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Journal articles on the topic 'Biomass foam'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 17 June 2022

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1

Zimmermann, Matheus Vinícius Gregory, Daniele Perondi, Lídia Kunz Lazzari, Marcelo Godinho, and Ademir José Zattera. "Carbon foam production by biomass pyrolysis." Journal of Porous Materials 27, no. 4 (May 8, 2020): 1119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10934-020-00888-y.

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2

Alkarawi, Muayad A. S., Gary S. Caldwell, and Jonathan G. M. Lee. "Continuous harvesting of microalgae biomass using foam flotation." Algal Research 36 (December 2018): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2018.10.018.

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3

Zhang, Jin Ping, and Meng Hao Du. "Bamboo Powder Liquefaction and Resinification: Application on the Phenolic Foam." Materials Science Forum 743-744 (January 2013): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.306.

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Liquefaction products of bamboo powder were obtained by using phenol as liquefier and 3% sulfuric acid as catalyst. Biomass phenolic resin was formed by the reaction of bamboo powder liquefaction product and formaldehyde under alkaline condition. The yield and viscosity of resin prepared under various temperatures and resinification times were studied. The result showed that biomass phenolic resin included 2-8% of tween-80, 12-28% of p-toluenesulfonic acid, 12-28% of phosphoric acid, and 10-20% of n-pentane. The viscosity measured at the foaming temperature of 70 was 2000-4000mPa·s. The density of phenolic foam plastic prepared from biomass phenolic resin was 20.78-81.51kg/m3, and the compressive strength was 18-57N/cm2. Infrared spectroscopic analysis was also conducted on the biomass phenolic resin and phenolic foam.

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4

Nur Azni, Mohd Azizan, Adnan Arzuria Sinar, Firuz Zainuddin, and A. G. Supri. "Deformation and Energy Absorption Characteristics of Biomass Foam Composites." Advanced Materials Research 925 (April 2014): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.268.

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Deformation and energy absorption characteristic of biomass foam composites are important in crashwortyness efficiency. The type of foam that had been used in this research is polyurethane (PU) foam with plant-based filler which are turmeric powder (Curcuma Longa), charcoal powder, henna powder (Lawsonia inermis) and lemon grass powder (Cymbopogon) that give natural color to the composites. The percentages of filler was specified to 10% by weight. PU foam was prepared by reaction of natural oil polyol and isocyanate with a ratio of 1 to 1.1 by weight. The mixture was stirred with 1500 rpm and was poured into the mould when mixture starting to expand. Band saw was used to cut the sample with desired dimension. The characterization of filler was done using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Compression was tested using Ultimate Testing Machine (UTM) and scale to weigh the sample. Composites with henna filler have ductile like behavior that proved in stress-strain curved that show the rough line in the graph. Other composites have rigid like behavior which have a smooth line in a stress - strain curve.

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5

Lee, Seung-Hwan, Tsutomu Ohkita, and Yoshikuni Teramoto. "Polyol recovery from biomass-based polyurethane foam by glycolysis." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 95, no. 4 (2004): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.20932.

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6

Lei, Hong, and Xiangli Cao. "A novel carbon foam: making carbonaceous “lather” from biomass." Journal of Materials Science 50, no. 15 (May 12, 2015): 5318–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9079-9.

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7

Lin, Y., and F. Hsieh. "Water-blown flexible polyurethane foam extended with biomass materials." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 65, no. 4 (July 25, 1997): 695–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19970725)65:4<695::aid-app8>3.0.co;2-f.

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8

Li, Bao Xia, Pen Jin, and Shou Kun Cao. "Co-Pyrolysis Kinetics of Expandable Polystyrene Foam Plastics and Biomass." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 3295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3295.

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Based on the thermogravimetric analysis, co-pyrolysis of expandable polystyrene foam plastics (EPS) and three kinds of biomass (bagasse, peanut shell, corncob) were investigated. The result shows that synergistic effects of the co-pyrolysis of EPS/bagasse and EPS/corncob are obvious, but there is no remarkable synergistic effect for the EPS and peanut shell blends. The kinetic analysis indicates that the pyrolysis processes can be described as first order reactions model, a pretty good fitting of experimental data was obtained for all samples. In the EPS and the biomass pyrolysis, respectively， the former can be described as the one first-order reaction model, and the latter can be described as the three consecutive models, while the co-pyrolysis of EPS and biomass needs to be described as the four consecutive models.

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9

Sohn, Joo, Hyun Kim, Shin Kim, Youngjae Ryu, and Sung Cha. "Biodegradable Foam Cushions as Ecofriendly Packaging Materials." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 21, 2019): 1731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061731.

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In this work, a high-magnification extrusion-foaming technique for biomass-based biodegradable composite materials using water vaporization was examined. Starch was selected as the biomass and polylactic acid was selected as a biodegradable matrix resin. No additional plasticizer or additives were used in this extrusion-foaming process. The foaming ratio was deduced according to the conditions of the extrusion-foaming process to confirm the forming characteristics of the foaming materials. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to examine the morphology of the composite foam. To investigate the potential of the foam cushion as an ecofriendly packing material, we conducted experiments on its static compression and dynamic cushioning properties and examined whether its biodegradability could be controlled by varying the mixing ratio of the materials. Thus, we developed a water-foaming process that is ecofriendly and whose products can be recycled as compost after use.

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10

Li, Feng, Chong-Peng Qiu, Xue-Lun Zhang, Ruo-Wen Tan, Cornelis F. de Hoop, Jay P. Curole, Jin-Qiu Qi, et al. "Effect of biomass source on the physico-mechanical properties of polyurethane foam produced by microwave-assisted liquefaction." BioResources 15, no. 3 (July 28, 2020): 7034–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.7034-7047.

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Different biomass sources (bamboo, rape straw, lignin, and Yaupon holly) were liquefied using microwave energy to produce biopolyols, which were then used to prepare biofoams without any further separation process. The results indicated that the content of hydroxyl groups in biopolyols derived from different biomass sources was sorted in descending order as rape straw, Yaupon holly, bamboo, and lignin. The rheological analysis demonstrated that the biopolyols were pseudoplastic, and the yield stress of biopolyols was remarkably increased with increasing biomass content. The compressive strength of polyurethane (PU) foam was rendered smaller by introducing biomass sources. Nevertheless, the biofoam obtained from biomass sources with higher hydroxyl groups content had better PU performance. In addition, the termite resistance performance of PU foam increased with the introduction of Yaupon holly, rape straw, and bamboo sources. Accordingly, the biofoams derived from the liquefaction of rape straw performed better than those from other biomass sources.

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11

Dacewicz, Ewa, and Joanna Grzybowska-Pietras. "Polyurethane Foams for Domestic Sewage Treatment." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040933.

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The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of using polyurethane foams (PUF) as a filling of a foam-sand filter to directly treat domestic sewage with increased content of ammonium nitrogen and low organic carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N). The study compared performance of two types of flexible foams: new, cylinder-shaped material (Novel Foams, NF) and waste, scrap foams (Waste Foams, WF). The foams serving as a filling of two segments of a foam-sand filter were assessed for their hydrophobic and physical properties and were tested for their cell structure, i.e., cell diameter, cell size distribution, porosity, and specific surface area. The study accounted also for selected application-related properties, such as hydrophobicity, water absorption, apparent density, dimensional stability, amount of adsorbed biomass, and the possibility of regeneration. Cell morphology was compared in reference foams, foams after 14 months of the filter operation, and regenerated foams. The experimental outcomes indicated WF as an innovative type of biomass carrier for treating domestic sewage with low C/N ratio. SEM images showed that immobilization of microorganisms in NF and WF matrices involved the formation of multi-cellular structures attached to the inner surface of the polyurethane and attachment of single bacterial cells to the foam surface. The amount of adsorbed biomass confirmed that the foam-sand filter made up of two upper layers of waste foams (with diameters and pore content of 0.50–1.53 mm and 53.0–63.5% respectively) provided highly favorable conditions for the development of active microorganisms.

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12

Phiriyawirut, Manisara, Jirayu Mekaroonluck, Tanakit Hauyam, and Atissun Kittilaksanon. "Biomass-Based Foam from Crosslinked Tapioca Starch/ Polybutylene Succinate Blend." Journal of Renewable Materials 4, no. 3 (June 7, 2016): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7569/jrm.2015.634121.

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13

Coward, Thea, Jonathan G. M. Lee, and Gary S. Caldwell. "Development of a foam flotation system for harvesting microalgae biomass." Algal Research 2, no. 2 (March 2013): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2012.12.001.

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14

Stahlfeld, K. W., and E. L. Belmont. "Carbon foam production from lignocellulosic biomass via high pressure pyrolysis." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 156 (June 2021): 105115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2021.105115.

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15

Zbair, Mohamed, Satu Ojala, Hamza Khallok, Kaisu Ainassaari, Zouhair El Assal, Zineb Hatim, Riitta L. Keiski, Mohamed Bensitel, and Rachid Brahmi. "Structured carbon foam derived from waste biomass: application to endocrine disruptor adsorption." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 31 (October 19, 2019): 32589–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06302-8.

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Abstract In this paper, a novel structured carbon foam has been prepared from argan nut shell (ANS) was developed and applied in bisphenol A (BPA) removal from water. The results showed that the prepared carbon foam remove 93% of BPA (60 mg/L). The BPA equilibrium data obeyed the Liu isotherm, displaying a maximum uptake capacity of 323.0 mg/g at 20 °C. The calculated free enthalpy change (∆H° = − 4.8 kJ/mol) indicated the existence of physical adsorption between BPA and carbon foam. Avrami kinetic model was able to explain the experimental results. From the regeneration tests, we conclude that the prepared carbon foam has a good potential to be used as an economic and efficient adsorbent for BPA removal from contaminated water. Based on these results and the fact that the developed structured carbon foam is very easy to separate from treated water, it can serve as an interesting material for real water treatment applications.

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16

Zhang, Qinqin, Xiaoqi Lin, Weisheng Chen, Heng Zhang, and Dezhi Han. "Modification of Rigid Polyurethane Foams with the Addition of Nano-SiO2 or Lignocellulosic Biomass." Polymers 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010107.

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Many achievements have been made on the research of composite polyurethane foams to improve their structure and mechanical properties, and the composite foams have been widely utilized in building insulation and furniture. In this work, rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) with the addition of different fillers (nano-SiO2, peanut shell, pine bark) were prepared through the one-step method. The effects of inorganic nano-SiO2 and organic biomass on foam properties were evaluated by means of physical and chemical characterization. The characterization results indicate that the compressive strength values of prepared foams could fully meet the specification requirement for the building insulation materials. The inorganic and organic fillers have no effect on the hydrogen bonding states in composite RPUFs. Furthermore, compared to the biomass fillers, the addition of nano-SiO2 greatly influenced the final residual content of the fabricated foam. All composite foams exhibit closed-cell structure with smaller cell size in comparison with the parent foam. The prepared composite foams have the potential for utilization in building insulation.

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17

Kim, Inae, Sumin Kim, Sadeghi Kambiz, eonggu Han, Kiseop Hwang, Hyukjoon Kwon, Yongsu Kim, Seung Ran Yoo, and Jongchul Seo. "Characterization of Biomass-Based Foam Structures for Home-Meal-Replacement Containers." KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 26, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20909/kopast.2020.26.2.77.

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18

Hayashi, Tatsuya, and Yuji Kudo. "A123 Performance Change of Plant Biomass Extinguishment Foam by Fuel Type." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2013 (2013): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2013.15.

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19

Alhakawati, M. S., C. J. Banks, and D. Smallman. "Evaluation of two types of polyurethane for the immobilisation of Rhizopus oryzae for copper uptake." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 9 (May 1, 2003): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0512.

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Previous studies have shown that Rhizopus oryzae strain IM 057412 grown in reticulated polyurethane foam demonstrated the same heavy metal adsorption capacity as the free biomass. Immobilisation in other types of polymers was shown to reduce the biomass uptake capacity because of mass transfer limitations due to the restricted porosity of the immobilisation matrices. For practical purposes the growing of biomass in polyurethane support particles to use as a commercial adsorbent is not viable or financially sound. The current work describes a different approach in which dried non-viable cells of R. Oryzae were incorporated into two types of polyurethane carrier matrix during the production process. The polymers used were a conventional hydrophobic polyurethane and a hydrophilic polyurethane, Hypol 2002. Oven-dried and powdered particles (D<150 μm) of R. oryazea were immobilised by mixing the biomass with each of the polymers prior to the reaction in which the polymer was expanded to form a foam: consequently the biomass was uniformly dispersed throughout the porous matrix. The resulting fungi-polyurethane matrices were then cut into cubes (≡4-5 mm dimension) and their adsorptive properties studied with respect to copper. Experiments were conducted in shake flasks to establish the equilibrium time for the reaction for both free and immobilised biomass. The biomass immobilised in Hypol gave the same adsorptive capacity as that of free biomass when compared on a weight basis, but biomass immobilised in conventional polyurethane foam showed no adsorption. To assess fully the effect of pH on copper and to eliminate precipitation as a removal mechanism experiments were conducted at different pHs and different copper concentrations. In each case the solution pH was maintained by acid or base addition in response to measurements using a standard calomel electrode. It was shown that at pH 5 copper concentrations above 100 mg l−1 were likely to precipitate. The amount of precipitation was accounted for within the high concentration adsorption isotherm experiments by using a mass balance approach. Results showed that the adsorption of the Hypol immobilised biomass followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and showed the copper adsorption capacity of the matrix to be between 10 and 13 mg g−1. The copper attached to the immobilised biomass could easily be desorbed by increasing the acidity, allowing the matrix to be used in repetitive sorption-desorption cycles. There was a small decrease in the adsorption capacity after the first desorption cycle that could be explained by a partial loss of biomass as detected by loss of total organic carbon (TOC).

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20

Lei, Hong, Yao Wu, Sen Yang, Chunfang Fu, and Jichuan Huo. "A simple strategy for converting starch to novel compressible carbonaceous foam: mechanism, enlightenment and potential application." RSC Advances 8, no. 57 (2018): 32522–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra06741d.

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21

An, Xiao Hui, Peng Liu, Qiang Meng, Cheng Gong Su, and Shuang Zhao. "Impact of Fillers on Mechanical Properties of Biomass Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 633-634 (September 2014): 554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.633-634.554.

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In order to improve the mechanical properties of bio composites and reduce the cost of materials, this paper studies the Impact of three fillers-talcum powder, montmorillonite and lignin sulfonate-on the compressive strength and impact absorbing energy of biomass composite, and observes the effects of three fillers on the foam structures by SEM experiments. The study found that sodium lignosulfonate is a good dispersant and water reducing agent, forming the most uniform pore structure in the molded foam process, and this mesh frame structure of biomass composite with three-dimensional and uniform pores shows better effect of compressive resistance and buffering.

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22

Martelloni, Luisa, Christian Frasconi, Mino Sportelli, Marco Fontanelli, Michele Raffaelli, and Andrea Peruzzi. "The Use of Different Hot Foam Doses for Weed Control." Agronomy 9, no. 9 (August 28, 2019): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090490.

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Thermal weed control technology plays an important role in managing weeds in synthetic herbicide-free systems, particularly in organic agriculture. The use of hot foam represents an evolution of the hot water weed control thermal method, modified by the addition of biodegradable foaming agents. The aim of this study was to test the weeding effect of different five hot foam doses, in two sites of different weed composition fields [i.e., Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.), Taraxacum officinale (Weber) and Plantago lanceolata (L.)], by evaluating the devitalisation of weeds, their regrowth, the weed dry biomass at the end of the experiment and the temperature of hot foam as affected by different foam doses. The results showed that the effect of the hot foam doses differed with the different infested weed species experiments. In the Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.) infested field, all doses from 3.33 L m−2 to 8.33 L m−2 led to a 100% weed cover devitalisation and a lower weed dry biomass compared to the dose of 1.67 L m−2, whereas the weed regrowth was similar when all doses were applied. In the Taraxacum officinale (Weber) and Plantago lanceolata (L.) infested fields, doses from 5.00 L m−2 to 8.33 L m−2 in site I and from 3.33 L m−2 to 8.33 L m−2 in site II led to 100% of weed cover devitalisation. The highest doses of 6.67 L m−2 and 8.33 L m−2 led to a slower weed regrowth and a lower weed dry biomass compared to the other doses. The time needed for weeds to again cover 50%, after the 100% devitalisation, was, on average, one month when all doses were applied in the Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.) infested field, whereas in the Taraxacum officinale (Weber) and Plantago lanceolata (L.) fields, this delay was estimated only when doses of 6.67 L m−2 and 8.33 L m−2 were used in site I and a dose of 8.33 L m−2 in site II. Thus, in the Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.) field experiments hot foam doses from 3.33 L m−2 to 8.33 L m−2 were effective in controlling weeds, and the use of the lowest dose (i.e., 3.33 L m−2) is recommended. However, for Taraxacum officinale (Weber) and Plantago lanceolata (L.) the highest doses are recommended (i.e., 6.67 L m−2 and 8.33 L m−2), as these led to 100% weed devitalisation, slower regrowth, and lower weed dry biomass than other doses. A delay in the regrowth of weeds by 30 days can lead to the hypothesis that the future application of hot foam as a desiccant in no-till field bands, before the transplant of high-income vegetable crops, will provide a competitive advantage against weeds.

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23

Sahib, A. A. M., J. W. Lim, M. K. Lam, Y. Uemura, S. R. M. Kutty, and A. Ramli. "Optimization of polyurethane foam cube in enhancing the attachment of microalgae biomass." Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 9, no. 6S (February 1, 2018): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i6s.49.

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24

Ordomsky, V. V., J. C. Schouten, J. van der Schaaf, and T. A. Nijhuis. "Multilevel rotating foam biphasic reactor for combination of processes in biomass transformation." Chemical Engineering Journal 231 (September 2013): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.06.110.

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25

Stančin, H., H. Mikulčić, N. Manić, D. Stojiljiković, M. Vujanović, X. Wang, and N. Duić. "Thermogravimetric and kinetic analysis of biomass and polyurethane foam mixtures Co-Pyrolysis." Energy 237 (December 2021): 121592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121592.

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26

Sun, Yan, Lingling Fan, Xiuling Lin, Changqi Feng, Songlin Peng, Dezhan Ye, Weilin Xu, and Jie Xu. "Porous biomass foam of polypyrrole-coated cattail fibers for efficient photothermal evaporation." Industrial Crops and Products 178 (April 2022): 114559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114559.

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27

Ribas, Maria Magdalena Ferreira, Fabio Alexandre Chinalia, Eloisa Pozzi, and Eugenio Foresti. "Microbial succession within an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (ASBBR) treating cane vinasse at 55ºC." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52, no. 4 (August 2009): 1027–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132009000400028.

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The aim of this work was to investigate the anaerobic biomass formation capable of treating vinasse from the production of sugar cane alcohol, which was evolved within an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (ASBBR) as immobilized biomass on cubes of polyurethane foam at the temperature of 55ºC. The reactor was inoculated with mesophilic granular sludge originally treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. The evolution of the biofilm in the polyurethane foam matrices was assessed during seven experimental phases which were thus characterized by the changes in the organic matter concentrations as COD (1.0 to 20.0 g/L). Biomass characterization proceeded with the examination of sludge samples under optical and scanning electron microscopy. The reactor showed high microbial morphological diversity along the trial. The predominance of Methanosaeta-like cells was observed up to the organic load of 2.5 gCOD/L.d. On the other hand, Methanosarcinalike microorganisms were the predominant archaeal population within the foam matrices at high organic loading ratios above 3.3 gCOD/L.d. This was suggested to be associated to a higher specific rate of acetate consumption by the later organisms.

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Picanço, A. P., M. V. G. Vallero, E. P. Gianotti, M. Zaiat, and C. E. Blundi. "Influence of porosity and composition of supports on the methanogenic biofilm characteristics developed in a fixed bed anaerobic reactor." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0220.

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This paper reports on the influence of the material porosity on the anaerobic biomass adhesion on four different inert matrices: polyurethane foam, PVC, refractory brick and special ceramic. The biofilm development was performed in a fixed-bed anaerobic reactor containing all the support materials and fed with a synthetic wastewater containing protein, lipids and carbohydrates. The data obtained from microscopic analysis and kinetic assays indicated that the material porosity has a crucial importance in the retention of the anaerobic biomass. The polyurethane foam particles and the special ceramic were found to present better retentive properties than the PVC and the refractory brick. The large specific surface area, directly related to material porosity, is fundamental to provide a large amount of attached biomass. However, different supports can provide specific conditions for the adherence of distinct microorganism types. The microbiological exams revealed a distinction in the support colonization. A predominance of methanogenic archaeas resembling Methanosaeta was observed both in the refractory brick and the special ceramic. Methanosarcina-like microorganisms were predominant in the PVC and the polyurethane foam matrices.

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29

Tran, My Ha, Ju-Hyun Yu, and Eun Yeol Lee. "Microwave-Assisted Two-Step Liquefaction of Acetone-Soluble Lignin of Silvergrass Saccharification Residue for Production of Biopolyol and Biopolyurethane." Polymers 13, no. 9 (May 6, 2021): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13091491.

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The application of microwave heating facilitated efficient two-step liquefaction of acetone-soluble lignin obtained from saccharification residue of Miscanthus sacchariflorus (silvergrass), which was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis, to produce biopolyol with a low acid number and favorable hydroxyl number. The acetone-soluble lignin was liquefied using a crude glycerol and 1,4-butanediol solvent mixture at various solvent blending ratios, biomass loadings, acid loadings, and reaction temperatures. The optimal reaction condition was determined at a solvent blending ratio of crude glycerol to 1,4-butanediol of 1:2, 20% of biomass loading, and 1% of catalyst loading at a reaction temperature of 140 °C for 10 min. Subsequently, the optimal biopolyol was directly used for the preparation of biopolyurethane foam as a value-added product. The chemical and physical properties of biopolyurethane foams derived from acetone-soluble lignin were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM). In addition, mechanical properties of produced biopolyurethane foams, including compressive strength and density, were also characterized to suggest their appropriate applications. The results indicated that the biopolyurethane foam can be used as a green replacement for petroleum-based polyurethane foam due to its comparable thermal properties, mechanical strength, and morphological structure.

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30

Deguchi, H., and M. Kashiwaya. "Study on nitrified liquor recycling process operations using polyurethane foam sponge cubes as a biomass support medium." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 6 (September 1, 1994): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0261.

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An experimental study was carried out to find a way of using sponge cubes as a biomass support medium to reaction tanks for nitrified liquor recycling process. Type-A, in which biomass fixed cubes are contacted with both anoxic and oxic stages and Type-B, where biomass fixed cubes are contacted with either anoxic or oxic stages, were selected as experimental cases. The results showed that the amount of CO2-C generated which was related to sludge production for Type-B exceeded the amount for Type-A by between 12 to 21%. The nitrification and denitrification rate coefficients at 20°C in Type-A were 1.5 and 1.6 times respectively higher than the coefficients for suspended growth. The rate coefficients in Type-B were 1.5 and 2.0 times respectively higher than the coefficients for Type-A.

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31

Fia, Fátima R. L., Alisson C. Borges, Antonio T. de Matos, Iolanda C. S. Duarte, Ronaldo Fia, and Lidiane C. de Campos. "Development of biofilm in anaerobic reactors treating wastewater from coffee grain processing." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 14, no. 2 (February 2010): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-43662010000200013.

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In recent decades the use of anaerobic fixed bed reactors has been established in Brazil for the treatment of different effluents. As the capability of retaining microorganisms by support media (fixed bed) is a factor influencing the performance of these reactors, the present study aims at evaluating the influence of three fixed bed on the effectiveness of treating an effluent with high pollution potential: wastewater from coffee grain processing (WCP), with organic matter concentrations varying from 812 to 5320 mg L-1 in the form of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Support media used for the immobilization of biomass were: blast furnace slag, polyurethane foam and #2 crushed stone with porosities of 53, 95 and 48%, respectively. The mean efficiency of COD removal in the reactor filled with polyurethane foam was 80%, attributed to its higher porosity index, which also provided greater retention and fixation of biomass which, when quantified as total volatile solids, was found to be 1301 mg g-1 of foam. The biofilm was made up of various microorganisms, including rod, curved rods, cocci, filaments and morphologies similar to Methanosaeta sp. and Methanosarcina sp.

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32

Udayakumar, Mahitha, Renáta Zsanett Boros, László Farkas, Andrea Simon, Tamás Koós, Máté Leskó, Anett Katalin Leskó, Klara Hernadi, and Zoltán Németh. "Composite Carbon Foams as an Alternative to the Conventional Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon in Catalytic Application." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 4540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164540.

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The suitability of a new type of polyurethane-based composite carbon foam for several possible usages is evaluated and reported. A comparison of the properties of the as-prepared carbon foams was performed with widely available commercial biomass-derived activated carbon. Carbon foams were synthesized from polyurethane foams with different graphite contents through one-step activation using CO2. In this work, a carbon catalyst was synthesized with a moderately active surface (SBET = 554 m2/g), a thermal conductivity of 0.09 W/mK, and a minimum metal ion content of 0.2 wt%, which can be recommended for phosgene production. The composite carbon foams exhibited better thermal stability, as there is a very little weight loss at temperatures below 500 °C, and weight loss is slower at temperatures above 500 °C (phosgene synthesis: 550–700 °C). Owing to the good surface and thermal properties and the negligible metallic impurities, composite carbon foam produced from polyurethane foams are the best alternative to the conventional coconut-based activated carbon catalyst used in phosgene gas production.

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Lima, Cláudio Antonio Andrade, Rogers Ribeiro, Eugenio Foresti, and Marcelo Zaiat. "Morphological study of biomass during the start-up period of a fixed-bed anaerobic reactor treating domestic sewage." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48, no. 5 (September 2005): 841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132005000600020.

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This work focused on a morphological study of the microorganisms attached to polyurethane foam matrices in a horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass (HAIB) reactor treating domestic sewage. The experiments consisted of monitoring the biomass colonization process of foam matrices in terms of the amount of retained biomass and the morphological characteristics of the cells attached to the support during the start-up period. Non-fluorescent rods and cocci were found to predominate in the process of attachment to the polyurethane foam surface. From the 10th week of operation onwards, an increase was observed in the morphological diversity, mainly due to rods, cocci, and Methanosaeta-like archaeal cells. Hydrodynamic problems, such as bed clogging and channeling occurred in the fixed-bed reactor, mainly due to the production of extracellular polymeric substances and their accumulation in the interstices of the bed causing a gradual deterioration of its performance, which eventually led to the system's collapse. These results demonstrated the importance and usefulness of monitoring the dynamics of the formation of biofilm during the start-up period of HAIB reactors, since it allowed the identification of operational problems.

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Fan, Zhuangjun, Dongping Qi, Ying Xiao, Jun Yan, and Tong Wei. "One-step synthesis of biomass-derived porous carbon foam for high performance supercapacitors." Materials Letters 101 (June 2013): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.03.064.

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Beneš, Hynek, Věra Vlčková, Aleksandra Paruzel, Olga Trhlíková, Jan Chalupa, Lívia Kanizsová, Kateřina Skleničková, and Martin Halecký. "Multifunctional and fully aliphatic biodegradable polyurethane foam as porous biomass carrier for biofiltration." Polymer Degradation and Stability 176 (June 2020): 109156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109156.

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Gao, Ningbo, Shuang Liu, Ying Han, Chen Xing, and Aimin Li. "Steam reforming of biomass tar for hydrogen production over NiO/ceramic foam catalyst." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40, no. 25 (July 2015): 7983–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.04.050.

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Yang, Guijun, and Soo-Jin Park. "Nanoflower-like NiCo2O4 grown on biomass carbon coated nickel foam for asymmetric supercapacitor." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 835 (September 2020): 155270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155270.

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Zhang, Hao, Hailing Xi, Zhanguo Li, Xunhai Pan, Yi Wang, Chunhong Chen, Xiaoyan Lin, and Xuegang Luo. "The stability and decontamination of surface radioactive contamination of biomass-based antifreeze foam." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 624 (September 2021): 126774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126774.

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Mazuelos, Alfonso, Nieves Iglesias-Gonzalez, Cristina Montes-Rosua, Aurora Romero-Garcia, Rafael Romero, and Francisco Carranza. "Polyurethane foam as biomass support for removal of thiosalts from flotation process water." Minerals Engineering 169 (August 2021): 106940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2021.106940.

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Liu, Bowen, Yunxia Zhou, Hisham Essawy, Shang Feng, Xuehui Li, Jingjing Liao, Xiaojian Zhou, Jun Zhang, and Sida Xie. "Formaldehyde Free Renewable Thermosetting Foam Based on Biomass Tannin with a Lignin Additive." Journal of Renewable Materials 10, no. 7 (2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2022.019848.

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41

Olego, Miguel Ángel, Miguel Javier Quiroga, Cristina Mendaña-Cuervo, Jorge Cara-Jiménez, Roberto López, and Enrique Garzón-Jimeno. "Long-Term Effects of Calcium-Based Liming Materials on Soil Fertility Sustainability and Rye Production as Soil Quality Indicators on a Typic Palexerult." Processes 9, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071181.

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Liming is a common practice used to improve acidic soil properties, as is essential for agricultural quality. A long-term field experiment with one lime rate (6000 kg/ha of carbonate calcium equivalent) and three calcium-based liming amendments (gypsum, limestone and sugar foam) was maintained on a Typic Palexerult for 10 years in order to determine changes in soil acidity and to assess the effects on crop (rye) yields. The soil acidity conditions decreased with all the amendments tested, but the sugar foam and limestone was more effective than gypsum over a long-term period. No significant changes in organic soil matter levels between the treatments tested were found. Interestingly, an increase in the leaching of organic soil matter was observed in limed soils. Lime application significantly increased the total rye biomass compared to the control soils during the whole experiment (2002–2011). Yield trends observed in spike and stem biomass were similar to those reported for total rye biomass. In this respect, at the end of the research, gypsum, limestone and sugar foam increased in relation to the total production of rye biomass by 16%, 32% and 38%, respectively, as compared to the control soils. Additionally, a significant and prolonged difference in calcium concentrations in rye stems between unlimed and limed subplots was observed. However, in spite of the results presented here, further investigations are needed to gain a better understanding of the long-term effects of liming on the chemical properties of soil.

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Wang, Cheng-zhao, Fang-yi Li, Li-ming Wang, Jian-feng Li, An-fu Guo, Chuan-wei Zhang, and Peng Liu. "Research on thermoplastic starch and different fiber reinforced biomass composites." RSC Advances 5, no. 62 (2015): 49824–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra08278a.

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Thermoplastic starch (TPS) from native corn starch was prepared using various mass ratios of formamide–urea compound plasticizers and four TPS composites reinforced with equal amounts of sisal, pulp, straw and wood fibers were obtained by foam molding.

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Zhang, Zhi Guo, and Hong Zhang Chen. "Rapid Estimation of Xanthan and Biomass Concentration during Xanthan Production under Solid State Fermentation on Polyurethane Foam with Near–Infrared Spectroscopy." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 1515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.1515.

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Recently, some solid state fermentation (SSF) processes of xanthan production were studied. However, quantitative analysis of the concentration of xanthan and biomass is more complicated than that of submerged fermentation. To facilitate the analysis of these components, near–infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used. A NIRS calibration models for rapidly estimating xanthan and biomass concentration in xanthan fermentation on inert support of polyurethane foam was established. The wavenumber and spectral pretreatment method were optimized. The data of cross validation and external validation shows that NIRS was suitable for rapid and accurate quantification of the concentration of xanthan and biomass in solid state fermentation on inert support. This method will provide much convenience for the research of solid state fermentation on inert support.

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44

Kondo, M., S. Hozo, and Y. Inamori. "Simultaneous Removal of BOD and Nitrogen with Anoxic/Oxic Porous Biomass Support Systems." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2003–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0647.

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To protect the public water, there is a growing demand to treat domestic gray water as well as night soil using onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) in Japan. Therefore, to meet this demand, we seek the potential of the technology of the system with porous biomass support particles (BSP) using large number of small, open-cell foam pads to support high concentration of biomass in an aeration tank. From aneconomic point of view, durability of pads is an important factor of this process. Polyurethane foam with certain physical characteristics was chosen for pads. To attain simultaneous removal of BOD and nitrogen in an aeration tank, optimum pore size and pads dimensions were chosen in terms of diffusion. To aim for steady and further removal of nitrogen with biomass both on BSP and in suspension, we applied intermittent anoxic/oxic porous biomass support systems process to a full-scale field test, operated in the manner of 1.5 hours aeration and subsequent 0.5 hours agitation. For 330 days of the experiment, less than 20 mg/L and 15 mg/L of effluent BOD and nitrogen are achieved regardless of water temperature between 13 and 31 degrees centigrade.

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45

Jia, Xiu Jie, Jian Feng Li, and Fang Yi Li. "The Research of Biomass Biodegradable Material Microstructure Impact on Performance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.338.

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Green and biodegradable may degrade to the direction of the main purposes for cushion packaging material. This paper the bubble growth mechanism of the material in the molding process, the microstructure of four kinds different foaming agent content of biodegradable materials have been studied by using a scanning electron microscope micro-chemical analysis for plant fibers, starch-based materials, through the foam forming process biomass biodegradable materials research object. The results showed that the biomass material in the biodegradable plant fibers are mutually connected to form a three-dimensional network structure of the cross; foaming agent content of 1.0%, the raw material biodegradable material having a structure with a closed air pockets distributed more evenly, which kind of uniform material structure ensures good impact resistance, rebound and thermal insulation.

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46

Phiriyawirut, Manisara, Phatthanachai Hankham, Ratchanok Butsukhon, and Udomporn Pongvichai. "Biomass-Based Composite Foam from Tapioca Starch/Octenyl Succinate Starch Blended with Alpha-Chitin." Open Journal of Composite Materials 09, no. 04 (2019): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojcm.2019.94022.

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Li, Jiyan, Xu Zhou, Peng Mu, Fei Wang, Hanxue Sun, Zhaoqi Zhu, Junwei Zhang, Weiwen Li, and An Li. "Ultralight Biomass Porous Foam with Aligned Hierarchical Channels as Salt-Resistant Solar Steam Generators." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 1 (December 13, 2019): 798–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b18398.

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48

Zhou, Nan, Shiyu Liu, Yaning Zhang, Liangliang Fan, Yanling Cheng, Yunpu Wang, Yuhuan Liu, Paul Chen, and Roger Ruan. "Silicon carbide foam supported ZSM-5 composite catalyst for microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass." Bioresource Technology 267 (November 2018): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.007.

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Ribeiro, R., M. B. A. Varesche, E. Foresti, and M. Zaiat. "Influence of the carbon source on the anaerobic biomass adhesion on polyurethane foam matrices." Journal of Environmental Management 74, no. 2 (January 2005): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.09.004.

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50

Han, Chao, Shibin Nie, Zegong Liu, Song Liu, Hong Zhang, Jiayi Li, Haoran Zhang, and Zihan Wang. "A novel biomass sodium alginate gel foam to inhibit the spontaneous combustion of coal." Fuel 314 (April 2022): 122779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122779.

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