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Academic literature on the topic 'Biomass derivatives'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Biomass derivatives"

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Ge, Shaokui, Ming Xu, Gerald L. Anderson, and Raymond I. Carruthers. "Estimating Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) Leaf Area Index and Aboveground Biomass with the Use of Hyperspectral Data." Weed Science 55, no. 6 (December 2007): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-06-212.1.

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Hyperspectral remote-sensed data were obtained via a Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager-II (CASI-II) and used to estimate leaf-area index (LAI) and aboveground biomass of a highly invasive weed species, yellow starthistle (YST). In parallel, 34 ground-based field plots were used to measure aboveground biomass and LAI to develop and validate hyperspectral-based models for estimating these measures remotely. Derivatives of individual hyperspectral bands improved the correlations between imaged data and actual on-site measurements. Six derivative-based normalized difference vegetation indices (DNDVI) were developed; three of them were superior to the commonly used normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in estimating aboveground biomass of YST, but did not improve estimates of LAI. The locally integrated derivatives-based vegetation indices (LDVI) from adjacent bands within three different spectral regions (the blue, red, and green reflectance ranges) were used to enhance absorption characteristics. Three LDVIs outperformed NDVI in estimating LAI, but not biomass. Multiple regression models were developed to improve the estimation of LAI and aboveground biomass of YST, and explained 75% and 53% of the variance in biomass and LAI, respectively, based on validation assessments with actual ground measurements.
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Dutta, Saikat, Linglin Wu, and Mark Mascal. "Production of 5-(chloromethyl)furan-2-carbonyl chloride and furan-2,5-dicarbonyl chloride from biomass-derived 5-(chloromethyl)furfural (CMF)." Green Chemistry 17, no. 7 (2015): 3737–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5gc00936g.

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Biomass-derived CMF is oxidized to the acid chloride CMFCC in a single step using inexpensive t-butyl hypochlorite. Likewise, DFF, also a CMF derivative, is oxidized directly to the diacid chloride FDCC. The products are platforms for a variety of chemical derivatives of carbohydrates.
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de Assis, Geovânia C., Igor M. A. Silva, Tiago G. dos Santos, Thatiane V. dos Santos, Mario R. Meneghetti, and Simoni M. P. Meneghetti. "Photocatalytic processes for biomass conversion." Catalysis Science & Technology 11, no. 7 (2021): 2354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cy02358b.

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Lu, Xihong, Shilei Xie, Hao Yang, Yexiang Tong, and Hongbing Ji. "Photoelectrochemical hydrogen production from biomass derivatives and water." Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, no. 22 (2014): 7581–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60392j.

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Cottet, Celeste, Yuly A. Ramirez-Tapias, Juan F. Delgado, Orlando de la Osa, Andrés G. Salvay, and Mercedes A. Peltzer. "Biobased Materials from Microbial Biomass and Its Derivatives." Materials 13, no. 6 (March 11, 2020): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13061263.

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There is a strong public concern about plastic waste, which promotes the development of new biobased materials. The benefit of using microbial biomass for new developments is that it is a completely renewable source of polymers, which is not limited to climate conditions or may cause deforestation, as biopolymers come from vegetal biomass. The present review is focused on the use of microbial biomass and its derivatives as sources of biopolymers to form new materials. Yeast and fungal biomass are low-cost and abundant sources of biopolymers with high promising properties for the development of biodegradable materials, while milk and water kefir grains, composed by kefiran and dextran, respectively, produce films with very good optical and mechanical properties. The reasons for considering microbial cellulose as an attractive biobased material are the conformational structure and enhanced properties compared to plant cellulose. Kombucha tea, a probiotic fermented sparkling beverage, produces a floating membrane that has been identified as bacterial cellulose as a side stream during this fermentation. The results shown in this review demonstrated the good performance of microbial biomass to form new materials, with enhanced functional properties for different applications.
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Lund, Torben, Henning Lund, and Jyoti Chattopadhyaya. "Electrochemical Reduction of Furan Derivatives Derived from Biomass." Acta Chemica Scandinavica 39b (1985): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3891/acta.chem.scand.39b-0429.

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Zhao, Li, Niki Baccile, Silvia Gross, Yuanjian Zhang, Wei Wei, Yuhan Sun, Markus Antonietti, and Maria-Magdalena Titirici. "Sustainable nitrogen-doped carbonaceous materials from biomass derivatives." Carbon 48, no. 13 (November 2010): 3778–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.06.040.

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ONDA, Ayumu, Shuhei OGO, and Kazumichi YANAGISAWA. "Catalytic Conversions of Biomass Derivatives Over Apatite Compounds." Hyomen Kagaku 32, no. 6 (2011): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.32.387.

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Umerzakova, M. B., B. K. Donenov, R. B. Sarieva, and Zh N. Kainarbaeva. "PREPARATION OF SULPHATED FATTY ACID DERIVATIVES OF SPIRULINA OIL." Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan 73, no. 1 (March 14, 2021): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51580/2021-1/2710-1185.03.

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A new sulfonated derivative of Spirulina oil fatty acids was obtained in the work.This derivative is obtained from dry biomass of microalgae in several stages: extraction of lipids from dry biomass, lipid methylation, amination of the formed methyl esters of Spirulina fatty acids, modification of amide with maleic anhydrideand subsequent reaction of the synthesized monoester with sodium bisulfate. The conditions for all stages of the synthesis of the sulfonated derivative were optimized.The initial compounds and reaction products were identified by IR spectroscopy.
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Liu, Xiaoqing, Xiaoguang Duan, Wei Wei, Shaobin Wang, and Bing-Jie Ni. "Photocatalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to valuable products." Green Chemistry 21, no. 16 (2019): 4266–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc01728c.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biomass derivatives"

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Yin, Xiuli, and 陰秀麗. "Synthesizing methanol from biomass derived syngas." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31456844.

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Reocreux, Romain. "Biomass derivatives in heterogeneous catalysis : adsorption, reactivity and support from first principles." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN019/document.

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L’abandon progressif des ressources fossiles s’accompagne de l’exploitation croissante de la biomasse. Cette transition nécessite de développer de nouveaux procédés notamment en catalyse hétérogène. Les chimistes se heurtent alors à deux défis majeurs : (i) désoxygéner la biomasse (cellulose/lignine) pour revenir à la chimie maîtrisée des grands intermédiaires (ii) rendre les catalyseurs résistants à l’eau, omniprésente en biomasse. En collaboration avec des expérimentateurs de l’Université d’Ottawa, nous nous sommes d’abord intéressés à la désoxygénation d’aromatiques de type lignine. Les calculs ab initio (DFT) nous ont permis de dresser les caractéristiques d’adsorption de ces composés sur Pt(111) en termes de descripteurs moléculaires simples. Nous avons ensuite étudié le mécanisme de décomposition de l’anisole et du 2-phénoxyéthanol, molécules modèles. Nos études ont montré l’importance de l’hydrogène et des fragments carbonés sur la réaction de désoxygéna6on de ces composés. En parallèle nous nous sommes intéressés à la stabilité, dans l’eau, d’un des supports catalytiques majeurs : l’alumine-γ. Ce sujet clé pose des défis considérables en modélisation, puisqu’il nécessite d’utiliser des méthodes de dynamiques moléculaires ab initio. Celles-ci nous ont permis de caractériser la structuration de l’eau au contact de l’alumine et l’importance de la solvatation sur les aluminols de surface. À l’aide de méthodes d’événements rares (dynamique contrainte, métadynamique) nous avons enfin abordé la réactivité d’alcools et de l’eau avec l’alumine hydratée. Ces simulations ont permis d’identifier les premières étapes d’hydratation et de mieux comprendre comment les limiter
Moving away from fossil ressources is currently being accompanied by the increasing exploitation of biomass.This shift requires the development of new processes, in particular in heterogeneous catalysis. Chemists are nowfacing two major challenges: (i) deoxygenate biomass (cellulose/lignin) to produce platform intermediates with aeel-known chemistry (ii) make catalysts resistant to water, ubiquitous within the context of biomass.Within a collaboration with experimentalists at the University of Ottawa, we have first studied the deoxygenationof lignin-like aromatics. From an ab initio (DFT) inspection, we have characterized and described the adsorptionof such aromatic oxygenates on Pt(111) with simple molecular descriptors. We have then investigated thedecomposition mechanism of anisole and 2-phenoxyethanol. For these two model compounds, we have showedthe significance of hydrogen and carbonaceous species to have the deoxygenation reaction proceed properly.Meanwhile, we have examined the stability, in water, of γ-alumina, a major support in heterogeneous catalysis.The necessity to perform ab initio molecular dynamics simulations makes the modeling of such a systemparticularly challenging computationally. The simulations have nevertheless enabled us to characterize thestructuration of liquid water in contact with alumina and the significance of solvation on surface aluminol groups.Using rare-event methods (constrained dynamics, metadynamics) we have eventually been able to probe thereactivity of alcohols and water with hydrated alumina. We have then identified the first steps of hydration andgained insights on how to limit them
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Shaheed, Abdul. "Coconut oil and its derivatives as a renewable alternative diesel fuel for use in the Maldives." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299675.

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Abaye, Daniel. "Lipid derivatives and the relationships between microbial biomass, community structure and activity in soils." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324119.

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Alipour, Siamak. "Conversion of Cellulose from Plant Biomass to 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) and its Derivatives in Ionic Liquid Media." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1429780958.

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SCELFO, SIMONE. "Metal oxides catalysts for the synthesis of value-added chemicals from 2nd generation sugars and sugar derivatives." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2675152.

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The present Ph.D. thesis provides some examples of innovative 2nd generation catalytic processes for the conversion of renewable raw materials into green value-added chemicals. In particular, D-glucose and some its derivatives, all ideally representing waste materials of dedicated biomasses, agricultural residues, or solid organic urban waste exploitation in the biorefinery plant, were converted into useful chemical building-blocks. After a brief introduction to the topic and the description of the experimental method, each chapter of the work is based on one or more scientific articles either published or submitted. Among the possible catalytic reactions, the hydrogenation, oxidation and hydrodeoxygenation were investigated: for this purpose, several novel catalysts were synthetized, tested and characterized. The catalysts were made from precursor solutions with the incipient wet impregnation method or with the solution combustion synthesis, depending by the catalyst type. The conversion of glucose and some glucose-derivatives was typically performed under gentle operative conditions and in aqueous mean. Pt-based catalysts were tested for glucose conversion to adipic acid in a two-step process carried out in water solution without any pH control by investigating the effect of a series of supporting materials (active carbon, alumina, silica and ceria). The process consisted in the D-saccharic acid (SacA) production by D-glucose catalytic wet air oxidation followed by a hydrodeoxygenation treatment of SacA to adipic acid (AA) with the same catalyst. The main limit of using Pt for D-glucose oxidation is represented by the catalyst inhibition operated by the first product of the reaction, the gluconic acid (GluA), which prevents the consecutive reaction of SacA formation, but a deeper investigation of the reaction scheme allowed us to assess that over Pt/alumina the consecutive oxidation of gluconic acid to SacA is slightly favored under uncontrolled pH too.We have demonstrated that a 5.2 wt.% Pt on γ-alumina sample, the catalysts presenting the larger amount of strong Brønsted acid sites, was the best material for obtaining SacA (with a molar yield of about 13.5%); afterward, by performing the halogen-promoted hydrodeoxygenation of the resulting solution, the SacA was quantitatively converted into AA (and thus the overall adipic acid molar yield from glucose was about 13.0%). Effectively, The efficient conversion of common biomass derivatives, as D-glucose, into value-added chemicals has received a great deal of attention in the last few years. Several heterogeneous catalytic systems, characterized by noble metals, have already been investigated for the Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation (CWAO) of derived biomass. Nevertheless, the redox effect of such catalysts on biobased compounds has not been described in detail. In the present thesis, some perovskite type oxides (Fe, Co, Mn) that present high redox properties and stability under hydrothermal conditions have been tested to establish their ability to convert D-glucose into C6 aldaric acid, lactic acid (LacA) and levulinic acid (LevA). The influence of the reaction temperature, and the affinity of the catalysts to hydrogen and oxygen on the distribution of the liquid products have been investigated. In the best conditions, 50.3 mol.% and 69.5 mol.% of lactic and levulinic acid have been obtained by employing LaCoO3 and LaMnO3, respectively. Apart from the oxidative effect, which has led to several oxidation products, a high reductive effect of the catalysts has enabled the conversion of some key intermediates, such as pyruvic acid (PyrA) and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), into the desired products. LaMnO3, which has resulted to be the most oxidizable/reducible catalyst over a low temperature range, has shown the best performance of the studied perovskite type oxides; it has been found to promote the conversion of hydroxymethylfurfural to levulinic acid and to give the highest overall molar yield. Moreover, performing catalysts have been synthetized through incipient wet impregnation and tested for cis,cis-muconic acid (ccMA) hydrogenation to adipic acid. Before the hydrogenation, the investigation on the solubility of ccMA dissolution in different polar solvents has been carried out by characterizing and modelling the dissolution as a function of temperature. Water, ethanol, 2-propanol and acetic acid have been investigated as solvents in the range temperatures from a 298.15 to 348.15 K. Owing to the absence of ccMA solubility data, the reliability of the adopted experimental set-up was validated comparing published and experimental solubility data of a similar compound, that is, AA. From the results, it has emerged that the employed system is appropriate for the determination of molar fractions of an organic compound dissolved in polar solvents. The molar fraction and temperature were correlated using the Apelblat equation model, which is applied for the mathematic fitting of experimental data. A total relative average deviation of 3.54% was obtained for the experimental results and the solubility data obtained with the model, thus attesting the adequacy for this study. The use of Apelblat equation also allowed to determine the apparent molar enthalpy and molar entropy of dissolution. The dissolution of ccMA in water, ethanol, 2-propanol and acetic acid, over temperatures ranging from 298.15 to 348.15 K, has been shown to be endothermic. The activity of Pt-based catalysts has been compared with a Ni-based catalyst at a gentle condition. A supported 14.2 wt.% Ni on γ-alumina converted 100% of muconic acid, yielding 99.4 mol.% of AA. Finally, the oxidative cracking of 5-keto-L-aldonic acids to tartaric acid (TarA) was successfully performed at room temperature and atmospheric pressure in a carbonate buffer (pH = 10.34), by employing various V-based catalysts. The performance of the novel heterogeneous V-based catalysts was compared with the one of a conventional homogeneous system. The effect of the catalysts was obvious and 2%VOx/ZrO2 was found to be the best catalyst for the 5-keto-aldonic acids conversion to tartaric acid. The tartaric acid selectivity was equal to 74.5% and 44.3% starting from the 5-keto-D-gluconic acid (5kGl) and 5-keto-L-galactonic acid (5kGa), respectively. The best performances in terms of tartaric acid selectivity were obtained at the beginning of reaction, and about one fourth of the carbon moles were converted into tartaric acid after 24 h of reaction. The substrate was entirely converted after 24 h indicating that several by-products were also produced during the reaction. So, an overall reaction pathway was supposed and the effect of the vanadium structure to the catalytic activity was hypothesized. Moreover, the reaction mechanism of the 5-keto-aldonic acids conversion to tartaric acid promoted by the anchoring VOx-support bond was described.
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Stüke, Caroline Ziegler. "Prospecção fitoquímica e atividade biológica de plantas medicinais da família asteraceae do bioma pampa." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4226.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The species selected for this study were: Pluchea sagittalis, Baccharis pentodonta and Baccharidastrum triplinervium, all belonging to the Asteraceae family. The extracts and fractions from leaves and roots of three species of medicinal plants in Rio Grande do Sul were obtained by different extraction processes (cold, the hot water extraction and soxhlet) and subjected to HPLC analysis. These extracts and fractions were subjected to different fractionations were isolated where some secondary metabolites (chlorogenic acid derivatives and flavonoids). In the leaves of Pluchea sagittalis were isolated the secundary metabolites 3,4- dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. The crude extract of the root of the same species were isolated the same three metabolites 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and the 1,3, 5-tricaffeoylquinic acid. Baccharis pentodonta were isolated metabolites 5,7,4'- trihydroxy-6-methoxy-luteolin and 5,7,3,4 - tretrahydroxy-6-methoxy-flavon for leaves and their metabolites 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5- dicaffeoylquinic acid and 3-feruloyl-5-caffeoylquinic acid. The root Baccharidastrum triplinervium were isolated metabolites 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid already isolated from other species previously worked. The structures of these metabolites isolated was characterized by NMR analysis and high resolution mass. Additionally extracts and fractions obtained were tested in vitro and to determine their antimicrobial, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition against the enzyme DPP IV and POP. Most of the extracts and fractions tested showed antimicrobial activity by the method of microdilution around 0,5 mg ml-1 and moderate antioxidant activity by the method of free radical (DPPH) and the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest potential. Among the activities of enzyme inhibition, the activity was more pronounced compared to POP, with only the crude extracts of the roots of B. pentodonta and B. triplinervium presented themselves as potential inhibitors of the enzyme DPP IV.
As espécies selecionadas para este estudo foram: Pluchea sagittalis, Baccharis pentodonta e Baccharidastrum triplinervium, todas pertencentes a família Asteraceae. Os extratos e frações das folhas e raízes destas três espécies de plantas medicinais do Rio Grande do Sul foram obtidos por diferentes processos de extração (a frio, a quente em soxhlet e extração aquosa) e submetidos à análise por CLAE. Estes extratos e frações obtidos foram submetidos a diferentes fracionamentos de onde foram isolados alguns metabólitos secundários (derivados do ácido clorogênico e flavonóides). Das folhas de Pluchea sagittalis foram isolados os metabólitos ácido 3,4-dicafeoilquínico, ácido 3,5-dicafeoilquínico e ácido 4,5-dicafeoilquínico. Do extrato bruto da raiz desta mesma espécie foram isolados os mesmos três metabólitos ácido 3,4-dicafeoilquínico, ácido 3,5-dicafeoilquínico e ácido 4,5-dicafeoilquínico além do ácido 1,3,5- tricafeoilquínico. De Baccharis pentodonta foram isolados os metabólitos 5,7,4 - triidroxi-6-metoxi-luteonina e 5,7,3,4 - tretrahidroxi-6-metoxi-flavona de suas folhas e os metabólitos ácido 3,4-dicafeoilquínico, ácido 3,5-dicafeoilquínico, ácido 4,5- dicafeoilquínico e ácido 3-feruloil-5-cafeoilquínico. Da raiz de Baccharidastrum triplinervium foram isolados os metabólitos ácido 3,4-dicafeoilquínico, ácido 3,5- dicafeoilquínico, ácido 4,5-dicafeoilquínico já isolados anteriormente das outras espécies trabalhadas. A elucidação estrutural desses metabólitos isolados se deu por RMN e por análises de massa de alta resolução. Adicionalmente os extratos e frações obtidos foram submetidos a testes in vitro e para determinação de suas atividades antimicrobiana, antioxidante e de inibição enzimática frente às enzimas POP e DPP IV. A maioria dos extratos e frações testados apresentou atividade antimicrobiana pelo método de microdiluição em caldo por volta de 0,5 mg mL-1 e atividade antioxidante moderada pelo método do radical livre (DPPH) sendo a fração acetato de etila a que apresentou maior potencial. Dentre as atividades de inibição enzimática, as atividade mais pronunciadas foram frente a POP, sendo que apenas os extratos brutos das raízes de B. pentodonta e B. triplinervium apresentaram-se como potenciais inibidores da enzima DPP IV.
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Shen, Qun. "Utilization of biomass derivatives from waste sugar acids." 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/19476155.html.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1989.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-93).
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Zeng, Yan-Ru, and 曾彥儒. "Butanol fermentation from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate: effectof phenolic derivatives." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/a9yu9t.

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碩士
國立宜蘭大學
環境工程學系碩士班
106
With the growth of population, the problem of environment and energy shortage has attracted people's attention, and bioenergy is one of the most effective way to solve the problem. Bioethanol is the first to be studied and discussed in bioenergy, but biobutanol has more advantages than bioethanol such as more rich energy , less volatile , less corrosive and easier to purify than bioethanol。It can solve the environmental problems and re-use it for energy production by using waste containing lignocellulose as a substrate. Lignocellulose has a structure that is difficult to be decomposed by microorganisms , so before use must be subjected to hydrolysis pretreatment. In addition to saccharides for microorganisms by hydrolysis , other inhibitory byproducts are also produced. These inhibitory by-products are classified as furan derivatives, carboxylic acid compounds and phenolic compounds. Among them, the phenolic compounds than the other two byproducts to suppress the effect of strong, the most complex types. The effects of phenolic byproducts have been extensively discussed in biomass ethanol, but not in biomass butanol. In this study, common lignocellulose hydrolyzed phenolic compounds vanillin, 4-hydroxyhydroxyoic acid (4-HBA) and syringaldehyde were added to different concentrations of C.saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1- 4 (ATCC 27021) fed-batch culture. The results of the study found that: The inhibitory effect of vanillin on the product increased with increasing concentration , at 0.5 g / L, the cell growth was increased by 9.5% compared with the control group , the 1.5 g / L cell growth ratio higher than 8% at 1.0 g/L; Until the complete inhibition of the product and cells was achieved at 8.0 g / L. The inhibition of cell growth was increased with the increase of 4-HBA concentration. The inhibitory effect of product and cell growth did not increase with the concentration of clove aldehyde , such as syringaldehyde concentration 1.0 g/L and 1.5 g/L were 12.1% , 42.2% and 33.7% , 50.1%；at 0.5 g/L glucose utilization increased 13% than the control group. According to the results, the vanillin inhibition mechanism was judged to inhibit the production of coenzyme by inhibiting the production of the product; Syringaldehyde inhibit the production of cells by inhibiting cells. Three compounds in the 1.0 g / L production inhibition of more than 80%, the cell growth inhibition of more than 60%, but less than or greater than 1.0 g / L concentration will be different according to different compounds have different inhibitory effect.
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Kupeta, Albert Jerry Kafushe. "Synthesis of cross-linked pine cone biosorbent and its applications in industrial wastewater treatment." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/340.

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M. Tech. (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences) -- Vaal University of Technology
The widespread use of phenols and phenolic derivatives in industrial applications has resulted in their discharge as part of industrial wastewater. These chemicals are toxic and need to be removed from the aqueous environment. Amongst the available pollutant removal technologies, adsorption has been widely used due to its simplicity, ease of operation, cost-effectiveness and ability to sequester pollutants at very low concentrations. Different adsorbents have been applied for removal of phenols and their derivatives. Use of agricultural waste as adsorbents seems to offer a much cheaper alternative in pollutant removal. This study examines the synthesis of a hydrophobic biomaterial composite by cross-linking of Fenton treated pine cone and applying the prepared adsorbent for 2-nitrophenol removal from aqueous solution. Pine cone biomass, in its raw and modified forms was tested for its ability to remove 2-nitrophenol from simulated industrial wastewater. The experimental procedure is divided into two main parts: (1) pine cone modification using Fenton’s reagent and 1.6-hexamethylene diisocyanate and (2) application of the prepared hydrophobic adsorbent for 2-nitrophenol removal from wastewater. Fenton’s reagent was used to remove pigments, extractives and other soluble organic compounds from the raw pine. FTIR spectroscopy showed an increase in magnitude of oxygenated surface groups which resulted in a decrease in pHpzc. The effect of Fenton treatment on further modification of the pine biomass via cross-linking using 1.6-hexamethylene diisocyanate was investigated. Optimum reaction variables for the cross-linking using dibutyltin dilaurate as catalyst under an inert nitrogen gas atmosphere in anhydrous hexane solvent were determined using FTIR spectroscopy. Success of the cross-linking procedure was confirmed by use of analytical techniques (XRD, TGA, SEM, EDX and BET surface area) and weight percent gain calculations. Pine and modified pine biomass were tested for their ability to sequester 2-nitrophenol via batch adsorption technique. The effect of pine modification on affinity for the biosorbate was investigated. The mechanism of the adsorption process was determined via use of kinetic, diffusion and equilibrium isotherm models. Two error functions (coefficient of determination and percent variable error) were employed to substantiate the model showing a good fit to the experimental adsorption data. The experimental adsorption kinetic data was fit to the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Due to the large size of the pollutant molecules diffusion process analysis was also conducted. The effect of pine modification on kinetic and diffusion parameters was determined. The experimental equilibrium adsorption data was fit to the Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson and Hill isotherm models. The initial shapes of the adsorption isotherms for 2-nitrophenol adsorption onto pine and modified pine biomass determined the type of equilibrium isotherm models to fit the experimental data to. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated to determine the spontaneity, feasibility and energy changes associated with the adsorption process. The degree of disorder at the solid/liquid interface after the adsorption was determined. The effect of temperature on the adsorption process was used to show whether the adsorption is physical or chemical. The effect of pine modification on equilibrium isotherm parameters was determined. The study is divided into seven chapters: Chapter 1: The chapter covers the introduction, problem statement, aim and objectives of the research. It gives an insight into the research project. Chapter 2: The literature review of pollutants in industrial wastewater and methods of their removal is dealt with in this chapter. Adsorption is introduced as an alternative technique for pollutant removal from aqueous systems. An in-depth review of various adsorbents (including pine cone), their merits and limitations are also discussed together with methods of modifying and use of modified adsorbents. Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic models used to treat adsorption experimental data are presented. Chapter 3: The experimental procedures on the synthesis, characterization and application of the hydrophobic biosorbent in the removal of 2-nitrophenol from aqueous solution are presented. Kinetic and equilibrium experiments are described in detail. Chapter 4: It describes the first part of the results and discussions. The chapter focuses on optimization of reaction variables and characterization (using various analytical techniques) of the hydrophobic biomaterial composite. Chapter 5 The chapter discusses the second part of the results. It focuses on magnitude of surface charge, pHpzc and kinetic studies. Fitting of the adsorption experimental data to kinetic and diffusion models is presented together with the error functions. Chapter 6 The chapter discusses part three of the results on equilibrium studies. The adsorption experimental data is fitted to equilibrium isotherm equations and error determination is presented. Thermodynamic parameters are calculated and interpreted. Chapter 7: Conclusion and recommendations are presented. The optimum reaction variables for cross-linking of Raw and Fenton treated pine cone were determined using FTIR analysis and found to be: 0.2 g pine biomass, 3.5 cm3 1.6-hexamethylene diisocyanate cross-linker, 50 cm3 anhydrous hexane solvent, 1.5 cm3 dibutyltin dilaurate catalyst, temperature of 50 °C and a reaction time of 4 hours. The pine surface showed an increase in phenolic, lactonic and carboxylic acid groups due to the modification. The pHpzc showed a decrease due to modification of the pine cone biomass. The pHpzc values for the pine and modified pine cone biomass were found to be: Raw = 7.49, Raw-HMDI modified = 6.68, Fenton treated pine = 5.40 and Fenton-HMDI modified = 6.12. The optimum pH for the adsorption of 2-nitrophenol onto raw pine and modified pine cone biomass was determined to be 6. The optimum adsorbent dosage was determined as 1.5 g/dm3. The adsorption kinetics show a good fit with the pseudo-second-order model. This suggests that surface adsorption is the controlling step in the adsorption of 2-nitrophenol onto pine cone biomass. The analysis of diffusion processes showed that the initial rapid stage during the adsorption is due to external mass transfer processes. The adsorption experimental data also showed that pore diffusion was rate-limiting amongst the diffusion processes. Pine modification using Fenton’s reagent and 1.6-hexamethylene diisocyanate increased magnitude of kinetic and diffusion parameters. Experimental data for 2-nitrophenol adsorption onto pine and modified pine cone biomass showed better correlation with the Redlich-Peterson and Hill isotherm models and poor correlation with the Freundlich isotherm model. This suggests that the mechanism does not show complete multilayer coverage with cooperative phenomena between adsorbate molecules. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption is feasible, spontaneous, and exothermic and results in a decrease in degree of disorder at the solid/liquid interface. An increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in adsorption capacity showing that the adsorption is physical. Pine modification using Fenton’s reagent and 1.6-hexamethylene diisocyanate increased magnitude of kinetic, diffusion and isotherm parameters. The kinetic and equilibrium results show that the adsorption of 2-nitrophenol onto pine cone biomass follows the order: Fenton treated-HMDI > Fenton treated > Raw-HMDI > Raw. Hence, it can be concluded that Fenton treatment and HMDI cross-linking modification did increase the adsorptive capabilities of the pine cone biomass.
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Books on the topic "Biomass derivatives"

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Licursi, Domenico, ed. Advances in the Catalytic Conversion of Biomass Components to Ester Derivatives: Challenges and Opportunities. MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-4122-8.

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Book chapters on the topic "Biomass derivatives"

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Suflet, Dana M. "Curdlan Derivatives." In Sustainability of Biomass through Bio-based Chemistry, 263–86. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. | Series:: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429347993-10.

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Thomas, John J., and Ronald G. Barile. "Biomass Derived Levulinic Acid Derivatives and Their Use as Liquid Fuel Extenders." In Biomass Energy Development, 333–48. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0590-4_28.

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Choudhury, M. Jonayed, and G. M. Arifuzzaman Khan. "Utilization of Sawmill By-Product for Making Cellulose and Its Valuable Derivatives." In Biomass and Bioenergy, 165–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07578-5_9.

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Chin, Kit-Ling, Paik-San H’ng, and M. T. Paridah. "Unlocking the Destructive Powers of Wood-Eating Termites: From Pest to Biopolymer Derivatives Extractor." In Biomass and Bioenergy, 307–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07578-5_15.

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Manzer, Leo E. "Biomass Derivatives: A Sustainable Source of Chemicals." In ACS Symposium Series, 40–51. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2006-0921.ch004.

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Karmakar, Gobinda, Pranab Ghosh, Kirtika Kohli, Brajendra K. Sharma, and Sevim Z. Erhan. "Chemicals from Vegetable Oils, Fatty Derivatives, and Plant Biomass." In ACS Symposium Series, 1–31. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2020-1347.ch001.

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Murthy, Hosakatte Niranjana, Chun-Hua Wu, Yong-Yi Cui, and Kee-Yoeup Paek. "Production of Caffeic Acid Derivatives from Adventitious Root Cultures of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench." In Production of Biomass and Bioactive Compounds Using Bioreactor Technology, 167–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9223-3_8.

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Martín, A., M. D. Bermejo, E. Pérez, L. Quintana-Gómez, J. Queiroz, M. Andérez, J. I. del Río, and M. Chinchilla. "Chapter 24. Hydrothermal CO2 Reduction Using Metals and Biomass Derivatives as Reductants." In Green Chemistry Series, 520–43. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839167645-00520.

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Kuna, Ewelina, Ronan Behling, Sabine Valange, Gregory Chatel, and Juan Carlos Colmenares. "Sonocatalysis: A Potential Sustainable Pathway for the Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass and Derivatives." In Topics in Current Chemistry Collections, 1–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90653-9_1.

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Ashter, Syed Ali. "Direct derivatives of polymers from biomass." In Technology and Applications of Polymers Derived from Biomass, 179–91. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-51115-5.00009-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Biomass derivatives"

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HENRIQUE FREIRE ARAUJO, LUIZ, José Augusto Rosário Rodrigues, FABIO NASARIO, and Paulo José Samenho Moran. "Biotransformation of Biomass Furan Derivatives." In XXIV Congresso de Iniciação Científica da UNICAMP - 2016. Campinas - SP, Brazil: Galoa, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.19146/pibic-2016-51633.

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Xueqiong Wang, Yong Pang, Zhongjun Zhang, and Yu Yuan. "Forest aboveground biomass estimation using SPOT-5 texture indices and spectral derivatives." In IGARSS 2014 - 2014 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2014.6947065.

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DeCorso, Mario, Richard Newby, Don Anson, Richard Wenglarz, and Ian Wright. "Coal/Biomass Fuels and the Gas Turbine: Utilization of Solid Fuels and Their Derivatives." In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-076.

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This paper discusses key design and development issues in utilizing coal and other solid fuels in gas turbines. These fuels may be burned in raw form or processed to produce liquids or gases in more or less refined forms. The use of such fuels in gas turbines requires resolution of technology issues which are of little or no consequence for conventional natural gas and refined oil fuels. For coal, these issues are primarily related to the solid form in which coal is naturally found and its high ash and contaminant levels. Biomass presents another set of issues similar to those of coal. Among the key areas discussed are effects of ash and contaminant level on deposition, corrosion, and erosion of turbine hot parts, with particular emphasis on deposition effects.
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Lei, Hanwu, Shoujie Ren, James Julson, Lu Wang, Quan Bu, and Roger Ruan. "Microwave Torrefaction of Corn Stover and Tech-Economic Analysis." In ASME 2011 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2011-50230.

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Microwave torrefaction of corn stover with particle size of 4 mm was investigated and the effects of reaction temperature and time on the yields of volatile, bio-oil and torrefied biomass were determined. The response surface analysis of the central composite design (CCD) showed that the yields of volatile, bio-oil and torrefied biomass were significantly affected by the reaction temperature and time. Three linear models were developed to predict the yields of conversion products as a function of temperature and time. A first order reaction kinetics was also developed to model the corn stover torrefaction. Ph values of torrefaction bio-oils ranged from 2.3 to 2.76 which were similar to those of bio-oils from biomass pyrolysis. GC/MS analysis for torrefaction bio-oils showed that the organic acid was about 2.16% to 12.00%. The torrefaction bio-oils also contain valuable chemical compounds such as phenols, furan derivatives and aliphatic hydrocarbons determined by a GC/MS. There are no aromatic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) detected in the torrefaction bio-oils. The torrefaction biogas was mainly consisted of ch4, c2h6, c3h8, which was about 56 wt% of the total bio-gas. The biogas can be used for chemical synthesis or electricity generation. The heating values of torrefied biomass were from 18.64–22.22 MJ/kg depending on the process conditions. The heating values of torrefied biomass were significantly greater than those of raw biomass and similar to those of coals. The energy yields of torrefied biomass from 87.03–97.87% implied that most energy was retained in the torrefied biomass. Economic analysis indicated that the biomass microwave torrefaction plant located in a farm is profitable.
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Harth, Florian M., Brigita Hočevar, Blaž Likozar, and Miha Grilc. "A Novel Process to Produce Adipic Acid by Catalytic Dehydroxylation of Biomass-derived Mucic Acid." In International Conference on Technologies & Business Models for Circular Economy. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fkkt.3.2022.1.

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The heterogeneously catalyzed dehydroxylation of mucic acid to produce adipic acid, a highly relevant polymer precursor, was investigated. The use of methanol as solvent is particularly important since it not only acts as reducing agent but also protects the carboxylic acid functionality by esterification. Re/C was found a well-suited catalyst for this reaction and not only showed high activity but was also reusable with suitable reactivation procedure. Under optimized reaction conditions, 98 % of dehydroxylated products could be obtained from mucic acid. Moreover, combining Re/C with a suitable hydrogenation catalyst (e.g. Pd/C) and performing the reaction under H2 atmosphere steers the reaction towards adipic acid ester. Therefore, it could be shown that adipic acid derivatives are available from biomass-accessible mucic by this novel and renewable approach.
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Anson, Don, Mark A. Paisley, and M. A. Ratcliff. "Conditioning and Detailed Analysis of Biomass Derived Fuel Gas Ongoing and Planned Work by Battelle." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-192.

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Gas turbine based power and cogeneration schemes are likely to become more favored as turbine efficiencies improve, but the economics of local power generation may depend on the use of low cost fuels other than natural gas. Opportunities may arise in the application of gas turbines in the pulp and paper industry and the wider use of biomass derived fuels in general. These fuels, as produced, typically contain inorganic impurities originating from ash forming substances and other minor constituents of the feedstock. Also, depending on the biomass treatment process, they contain varying amounts of complex organic derivatives, commonly referred to as tars, and some simpler condensable vapors. The Department of Energy is sponsoring work aimed at providing realistic data on low level constituents and impurities in gas derived by indirect gasification of wood, some of which may have disproportionately severe effects on turbine operation, durability, and emissions performance. It is planned to sample gas from both laboratory scale (up to 20 tons/day) and pilot scale (200 tons/day) installations and to assess the effectiveness of wet scrubbing procedures and catalytic reforming of condensables in cleaning up the gases. This paper discusses the rationale for this work, experimental approach, and analytic procedures that will be used. The work will include the operation of a small (220-kWe) gas turbine to provide direct information on the impact of using the final biomass derived gas delivered by the system. The laboratory scale work is currently under way, with a planned completion date in mid 2000. The second phase is dependent on arrangements for integration of the R&D effort with the operation of the pilot plant.
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Krasnoshtanova, Alla, and Elisaveta Borovkova. "OBTAINING NUCLEIC ACID PREPARATIONS AND THEIR HYDROLYSATES FROM BIOMASS OF METHANE-OXIDIZING BACTERIA." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/14.

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"Due to the unfavourable environmental, social and economic situation, the need for the treatment of oncological diseases and diseases associated with impaired activity of the immune system is increasing. A lot of these drugs are made on the basis of nucleic acid components, the industrial production of which is practically non-existent in Russia. Therefore, a task of current interest is to develop the basis of the technology for obtaining components of nucleic acids, which can be widely used in medicine as immunomodulatory, wound-healing, antiviral, and diagnostic medicine, as well as for cancer treatment. Most of the described in literature methods of isolating nucleic acid components from plant, animal and microbial raw materials are based on the use of toxic and expensive organic solvents, that’s why it is impossible to apply these methods outside of laboratory conditions. The most promising source of raw materials for nucleic acids is the biomass of microorganisms (yeast and bacteria) from biomass, since the use of such source makes it possible to quickly obtain a large enough amount of biomass, and, consequently, a larger amount of nucleic acids. This allows obtaining DNA in addition to RNA. RNA and DNA substances can be used to obtain nucleosides and nitrogenous bases, which are also widely used in medicine. The purpose of these studies was to select the conditions for the extraction of RNA and DNA from the biomass of methane-oxidizing bacteria in one technological cycle, as well as to compare the efficiency of alkaline and acid hydrolysis of microbial RNA and DNA. The need for a two-stage extraction of nucleic acids from the biomass of methane-oxidizing bacteria in order to separately extract RNA and DNA was Substantiated. It was ascertained that at the first stage of extraction at a temperature of 90 ° C, pH 9.0 for 90 min, at least 85% of RNA is extracted. After the separation of the extract by centrifugation, the partially denuclearized biomass must be re-processed under the same conditions in order to extract DNA by at least 83%. The modes of concentration of RNA and DNA solutions by ultrafiltration were selected. It was found that in order to achieve effective deposition of nucleic acids at the isoelectric point, the concentration of the RNA solution must be carried out on the UPM-10 membrane at the concentration degree of 7, and the DNA solution on the UPM-100 membrane at the concentration degree 6. The dynamics of decomposition of nucleic-protein complexes in the medium of monoammonium phosphate was investigated. It was shown that the transition of NA into solution by at least 80% is achieved at a monoammonium phosphate concentration of 1.7 M, a temperature of 55 ° C for 90 min. The use of 5-fold washing of oligonucleotide substances with acidified water (pH 2.0) to remove excess mineral impurities was substantiated. А comparative assessment of acid and alkaline hydrolysis of RNA and DNA was carried out in order to obtain derivatives of nucleic acids."
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Moritz, Robert R. "Near Term Gas Turbine Program to Enable the Use of “Renewable” Fuels." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-271.

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To be suitable for gas turbine use, renewable energy resources are typically processed to produce a cleaned gaseous fuel which tends to be of low energy density relative to natural gas. Depending on the process and source, the derived fuel gas may also contain a large fraction of Hydrogen. Such gases may require enrichment to permit stable combustion and also carry some hazard of flashback due to the Hydrogen content. Previous experience also suggests that even small traces of ash which could be carried through the gas cleaning have the potential to cause airfoil fouling. Allison Engine Company produces engines for electric power generation in the range up to 7 MW and expects to offer derivatives up to 12 MW by the year 2000. Two series of engines are involved, offering different virtues and challenges in renewable fuels use. It is planned to extend the range of renewable fuels utilized by all these engines by carrying out a rig and engine demonstration program. A major goal is to operate a gas turbine using the product gas from a high quality biomass gasifier.
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Kwon, Eilhann, Kelly J. Westby, and Marco J. Castaldi. "An Investigation Into the Syngas Production From Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Gasification Under Various Pressures and CO2 Concentration Atmospheres." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2351.

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The Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) gasification process is a promising candidate for both MSW disposal and syngas production. The MSW gasification process has been characterized thermo-gravimetrically under various experimental atmospheres in order to understand syngas production and char burnout. This preliminary data shows that with any concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere the residual char is reduced about 20% of the original mass (in an inert atmosphere) to about 5%, corresponding to a significant amount of carbon monoxide production (0.7% of CO was produced from a 20mg sample with 100ml/min of purge gas at 825°C). Two main steps of thermal degradation have been observed. The first thermal degradation step occurs at temperatures between 280∼350°C and consists mainly of the decomposition of the biomass component into light C1–3-hydrocarbons. The second thermal degradation step occurs between 380∼450°C and is mainly attributed to polymer components, such as plastics and rubber, in MSW. The polymer component in MSW gave off significant amount of benzene derivatives such as styrene. In order to identify the optimal operating regime for MSW gasification, a series of tests covering a range of temperatures (280∼700°C), pressures (30∼45 Bar), and atmospheres (100% N2, 0∼20%CO2+Bal. N2 with/without steam) have been done and the results are presented here.
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Cavarzere, A., M. Morini, M. Pinelli, P. R. Spina, A. Vaccari, and M. Venturini. "Fuelling Micro Gas Turbines With Vegetable Oils: Part I — Straight and Blended Vegetable Oil Properties." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68238.

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Current energy policies tend to encourage the production of renewable energy for environmental reasons and energy independence. Among renewable sources, biomass can play a key role, because of economic, environmental and political factors, such as the need to diversify and improve energy supply, reduce the greenhouse effect and support rural areas. For the case of liquid biofuels derived from agricultural crops, several possibilities can be considered, such as straight vegetable oil (SVO), oil-derived esters, bioethanol or blends with conventional fuels (diesel or gasoline). The use of SVOs and their derivatives usually poses some problems, that essentially derive from their much higher viscosity and higher boiling temperature. In order to evaluate the technical feasibility of the use of SVOs within gas turbine combustors, this paper reports the results of the experimental characterization of different vegetable oils, derived from dedicated crops. Moreover, blends composed of diesel and vegetable oil in different concentrations (from pure diesel to pure vegetable oil) are also considered and their experimental characterization is also reported, with particular focus on blend viscosity. The considered vegetable oils were obtained from different types of oilseeds (rapeseed, sunflower, soybean) and were cultivated under different agronomic scenarios. The SVO properties determined experimentally are SVO elemental composition, lower heating value, density, specific heat and viscosity, for which this paper provides a practical overview, coming both from experiments and literature data.
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Reports on the topic "Biomass derivatives"

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Silks, III, Louis A. Catalytic Routes for the Conversion of Biomass Derivatives to Hydrocarbons and/or Platform Chemicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1223183.

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