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Academic literature on the topic 'Biomass samples'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Biomass samples"

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Peña-Gomar, M., H. Sobral, H. Servin Campuzano, and M. González-Avilés. "Optical Characterization of Biomass Soot Samples." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1723, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1723/1/012050.

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Kok, Mustafa Versan, and Emre Özgür. "Thermal analysis and kinetics of biomass samples." Fuel Processing Technology 106 (February 2013): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.10.010.

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Godina, D., K. Meile, A. Zhurinsh, and A. Viksna. "Method development of levoglucosenone analysis by UHPLC-UV-MS in fast pyrolysis samples and aspects of its degradation in aqueous samples." Analytical Methods 12, no. 43 (2020): 5202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ay01478h.

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Levoglucosenone or LGO is biomass based chemical and its applications have been established; therefore developing dependable and fast analytical methods for determining LGO in the products of thermochemical biomass processing is of great importance.
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Tsutsumi, Michio, Shiro Itano, and Masae Shiyomi. "Number of Samples Required for Estimating Herbaceous Biomass." Rangeland Ecology & Management 60, no. 4 (July 2007): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2007)60[447:nosrfe]2.0.co;2.

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Tenlep, Lisette N., Douglas E. Raynie, Nancy J. Thiex, L. Honary, C. Conconi, and S. W. Dean. "Compositional Analysis of Microwave Chemically Treated Biomass Samples." Journal of ASTM International 7, no. 4 (2010): 102489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jai102489.

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Xu, Jie, Ju Wang, Chunhua Du, Shuaidan Li, and Xia Liu. "Understanding fusibility characteristics and flow properties of the biomass and biomass-coal ash samples." Renewable Energy 147 (March 2020): 1352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.066.

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Dimenna, Gary P., James A. Creegan, Lennox B. Turnbull, and George J. Wright. "Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Salinomycin Sodium in Feed Premix and Biomass Samples." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 70, no. 3 (May 1, 1987): 504–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/70.3.504.

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Abstract A liquid chromatographic (LC) method has been developed for determination of sodium salinomycin (SS) in feed premix and biomass samples. SS is extracted from samples with acetonitrile, and the extract is diluted to volume. An aliquot is then injected directly into the chromatographic column, and refractive index detection is used to determine the presence of SS. The LC method proved to be both fast and specific; SS was quickly separated from lasalocid, monensin, and narasin. To test the efficiency of this extraction method, premix and biomass samples were spiked with SS. The mean recovery of SS from the spiked premix samples was 101.6%, and from the spiked biomass samples, 99.4%. Six premix samples were then assayed for SS in triplicate on 5 successive days, and 10 biomass samples were assayed for SS in triplicate on 3 different days. The coefficients of variation for the premix assay values ranged from 2.50 to 7.87%. For the biomass assay, CVs ranged from 0.9 to 3.5%. Premix and biomass samples were assayed for SS by this LC method in 2 laboratories and by a turbidimetric method using Bacillus subtilis in a third laboratory. The assay values obtained for SS were equivalent.
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Kamnev, Alexander A., Yulia A. Dyatlova, Odissey A. Kenzhegulov, Anastasiya A. Vladimirova, Polina V. Mamchenkova, and Anna V. Tugarova. "Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopic Analyses of Microbiological Samples and Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles of Microbial Origin: Sample Preparation Effects." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 21, 2021): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041146.

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To demonstrate the importance of sample preparation used in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of microbiological materials, bacterial biomass samples with and without grinding and after different drying periods (1.5–23 h at 45 °C), as well as biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs; without washing and after one to three washing steps) were comparatively studied by transmission FTIR spectroscopy. For preparing bacterial biomass samples, Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 and A. baldaniorum Sp245 (earlier known as A. brasilense Sp245) were used. The SeNPs were obtained using A. brasilense Sp7 incubated with selenite. Grinding of the biomass samples was shown to result in slight downshifting of the bands related to cellular poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) present in the samples in small amounts (under ~10%), reflecting its partial crystallisation. Drying for 23 h was shown to give more reproducible FTIR spectra of bacterial samples. SeNPs were shown to contain capping layers of proteins, polysaccharides and lipids. The as-prepared SeNPs contained significant amounts of carboxylated components in their bioorganic capping, which appeared to be weakly bound and were largely removed after washing. Spectroscopic characteristics and changes induced by various sample preparation steps are discussed with regard to optimising sample treatment procedures for FTIR spectroscopic analyses of microbiological specimens.
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HAYKIRI-ACMA, HANZADE, and SERDAR YAMAN. "Slow-Pyrolysis and -Oxidation of Different Biomass Fuel Samples." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 41, no. 9 (September 2006): 1909–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934520600779190.

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Namoua, Dilivia J., Adnan S. Wantasen, Khristin I. F. Kondoy, Rene Ch Kepel, Febry S. I. Menajang, and Wilmy Pelle. "Carbon Absorption in Seagrasses in Tongkaina Coastal Waters, Bunaken District, Manado City, North Sulawesi." Jurnal Ilmiah PLATAX 10, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jip.v10i2.43485.

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This study was conducted to determine the types of seagrasses and calculate biomass and calculate how much carbon absorption in seagrasses was found in the location of Tongkaina Beach, Bunaken District, Manado City, North Sulawesi. The sampling procedure in the field is the method of cruising surveys. A cruising survey is a sample collection method that is carried out by walking through the coastal area of all seagrasses found. After the sampling at the site is completed, the sample in the inventory is then photographed. The samples that have been obtained are analyzed in the laboratory using the loss on ignition (LOI) method. The results of the study on Tongkaina coastal waters covering an area of 25,000 meters with a coastal length of ±500 meters, in an area parallel to the coastline as wide as ±50 meters towards the sea and six types of seagrasses were obtained, namely: Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Syringodium isoetifolium, Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule uninervis, and Halodule pinifolia. The biomass in seagrasses found had an average value of 78.10% with the highest individual seagrass biomass found in seagrass type Enhalus acoroides with a biomass value of 87.23grams of dry weight (gbk)/individual and the lowest type of seagrass individual biomass value was found in seagrass type seagrass with a biomass value of 66.67grams of dry weight (gbk)/individual. The total carbon content calculated in the entire seagrass obtained was 46,0941gCKeywords: Tongkaina Beach; seagrasses; biomass; carbon absorptionAbstrakPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis lamun dan menghitung biomassa serta menghitung berapa serapan karbon pada lamun yang ditemukan dilokasi Perairan Pantai Tongkaina Kecamatan Bunaken Kota Manado Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Prosedur pengambilan sampel di lapangan menggunakan metode survei jelajah. Survei jelajah adalah metode pengumpulan sampel yang di lakukan dengan cara menyusuri daerah pantai terhadap semua lamun yang ditemukan. Setelah pengambilan sampel di lokasi selesai, sampel di inventarisir kemudian difoto. Sampel yang telah diperoleh dianalisa di laboratorium dengan menggunakann metode loss on ignition (LOI). Hasil penelitian pada perairan pantai Tongkaina seluas 25.000 meter dengan panjang pantai ±500 meter sejajar garis pantai dan lebar ±50 meter ke arah laut. Ditemukan enam jenis lamun yaitu: Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Syringodium isoetifolium, Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule uninervis dan Halodule pinifolia. Biomassa pada lamun yang ditemukan memiliki nilai rata-rata 78,53% dengan biomassa individu lamun tertinggi terdapat pada lamun jenis Enhalus acoroides dengan nilai biomassa mencapai 87,23gram berat kering (gbk)/individu dan nilai biomassa individu jenis lamun terendah terdapat pada lamun jenis Syringodium isoetifolium dengan nilai biomassa 66,67gram berat kering (gbk)/individu. Untuk total kandungan karbon yang dihitung pada keseluruhan lamun yang didapat sebesar 46,0941gC.Kata kunci: Pantai Tongkaina; Lamun; biomasa, serapan carbon
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biomass samples"

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Hutchinson, Erik Jon. "Characterization of Combustion Profiles of Co-Fired Coal/Biomass/Limestone Samples by TG and TG/FTIR." TopSCHOLAR®, 1993. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1696.

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Recent concerns over declining landfill space and a renewed interest in waste-to-energy technologies have increased the possibilities of co-firing different types of fuels in fluidized bed combustion systems. Fluidized bed combustion systems are idea for co-firing because of their ease in heat conversion and ability to burn a wide range of fuels. Additionally, thermal analytical techniques can be used to screen fuel blends for the fluidized bed combustion systems at a lower cost than directly firing the fuel blends in pilot systems. Three coals, three different municipal solid wastes (MSW), one limestone were combined into nine series of binary fuel mixtures to determine the possible Observed/Theoretical ratios caused by the MSW and /or the limestone to the coal’s combustion profile. After doing so, optimum percentage combinations were determined that should combust efficiently in fluidized bed systems. Consequently, after the combinations were optimized, evolved gas analysis showed a possible 50% reduction in SO2 emission through absorption by limestone.
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Campbell, Beverly. "A Study of Combustion Profiles of Co-Fired Coal/Biomass/Limestone Samples in a Fluidized Bed Combustor." TopSCHOLAR®, 1997. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/898.

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Concerns over declining landfill space and a renewed interest in waste-toenergy technologies have increased the possibilities of co-firing different types of fuels in atmospheric fluidized bed combustion systems. The laboratory sized atmospheric fluidized bed combustor (AFBC) at Western Kentucky University was designed to serve as a highly flexible research and development facility to gain operating experience, evaluate combustion performance, and estimate the effect of flue gas emissions on the atmosphere. The operating conditions for the AFBC system are similar to those used at the TVA 160-MW AFBC Pilot Plant located near Paducah, Kentucky. AFBC systems are ideal for co-firing because of their ease in heat conversion and ability to burn a wide range of fuels. GC/FTIR/IC techniques can be used to characterize the combustion of fuel blends by evolved gas analysis. This analysis can be used to determine the best combination of fuels.
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CORREIA, CAIO S. de C. "Estudo da emissão/absorção de Nsub(2)O da bacia Amazônica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/25355.

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Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-12-22T09:18:25Z No. of bitstreams: 0
Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-22T09:18:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Evans, Samuel C. "Stochastic Modeling of Orb-Web Capture Mechanics Supports the Importance of Rare Large Prey for Spider Foraging Success and Suggests How Webs Sample Available Biomass." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1384443854.

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Good, Norman Markus. "Methods for estimating the component biomass of a single tree and a stand of trees using variable probability sampling techniques." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/37097/1/37097_Good_2001.pdf.

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This thesis developed multistage sampling methods for estimating the aggregate biomass of selected tree components, such as leaves, branches, trunk and total, in woodlands in central and western Queensland. To estimate the component biomass of a single tree randomised branch sampling (RBS) and importance sampling (IS) were trialed. RBS and IS were found to reduce the amount of time and effort to sample tree components in comparison with other standard destructive sampling methods such as ratio sampling, especially when sampling small components such as leaves and small twigs. However, RBS did not estimate leaf and small twig biomass to an acceptable degree of precision using current methods for creating path selection probabilities. In addition to providing an unbiased estimate of tree component biomass, individual estimates were used for developing allometric regression equations. Equations based on large components such as total biomass produced narrower confidence intervals than equations developed using ratio sampling. However, RBS does not estimate small component biomass such as leaves and small wood components with an acceptable degree of precision, and should be mainly used in conjunction with IS for estimating larger component biomass. A whole tree was completely enumerated to set up a sampling space with which RBS could be evaluated under a number of scenarios. To achieve a desired precision, RBS sample size and branch diameter exponents were varied, and the RBS method was simulated using both analytical and re-sampling methods. It was found that there is a significant amount of natural variation present when relating the biomass of small components to branch diameter, for example. This finding validates earlier decisions to question the efficacy of RBS for estimating small component biomass in eucalypt species. In addition, significant improvements can be made to increase the precision of RBS by increasing the number of samples taken, but more importantly by varying the exponent used for constructing selection probabilities. To further evaluate RBS on trees with differing growth forms from that enumerated, virtual trees were generated. These virtual trees were created using L-systems algebra. Decision rules for creating trees were based on easily measurable characteristics that influence a tree's growth and form. These characteristics included; child-to-child and children-to-parent branch diameter relationships, branch length and branch taper. They were modelled using probability distributions of best fit. By varying the size of a tree and/or the variation in the model describing tree characteristics; it was possible to simulate the natural variation between trees of similar size and fonn. By creating visualisations of these trees, it is possible to determine using visual means whether RBS could be effectively applied to particular trees or tree species. Simulation also aided in identifying which characteristics most influenced the precision of RBS, namely, branch length and branch taper. After evaluation of RBS/IS for estimating the component biomass of a single tree, methods for estimating the component biomass of a stand of trees (or plot) were developed and evaluated. A sampling scheme was developed which incorporated both model-based and design-based biomass estimation methods. This scheme clearly illustrated the strong and weak points associated with both approaches for estimating plot biomass. Using ratio sampling was more efficient than using RBS/IS in the field, especially for larger tree components. Probability proportional to size sampling (PPS) -size being the trunk diameter at breast height - generated estimates of component plot biomass that were comparable to those generated using model-based approaches. The research did, however, indicate that PPS is more precise than the use of regression prediction ( allometric) equations for estimating larger components such as trunk or total biomass, and the precision increases in areas of greater biomass. Using more reliable auxiliary information for identifying suitable strata would reduce the amount of within plot variation, thereby increasing precision. PPS had the added advantage of being unbiased and unhindered by numerous assumptions applicable to the population of interest, the case with a model-based approach. The application of allometric equations in predicting the component biomass of tree species other than that for which the allometric was developed is problematic. Differences in wood density need to be taken into account as well as differences in growth form and within species variability, as outlined in virtual tree simulations. However, the development and application of allometric prediction equations in local species-specific contexts is more desirable than PPS.
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Shumilovskikh, Lyudmila. "Vegetation, climate and environmental dynamics of the Black Sea/Northern Anatolian region during the last 134 ka obtained from palynological analysis." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0001-BB0A-D.

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Books on the topic "Biomass samples"

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Allen, G. ZEBRA2 - zooplankton enumeration and biomass routines for APIOS: A semi-automated sample processing system for zooplankton ecologists : report. [Toronto]: Ontario, Ministry of Environment and Energy, 1994.

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Wiebe, Peter H., Ann Bucklin, and Mark Benfield. Sampling, Preservation and Counting of Samples II: Zooplankton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199233267.003.0010.

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This chapter reviews traditional and new zooplankton sampling techniques, sample preservation, and sample analysis, and provides the sources where in-depth discussion of these topics is addressed. The net systems that have been developed over the past 100+ years, many of which are still in use today, can be categorized into eight groups: non-opening/closing nets, simple opening/closing nets, high-speed samplers, neuston samplers, planktobenthos plankton nets, closing cod-end samplers, multiple net systems, and moored plankton collection systems. Methods of sample preservation include preservation for sample enumeration and taxonomic morphological analysis, and preservation of samples for genetic analysis. Methods of analysis of zooplankton samples include determination of biomass, taxonomic composition, and size by traditional methods; and genetic analysis of zooplankton samples.
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D, Briggs Russell, ed. Estimating sample tree biomass by subsampling. Syracuse, N.Y: State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Biomass samples"

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Barton, G. M. "Definition of Biomass Samples Involving Wood, Bark and Foliage." In Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, 1137–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4932-4_65.

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Magnaterra, M., J. R. Fusco, J. Ochoa, and A. L. Cukierman. "Kinetic Study of the Reaction of Different Hardwood Sawdust Chars with Oxygen. Chemical and Structural Characterization of the Samples." In Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, 116–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1336-6_10.

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Zhang, Wei, Thomas Hankemeier, and Rawi Ramautar. "Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry for Metabolic Profiling of Biomass-Limited Samples." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 165–72. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9213-3_11.

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Donohoe, Bryon S., Peter N. Ciesielski, and Todd B. Vinzant. "Preservation and Preparation of Lignocellulosic Biomass Samples for Multi-scale Microscopy Analysis." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 31–47. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-956-3_4.

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Kedir, Miftah F. "Pyrolysis Bio-oil and Bio-char Production from Firewood Tree Species for Energy and Carbon Storage in Rural Wooden Houses of Southern Ethiopia." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1313–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_183.

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AbstractThe need for emission reduction for climate management had triggered the application of pyrolysis technology on firewood that yield bio-oil, bio-char, and syngas. The purpose of present study was to select the best bio-oil and bio-char producing plants from 17 firewood tree species and to quantify the amount of carbon storage. A dried and 1 mm sieved sample of 150 g biomass of each species was pyrolyzed in assembled setup of tubular furnace using standard laboratory techniques. The bio-oil and bio-char yields were 21.1–42.87% (w/w) and 23.23–36.40% (w/w), respectively. The bio-oil yield of Acacia seyal, Dodonea angustifolia, Euclea schimperi, Eucalyptus globulus, Casuarina equisetifolia, and Grevillea robusta were over 36% (w/w), which make the total yield of bio-oil and bio-char over 62% (w/w) of the biomass samples instead of the 12% conversion efficiency in traditional carbonization. The calorific value of firewood was 16.31–19.66 MJ kg–1 and bio-oil was 23.3–33.37 MJ kg–1. The use of bio-oil for household energy and bio-char for carbon storage reduced end use emission by 71.48–118.06%, which could increase adaptation to climate change in comparison to open stove firewood by using clean fuel and reducing indoor pollution.
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Rawat, Shweta, and Sanjay Kumar. "The Feasibility Study of Green Microalgae Assisted Coal Mine Effluent Desalination." In Proceedings of the Conference BioSangam 2022: Emerging Trends in Biotechnology (BIOSANGAM 2022), 255–67. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-020-6_25.

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AbstractCarbon-neutral sustainable approaches are highly demanding in the coal energy sector. Coal mine effluent disposal is a severe challenge with crucial concern issues of salinity hazard and heavy metal contamination due to long-duration water and coal interaction. The medium to the high salinity of coal mine effluent leads towards irrigation unsuitability due to the negative impact upon infiltration and permeability of nutrients from the soil to plant. Focusing on the international irrigation water quality standards given by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, most coal mine effluents are considered negatively impacting crops, soil fertility, groundwater, and aquatic life. Therefore, the current study investigates the direct cultivation suitability of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to simultaneously treat coal mine effluent for salinity removal and biomass production. Initially, C. pyrenoidosa culture adaptation in varying concentrations of coal mine effluents (25%–100%) in coal mine effluent, which are collected from two different points of coal mine named as coal mine effluent 1 (CME1) and coal mine effluent 2 (CME2). Evaluating C. pyrenoidosa growth kinetics, it was observed that the doubling time extended from 2.25 days (100% BG-11 as a medium; control) to 4.33 days (100% CME as a medium). Interestingly, the highest value for biomass production was 1.78 ± 0.12 g/ L with 25% CME 1 supplemented with essential growth nutrients; this value lies near 100% BG11 supplemented growth, 1.81 ± 0.05 g/L. In the current study, taking salinity removal as a prime concern, 100% utilization of CME-2 in place of BG-11 medium was very significant for salinity reduction from 4.80 ± 0.50 mS/cm (initial) to 0.98 ± 0.02 mS/cm (final) during 14 days batch growth. In continuation of that, the significant finding was salinity reduction of both samples (50% and 75% sample) to the level of 0.7 mS/ cm, which lies under the FAO guidelines for irrigation. Present findings also revealed an alternative to conventional processes, i.e., thermal and membrane desalination. Microalgae-assisted desalination is a novel, energy-efficient, eco-sustainable, cost-effective, and long-term operational approach. It has good potential to treat medium to sub-optimal salinity of coal mine effluent coupled with high-value biomass production.
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Sharma, Lekh N., Christopher Becker, and C. Kevin Chambliss. "Analytical Characterization of Fermentation Inhibitors in Biomass Pretreatment Samples Using Liquid Chromatography, UV-Visible Spectroscopy, and Tandem Mass Spectrometry." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 125–43. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-214-8_10.

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Di Cosmo, Lucio. "Plot Level Estimation Procedures and Models." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 119–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98678-0_6.

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AbstractQuantitative variable raw data recorded in the sample plots require pre-processing before the NFI estimators of totals and densities can be used to produce statistics. The objective of the plot level estimates is to estimate the variables of interest for each sample point expanded to the 1 km2 area of the cell that the point represents. The intensity and complexity of the computations vary considerably depending on the variable, the way it is obtained by the measured items (e.g., DBH measurement vs. basal area), whether all the items in the sample plot or only a subsample of them are measured, and the availability of models. The definitive result of the computations are tallies, volumes, biomass and carbon stocks but estimates of additional variables at intermediate steps may be needed (e.g., total tree height). This chapter describes the methods and the models used in INFC2015 for the estimation of the variables related to trees (e.g., tallies, basal area), small trees and shrubs (e.g., biomass, carbon stock), stumps (e.g., volume, biomass), stock variation (e.g., the wood annually produced by growth and that removed). Some of the models described were produced in view of the INFC needs, before and after it was established in 2001, while others were created during the NFI computation processes. Finally, the conversion factors needed to estimate the biomass of deadwood, saplings and shrubs were obtained through an additional field campaign of the second Italian NFI (INFC2005) and the following laboratory analyses.
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Pasquarelli, A., C. Del Gratta, S. Della Penna, S. Di Luzio, V. Pizzella, and G. L. Romani. "An AC Susceptometer with a Large Magnetised Volume for Biological Samples." In Biomag 96, 91–94. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1260-7_23.

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Kryla, John M. "Calorific Value of Wood as Affected by Sample Particle Size and Radial Position in Stem." In Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, 411–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4932-4_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Biomass samples"

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Barreiros Martins, Luis A., Marco Andre´ Reis, Manuel Eduardo Ferreira, and Jose´ Carlos Teixeira. "Drying Kinetics of Solid Biomass." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64242.

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The growing costs of conventional energy resources has significantly changed the economies and led to an increased demand for biomass. Biomass in its natural state has a high moisture content, which reduces the combustion efficiency and may cause problems in its processing. One of the most widely used forms of solid biomass concerns pellets that are often manufactured from saw dust. The manufacturing process requires that the raw material should be supplied in controllable conditions of humidity (in the order of 10%, dry basis); otherwise the final product will have poor mechanical properties. So it is essential to do the drying process to reduce the moisture content to acceptable values and to improve the efficiency of using of this product. In this way becomes necessary to study the various parameters that influence the drying process of biomass. For this purpose a drying wind tunnel was built. The facility consists of a ventilator, an electrical heating system and settling chamber and a testing chamber. This facility allows the study of the influence of moisture content and initial grain size of samples and the temperature and air velocity in the drying process of biomass. Air is supplied into a sample of biomass and its temperature and humidity are monitored along time. The humidity is measured by weighting the sample at regular intervals. Measurements were carried out on pine sawdust that was sieved into samples of various particle size. The temperature and air velocity was varied for each sample and the drying kinetics were used to derive working correlations from the experimental data. The results have shown that the gas temperature is the most important parameter in the drying of sawdust. The data was also correlated with dimensionless parameters.
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Yamamiya, Takashi, Masahiro Ota, Hoque Md Mozammel, and Kazuhiko Murakami. "Pyrolysis Characteristics of Biomass Resources." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41355.

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This study deals with understanding pyrolysis mechanism of various biomass resources, such as wood chip, dead leaves, coffee grounds and paper. At the same time, the pyrolysis gases at various temperatures were analyzed, such as 773K, 1023K and 1273K. Thermogravimetric technique is used to investigate the thermal decomposition mechanism. The pyrolysis gases of all samples were analyzed by gaschromatograph every temperature for 150min. The gas pressure increasing by pyrolysis was measured, and compared with all samples for understanding gas generation.
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Harris, John, James Lawburgh, Brian Lawburgh, Gregory J. Michna, and Stephen P. Gent. "Properties of Brassica Carinata and Camelina Sativa Meals and Fast Pyrolysis Derived Bio-Oils." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6387.

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Fast pyrolysis is one method of creating bio-oil from various sources of biomass. In this research, fast pyrolysis of Brassica carinata and Camelina sativa meals were performed using a fluidized bed reactor. Chemical and physical properties of each oil sample were analyzed to determine the initial characteristics of the samples produced. Karl Fischer method was used to determine the water content and a total acid test was used to determine the total number of strong acids in each oil sample. A bomb calorimeter was used to determine the energy content of each bio-oil sample. Calorimetry and particle sizing were also done on the meals, on “dried” samples and “as received” samples. Particle size distributions of ground and unground samples of the feedstocks were determined. The results from this study can be used to assess the possibilities of using Brassica carinata and Camelina sativa meals as viable biomass sources for producing bio-oil. This could add value to these meals by turning a by-product of the oil extraction process into a resource for production of bio-oil.
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Agarwal, Gaurav, Gang Liu, and Brian Lattimer. "Pyrolysis and Combustion Energetic Characterization of Coal-Biomass Fuel Blends." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98313.

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A simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer (STA) and a microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) were used to investigate the energetic properties of coal, biomass and mixture samples. The STA was used to measure the gravimetric and energetic response of a pyrolyzing sample under inert atmosphere. A pyrolysis mathematical model was used to calculate the heat of pyrolysis of samples from the STA data. The MCC was used to quantify the dynamic heat output from the combustion of the gases produced during the pyrolysis process. The measurement of heat output as a function of temperature was used to calculate the heat of combustion of fuels. It was found that the co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass fuel mixtures exhibited a weighted additive gravimetric and energetic behavior, both from pyrolysis and combustion aspects. It was further validated and concluded that the weighted sum prediction for the heat of pyrolysis and heat of combustion for the coal-biomass fuel mixtures must be conducted on the basis of their individual volatile mass contributions, and not on the basis of initial fuel mixture proportion.
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Fu, Anmin, Guoqing Sun, and Zhifeng Guo. "Estimating forest biomass with GLAS samples and MODIS imagery in Northeastern China." In Sixth International Symposium on Multispectral Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, edited by Henri Maître, Hong Sun, Bangjun Lei, and Jufu Feng. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.833596.

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Wang, Q., T. Watanabe, R. Ogawa, P. Aparu, and K. Sugiyama. "Study on catalytic pyrolysis and efficient gasification of cellulose as biomass samples." In ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY 2015. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/esus150031.

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Desnoo, Bob, Xiao Huang, Weiguo Ma, and Yeong Yoo. "Gasification of Bio-Waste and Biomass Products Through Exposure to High Density and Low Density Supercritical Water." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36140.

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Biomass as a sustainable and renewable energy source is starting to gain momentum, especially as more economical energy extraction methods prevail. Supercritical water biomass gasification (SCWBG) is one of the more promising methods to extract energy from biomass in a gaseous form due to its lower temperature and simpler setup. In this work, two biomass samples (considered livestock feed) and two biomass waste samples are gasified in supercritical water (SCW). To compare the gasification of the real biomass samples (beat skin and straw) to previous works on model biomass compounds, two temperature states (hence different water densities) were used during gasification. An increase in temperature and decrease in water density was found to have similar effects on real biomass compared to that of model compounds. As temperature increases and water density decreases, combustible gas yields tend to increase due to changes in reaction pathways and reaction rates. In this work an analytical comparison is also made between the four different types of biomass in terms of which produce the most combustible gases and of which will generate the most energy. As a result of this analysis beet skins produce the most methane and corn silage yields the most hydrogen. It is the two bio-waste products, however, that generated the largest higher heating values (HHV).
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Dikici, Birce, Parvesh R. B. Narasimha, and Shruti D. Kamdar. "Investigation of Thermal Conductivity Variation of Biomass Products With Moisture." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3195.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the thermal conductivity of various biomass products and investigate the thermal conductivity when moisture is added. In this study, the biomass used was seeds from Bermuda grass and a mix of wildflowers (e.g. Lupine, flax, Coreopsis and Shasta daisy). Thermal diffusivity is calculated with a transient, one-dimensional conduction experiment. The experiments on aluminum is performed to test the experimental test setup to ensure the accuracy of the technique. Before obtaining the biomass thermal conductivity tests, the actual thermal conductivity values are obtained with the C-Therm TCi Thermal Conductivity Analyzer and the tests are carried out and compared with these values. Next, moisture is infused into biomass samples by addition of water from 10% to 30% with increments of 5%. An increase in thermal conductivity with moisture is observed for both biomass samples and the results are presented. In our tests, the moisture increased the thermal conductivity about 78% for Bermuda grass seed and 122% for Wild Flower seed.
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Butterman, Heidi C., and Marco J. Castaldi. "CO2 Enhanced Steam Gasification of Biomass Fuels." In 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1949.

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The current study involves an experimental investigation of the decomposition of various biomass feedstocks and their conversion to gaseous fuels such as hydrogen. The steam gasification process resulted in higher levels of H2 and CO for various CO2 input ratios. With increasing rates of CO2 introduced into the feed stream, enhanced char conversion and increased CO levels were observed. While CH4 evolution was present throughout the gasification process at consistently low concentrations, H2 evolution was at significantly higher levels though it was detected only at elevated gasification temperatures: above 500°C for the herbaceous and non-wood samples and above 650°C for the wood biomass fuels studied. The biomass feedstocks were studied through the use of Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Gas Chromatography, Calorimetry, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), and the Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM/EDX). The chemical composition of the various biomass fuels and their combustion and gasification ash residues, in addition to the mass decay and gaseous evolution behavior were investigated as a function of temperature. The thermal treatment of biomass fuels involves pyrolysis and gasification with combustion occurring at the higher temperatures. In the gasification environment, when combustion processes are occurring, gaseous components evolve from the fuel and react with oxygen either released from the biomass structure itself, or from the injected steam and CO2. These high temperature reactions are responsible for the enhanced burnout of the carbon (charcoal) structure that is produced during the low temperature pyrolytic breakdown of the biomass. Since the ligno-cellulosic biomass component typically found in U.S. MSW is greater than 50%, techniques to enhance the thermal treatment of biomass feedstocks can also aid in the processing of MSW. Gas evolution as a function of temperature was monitored for H2, CH4, CO2 and CO for several biomass fuels that included woods, grasses and other ligno-cellulosic samples. These included oak, sugar maple, poplar, spruce, white pine, Douglas fir, alfalfa, cordgrass, beachgrass, maple bark, pine needles, blue noble fir needles, pecan shells, almond shells, walnut shells, wheat straw, and green olive pit. The TGA mass decay curves showed similar behavior for the woods, grasses and agricultural residues, where most of the mass loss occurred before 500°C. Most feedstocks exhibited 2 constant mass steps though several exhibited a third with completed mass loss by 900°–1000°C. Two distinct mass decay regimes were found to correlate well with two distinct gas evolution regimes exhibited in the curves for CO, H2 and CH4. Most of the mass loss occurred during pyrolysis, with the remaining degradation to ash or char occurring in the high temperature gasification regime. One characteristic of biomass samples is the highly variable nature of the mineral composition. SEM/EDX analyses indicated high levels of potassium, magnesium and phosphorus in the ash residue. The devitrification and embrittlement of the quartz furnace and balance rods were attributed to the high mineral content of many of the biomass feedstocks, with the high alkaline oxide levels of the grasses being particularly destructive. While mineral content may exert a beneficial effect through enhanced char reactivity with the possibility for a more thorough processing of the feedstock, the potential for corrosion and slagging would necessitate the judicious selection and possible pretreatment of biomass fuels. A major advantage of thermal treatment through gasification prior to combustion is the ability to remove many of the corrosive volatiles and ash elements such as potassium, sodium and chlorine to avert damage to the process equipment.
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SOUČEK, Jiří, and Algirdas JASINSKAS. "DETERMINATION OF DEPENDENCE OF WOOD BIOMASS DISINTEGRATION PARAMETERS ON WATER CONTENT." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.031.

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Mechanical properties of wood are an important aspect in its processing. Wood is traditionally used for construction and technical purposes. Recently, its importance has grown in energy use. For energy use, it is necessary to modify the wood dimensionally into the desired shape. Therefore, the disintegration is an important operation in wood processing. Its difficulty depends on the properties of the wood. The authors have determined the parameters of energy-using wood species on a water content in the range of 0-50%. The observed properties were wood shear stress. With decreasing water content, the shear stress of wood decreases. The shear strength limit of poplar wood increased from 22.3 MPa to 30.2 MPa. Poplar samples had a higher shear strength than willow samples.
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Reports on the topic "Biomass samples"

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Butler, Afrachanna, Catherine Thomas, Nathan Beane, Anthony Bednar, and William Frederick. Phytomanagement of soil and groundwater at the Niagara Falls Storage Site (NFSS) using hybridized trees. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42083.

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The Manhattan Engineer District previously used the 191-acre Niagara Falls Storage Site (NFSS) in Niagara County, New York, to store radioactive residues and wastes from uranium (U) ore processing. At present, management practices will determine whether enhanced evapotranspiration rates produced by hybridized shrub willow cuttings planted in 2016 will affect groundwater hydrology. Two shrub willow varieties were planted in an approximately one-half acre area to examine growth performance along a U impacted sanitary sewer line. Additionally, control plots will compare the effectiveness of shrub willows to unplanted areas. Observations of the planted area after 18 months showed success of shrub willow growth with increasing biomass. Chemical analysis from tree tissue samples of the field study showed no significant uptake of U or thorium (Th) to date. A greenhouse study conducted in parallel to the field study tested the willows under controlled greenhouse conditions and evaluated their ability to grow and accumulate contaminants under controlled conditions. Results from the greenhouse study demonstrated that U accumulation was minimal. Thus, this study demonstrates that the shrub willows are not accumulators of U or Th, an advantageous characteristic that implies stabilized contaminants in the soil and no translocation of U into the aboveground biomass.
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Fagúndez, Jaime, Laura Lagos, José Antonio Cortés Vázquez, and Flávia Canastra. Galician Wild Ponies. Socio-Economic Context and Environmental Benefits: Galicia Area Report and Case Study for GrazeLIFE (LIFE18 PRE NL 002). Publishing Service-University of A Coruña, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/spudc.9788497498234.

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The University of A Coruña is partner of the GRAZELIFE LIFE preparatory project (LIFE 18 PRE/NL002). We contributed to the main aim of the project of promoting sustainable grazing by large herbivores, with the study of the particular case of Galician wild ponies as a natural grazing semi-wild land use model, and alternative land uses of short and long-term afforestation, extensive grazing and abandonment. We selected two sub-areas in Galicia representing different situations in dominant land uses and the wild ponies’ system. Xistral, in the north, is a protected Natura 2000 site covered by wet heaths and bogs, ponies are owned by commoners that are mainly cattle farmers. Groba, in the south, is a drier area with dominance of forestry use and high frequency of wildfires, where ponies are owned by non-professional farmers. We performed twenty personal semi-structured interviews with pony owners, land owners and related experts from different sectors (afforestation, tourism, conservation NGOs), and performed two focus groups. We discussed topics such as their relation with ponies, the challenges they face, their demands and feelings on the policies, including CAP subsidies or compensations for wolf attacks, and their expectations for the future. In the field, we selected representative stands of each land use model in each sub-area and performed a systematic record of plant species, measures of plant biomass, and collected soil samples. Measures were used as proxies of biodiversity changes, carbon storage and wildfire risk, to compare between the selected models.
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Fagúndez, Jaime, Laura Lagos, José Antonio Cortés Vázquez, and Flávia Canastra. Galician Wild Ponies. Socio-Economic Context and Environmental Benefits: Galicia Area Report and Case Study for GrazeLIFE (LIFE18 PRE NL 002). Publishing Service-University of A Coruña, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/spudc.9788497498241.

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The University of A Coruña is partner of the GRAZELIFE LIFE preparatory project (LIFE 18 PRE/NL002). We contributed to the main aim of the project of promoting sustainable grazing by large herbivores, with the study of the particular case of Galician wild ponies as a natural grazing semi-wild land use model, and alternative land uses of short and long-term afforestation, extensive grazing and abandonment. We selected two sub-areas in Galicia representing different situations in dominant land uses and the wild ponies’ system. Xistral, in the north, is a protected Natura 2000 site covered by wet heaths and bogs, ponies are owned by commoners that are mainly cattle farmers. Groba, in the south, is a drier area with dominance of forestry use and high frequency of wildfires, where ponies are owned by non-professional farmers. We performed twenty personal semi-structured interviews with pony owners, land owners and related experts from different sectors (afforestation, tourism, conservation NGOs), and performed two focus groups. We discussed topics such as their relation with ponies, the challenges they face, their demands and feelings on the policies, including CAP subsidies or compensations for wolf attacks, and their expectations for the future. In the field, we selected representative stands of each land use model in each sub-area and performed a systematic record of plant species, measures of plant biomass, and collected soil samples. Measures were used as proxies of biodiversity changes, carbon storage and wildfire risk, to compare between the selected models.
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Marek, Laura F. Phenotypic Data Collection and Sample Preparation for Genomics of Wood Formation and Cellulosic Biomass Traits in Sunflower: Ames, IA location. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1016531.

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Berube, Paul M., Scott M. Gifford, Bonnie Hurwitz, Bethany Jenkins, Adrian Marchetti, and Alyson E. Santoro. Roadmap Towards Communitywide Intercalibration and Standardization of Ocean Nucleic Acids ‘Omics Measurements. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/28054.

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In January 2020, the US Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry (OCB) Project Office funded the Ocean Nucleic Acids 'omics Intercalibration and Standardization workshop held at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. Thirty-two participants from across the US, along with guests from Canada and France, met to develop a framework for standardization and intercalibration (S&I) of ocean nucleic acid ‘omics (na’omics) approaches (i.e., amplicon sequencing, metagenomics and metatranscriptomics). During the three-day workshop, participants discussed numerous topics, including: a) sample biomass collection and nucleic acid preservation for downstream analysis, b) extraction protocols for nucleic acids, c) addition of standard reference material to nucleic acid isolation protocols, d) isolation methods unique to RNA, e) sequence library construction, and f ) integration of bioinformatic considerations. This report provides a summary of these and other topics covered during the workshop and a series of recommendations for future S&I activities for na’omics approaches.
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Anderson, Gerald L., and Kalman Peleg. Precision Cropping by Remotely Sensed Prorotype Plots and Calibration in the Complex Domain. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585193.bard.

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This research report describes a methodology whereby multi-spectral and hyperspectral imagery from remote sensing, is used for deriving predicted field maps of selected plant growth attributes which are required for precision cropping. A major task in precision cropping is to establish areas of the field that differ from the rest of the field and share a common characteristic. Yield distribution f maps can be prepared by yield monitors, which are available for some harvester types. Other field attributes of interest in precision cropping, e.g. soil properties, leaf Nitrate, biomass etc. are obtained by manual sampling of the filed in a grid pattern. Maps of various field attributes are then prepared from these samples by the "Inverse Distance" interpolation method or by Kriging. An improved interpolation method was developed which is based on minimizing the overall curvature of the resulting map. Such maps are the ground truth reference, used for training the algorithm that generates the predicted field maps from remote sensing imagery. Both the reference and the predicted maps are stratified into "Prototype Plots", e.g. 15xl5 blocks of 2m pixels whereby the block size is 30x30m. This averaging reduces the datasets to manageable size and significantly improves the typically poor repeatability of remote sensing imaging systems. In the first two years of the project we used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), for generating predicted yield maps of sugar beets and com. The NDVI was computed from image cubes of three spectral bands, generated by an optically filtered three camera video imaging system. A two dimensional FFT based regression model Y=f(X), was used wherein Y was the reference map and X=NDVI was the predictor. The FFT regression method applies the "Wavelet Based", "Pixel Block" and "Image Rotation" transforms to the reference and remote images, prior to the Fast - Fourier Transform (FFT) Regression method with the "Phase Lock" option. A complex domain based map Yfft is derived by least squares minimization between the amplitude matrices of X and Y, via the 2D FFT. For one time predictions, the phase matrix of Y is combined with the amplitude matrix ofYfft, whereby an improved predicted map Yplock is formed. Usually, the residuals of Y plock versus Y are about half of the values of Yfft versus Y. For long term predictions, the phase matrix of a "field mask" is combined with the amplitude matrices of the reference image Y and the predicted image Yfft. The field mask is a binary image of a pre-selected region of interest in X and Y. The resultant maps Ypref and Ypred aremodified versions of Y and Yfft respectively. The residuals of Ypred versus Ypref are even lower than the residuals of Yplock versus Y. The maps, Ypref and Ypred represent a close consensus of two independent imaging methods which "view" the same target. In the last two years of the project our remote sensing capability was expanded by addition of a CASI II airborne hyperspectral imaging system and an ASD hyperspectral radiometer. Unfortunately, the cross-noice and poor repeatability problem we had in multi-spectral imaging was exasperated in hyperspectral imaging. We have been able to overcome this problem by over-flying each field twice in rapid succession and developing the Repeatability Index (RI). The RI quantifies the repeatability of each spectral band in the hyperspectral image cube. Thereby, it is possible to select the bands of higher repeatability for inclusion in the prediction model while bands of low repeatability are excluded. Further segregation of high and low repeatability bands takes place in the prediction model algorithm, which is based on a combination of a "Genetic Algorithm" and Partial Least Squares", (PLS-GA). In summary, modus operandi was developed, for deriving important plant growth attribute maps (yield, leaf nitrate, biomass and sugar percent in beets), from remote sensing imagery, with sufficient accuracy for precision cropping applications. This achievement is remarkable, given the inherently high cross-noice between the reference and remote imagery as well as the highly non-repeatable nature of remote sensing systems. The above methodologies may be readily adopted by commercial companies, which specialize in proving remotely sensed data to farmers.
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Fromm, Hillel, Paul Michael Hasegawa, and Aaron Fait. Calcium-regulated Transcription Factors Mediating Carbon Metabolism in Response to Drought. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699847.bard.

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Original objectives: The long-term goal of the proposed research is to elucidate the transcription factors, genes and metabolic networks involved in carbon metabolism and partitioning in response to water deficit. The proposed research focuses on the GTLcalcium/calmodulinbindingTFs and the gene and metabolic networks modulated by these TFs in Arabidopsis thaliana. The specific objectives are as follows. Objective-1 (USA): Physiological analyses of GTL1 loss- and gain-of-function plants under water sufficient and drought stress conditions Objective 2 (USA / Israel-TAU): Characterizion of GTL target genes and bioinformatic analysis of data to eulcidate gene-network topology. Objective-3 (Israel-TAU): Regulation of GTLmediated transcription by Ca²⁺/calmodulin: mechanism and biological significance. Objective-4 (Israel-BGU): Metabolic networks and carbon partitioning in response to drought. Additional direction: In the course of the project we added another direction, which was reported in the 2nd annual report, to elucidate genes controlling drought avoidance. The TAU team has isolated a few unhydrotropic (hyd) mutants and are in the process of mapping these mutations (of hyd13 and hyd15; see last year's report for a description of these mutants under salt stress) in the Arabidopsis genome by map-based cloning and deep sequencing. For this purpose, each hyd mutant was crossed with a wild type plant of the Landsberg ecotype, and at the F2 stage, 500-700 seedlings showing the unhydrotropic phenotype were collected separately and pooled DNA samples were subkected to the Illumina deep sequencing technology. Bioinformatics were used to identify the exact genomic positions of the mutations (based on a comparison of the genomic sequences of the two Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes (Columbia and Landsberg). Background: To feed the 9 billion people or more, expected to live on Earth by the mid 21st century, the production of high-quality food must increase substantially. Based on a 2009 Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security, a target of 70% more global food production by the year 2050 was marked, an unprecedented food-production growth rate. Importantly, due to the larger areas of low-yielding land globally, low-yielding environments offer the greatest opportunity for substantial increases in global food production. Nowadays, 70% of the global available water is used by agriculture, and 40% of the world food is produced from irrigated soils. Therefore, much needs to be done towards improving the efficiency of water use by plants, accompanied by increased crop yield production under water-limiting conditions. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: We established that AtGTL1 (Arabidopsis thaliana GT-2 LIKE1) is a focal determinant in water deficit (drought) signaling and tolerance, and water use efficiency (WUE). The GTL1 transcription factor is an upstream regulator of stomatal development as a transrepressor of AtSDD1, which encodes a subtilisin protease that activates a MAP kinase pathway that negatively regulates stomatal lineage and density. GTL1 binds to the core GT3 cis-element in the SDD1 promoter and transrepresses its expression under water-sufficient conditions. GTL1 loss-of-function mutants have reduced stomatal number and transpiration, and enhanced drought tolerance and WUE. In this case, higher WUE under water sufficient conditions occurs without reduction in absolute biomass accumulation or carbon assimilation, indicating that gtl1-mediated effects on stomatal conductance and transpiration do not substantially affect CO₂ uptake. These results are proof-of-concept that fine-tuned regulation of stomatal density can result in drought tolerance and higher WUE with maintenance of yield stability. Implications: Accomplishments during the IS-4243-09R project provide unique tools for continued discovery research to enhance plant drought tolerance and WUE.
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Boyle, Maxwell, and Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve: 2019 data summary—Version 2.0. National Park Service, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2290196.

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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and it is currently conducted on 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2019 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort on four SECN parks, including Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve (TIMU). A total of 23 vegetation plots were established in the park in May and June. Data collected in each plot include species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches (in)]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve in 2019. Data were stratified across three dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Coastal Plain Nonalluvial Wetlands, Coastal Plain Open Uplands and Woodlands, and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands) and three land parcels (Cedar Point, Theodore Roosevelt, and Thomas Creek). Noteworthy findings include: A total of 157 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across 23 vegetation plots, including nine species not previously known from the park. Three plots were located in the footprint of the Yellow Bluff Fire, and were sampled only two weeks following the fire event. Muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia), cat greenbrier (Smilax glauca), water oak (Quercus nigra), and swamp tupelo (Nyssa biflora) were the most frequently encountered species in Coastal Plain Nonalluvial Wetland habitat; saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), and gallberry (Ilex glabra) were the most frequently encountered species in Coastal Plain Open Upland and Woodland habitat; and Darlington oak (Quercus hemisphaerica), Spanish moss (Tillandsia usenoides), and red bay (Persea borbonia) were the most frequently encountered species in Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands. There were no exotic species of the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council list of invasive plants (FLEPPC 2020) observed on any of these plots. Both red bay and swamp bay (Persea palustris) were largely absent from the tree stratum in these plots; however, they were present (occasionally in high abundance) in the seedling and sapling strata across all habitat types. Buckthorn bully (Sideroxylon lycioides)—listed as Endangered in the state of Florida by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS 2020)—was observed in three Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland plots. The tree strata in each broadly defined habitat were dominated by the following species: Coastal Plain Nonalluvial Wetlands-loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus) Coastal Plain Open Uplands and Woodlands-longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands-oaks (Quercus sp.) Most stems within the tree strata exhibited healthy vigor and only moderate dieback across all habitat types. However, there was a large amount of standing dead trees in plots within Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands. Downed woody biomass (fuel loads) were highest in the Cedar Point and Thomas Creek land parcels.
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