Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biomasse – Dynamique'
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Curcio, Axel. "Simulation dynamique et contrôle d'un gazéifieur continu pour la production de carburants solaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Perpignan, 2023. https://theses-public.univ-perp.fr/2023PERP0035.pdf.
Full textThis thesis tackles the optimization of a spouted-bed reactor, for the solar gasification of biomass (beech wood pellets). The syngas synthesized is notably useful for the production of alcohols and fuels. Integrating solar heating enables decarbonating the process, which is usually autothermal. This means that one third of the initial feedstock is usually burnt to heat the reactor, and that the producer gas is contaminated.Various gasifier designs have been assessed experimentally since the 1980s, showing promising energy efficiencies. Some theoretical works were also carried out to tackle the practical application of the technology in industrial processes. In particular, the fluctuations of sunlight availability must be managed, by proposing thermal storage and hybridization methods. The solar-autothermal hybridization – which relies on in situ oxygen injection – is an interesting solution, and will be tackled all through the present thesis.Firstly, the experimental setup (1.5 kWth) is detailed. Preliminary experiments with continuous injection are carried out, to better characterize the reactions of wood pyrolysis and char gasification. Via comparative studies, the impacts of the cavity’s layout on gasification results are described (indirect heating through an emitter plate, inert particles bed, cylindrical confiner). A dynamic simulation code is eventually developed in PYTHON, to model the impact of reactants feeding rates on transient outcomes. This code couples heterogeneous kinetics, corresponding to char-gas reactions, with the computation of thermodynamic equilibrium in the gas phase. The related hypotheses enable reducing the computational costs.Secondly, the solar-autothermal hybrid process is described. Experimental results are exploited, to quantify the negative impact of O2 injection on the producer gas quality (H2 and CO yields). Control strategies are then proposed to mitigate these effects, via the controlled injection of biomass or water throughout hybridization. A constant H2+CO production strategy is retained for the following, and is assessed through a parametric study in PYTHON. The impacts of hybridization on the walls temperature and syngas composition are discussed.Thirdly, the PYTHON code is applied to the hybrid gasifier dynamic control, in order to establish yearly production reports. An upscaled reactor is considered (10 MWth), with controlled H2+CO volume production and reactants temperature. Parametric studies are performed regarding the control code tuning, and the impact of design parameters on the hybrid gasifier performances. Finally, the relevance of the model assumptions is discussed.7The present thesis thus proposes a precise hybridization strategy (constant H2+CO production), which aims at facilitating the integration of the solar gasifier in an industrial process. The feasibility of dynamic control on a second-per-second time scale is demonstrated. In a 10 MWth plant around the location of Odeillo (France), the yearly solar heat share might be around 20%. Beyond this point, syngas production is necessarily fluctuating, thus requiring the integration of costly storage facilities. Perspectives are listed to clarify design choices for upscaled hybrid gasifiers
Tymen, Blaise. "Déterminants de la structure et de la dynamique des forêts tropicales à l'échelle du paysage." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30349/document.
Full textThis thesis is structured in three chapters. In the first one, aerial LiDAR scanning (ALS) data were combine to field measurement of the aboveground biomass to allow a quantification of it at the landscapes scale. Two successive ALS survey were used to quantify AGB stocks and their dynamics. In the second chapter the structure and dynamics of a liana-infested forest is studied. Permanent plot data, soil survey and seedling survey were combined to remote sensing (ALS and Landsat). Together, these data suggest the liana-infested forest to be in an arrested succession. In the third chapter ALS data were used to model light availability, temperature and relative humidity in forest understory. We show this data can be used to predict ecological relevant climatic variable at the landscape scale
Rutishauser, Ervan. "Changements à long terme de la structure des forêts tropicales : implications sur les bilans de biomasse." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20176.
Full textAs living trees constitute one of the major stocks of carbon in tropical forests, assessing the role of these ecosystems in the carbon cycle received an increasing scientific and political interest. A better understanding of variations in the dynamics and structure of tropical forests is necessary to predict the potential of these ecosystems to lose or store carbon, and to understand how they recover from disturbances. Recent findings showed an increase of the turn-over in pantropical forests (Phillips et al. 2004a) and an increase of above-ground biomass in neotropical forests (Baker et al. 2004a). These results were attributed to an increasing availability of abiotic ressources (CO2, nitrogen) enhancing forest dynamics. Nevertheless, these findings were controversial and some scientists pointed out statistical and methodological errors (Lewis et al. 2006a; Wright 2006).The present project is based on a very different point-of-view and makes a nother interpretation of these results. The main hypothesis of this study is that the observed changes in forest dynamics around the Amazonian basin and in French Guyana are the consequence of natural endogenous processes. Tropical forests are facing recurring disturbances of various intensities and scales, ranging from tree fall (several square meters) to major drought linked to El Niño events (thousands of hectares). Thus forests would never reach equilibrium, but would rather fluctuate between short periods of disturbance and long periods of regeneration. The main findings of this study are that forests at our site can be seen as a mosaic of areas at different structural and dynamical stages, most of them increasing in mean stem diameter and accumulating biomass. The overall biomass balance is a net biomass increase that might mainly be related to endogenous forest dynamic
Messié, Monique. "Contrôle de la dynamique de la biomasse phytoplanctonique dans le Pacifique tropical ouest." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00137145.
Full textAguilera, Segura Sonia Milena. "Chimie-physique des interactions entre solvants multicomposants et biomasse." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENCM0010.
Full textExtraction of cellulose and lignin from plant biomass remains a major issue for enabling more economic and green production of lignocellulosic renewable fuels and byproducts. Although the use of multicomponent solvents has provided remarkable results in wood fractionation processes most of the currently used methods rely on empirically elaborated protocols. Understanding the physicochemical mechanisms of biomass breakdown and its interactions with solvent medium during fractionation will lead to more efficient use of biomass. This defined the focus in this thesis work on a systematic and detailed description of the interactions between ligoncellulose components with binary water-organic mixtures of ethanol and acetonitrile. Our results and their analysis were obtained predominantly with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and supported by additional studies of quantum chemical (Density Functional Theory) and mixed quantum mechanical (QM) and classical MD scheme (QM/MM). With these tools we first established a non-linear behavior of the mixed solvent structures, thermodynamic properties and dynamic hardness, as a measure for their global reactivity. The analysis of the average numbers of HBs with the liquid composition shows that alcohol molecules tend to substitute water molecules, allowing compensating for the loss of H-bonds in the water solvent domains. The role of organic component in water solvent mixtures on the conformational changes induced in the main wood components (cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose) is highlighted and their dependence on distinct solvent compositions is unveiled for each organic solvent component and its content in water. This dependence is explained by preferential solute-solvent interatomic interactions as a function of solvent compositions. Subsequently, the evolution of interaction forces in lignin-cellulose and lignin-xylan complexes are also found to have solvent-dependent profiles. All this supports the general conclusion about specific solvent actions on lignocellulose compounds being the driving factors in the observed macroscopic non-linear behavior in wood swelling in mixed water-organic solvents
Nguyen, Thi Dong Phuong. "Récolte de biomasse microalgale par floculation naturelle et procédés membranaires." Nantes, 2013. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=f70f1c4d-d0a2-42d0-81c5-ac83082fa346.
Full textHarvesting step in a global operating microalgae process whose contribute substantially to whole process cost. Identifying and characterizing low-energy processes to fully or partially replace centrifugation, the reference method, represents a major challenge. In this context, the present work investigates the potential of natural flocculation and membrane processes. So, it has been shown that the natural rise in the culture pH associated with photosynthesis allowed cells flocculation by the precipitation of calcium phosphate or magnesium compounds. Thus, the cells could be preconcentrated up to 30 gMS. L-1. This process is rather long and must be controlled by adjusting the ionic composition of the culture media (nitrate as the nitrogen source; concentrations in Ca2+, PO4 3-, Mg2+). Natural flocculation seems feasible only for marine microalgal strains for which culture media are rich in salts, but not for freshwater strains. As natural flocculation produces a low concentrated harvest, it should be considered as a preconcentration technique which will probably require an extra step of concentration for most of applications. One stage membrane processes without fouling control (backwashing, enhancing shear-rate. . . ) was also investigated. Microalgal cells were concentrated up to 100 gMS. L-1 but with low permeation flux (< 30 L. H-1. M-2). Enhanced dynamic filtration that limits strongly membrane fouling allowed to obtain higher filtration fluxes (40 < J < 80 L. H-1. M-2). The moderate flux fall with cells concentration is promising regarding the ability of this kind of filtration to reach high cell concentrations in a single step
Manlay, Raphaël. "Dynamique de la matière organique à l'échelle d'un terroir agro-pastoral de savane ouest-africaine, Sud-Sénégal /." Nancy : ENGREF, École nationale du génie rural, des eaux et des forêts, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37720186s.
Full textMention parallèle de titre ou de responsabilité : Organic matter dynamics in mixed-farming systems of the West African savanna, a village case study from South Senegal. La couv. porte en plus : "environnement" Bibliogr. p. 209-235.
Vallet, Patrick. "Impact de différentes stratégies sylvicoles sur la fonction « puits de carbone » des peuplements forestiers. Modélisation et simulation à l’échelle de la parcelle." Paris, ENGR, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENGR0012.
Full textStanding biomass capitalization and species substitution are two silvicultural strategies analyzed in this study. Both should lead to an additional increase of carbon stocks, a main issue of the XXIst century for mitigating the climate change. The first one corresponds to a slowing down of harvests that should generate an additional carbon sink by increasing the mean growing stocks. The second, substitution of slow-growing broadleaved high forests of sessile oak or beech by fast-growing coniferous plantations like Corsican Pine or Douglas Fir, should also lead to a faster absorption of CO2. The impact of both strategies on carbon is even worthier to study considering that foresters already use this way of managing their forests. The building up of a model chain taking into account all parts where carbon is implied (standing biomass, carbon soil, but also wood products generated by harvests) allowed us to simulate quantitative results following these practices. We point out that the standing biomass capitalization would lead to an increase of carbon stock depending on the initial state of the stands, the site index and the new forest management practiced. It could rise up to 142 tC/ha in the most favourable case. The substitution of slow-growing broadleaved species by coniferous plantations would also be an important carbon sink (up to 2 tC/ha/year) for several decades, but would have a smaller mean carbon stock at steady state
César, Jean. "La production biologique des savanes de Côte-d'Ivoire et son utilisation par l'homme : biomasse, valeur pastorale et production fourragère /." Maisons-Alfort : Institut d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35522937n.
Full textLobos, Buschmann Jorge Alejandro. "Dynamique de populations épuratives en réacteur ferme et en bioréacteur à membranes continu et séquencé : influence du critère "substrat/biomasse"." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20098.
Full textThe aim of this memory is to provide a fundamental understanding of the metabolic ways and bacterial processes in submerged membranes bioreactors (MBR) operated at high solid retention times. The intensification of the membrane separation was studied as well. In a first experimental batch study, the role of the ratio S0/X0 (substrat/biomasse) was clarified. A cellular multiplication process is favoured at high ratios S0/X0 while a storage compound synthesis process is dominant at low ratios. The membranes bioreactors operation was carried on under continuous and sequencing feeds, with a synthetic effluent based on acetate and Viandox®. Comparatively, the performances of the MBR operated in continuous way were more satisfactory with respect to organic matter removal, sludge production and separation. The lower conversion yields substrate to biomass obtained, were associated to the intensification of maintenance cells functions, lysis process and predation activity. The modelling of the system, with the models of Pirt and ASM3, shows a stabilisation of the active biomass concentration and a constant inert materials accumulation (resulting from endogenous respiration). The interest of estimate this fraction of active biomass (lower than 20% in our operational conditions) is underlined. With regard to membrane separation, the biomass accumulated around the fibres seems not play a crucial role in the fouling process. The influence of the macromolecular compounds has been also studied
Auby, Isabelle. "Contribution à l'étude des herbiers de Zostera Noltii dans le bassin d'Archachon : Dynamique, production de dégradation, macrofaune associée." Bordeaux 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR10550.
Full textGoma-Tchimbakala, Joseph. "Dynamique de la matière organique et de l'azote en plantation de limba (terminale superba engler et diels) au Congo : comparaison avec une forêt naturelle." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066437.
Full textPallas, Benoît. "Modélisation dynamique des interactions plante-environnement : application à l'étude des interactions entre les relations sources-puits et les processus de développement chez la vigne." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00448756.
Full textBarry, Ugo. "Comportement du procédé R3F en nitrification : suivi, modélisation dynamique et limites du procédé." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00925421.
Full textPoilpré, Emmanuel. "Mécanisme d'adaptation rapide de Saccharomyces cerevisiae en métabolisme oxydatif : implication des sucres de réserve et de la capacité respiratoire." Toulouse, INSA, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ISAT0007.
Full textThe oxydative metabolism of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is studied on chemostat culture by disturbing transient states. It is shown that acetate pulse, spontaneous oscillation, shift-up in dilution rate induce the same cell's response, whose magnitude is determined by the initial pool of the carbohydrates storage. The main event of that response is an activation of the metabolism closely linked with an acceleration of the growth. Trehalose, glycogene and the respiratory capacity play a key role in that adaptation. During such dynamics, because of the high oxydative metabolism and acetate production, we postulate that the pyruvate deshydrogenase by-pass is used to cope with the high glycolytic flux due to the breakdown of the storage material
Chatterjee, Arnab. "Rôle des micro-algues benthiques dans la zone côtière : biomasse, biodiversité, productivité." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0005/document.
Full textThe most important primary producer groups of the coastal zones are suspended phytoplankton cells (Pannard et al, 2008) and microphytobenthos (MPB) (Woelfel et al., 2010). In these regions, phytoplankton and benthic microalgae are both recognized as being principal components of the diet for economically important suspension-feeding fauna (Gillespie et al., 2000). However, although phytoplankton has been vastly documented, MPB is often understudied.In sufficient light for photosynthesis they can inhabit the top few centimeters of the substrate layers (mud or sand) of marine sediment (Charpy and Charpy-Roubaud 1990, MacIntyre et al. 1996, MacIntyre and Cullen 1996) and play an important role as a food source for higher trophic levels (Revsbech et al. 1981, Sorokin 1991, Charpy and Charpy-Roubaud 1990 ). Benthic microalgal biomass mostly follows a similar distribution to the total organic matter content of surficial sediments indicating that sediment geochemical processes such as nutrient release from the breakdown of organic matter may be important in determining the distribution of MPB (Light, 1998). However, on the other hand, though not proportional with the MPB biomass, benthic production can even surpass the pelagic contribution (Underwood and kromkamp, 1999). With their ability of high primary production benthic microalgal communities can profoundly influence the flux, transformation and turnover of carbon and nutrients in coastal areas. Benthic primary producers contribute to the availability of energy and matter for benthic and pelagic food webs and define benthic and pelagic energy budgets, which affect the chemistry at the sediment-water interface, and regulate sediment stability. The shallow waters, where MPB thrives, allow a more direct interaction between pelagic and benthic processes keeping the benthos much less susceptible to physical and biochemical disturbances such as evaporation, eutrophication, and wind-forcing (Molen, 2011). Because attached microalgae can avoid advective processes and adapt to changes in light availability at short time scales, their importance is particularly enhanced (Phinney, 2004). As a result of the impact that MPB carries in a coastal ecosystem, along with the study of the functional role of MPB, investigations on their diversity have also gained some importance in the last two decades (Sundbaeck & Joensson, 1988; Blanchard, 1990; Montagna et al., 1995). Like phytoplankton, MPB communities can also act as sensitive indicators of water quality as the taxonomic composition of MPB assemblages can vary as per different nutrient levels (Lange-Bertalot, 1979; Kann, 1986). However, although the importance of MPB has been emphasized on intertidal zones (Pinckney & Zingmark, 1993; Colijn & De Jonge, 1984; Herman et al., 2000), the subtidal zones have generally been ignored till yet on this regard and as a result of which not much is known about the MPB dynamics in the subtidal zones. The subtidal zone of Bay of Brest was chosen for this study because there had been comprehensive input of nitrates to the zone in the past century .This zone has being amazingly resistant to eutrophication for quite some time, although silicate and nitrate ratio got down during the past 20 years. Research has been done previously on the spatial distribution of MPB in the zone in terms of primary productivity and biomass, but in order to achieve a more holistic view of these important photoautotrophs, a temporal study is necessary as well. The objectives of this work have been to characterize the temporal distribution of MPB in terms of biomass, productivity and biodiversity in the subtidal zone of Bay of Brest on a monthly scale, assess a comparative reasoning between MPB and the phytoplankton of the overlying water column complying on the same factors and draw an understanding on the significance of seasonal fluctuations of MPB in the overall seasonal distribution of photoautotrophs. […]
Lyra, Roberto da Fonseca. "Dynamique et transferts dans et au-dessus des couverts forestiers." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30121.
Full textMameri, Fateh. "Caractérisation multi-physique et multi-échelle d'une installation de conversion d'énergie : application à une unité de cogénération biomasse." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0049/document.
Full textMicro-cogeneration refers to the simultaneous production of two final and usable energies from a single primary energy source. The most common case is the production of heat and electricity. In France, micro-cogeneration concerns small powers (< 36 kWel). Its interest lies in higher efficiencies than those obtained in the case of an equivalent separate production of electricity and heat. In the case of biomass micro-CHP system, the heat is supplied by a biomass boiler that is coupled to a cogenerator via a heat exchanger. For this power, external combustion engines or hot air engines are the most suitable. In the case of The purpose of this PhD thesis work is to characterize and model a biomass micro-CHP unit, with a biomass boiler (30 kWth), an Ericsson engine and an air-flue gas heat exchanger inserted inside the combustion chamber of the boiler. Dynamic models 0D of the biomass boiler and the air-flue gas heat exchanger are developed to simulate the transient phases and to represent the evolution of the variables as a time function. Dynamic 0D models have been validated by experimental measurements. They evaluate the energy performances and power losses and quantify heat transfer between working fluids (water and air), flue gases and walls in different zones in the considered system (boiler or air-flue gas heat exchanger). A post-combustion is investigated by injecting secondary air at different flow rates and different temperatures in the upper part of the boiler combustion chamber. Experimental measurements of pollutant emissions in the boiler chimney are performed to examine the post-combustion influence. The main pollutants measured are: carbon dioxide, oxygen, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides
Oubraim, Saïd. "Dynamique des populations des cladoceres d'un lac eutrophe du massif central francais : "le lac d'aydat", biomasse et production secondaire." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF2S895.
Full textOubraim, Saïd. "Dynamique des populations des cladocères d'un lac eutrophe du Massif Central français, le lac d'Aydat biomasse et production secondaire /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37608590g.
Full textCadile, Claudia. "Modélisation DEM et approche expérimentale de la dynamique d'un système réactif en lit fluidisé dense : application à la gazéification de la biomasse." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4769/document.
Full textEnergy production from green and renewable resources, such as biomass, are currently experiencinga significant growth. Thermochemical conversion of this biomass by gasification is a process usedfor over a century but still requires significant developments in terms of rentability optimizationand quality improvement of products gases.The work carried out in collaboration between the CNIM company and the IUSTI laboratoryallowed the establishment of a numerical simulation tool to study locally different coupled phenomenaoccurring in a dense fluidized bed gasification reactor. The chosen approach, DEM (DiscreteElement Method), is based on the monitoring of particle packets. The simulation results werecompared to experimental measurements realised in IUSTI and LERMAB laboratories : measuringpressure in a shallow fluidized bed and characterization of pyrolysis reaction with the timetracking of particle density by an innovative method, temperature and the composition of theproducts gases. On a larger scale, the numerical code predictions were compared with velocity,particles mixing and segregation profiles from experimental measurements of the literature. Theobtained numerical results of bi-solid fluidized bed with and without chemical reactions are ingood agreement with the experimental measurements. It helped to highlight the strong couplingbetween hydrodynamic and thermochemical phenomena.This work opens up new perspectives on the experimental plan and numerical simulation whichDEM approach has shown great potential. The extrapolation of the DEM model for the simulationof gasification industrial reactors remains a challenge in terms of computer resources
Bleuze, Laurent. "Rouissage au sol du chanvre industriel (Cannabis sativa L.) : dynamique sous environnement contrôlé et modélisation Tracking the dynamics of hemp dew retting under controlled environmental conditions." Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMS022.
Full textDew retting is a process that, through selective microbial degradation of the outer tissues of the stems, leads to partial dissociation of extraxylemic cellulosic fibres, facilitating their subsequent mechanical extraction. It is under the control of biotic and abiotic factors whose effects are still poorly understood. The objective of the doctoral work was to quantify and model the influence of these factors on retting for industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.).The development of an innovative experimental system has made it possible to carry out retting on soil in a controlled environment (humidity, temperature and lightning). The retting dynamics was characterized by measurements of the physicochemical parameters of the mulch (color, mass, chemical composition, stem tissue architecture) and biological parameters (enzymatic activities). The harvesting time of hemp (at the flowering stage or at the seed maturity stage) modified the chemical characteristics of the stems and their retting dynamics by reducing by about 14 days (at 15°C) the retting duration for the stems harvested at flowering. The dynamic of microbial colonization has been highlighted at the stem level, but also vertically within the mulch. The results allowed the development of a numerical retting model simulating the biological degradation of external tissues (BioRETTING) and the evolution of mulch properties during retting (MulchRETTING). Colorimetric and infrared spectroscopy (ATR) analyses are promising for the development of dew retting monitoring indicators
Aleya, Lotfi. "Dynamique des populations phytoplanctoniques du lac aydat, puy de dome (france) : biomasse et activite metabolique de diverses fractions de taille." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF2S899.
Full textAleya, Lotfi Magouri Hachem El. "Dynamique des populations phytoplanctoniques du lac d'Aydat, Puy-de-Dôme (France) biomasse et activité métabollique de diverses fractions de taille /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37602218g.
Full textFischer, Fabian. "Inférence de la structure et dynamique des forêts tropicales humides avec un modèle individu-centré." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30229.
Full textClimate change presents society and science with a challenge that goes beyond the temporal and spatial scales of most practical problems. It therefore requires approaches that reflect the complexity of the Earth's system. This holds particularly true for the biosphere and forest ecosystems, one of the most important sources of uncertainty in climate projections. Concerted data collection efforts, such as forest inventories, trait data bases, and new technologies, such as remote sensing, have considerably increased our ability to observe and analyze the current state of the Earth's vegetation. However, to extrapolate findings into the future and understand the feedbacks between vegetation and climate change, models are needed that assimilate these data and translate them into ecosystem dynamics. Mechanistic and individual-based forest models are a particular promising approach, since they simulate dynamics bottom-up, reconstruct forests tree by tree, and are thus able to predict patterns across scales. This PhD further develops the trait- and individual-based forest growth simulator TROLL, including intraspecific variation and plasticity in tree growth, derives a new method to translate Airborne Lidar data into virtual forest inventories and uses it to infer forest structure and ecosystem dynamics in tropical rain forests. Finally, in line with TROLL's trait-based approach, an update to a global trait base, the Global Wood Density Database is presented, exploring the contribution of evolutionary lineages to wood density variation and mapping wood density across the globe
Sagan, Gaëlle. "Typologie et dynamique des communautés de diatomées benthiques dans l'écosystème mégatidal de la baie du Mont Saint Michel." Rennes 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN10152.
Full textMignot, Alexandre. "Dynamique temporelle de la bomasse phytoplanctonique et de la production photosynhtétique dans les gyres subtropicaux du Pacifique : une approche basée sur les flotteurs profileurs bio-optiques." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066037.
Full textPacific subtropical gyres are the largest ecosystems in the ocean occupying 45 % of the surface of the ocean. Although phytoplankton biomass and primary production are low throughout the year in the center of these regions, their immense size makes their contribution to global ocean primary production significant (i. E. 45 %). However, there are a great amount of unknowns and uncertainties regarding the dynamics of phytoplankton biomass and associated carbon fluxes as well as the driving forces of these dynamics. This is due, in part, to their remoteness, implying that to date, repetitive ship-based investigations are impossible. Recently, miniaturized bio-optical sensors have been implemented on profiling floats, thus offering new observational capabilities of key biogeochemical variables at seasonal scales. During this doctoral research, we investigated the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton biomass and associated carbon fluxes in the Pacific subtropical gyres using data from these bio-optical profiling floats. The first part of the thesis was dedicated to develop methods to retrieve biogeochemical variables from the optical parameters acquired by the profiling floats (e. G. Chlorophyll-a content). Secondly, thanks to the synchronous in-situ observations of physical and biogeochemical parameters, we proposed a mechanistic interpretation of the seasonal variation of phytoplankton biomass according to changes in irradiance and nutrients. Finally, the estimation of production and loss rate of particulate organic carbon from the daily cycle of the attenuation coefficient (a proxy of the particle load), allowed to examine the metabolic balance of Pacific subtropical gyres
Roig, Frédéric. "Transitions et dynamique relaxationnelle de polymères issus de la paroi végétale." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1432/.
Full textIn the future, increasing CO2 will stimulate the photosynthesis process and could allow a substantial increase in plant material. Compared to fossil fuels like oil or char, plant matter represents an annually renewable resource. Knowledge of its physicochemical properties is essential. The gene mutations of plant species allow identifying genes responsible for synthesis of the constituent polymers. The objective of this thesis is to apply thermal analysis techniques coupled with dielectric spectroscopy, to study the dynamic structure of plant cell walls of Arabidopsis Thaliana. In an analytical approach, the major cell wall polysaccharides extracted: cellulose and lignin, are studied. The glass transition of each polymer and the localized and delocalized molecular mobility were determined. Cellulose is the major structural component of plant cell walls; special attention was paid to the influence of its interaction with water on its physical structure. The decrease in glass transition temperature when the humidity increases, is a characteristic phenomenon of plasticization. The comparative study of the composite with natural plant cell wall polymers showed the contribution of cellulose and lignin in the dynamic chain of Arabidopsis Thaliana. These interpretations highlight the impact of genetic modifications on the interactions between and within molecular cell wall polymers
Krystallidis, Antoine. "Application du génie des procédés aux biotechnologies marines : étude de faisabilité, modélisation et simulation dynamique d'un procédé de culture de microalgues." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ECAP0371.
Full textBoucher, Uriel. "Dynamique des associations Matières Organiques Particulaires - Elements Traces Métalliques dans les sols au cours de leur biodégradation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0070.
Full textIn soil – plant systems contaminated by Trace Metals (TM), these metals are expected to be closely bound to particulate organic matter (POM) coming from plant debris. The present work aims at characterizing the dynamic of TM – POM associations and the interactions between the fate of trace metals and of particulate organic matter, during in vitro incubations of more or less contaminated plant parts mixed into a soil matrix.Experiments using leaves of metallophyte A. halleri and an unpolluted arable soil sample have shown:• Overall mineralization of C of studied microcosms was not affected by Zn and Cd load of A. halleri leaves, but the mineralization of less biodegradable plant fractions was slower in case of metal rich ones.• When leaves are mixed within the soil matrix, a major part of Cd and Zn that they contained was quickly dissolved by abiotic processes and fixed back onto other soil constituents, whereas parts of soil Pb and soil Cu are extracted and moved onto incorporated POM, via the liquid phase.• Then the incorporated plant residues progressively tend to accumulate all studied TM but only during the first 14 days, the essential period with respect to mineralization. So, the relative increase of TM contents due to loss of organic matter partly explains increasing metal contents, but other transformations, especially around POM – microorganism – solution interfaces, must be considered.Apart from these experiments, a comparative literature review allowed to further understand and generalize the processes of metal enrichment, accumulation or release by plant residues during their decomposition. It is noteworthy that, independently of plant residue type, their trend to accumulate TM during the first stages of transformation comes to a reversal beyond about 45-50% of mass loss; from that point, they start to become a source of TM for other soil constituents.These fluxes of trace metals related to the biodegradration of TM – POM are important phenomena to be taken into account for the risk assessment of phyto-management options and especially of phyto-stabilization of metal polluted soils
Baig, Muhammad. "Extraction de composant de biomasse lignocellulosique oléagineuse en milieu eau et CO2 subcritique et fonctionnalisation enzymatique." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20215/document.
Full textThis work addresses the integrated biorefining concept (extraction, fractionation, separation of compounds from biomass prior to further transformation) by developing discrete units with the ultimate objective of coupling them to enable a continuous flow configuration. Due to the complexity of solid, there is a need for a sustainable and environmentally friendly pre-treatment technology. Sub-critical water has been used as a solvent for extracting natural compounds in addition to hydrolysis. This work investigated the hydrolysis of carbohydrates (rice bran) and triacylglycerols (TAG; sunflower oil) chosen as models. The attribute of subcritical water (ion product and dielectric constant) in continuous flow reactors built for the purpose, allowed almost quantitative hydrolysis of hemicellulose and TAG. The effect of adding CO2 and therefore carbonic acid was positive on the hydrolysis of hemicellulose. Further, free fatty acids were transformed to ethyl esters using lipase within continuous flow super critical CO2 resulting in 95% yield. The hydrolysis and esterification reaction kinetics were studied. To address the complex interplay between multiple processing parameters response surface methodologies (RSM) were developed. Using the empirical data the models were successfully validated, therefore showing the utility of the RSM to assist process development. The important question of solubility of extractible in subcritical water was also addressed, through the development of a prediction method, validated with experimental data. In summary this work shows the possibility of applying the innovative Integrated Biorefining concept under continuous flow conditions -instead of the current application under batch conditions- for producing valuable compounds
Rizvi, Syed. "Amendements calco-magnésiens de bassins versants forestiers acidifiés : effets sur la dynamique de la matière organique et l'activité biologique du sol." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4796.
Full textThe main objective of this work is to assess the consequences of calco-magnesium liming on two acidified forested catchments in Vosges Mountain (sandstone and granite) on humus morphology, abundance and diversity of mesofauna, fungal biomass and carbon storage in organic horizons 5 and 7 years after liming. Moreover, we performed a study to verify under laboratories conditions by using microcosms filled with soil from acidified catchments lying on sandstone and granite in order to study the short-term effect of calco-magnesium liming. During the two field campaigns, we determined calcium and magnesium contents of OL horizon, pH, humus morphology, mesofauna abundance and diversity, fungal biomass, soil carbon storage of organic layers OL, OF and OH.Results indicated that calco-magnesium liming affects studied parameters in different ways according to elapsed time after liming and the geological substrate (sandstone and granite), the more acidic catchment (sandstone) showing the most remarkable reaction. Results of immediate effects of liming showed a decrease of mesofauna abundance and then gradually increasing tendencies in field campaigns after 5 years while no effect after 7 years after liming. The opposite or no effects were observed on granite substrate. Ca and Mg contents in OL horizon increased by liming but this effect were only significant on sandstone substrate. Soil fungal biomass was not affected by liming but was significantly higher on granite substrate than sandstone. Liming increased the OH horizon thickness on sandstone while decreased the OL horizon on granite, under the influence of biological activity (mesofauna vs microorganisms)
Nguyen, Cam Chi. "Dynamique, structure et production de la végétation du Gourma (Sahel, Mali) en relation avec les sols, l'occupation des sols et les systèmes hydriques : étude de télédétection à haute et moyenne résolution." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30143.
Full textThe Sahel is a semiarid region located south of the Sahara desert. The Sahel is particularly sensitive to climatic change and is subject to a high inter-annual and decadal rainfall variability. This region was marked by two periods of very severe droughts which occurred in 1983 - 1984 and 1972-1973 within a long dry period which began in 1970. This long drought deeply impacted water resources and vegetation, causing soil erosion, huge livestock losses and catastrophic harvests accentuating the impoverishment of the rural population. This study is an attempt to characterize and quantify changes in soils, vegetation and hydrology at the scale of the Gourma region (90 000 km²) located in Northern Mali from the last 55 years. Three types of remote sensing data have been used: 1) high spatial resolution Landsat images, 2) very high spatial resolution Geo-Eye images (Google-Earth) and 3) NDVI data measured by the moderate spatial resolution satellite (MODIS). The approach aims to characterize soil surface texture, local redistribution of rainwater by surface run off, surface hydrology and vegetation cover changes over the considered period. Temporal dynamics of vegetation and soils are pointed out. Particularly, this study shows the strong relationships between soil types, surface hydrology and vegetation dynamics at different spatial scales. Land cover changes are also characterized over the considered period
MANLAY, Raphaël. "Dynamique de la matière organique à l'échelle d'un terroir agro-pastoral de savane ouest-africaine (sud-Sénégal)." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005770.
Full textLe terroir choisi était organisé en auréoles, avec une intensification croissante des pratiques de la périphérie (auréole de brousse) vers le village (champs de case).
Les stocks dans le système sol-plante étaient de 54,7 tC, 2,63 tN et 43,5 kgP ha-1 dans les jachères âgées, soit des croîts respectifs de 97, 29 et 251 % par rapport aux cultures de brousse (l'augmentation ayant lieu essentiellement dans la biomasse végétale). Les stocks mesurés dans le sol des champs de case étaient supérieurs à ceux des cultures de brousse, essentiellement dans l'horizon 0-10 cm. Cependant, la faible réponse globale des stocks de carbone des sols sableux à la jachère et à la fumure ne peut être interprétée qu'en réévaluant le rôle bio-thermodynamique joué par le carbone dans l'intégrité des agroécosystèmes locaux.
Les stocks moyens sur le terroir contrôlables par l'homme furent estimés à 29,7 tC, 1,52 tN and 28,6 kgP ha-1 en 1997. Le carbone était stocké surtout dans le sol. Elevage, récoltes et collecte de bois ont représenté respectivement 59, 27 et 14 % des prélèvements de carbone dans le terroir. Grâce à eux, des flux importants de carbone ont été établis vers les champs de case (3,8 tC ha-1 an-1), et les pertes minérales globales ont été estimées à 4 kgN et 1 kgP ha-1 an-1. Le terroir était donc proche de l'équilibre minéral.
Mais selon la dynamique démographique actuelle, la perte de carbone pourrait atteindre 0,38 tC ha-1 an-1, et la demande en carbone doubler durant les 30 prochaines années. Sans intensification des pratiques, ceci remettrait en cause la viabilité du système.
Yao, Yitong. "Impacts of drought on biomass and carbon fluxes in the Amazon rainforest : a modeling approach." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ010.
Full textDroughts have recurrently impacted the Amazon rainforests, undermining the forest biomass carbon sink capacity due to a quicker increase of biomass mortality compared to growth. Most global land surface models used for assessments of the Global Carbon Budget and future climate projections have not incorporated drought-induced tree mortality. Their prediction of biomass dynamics are therefore subject to large uncertainties, as a result of (1) lack of explicit simulation of hydraulic transportin the continuum from soil to leaves; (2) lack of process-based equations connecting the impairment of the hydraulic transport system of trees to mortality; (3) lack of representation of mortality across trees sizes. To address these critical research gaps, I improved plant hydraulic representation in ORCHIDEECAN. This model was re-calibrated and evaluated over rainforests in Amazon basin, and applied to simulate the future evolution of biomass dynamics facing droughts. Firstly, I implemented a mechanistic hydraulic architecture that was designed by E. Joetzjer, and a hydraulic-failure related tree mortality module that I designed into ORCHIDEE-CAN. The model was calibrated against the world’s longest running drought manipulation experiment of Caxiuana in the eastern Amazon. Our model produced comparable annual tree mortality rates than the observation andcaptured biomass dynamics. This work provides a basis for further research in assimilating experimental observation data to parameterize the hydraulic failure induced tree mortality. Secondly, I applied ORCHIDEE-CAN-NHA over the Amazon intact rainforest. The model reproduced the drought sensitivity of aboveground biomass (AGB) growth and mortality observed atnetworks of forest inventory plots across Amazon intact forests for the two recent mega-droughts of 2005 and 2010. We predicted a more negative sensitivity of the net biomass carbon sink to water deficits for the recent 2015/16 El Nino, which was the most severe drought in the historical record. In the model, even if climate change with droughts becoming more severe tended to intensify tree mortality, increased CO2 concentration contributed to attenuate the C loss due to mortality by suppressing transpiration.Lastly, I used the ORCHIDEE-CAN-NHA model for future simulations of biomass carbondynamics. Most climate models (ISIMIP2 program) consistently predict a drier trend in northeastern Amazon. The simulation forced by the HadGEM climate model in the RCP8.5 scenario shows the most pronounced drying in eastern and northeastern Amazon, with a cross-over point at which the carbon sink turned to a carbon source in the Guiana Shield and East-central Amazon in the middle of the 21st century. This study sheds light on predicting the future evolution of Amazon rainforest biomass dynamics with an improved process-based model able to reproduce climate-change induced mortality.In the conclusion and outlook sections, future developments and research priorities are proposed, which would improve the reliability and performances of the process-based model presented in this dissertation, allowing to better capture mechanisms that control the evolution of forest biomass dynamics in the face of more frequent drought risks
Iman, Bahmani. "Influence des facteurs environnementaux sur la dynamique de tallage et la croissance des feuilles des cultivars de Raygrass pérenne (Lolium pérenne) 'Ellet' et 'Grasslands ruanui'." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPL028N.
Full textOulad, Ali Hassan. "Role et importance des rotiferes planctoniques dans un ecosysteme lacustre eutrophe de la zone temperee nord : le lac d'aydat (france) : dynamique des populations, biomasse, production, activites de broutage et efficacite d'assimilation." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CLF21115.
Full textOulad, Ali Hassan. "Rôle et importance des rotifères planctoniques dans un écosystème lacustre euthrope de la zỏne tempérée nord, le lac d'Aydat (France) dynamique des populations, biomasse, production, activités de broutage et efficacités d'assimilation /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37617230r.
Full textFumenia, Alain. "Dynamique spatiale et temporelle de la biomasse organique particulaire synthétisée dans une région océanique fortement influencée par la fixation de diazote atmosphérique (campagne océanographique OUTPACE dans le Pacifique tropical sud-ouest)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0173.
Full textIn the Western Tropical South Pacific (WTSP), the dynamics of the particulate organic matter (POM) derives from two distinct planktonic systems in this oligotrophic region.In the mixed layer, the POM presents an excess of nitrogen with respect to the Redfield stoichiometry, with a N:P ratio of 19 ± 2. In this study, the high rates of biological dinitrogen fixation (N2) measured in this region has been pointed as the main source of new nitrogen, supporting the N-enriched POM production.Statistically significant relationships between bbp and PON (and POP) concentrations were established (R² = 0.87 and 0.91, respectively), allowing to define, for the first time, optical proxies (PONopt and POPopt) of particulate organic biomass. During the stratified periods of the studied period (3 years), significant increases in PONopt are observed only in the Melanesian Archipelago. These recurrent increases of PON concentrations in this area can only be supported by nitrogen input via the N2 fixation process.In the vicinity of the euphotic depth (Z01), a Subsurface Maximum of Chlorophyll-a (Chla) Layer (SCML) is permanently associated with a maximum of particulate organic biomass. By using O2 data collected by the float FA on a seasonal time scale, the calculated Net Community Production (0.08 ± 0.01 mmol m-3 d-1 on average) exhibited a low but positive value within the SCML, in the dimly lit layers between Z01 and the depth in which the measured PAR is reduced to 0.1% of its surface value (Z001)
Genries, Aurélie. "Incendies, dynamique et structure des communautés forestières subalpines à pin cembro (Pinus cembra L. ) dans les Alpes." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20127.
Full textIn the Alps, the climate change may lead to a decrease in precipitations and an increase in disturbance frequency during the next decades. However, fire is rare in these mountains and subalpine forests are particularly sensitive to disturbances. The aim of this thesis is to study the mechanisms of fire and fire frequency on the structure and the dynamics of these forests. First, the paleoecological of two lakes of the Maurienne valley (France), has shown the occurrence of asynchronous high fire frequencies in the valley during the Holocene, but having triggered similar vegetation dynamics. Those trajectories are characterized by the opening of cembra pine forests, favourable to maples and/or alders. These fires, mainly surface fires, seem to never have endangered the cembra pine population, except during a high frequency period. Second, the comparative study of a stand burned 3 times during the past 180 years with a not burned stand, in a mixed subalpine forest of the Maurienne valley, reveals that those fires have lead to an increase in tree density, and that regeneration is more important in the burned stand. Nevertheless, grazing would have been the main factor controlling the vegetation structure, and the abandonment of farming in the 1950's would have induced the present cembra pine regeneration at the expense of larch. Consequently, only an increase in fire frequency or a reactivation of grazing in the next decades seem to be able to limit the transformation of mixed subalpine forests in pure cembra pine forests
Hess, Manon. "Restauration écologique des communautés végétales après éradication d'espèces invasives : Rôle de la dynamique de colonisation et des effets de priorité Using limiting similarity to enhance invasion resistance: theoretical and practical concerns Priority effects: Emerging principles for invasive plant species management Giving recipient communities a greater head start and including productive species boosts early resistance to invasion." Thesis, Avignon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AVIG0357.
Full textInvasive plant species cause serious environmental and sanitary issues and their control is today a major challenge. Disturbances involving vegetation removal and an increase in resource availability offer particularly favorable conditions for invasive plant colonization. Establishing a plant cover rapidly sequestering resources could be a relevant strategy to limit invasion. However, little is known about the characteristics enabling newly established communities to exert strong invasion resistance, especially in the early growth stages.In this thesis, I focused on two potential determinants of invasion resistance of herbaceous plant communities in the early growth stages after a major disturbance, which are (1) the concept of limiting similarity, stating that the coexistence of species sharing the same ecological niche is limited by competitive exclusion, and (2) priority effects, which occur when the establishment of a species affects the performance or survival of later arriving species. The application of limiting similarity to control invasive plants appears complex, ineffective and unsuitable for the most common situations. In contrast, integrating priority effects into invasive plant management strategies seems more promising. One strategy consists in restoring a plant cover exerting strong negative priority effects, decreasing the success of subsequent invasive plant establishment. In two greenhouse experiments, I explored the role of priority effects in early invasion resistance. In a first experiment, I manipulated species composition, sowing density and the elapsed time between community sowing and invasion by Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Bothriochloa barbinodis and Cortaderia selloana. A higher invasion resistance was observed when communities produced a high aboveground biomass, which was associated with the presence of productive species. Delaying invasive species arrival also decreased invasion success, but only if it allowed a sufficient increase in biomass production. A second experiment investigated how the identity of the first native colonizer (one of two grasses: Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne, or one of two legumes: Onobrychis viciifolia and Trifolium repens) and the timing of species establishment (synchronous vs. sequential sowing) influenced the structuration of the recipient community and its resistance to invasion by A. artemisiifolia. Small differences in assembly history of the recipient community substantially affected community structure, biomass production, soil nutrient content, as well as early invasion resistance. Sequential sowing generally decreased invasion resistance compared with a synchronous sowing. Early colonizers generated priority effects of variable strength most likely via belowground competition, which affected A. artemisiifolia’s invasion success. A prior establishment of the N-fixing legume T. repens particularly boosted A. artemisiifolia’s performance. In conclusions, this thesis work highlights the inadequacy of revegetation strategies based on limiting similarity and reveals promising perspectives of manipulating assembly history and priority effects for designing invasion resistant communities. Assembly history significantly influenced early invasion success by inducing differences in biomass production and resource preemption by the recipient community. Priority effects of newly established communities and associated invasion resistance could be enhanced by (1) giving as much time advance as possible to the recipient community over invasives, (2) introducing species displaying an ability to rapidly produce biomass and preempt soil resources, or (3) avoiding sequential sowing especially when early colonizers are nitrogen-fixing, productive species
Meyer, Victoria. "De la canopée à la biomasse : télédétection lidar des dynamiques de la forêt tropicale à différentes échelles." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30028.
Full textAccurate estimation of biomass in tropical forests is of prime importance for programs such as REDD+ and for environmental policy in general. This thesis studies how lidar metrics can derive aboveground biomass (AGB) accurately and follows three axes : the first chapter deals with change detection of forest dynamics. It explores what scale/resolution/field plot size as well as which lidar-metrics are best to estimate AGB and AGB changes. We found that a resolution of at least 1ha and the mean canopy height metric give better results. The second chapter deals with spatial dynamics and compares nine sites in the Neotropics. We introduce a new metric representing large canopy area (LCA), coupled with mean wood density, to estimate AGB across sites and show that differences between sites can be overcome. Finally, our last chapter introduces a regional biomass map of a poorly known region of Colombia, using a machine learning algorithm combining airborne lidar data, field data and spaceborne remote sensing data. The three chapters emphasize on the importance of identifying sources of error and uncertainties. This work represents an advance in lidar studies by being the first one to estimate biomass changes using different sensors in tropical forests, exploring a new area and filling a gap in the knowledge of tropical forests of Colombia
YANG, WEN ZHU. "Etude cinetique de la colonisation microbienne des aliments dans le rumen du mouton. Consequences sur la compartimentation de la biomasse et sur sa dynamique de sortie du rumen dans le cas de differents types de rations." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CLF21307.
Full textVialet-Chabrand, Silvère. "Modélisation des variations journalières de la conductance stomatique : apport d'une approche dynamique et conséquences sur l'efficience intrinsèque d'utilisation de l'eau chez le chêne." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0146/document.
Full textIntrinsic water use efficiency (Wi), defined as the ratio between net CO2 assimilation rate (A) and stomatal conductance to water vapour (gs), is a leaf level estimator of the trade-off between biomass accumulation and water loss at the plant level. A number of studies have shown a strong inter and intra-specific diversity, usually using a time integrated estimator of this trait. However, the origin of this diversity is not yet well known. Up to now, research on the daily variations of Wi have shown a stronger influence of gs on the diversity of Wi as compared to A. An inverse modelling approach has allowed partitioning the variations of gs observed during daily time-courses into parameters, which describe the stomatal responses to different microclimatic variables. Compared to steady-state gs models, the development of a new dynamic model of gs has allowed adding a necessary temporal dimension, which describes the temporal response of stomata to environmental variations. The observed diversity of these temporal stomatal responses was not related to stomatal density or size. The temporal responses of stomata were shown to be asymmetric between opening and closing, which impacts the observed diversity of gs during daily time courses as well as whole plant water relations. Overall these results suggest two components that determine the variations of Wi related to gs during daily time courses: one component due to the temporal response of stomata in itself, and one component which is due to differences in the sensing of microclimate variations
Labat, Jean-Philippe. "Dynamique et modelisation d'un echelon trophique de l'epibenthos des sables de l'infralittoral, philocheras trispinosus (caridea : decapoda), region de banyuls-sur-mer." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066461.
Full textDassering, Oueddo. "Dynamique du bilan fourrager et gestion des terroirs agrosylvopastoraux en zone soudanienne du tchad : cas du canton lele." Paris 12, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA120029.
Full textPachón-Morales, John Alexander. "Torrefaction and grinding of lignocellulosic biomass for its thermochemical valorization : influence of pretreatment conditions on powder flow properties." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC051.
Full textGasification of lignocellulosic biomass for production of second-generation biofuels is a promising technology to meet renewable energy needs. However, feeding and handling problems related to the poor flowability of milled biomass considerably hinder the industrial implementation of Biomass-to-Liquid processes. Torrefaction as pretreatment step, in addition to improving energy density of biomass, also affects the properties of the milled particles (namely size and shape) that significantly influence flow behavior. The evaluation of biomass flow characteristics under different flow conditions is essential to design efficient and trouble-free handling solutions.The aim of this work is to assess the effect of the torrefaction and grinding conditions on the biomass flow behavior. A first part consists of an experimental study in which the flow properties of samples torrefied under different intensities were obtained using a ring shear tester. Flowability is correlated to the intensity of torrefaction, as measured by the global mass loss, for two different wood species. Particle shape seems to be the predominant parameter influencing flowability of powders in a consolidated state. Characterization of non-consolidated flowability through avalanching analysis using an in-house rotating drum was also conducted. Correlations between particle characteristics and flow behavior are thus established.The modelling of biomass flow using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) constitutes a second major part of this research. Challenging aspects of biomass particle modeling are their submillimetric size, low density, elongated shape and cohesive behavior. A material DEM model is implemented using a simplified (multisphere) upscaled representation of particle shape, along with a cohesive contact model. A systematic calibration procedure results in an optimal set of DEM parameters. The experimental shear stress evolution and yield locus can then be realistically reproduced. The avalanching behavior of the powders is also well captured by simulations, both qualitatively and quantitatively. These results highlight the potential of DEM simulations to investigate the effect of particle characteristics, which are driven by torrefaction and grinding conditions, on the flow behavior of powdered biomass
Lefeivre, Brigitte. "Etude expérimentale et par modélisation des caractéristiques physiques et chimiques des précipitations collectées en forêt équatoriale africaine." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30077.
Full textAlexandre, Cyprien. "Estimation de la biomasse fourragère des prairies : apports du couplage entre modèles dynamiques de croissance et imagerie satellitaire : exemple de La Réunion et du Kalahari." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0050/document.
Full textThe purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of coupling dynamic models of grass growth with remote sensing data for two contrasting countries: Reunion Island and Kalahari (South Africa). Two phases followed one another. A first exploratory phase, based on SPOT5 and SPOT5take5 images (desorbed satellites under study) allowed us to learn from this experience. In Reunion the adjustment of an empirical model between vegetation indices and biomass generates too much error. However it is possible to estimate the Leaf Area Index (LAI) thanks to the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). More complex Kalahari rangelands with different vegetation strata (grasses, shrubs, trees) failed to estimate grass cover conditions. This phase set the stage to work on a more durable sensor over time, Sentinel-2. Sentinel-2 data made it possible to estimate the LAI of Reunion Island grasslands with a RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) of 0.63 (r² = 0.82). The LAI thus estimated was used in the coupling of the dynamic model, allowing a general decrease of the RMSE of the order of 40% compared to the model without coupling. These results were obtained during the austral winter, the dry season. During the austral summer, the more abundant rains speed up the growth of the plants and the growth cycles become shorter. Satellite images without cloud cover are becoming scarce. Taking into account this combination of factors that may impact predictions of forage biomass will be one of the main perspectives of this work
Duparc, Antoine. "Dynamiques spatio-temporelles des ressources alimentaires et des activités humaines : impacts sur la sélection d'habitat d'un grand herbivore de montagne." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV018/document.
Full textThese last decades, large herbivores population and outdoor human activities increased tremendously leading to the emergence of new challenges for the management of wild species and recreational activities, which need to reconcile conservation goals and tourist development. In order to face these challenges, wildlife managers need to better understand behavioral choice of animal that lead to their spatial distribution and how these behaviors are influenced by human activities. Based on chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) as a study case, the aim of this PhD is to enhance our knowledge of spatial behavioral of large herbivores, on one hand by understanding individual selection for food resources according to resource spatial heterogeneity and their temporal dynamics, and on the other hand, by assessing the impact of human outdoor recreational activities on spatial behavior. We first modeled the foodscape of chamois and its seasonal variation by combining field data on vegetation and animal diet with remote sensing data. Then, based on a 10 years dataset of monitoring of >100 animals marked with GPS collars in the Game and Wildlife Reserve of the “massif des Bauges”, we demonstrated chamois adjusted their criteria for spatial selection through time according to the temporal evolution of their forage traits (quality and quantity), accounting notably whether these traits were variable or limiting. This led us to reevaluate the framework of two classical hypotheses in studies of herbivore spatial ecology, the “Forage Maturation Hypothesis” and the emergence of a functional response in habitat selection. One newness in our work is to have accounted for the gregariousness of this species, which allowed us to unveil that socio-spatial structure of the population induced local variation in the habitat selection process, with marked consequences on individual demographic performances. This challenges the idea that individuals should redistribute in space within a population according to available resources, probably because of the importance of social relationships and costs and risks associated with dispersal. Second, we investigated the response of chamois to disturbances resulting from 3 outdoor activities. We assessed the spatial use of recreationists by ditributing GPS-tracker from which we defined landscape of disturbance to animal. Ski touring and hiking both impacted animal movements, resulting in supplementary energetic expenditures. On the other hand, hunting induced complex spatial responses in chamois that need further investigation, as the response to hunters could not be differentiated from responses to hikers who continue to be on site even during the hunting period. We conclude this work with proposals for a better long-term management of wildlife compatible with the practice of outdoor recreational activities