindsay Greer. "Fabrication and biocompatibility of nano-TiO2/titanium alloys biomaterials." Materials Letters 59, no. 24-25 (October 2005): 3144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.05.037.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Biomaterials Fabrication'

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