Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biomasse végétale – Sols – Méthodologie'
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Dufrénoy, Pierrick. "Valorisation en synthèse organique d'éco-catalyseurs hétérogènes régénérables à partir de matériaux verts cultivés sur des sols contaminés." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMLH30/document.
Full textThe activities of the former metallurgy industries specialized in the production and processing of lead, zinc or other metals have resulted in significant metallic pollution of soils depending on their location. Current studies propose solutions for the requalification of these soils through the phytoremediation processes in order to maximize the value of plants grown on these contaminated soils. This PhD thesis project was thus realized with the aim of valorizing regenerative heterogeneous ecocatalysts. The latter were obtained from the plants cultivated on contaminated soils in organic synthesis for the production of high value added molecules. The contaminated soils used in this project came from the Hauts-de-France region (Auby and Noyelles-Godault). In this light, four types of reactions have been tested to validate the efficiency and recyclability of ecocatalysts: The aminolysis reaction The Friedel-Crafts reaction The aza-Michael transformation The transesterification reactionThe zinc-rich ecocatalysts (EcoZn), obtained from the plant biomass of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), were characterized by physicochemical methods and validated their efficiency and recyclability criteria. The latter were successfully used to reach various series of compounds with anti-inflammatory activity known (piroxicam, meloxicam, idrocilamide) and new, inhibitors of farnesyltransferase (for anticancer purpose or to fight orphan diseases such as progeria) or to discover a new aza-Michael acceptor
Ben, Fradj Nosra. "Analyse micro-économique spatialisée des enjeux environnementaux de l’introduction de productions agricoles à finalité énergétique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0007.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to perform an economic analysis of the impacts of second generation (2G) biofuel crops production on land use, agricultural practices and the environment. As for the environmental impacts, we focus on the relationship between the nitrogen fertilizers' consumption and the pollutants emissions (N2O, NH3 et NO3). The second objective is to estimate the potential development of 2G ethanol production in France. The available data and modeling tools that we use in this thesis allow for an economic analysis on a fine spatial dimension. The agricultural supply, given by the AROPAj model, is then combined with the different French bioenergy demands and public policies, which are modeled by the TIMES-GeoMIRET model. This modeling framework allows us to highlight the coherence of bioenergy objectives with the biomass resource potential through the analysis of the technological choices and the regionalisation of the bioenergy plants. Results indicate that "fuel" is not competing only with food, but also with "feed" because producing biomass is achieved at the expense of food and feed production. Cultivating dedicated biomass crops decreases land allocated to crops with high nutrient requirements, and consequently reduces the nitrogen losses. The coupling between AROPAj and TIMES-GeoMIRET has shown that 0.5 Mt of ethanol/year should be produced in 2030, which corresponds approximately to an output capacity of 3 processing plants. These plants should be built in the French northwest region, more precisely at Lillebonne where a 1G ethanol plant already exists
Grégoire, Vincent. "L’apport de biomasse végétale et l’amélioration des propriétés hydrauliques des sols organiques cultivés." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66302.
Full textSouth of Montreal (Québec, Canada), an area of 12 000 hectares is well known for its vegetable production. Accumulated vegetation led an organic soil with advantageous properties for vegetable production when compared to typical mineral soils. However, several degradation processes are affecting soil properties and a too low level (under 40 cm) of the organic layer thickness may be reached within in the next decades if conservation practices are not implemented. Physical and hydraulic properties have shown signs of deterioration leading to drainage problems. Thus, soil conservation strategies need to be developed to ensure the sustainable use of these agricultural land. Incorporation of plant biomass could compensate for losses of organic matter and could also improve the soil physical properties. To validate this mitigation practice, different vegetal biomass rates from woody and grass species were incorporated into undisturbed organic soil cores before an incubation period of 12 months. Discrete measurements allowed for the evaluation of the amplitude and persistency of the biomass effect on various physical and hydraulic properties. After an application of biomass at high rate (20% v/v), the final soil height within the cores increased up to 73 mm when compared to control cores. The modelling of the soil water retention curves led to linear relations between biomass application rates and air content. The latter increasing from 23,8% to 37,8% in the surface soil layer throughout the incubation period, but had only a minor effects on deeper soil layers. Three indicators of performance were chosen to evaluate the drainage behavior, which appeared to be fast under the experimental conditions. Drainage was slowed down with increasing biomass application rate, but surface aeration improved on the other end. In general, wood type biomass had a greater influence than the grass type biomass on the studied variables.
Echairi, Abdelwahad. "Effets du cuivre sur quelques indicateurs de la qualité biologique des sols viticoles : étude à différentes échelles." Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOS008.
Full textCopper-based fungicides are used for more than a century by vine growers to fight against mildew (and other diseases). As a result, copper accumulates in soil, reaching high concentrations, with potential harmful effects on soil biocenosis. In spite of this threat, copper-based products are still in use, especially in organic farming. In this work, we tried to make clear the effects of copper on some aspects of biological quality of vineyards in “real” conditions, on the short, medium and long term. Long term effects were studied in a region (Champagne) through soil samples representing a large range of copper concentrations. Two different sites, in Burgundy and Champagne were used to study the medium-term effects (decade). Finally, to study in details the short term effects (1-4 years) we used an experimental approach, in three different locations, copper additions being the only source of variation. Biological indicators (microbial biomass, C & N mineralization, nitrification) were used for routine analysis. In addition, two fungal populations of interest for vine growing and wine making were studied: mycorrhizal-arbuscular fungi (MA) and yeasts able to grow on vine juice. The main characteristics of the soil samples were measured simultaneously, including total and EDTA-extractable copper. Microbial biomass is a reliable indicator of soil quality but, for low levels of Cu, spatio-temporal variations were higher than the effects of copper addition. The same observations were made for C and N mineralization activities. Nitrification activity (ammonium oxidation) turned out to be less affected by copper additions than by previous nitrogen additions (as reduced forms: organic N and ammonium N). Therefore, nitrification is not a reliable indicator of Cu contamination. Our results also showed that MA fungal populations are of potential interest to assess the effects of cultural practices, including copper additions, provided the other sources of variation are under control. These populations can be characterized both quantitatively (spore numbers) and qualitatively (diversity of morphological types). Significant differences between treatments were observed in our experiments. However, the efficiency of these populations (for P uptake) are not addressed by these tests. Populations of yeasts are also potentially interesting to study the effects of Cu in vineyards. We developed a protocol to assess both genotypic and phenotypic diversity of these fungal populations. Genotypic characterization was based on 18S rDNA PCR-RFLP and polymorphism of D1-D2 region of 26S rDNA. Phenotypic characterization was limited to the assessment of copper tolerance by measuring growth rate on a medium containing increasing Cu concentrations. The results showed no correlation between genotypic and phenotypic characterization. Many strains were able to grow on media containing high concentrations of copper, even when they were isolated from soil samples without previous Cu application
Courde, Laurent. "Etude des effets d'applications répétées de cuivre sur l'activité et la diversité de la microflore des sols." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOS048.
Full textRobert, François-Simon. "Propriétés des sols et de la biomasse aérienne sur une terre en friche récoltée avec un biobaler." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30751/30751.pdf.
Full textEnglish Title : Soil and native woody crop properties on an abandoned agricultural field harvested with a Biobaler. Natural woody crops overtake abandoned agricultural land. To bring back these areas into useful production, traditional methods include prescribed burning or on-site mulching. A recent technology, the Biobaler cuts and forms round bales of woody crops which can be moved for useful application. An agricultural field in Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures (Quebec, Canada), abandoned for 20 years, was monitored for crop identification and soil properties. Allometric models were developed for 11 native woody crops (average R² of 0.93). Soil pH averaged 5.0, total N, 0.32% and organic carbon, 4.0%. Sixty two bales were harvested, averaging 413 kg at 44% moisture. The harvested biomass, between 3.3 and 9.6 t of dry matter per hectare, represented 18 to 43% of above-ground biomass. Data will be useful in assessing Biobaler operation on fallow land.
Akroume, Emila. "Élaboration d'un dispositif expérimental de manipulations de matière organique sur le long terme en forêt tempérée et évaluation des impacts à très court terme des exportations sur le sol." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0069.
Full textLogging residues represent a non-exploited supply which could be used for energetic purpose, but they are also a relevant compartment for forest soil fertility and biodiversity. Some studies in tropical and boreal context have highlighted the negative impacts of these practices on the forest ecosystems. The MOS network has been set up to evaluate the effects of organic matters manipulations on temperate forest stands at short and long term.This thesis has two objectives: i) to set up the methodology necessary to characterized the ecosystems’ variability and then, to implement the national experimental design of organic matter manipulation by taking into account this variability and ii) to describe the very short terms impacts of organic matter removal on the forest soil cycling. This second aim is organized into two axes: a first part evaluates the impacts of these sylvicultural practices on the biogeochemical cycles and the diversity of fungal communities. A second study scale, in controlled conditions, deals with the understanding of the trophic interactions between trees, ectomycorrhizal fungi and saprotrophic fungi during the wooddecaying process.The absence of clear trend confirms the persistence in the soil functioning at very short term. This first monitoring permitted to identify some functional indicators. A regular monitoring will strengthen these observations by introducing some biological indicators on fungal communities
Albergel, Clément. "Assimilation de données de télédétection dans le modèle ISBA-A-gs pour une analyse conjointe de la biomasse et de l'état hydrique du sol." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/955/.
Full textThe main goal of this thesis is to study how the use of remotely sensed data can improve the performances of the ISBA-A-gs Land Surface Model. Firstly the ability of ISBA-A-gs for modelling the main surface variables, water energy and carbon fluxes, has been evaluated. Then, in situ observations of surface soil moisture gathered from the SMOSMANIA soil moisture network of Météo-France were used to evaluate remotely sensed surface soil moisture. These in situ soil moisture measurements have been also used to evaluate various synthetics soil moisture products: from the SIM suite of models and operational analysis of Météo-France (ALADIN model) as well as from ECMWF (IFS system). Finally step the root zone soil moisture has been analyzed from observed surface soil moisture. A simplified extended Kalman filter has been coupled to ISBA-A-gs. In situ data is also used in order to demonstrate the positive impact of the joint assimilation of surface soil moisture and LAI observations on vegetation, water, energy and carbon fluxes. The recursive formulation of an exponential filter depending only on surface soil moisture to retrieve the variations of the root zone soil moisture was used with satisfactory results, also
Kheir, Maya. "Fonctionnement des sols méditerranéens sous changement climatique : effet de la préexposition au stress, de la mixité des litières et de l'identité de l'espèce végétale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200710_KHEIR_495pzb687n410mxugdf923oaivtm_TH.pdf.
Full textThis work takes place in the context of climate change. We aimed to explore plant litter microbial communities' functioning depending on climate contrasts Northern/Southern Mediterranean but also according to inland/coastal context, and to assess their response to aridification stresses, considering the effect i) of the type of litter (plant species identity and mixture) and ii) of the preexposure to stress intrinsic of coastal environments. Aridity stress was applied in the laboratory (drying /rewetting cycles) and in natura via "litter bags" transfer from France to Algeria. Results show that microbial biomass and basal respiration depend on litter chemical traits (C/N and lignin/N): when these ratios increase, microbial biomass decreases, while the effect on respiration depends on the climate contrasts. The effect of binary litter mixtures on microbes depends on the climate context and the mixture composition: some mixtures seem to limit carbon release through heterotrophic respiration in Algerian arid context. In addition, a particular microbial functioning of coastal environments was highlighted: i) preexposure to coastal constraints limited the effect of stress applied in the laboratory on microbial catabolic structures ii) the in natura experiment showed that microbial responses to stress depend on the context (coastal/inland) but also on litter type, highlighting litter influence even at large spatial scales
Hechelski, Marie. "Intérêt des amendements phosphatés sur des sols fortement contaminés par les éléments métalliques en vue d’élaborer à partir de biomasses végétales des catalyseurs hétérogènes supportés utilisables en synthèse organique." Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R016.
Full textMany metal-contaminated soils result from human and industrial activities. To manage these soils, the phytomanagement has attracted scientists and managers of contaminated sites. While using plant engineering, this technique produces biomass that should be valued. Based on this approach, the present work describes this technic by using plant biomass (ryegrass and miscanthus) in combination with phosphocalcic amendments. These biomass, described as non-hyper-accumulators, were produced on garden soils and agricultural soils. The experiments were conducted in greenhouse, mesocosm and in situ near the former Metaleurop Nord smelter. The sustainable use of phosphocalcic compounds did not significantly affect the physicochemical and biological characteristics of soils. In contrast, some physiological parameters of plants were improved. In addition, the phosphocalcic compounds decreased the extractability and phytavailability of Cd and Pb in some cases while promoting the mobility and the transfer of other metallic elements from the soil to the aerial parts of the biomass studied. Metal-enriched biomass were transformed into ecocatalysts. After being characterized, these ecocatalysts were used in organic synthesis and their recyclability was demonstrated. Three examples have been detailed in the current thesis report. In view of using other biomass, metal concentrations in ruderal plants were determined
Tubeileh, Ashraf. "Photosynthèse, répartition des assimilats et rhizodéposition chez le maïs (Zea Mays L. ) soumis à la compaction du sol." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2000_TUBEILEH_A.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this work was to investigate the effects of soil compaction on carbon assimilation, photosynthate partitioning, and morphology of corn plants during vegetative growth period up to tassel initiation. We were particularly interested in carbon input into the soil and soil microbial biomass. Corn plants were grown in culture pots containing compacted soil (bulk density of 1. 45 g cm-3 ) or loose soil (bulk density of 1. 30 g cm-3). Experiments were conducted in a growth chamber and lasted for 21 to 42 days. Carbon partitioning in the plant-soil system was evaluated using 14C pulse-labeling techniques. The increase in soil bulk density decreased carbon assimilation rate and total carbon fixation. Furthermore, soil compaction delayed leaf appearance rate decreasing therefore plant height, shoot dry weight, and leaf area. In addition, root biomass and root elongation were also inferior when plants were grown in compacted soil and root length appeared to be the most sensible parameter to high soil mechanical resistance. Simultaneously, a great increase in carbon input into the soil occurred to the detriment of root carbon. Soil microbial biomass increased considerably in compacted soil thanks to this increase in carbon substrates and to physical protection provided for soil microflora as a result of the reduced porosity in compacted soil. Three hypotheses were formulated to explain these results: 1- a decrease in soil or root water potential or a sink limitation induces a down-regulation of photosynthetic activity, 2- the increase in root diameter decreases soil mechanical resistance, and 3- the increase in carbon rhizodeposition alleviates the effects of mechanical constraint. The effects of soil compaction persisted with plant age although the difference between the two treatments decreased in terms of percentage
Muñoz, Sabater Joaquín. "Assimilation de données de télédétection pour le suivi des surfaces continentales : Mise en oeuvre sur un site expérimental." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00157976.
Full textBekmirzaev, Gulom. "Relations eau et cultures de légumes : effet des sols salins et conditions de sècheresse sur la croissance, composition minérale et photosynthèse." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10010/document.
Full textConventional techniques used to control the soil salinization process - soil leaching or fertilization enhancing - contribute highly to soil and aquifers contamination; on the other hand, the use of salt tolerant species will be very useful to the plants, but does not solve the problem of soil or groundwater contamination. Hence, the only way to control the salinization process to maintain the sustainability of landscapes and agricultural fields is to combat the salinization problems with environmentally safe and clean techniques. One of these new techniques is the use of salt removing species. In order to study the potential capacity to remove soil salts, two horticultural species Portulaca oleracea and Tetragonia tetragonioides, and the salt sensitive crop lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L) were evaluated for their efficiency to remove salts from sandy soil. Plants were analysed relatively to total growth and mineral composition of the leaves and soil. According to the results, it was seen that T. tetragonioides is the best salt removing species and complementary, it has other benefits, which are as follows: 1) high biomass production; 2) several harvests; 3) high content of minerals; 4) horticultural importance; 5) easy multiplication; 6) easy crop management; 7) tolerance to drought conditions; 8) soil erosion control. P. oleracea is a high drought tolerant species, followed by T. tetragonioides. As concluding remarks, it was shown that this new technique to control salinity is a powerful and environmental clean tool to maintain the sustainability of the landscape and of the irrigated areas
Oustrière, Nadège. "Assemblages végétaux pour phytomanager des sols contaminés en métaux (Cu et Zn/Pb/Cd), rhizofiltrer de l’eau contaminée en Cu et fournir des biomasses à la bioéconomie." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0265/document.
Full textThe phytomanagement of metal-contaminated matrices (soils and water) combines their ecological remediation and the production of non-food crops for the bioeconomy. One science frontier is to identify plant assemblage and to optimize their biomass production, aided or not by amendment addition and cultural practices. A Cu-contaminated soil and a Cd/Pb/Zn-contaminated one were phytomanaged in controlled conditions. The combination of biochar and iron grit reduced the phytotoxicity in both soils. In a 2-year pot experiment, this amendment combination decreased the phytotoxicity of the Cu-contaminated soil, enhanced soil C sequestration and produced an uncontaminated biomass of Arundo donax L. and Populus nigra L. adapted for bioenergy production. These combinations of culture and amendment are tested in field trial at the Cu-contaminated site. In parallel, in microcosm experiment, out of 4 macrophytes commonly used in constructed wetlands (CW) to clean up aqueous matrices (i.e. Arundo donax L., Cyperus eragrostis Lam., Iris pseudacorus L. and Phalaris arundinacea L.), A. donax was the best adapted to produce a high Cu-rich root mat potentially usable as Cu-ecocatalyst. Clean up of a Bordeaux mixture effluent (BME, 69 μM Cu) by A. donax was tested in a pilot-scale CW. The BME was decontaminated in 48 hours, its Cu concentration being in compliance for indirect discharge of chemical industry effluents. However, after one BME circulation cycle, root Cu concentration of A. donax roots (623 ± 140 mg kg-1) was lower than threshold value for Cu-ecocatalysts (1000 mg kg-1) and successive treatments must be repeated to achieve required Cu concentration
Berthelot, Charlotte. "Les endophytes bruns septés dans les sols pollués aux éléments traces métalliques (ETM) : caractérisation, effet sur les plantes et mécanismes de tolérance aux ETM." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0024/document.
Full textPhytomanagement is a handling method of contaminated sites based on the ability of plants to sequester pollutants. Fungi could favor plant growth in contaminated sites but were far less studied in the context of phytomanagement. Dark septate endophytes (DSE) were reported to improve plant tolerance against metallic trace elements (TE). The present work is part of the LORVER project and aims to understand the “plant-DSE-TE”. DSE were isolated from poplar roots growing on TE-contaminated soils and characterized. They belong to Leptodontidium, Phialophora, Cadophora and Phialocephala genera. Three strains were inoculated to birch and poplar in TE-contaminated soils. Leptodontidium sp. improved plant growth with an increase in chlorophyll, P and K concentrations, whereas Cadophora sp. decreased Cd concentration in shoots of birch. Then, Cadophora sp. Fe06, was used with an endomycorrhizal fungus, to co-inoculate ryegrass in a TE-polluted soil. The co-inoculation leads to the decrease of Cd concentration in shoots. Finally, the mechanisms involved in TE-tolerance by DSE were studied through the screening of a library of Leptondontidium sp. insertional random-mutants and an evaluation of the role of melanin against TE stress. The present work highlights the complexity of the interactions between DSE and plants under TE stress. These interactions were influenced by different parameters including plant species, DSE strains, and soil properties. Nevertheless, the ability of DSE to colonize a broad spectrum of plants in different soils and to promote plant growth, suggest that DSE could represent a substantial benefit for the fungus-assisted phytomanagement of polluted soils