Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biomarqueurs environnementaux'
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Peyre-Teisseire, Ludovic. "Mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires de la transition epithelio-mesenchymateuse au niveau hépatique : effets des contaminants environnementaux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4304/document.
Full textThe epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that occurs during the early (fibrosis) and late (metastases) stages of carcinogenesis. It is defined as the loss of epithelial characteristics such as cell adherent junctions and the gain of mesenchymal properties, thereby conferring to cells the ability to migrate and invade. Our objectives were to identify and characterize, in hepatic cells, EMT biomarkers that could reliably predict pro-tumoral effects of environmental chemical contaminants. We first characterized the cellular and molecular events that occur in response to EMT inducers, such as TPA on cell line HepG2 and TGFβ on human hepatocytes in primary culture. Then, using an innovative technology capable of measuring real time cellular impedance alongside other biomarkers of such as apoptosis and the cell cycle, we estimated the impact of pesticides on EMT and assessed their carcinogenic potential on liver
Louzon, Maxime. "Développement d’indicateurs chimiques et biologiques pour l’évaluation des risques environnementaux des sites et sols contaminés." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCD040.
Full textIn the context of the sustainable management of polluted sites and soils, the overall objective of this thesis was to improve environmental (ERA) and human health (HHRA) risk assessments.Threshold guide values (TGV) were determined ex situ in the land snail for metal(loid)s, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) as well as global indicators, such as ex situ indices of sum of excess transfer (GSET) and ecotoxicological risk (GERITOXE). These indicators were applied to 68 various contaminated soils and showed that it is not necessarily the most contaminated soils that present the highest risk. In addition, it was highlighted that excess metal(loid) transfers to snail are, unlike non-anomalous transfers from the soil geochemical background, more influenced by the total concentration than by the physico-chemical properties of the soils. Beyond these influences, the question also arose of the influence of site specificities on the bioavailability of contaminants to the snail. This was investigated in an inter-laboratory test leading to the standardization of the in situ and ex situ approaches (ISO 24032). It was evidenced that transfers are generally higher ex situ than in situ, except for few metals (e.g., Cd and Mo). This enable to discern the respective interests of in situ and ex situ ERA methods and the answers obtained according to scientific questions and management perspectives. The relationships between bioavailable concentrations and specific ecotoxicological effects for the snail were studied at different levels of organization (life history traits and genomic stability) to refine the interpretation of the global indicators developed. The relevance of the coupling of the micronucleus assay with the random amplification technique of polymorphic DNA for the assessment of genotoxicity in hemocytes was demonstrated. The study of telomere dynamics in the land snail has been developed and has revealed novel patterns. A strong telomere attrition during growth from the juvenile to the sub-adult stage was characterized, followed by a maintenance of telomere length during adult life. Although genotoxic damage has been identified and associated with health alterations to snails exposed to metal- and PAH-contaminated soils, their telomeres are not shortened in hemocytes. In the context of the applicability of the One health initiative to the management of polluted sites and soils considering both human and environmental health, the study of exposures with the relationships between bioaccessibility to humans and bioavailability to the snails of As, Cd and Pb in contaminated soils revealed strong convergences. Concerning the links between risk levels, it was shown that soils identified as "at risk" for human health could present a low or even absence of transfer of contaminants to snails and therefore an absence of environmental risk, offering alternative management perspectives.In conclusion, the results obtained pave the way towards the research of fundamental relationships between environmental and toxicological bioavailability at different levels of biological organization and the identification of the respective interests of field and laboratory approaches in risk assessments in relation to management issues. Approaches to combine environmental and health assessment methodologies are proposed in the aim to better manage environmental pollutions. Finally, the indicators developed within the framework of this thesis strengthen the positioning of targeted chemical and biological characterization tools at the site scale
Kamel, Naouel. "Effets combinés des facteurs environnementaux et des polluants chimiques chez la moule Mytilus galloprovincialis : harmonisation des biomarqueurs d’exposition suivant lesrecommandations OSPAR et MEDPOL." Nantes, 2014. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=a3c3b77f-66c2-4c24-8210-2922f440eca3.
Full textThe assessment of the environmental quality of aquatic ecosystem used an integrated approach of chemistry and biology. The influence of temperature on the Response of biomarkers has been studied in experimental conditions on mussels from the Bizerte lagoon exposed to Benzo [a] pyrene. In situ experiments have allowed us to track changes in biochemical and physiological mechanisms in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from two little and heavily contaminated Bizerte lagoon sites. Spatial and seasonal variations in a battery of biomarkers were analyzed in relation to environmental parameters. Approach coupling interactions between abiotic and biotic factors in space and time identified the rise in temperature in summer and effort laying the greatest impact as parameters of metabolic adaptive response. The metabolic response of adaptation is based on an monthly monitoring for two seasonal cycles, a battery of effect and exposure biomarkers (benzopyrene hydroxylase, glutathione Stransferase, multxenobiotics resistance, the acetylcholinesterase, catalase, malondialdehyde, the stability of lysosomal membranes and DNA strand breaks (Comet assay)) and physiological markers (condition and gonadic indices) on two sites and some highly contaminated by heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorobyphenils. The monthly survey of two seasonal cycles also allowed (1) to apply the biological response index (IBR : integrated biological response) for an integrated interpretation of biomarkers for chronic exposure and (2) to propose thresholds no effect (BAC : background assessment criteria ) and thresholds with effects of chemical contaminants (EAC : Environment assessment criteria ) with the aim of standardizing the interpretation of biomarkers in monitoring a Mediterranean lagoon in northern Tunisia
Ferrat, Lila. "Réactions de la Magnoliophyta Marine Posidonia Oceanica en réponse à des stress environnementaux." Corte, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CORT3063.
Full textVidal-Dupiol, Jérémie. "Stress environnementaux chez le corail scléractiniaire Pocillopora damicornis : du modèle expérimental à l'identification de marqueurs fonctionnels du stress." Phd thesis, Ecole pratique des hautes études - EPHE PARIS, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00608572.
Full textPerrat, Emilie. "Impacts environnementaux des agents de contraste à base de Gadolinium : situation locale, approche cellulaire et in vivo." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0370/document.
Full textThe increasing use of Gadolinium-based Contrast Agents (Gd-CA) for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) results in their rejection in Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs). Due to the lack of specific recycling process in European WWTPs, these pharmaceutical produces enter the aquatic environment from river to tap water. The effects of Gd-CA in aquatic media have been not studied yet. The lack of knowledge about these effects highlighted the need to study their environmental impacts on aquatic organisms. In this context, we decided to measure anthropogenic concentrations of Gd in the aquatic environment in the Lorraine region (France) closed to WWTPs outputs and catchment areas used for drinking water. Our measurements underlined the presence of anthropogenic Gd on all the collected samples at concentrations ranging from few ng/L to several dozen of µg/L. In this research we focused on the effects of the most frequently used Gd-CA, the gadoteric acid (Gd-DOTA - Dotarem®) which is also the most stable one. Several representative species of aquatic environment were selected for ecotoxicological assays: i.e. unicellular green microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), microcrustacean (Daphnia magna) and aquatic vertebrate (Danio rerio). Assays were conducted in laboratory under controlled conditions as well as in situ. Gd-DOTA accumulation was measured in the tissues of the different organisms. Environmental realistic concentrations of Gd-CA were used to assess their effects at the individual level by means of growth, reproduction and mortality measurements. The Gd-DOTA accumulation was also measured in bivalves’ tissues (Corbicula fluminea and Dresseina rostriformis bugensis) and compared to Gd ones in situ in these organisms. Physiological responses were assessed based on a battery of 11 complementary biomarkers measured in the digestive gland and in the gills of both bivalve species. At cellular level, the effects of Gd-DOTA were studied in vitro on D. rerio fibroblasts (ZF4 – ATCC-2050). Indirect ecotoxicological effects of Gd-CA and of Gd-DOTA especially have been highlighted at all biological levels. Accumulation of Gd-DOTA was observed in bivalves only, but defense systems were mobilized in all organisms to limit toxicity. Our results demonstrated that following both research on ecotoxicological effects of the Gd-CA and evolution of their concentrations in aquatic ecosystem are necessary to assess more precisely their environmental risk and to propose solutions for their environmental management
Halse, Héloïse. "The Immunopathology of Primary and Metastatic tumors of the Liver." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASL126.
Full textAnti-cancer immunotherapy can be highly effective for certain patients, but its success depends on the affected organ. Individuals with primary liver cancer or liver metastases from colorectal cancer often have limited responses to immunotherapy. This is largely due to the immune environment within the liver. In this study, we examined how immune cells, particularly mast cells and neutrophils, impact outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer liver metastasis. We found that an increased presence of mast cells in tumors was associated with better outcomes for patients, while the presence of neutrophils was linked to a less favorable outcome. Furthermore, in the case of early-stage liver cancer, we discovered that patients could be grouped into different immune profiles, which could help personalize treatment. In summary, this study highlights the importance of understanding how the immune system reacts in the liver to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy for liver cancer and colorectal cancer. This information could also assist in identifying new therapeutic targets to improve treatments and patient survival in the future
Malagnoux, Laure. "Evaluation des impacts environnementaux liés aux pratiques phytosanitaires en vergers de pommiers : approches écotoxicologique et écologique utilisant un auxiliaire des cultures, le forficule." Thesis, Avignon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AVIG0331/document.
Full textIn the European context which aims at reducing risk and uses of pesticides, the development of tools to evaluate environmental impacts is a major focus. This thesis uses ecotoxicological and ecological approaches, from tissue level to population level. The model species is a generalist predator, the earwig, and the study site is apple orchards in Southeastern France. Pesticides expositions were tested both in laboratory or real conditions (in orchards). Lab studies allowed us to characterize and investigate the tissular distribution of B-esterases (AChE and CbE) of Forficula auricularia and to study its predatory behavior on the aphid Dysaphis plantaginea after exposure. CbE were more sensitive than AChE and males B-esterases were more sensitive than females ones to organophosphorus pesticides. The overall results allowed us to validate the use of B-esterases as biochemical biomarkers on F. auricularia. The predation behavior of F. auricularia was impacted by some insecticides with males more sensitive than females. The behavior results were supported by inhibition of biochemical biomarkers (B-esterases) validating predation behavior as a new biomarker. Taking into account the individual level, the reproduction and development of first larval stages were carried out thanks to a breeding set up with earwigs trapped in orchards conducted under different pest management (organic, integrated and conventional management). Eggs number by clutch was reduced and clutch date was delayed for earwigs trapped in orchards conducted under conventional agriculture. To assess the impact of pesticides on population level, the abundance and diversity of earwig (F. auricularia and F. pubescens) were carried out in different orchard management considering small-scale landscape parameters. Pesticide use had clearly much higher effects on earwig abundances and diversity than landscape characteristics. F. pubescens was more sensitive than F. auricularia, with the same sensitivity difference between sex on both species (males more sensitive) making earwigs a relevant bioindicator species of pesticides use in apple orchards. This study enhances the need of complementary biomarkers able to highlight physiological and behavioral modifications which influence natural enemy populations and the natural regulation of pests
Bachelet, Delphine. "Biomarqueurs d'exposition aux composés organochlorés et risque de cancer du sein : analyse de l'étude cas-témoins en population générale CECILE basée sur l'utilisation de modèles pharmacocinétiques." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00807245.
Full textLuna, Acosta Andrea. "Les phénoloxydases chez l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas : biomarqueurs potentiels de stress environnemental." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00567216.
Full textLuna, Acosta Andrea. "Les phénoloxydases chez l’huître creuse Crassostrea gigas : biomarqueurs potentiels de stress environnemental." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LAROS313/document.
Full textThe Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is the leading aquaculture product at the worldwide level. However, massive summer mortalities affect dramatically cultivated and natural oyster populations, especially at young life stages. These events could be linked to an unbalance between the different actors of the triad host – pathogen agent – environment, which could favour a weakening of defence mechanisms in the host, and consequently, the emergence and/or increase of diseases. Among environmental factors that could contribute to this unbalance, chemical contaminants are known to modulate defence capacities in different aquatic organisms. Phenoloxidases (POs) are the key enzymes of a biochemical cascade responsible for the production of melanin and are implicated in immune defences and in self/non-self recognition in invertebrates.Recently, a PO-like activity was detected in C. gigas, and was suggested as a potential biomarker of chemical contamination. However, little is known on the different PO activities present in C. gigas, and on their implication indefence mechanisms in this species. In this general context, the aims of this work were to 1) identify the different types of PO present in different tissues of C. gigas 2) evaluate their potential as biomarkers in experiments of in vivo exposure to organic contaminants, 3) evaluate their potential as biomarkers in in situ biomonitoring studies. We showed, for the first time in this species, the existence of two PO-type activities: a catecholase activity and a laccase activity. Moreover, we observed an in vitro bactericidal effect associated to PO activities against two oyster pathogens, Vibrio splendidus and V.aesturianus, which have often been associated to massive summer mortalities in oysters. Finally, based on a multiple biomarkeranalysis in different tissues of C. gigas, results suggest that POs could be used as biomarkers of environmental stress, rather than of contamination, for biomonitoring studies in coasts and estuaries
Davtian, Nina. "Variabilité climatique et environnementale du dernier cycle glaciaire en Méditerranée occidentale : apports des nouveaux biomarqueurs organiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0025.
Full textThe aim of my PhD is to better understand the genesis of signals based on archaeal and bacterial membrane lipids, tetraethers, in coastal marine environments by studying two adjacent sedimentary archives taken from the Gulf of Lions and covering the last glacial cycle. These archives were taken from the relatively shallow upper continental slope, which receives substantial terrigenous inputs during glacial periods. The study site thus has accumulation rates of about one meter per thousand years during glacial periods, which allows me to study the abrupt variability of Quaternary climates in addition to their longer-term variability. First, I have considerably improved the analysis of tetraethers, by adopting a new method for isomer separation and by optimizing the analytical instrument and signal detection. Second, I have tested a novel oceanic paleothermometer based on hydroxylated tetraethers (RI-OH index) for the first time in the western Mediterranean Sea. Third, I have studied the origins of tetraethers and their responses to sea level variations. The novel oceanic paleothermometer gives particularly encouraging results despite terrigenous inputs. However, bacterial tetraethers have mixed origins and complex, non linear responses to sea level variations. Possible explanations include the complex sedimentary dynamics of the Gulf of Lions and biases in tetraether-based signals
Leclerc, Annouck. "Faisabilité d'un test de biodiagnostic environnemental basé sur l'utilisation d'un biomarqueur moléculaire de toxicité chez le protozoaire cilié Tetrahymena pyriformis." Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EMSEA003.
Full textThe detection of toxic chemicals constitutes a major stake to reach a good chemical and ecological state of environmental water. Our project aims to exploit the sensitivity of a cellular model to detect in an early and reliable way the presence of cytotoxic concentrations of pollutants. The feasibility of an environmental test, based on the induction of the Metallothionein gene as a molecular toxicity biomarker, was investigated in the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis. The expression of the MT gene was analysed by RT-PCR to check the relevance of this gene as a molecular biomarker of toxicity. Four dangerous pollutants were tested: cadmium, mercury, the nonyl- and the octyl-phenol. Among technologies transposable in the field, genetically transformed organisms constitute powerfull tools to detect weak concentrations of chemicals in the water. We aim to develop T. Pyriformis cells transformed with a constitutive or pollutants-inducible construction. The region of the histone H4I gene was cloned, and the region of the MT gene has to be cloned to develop transgenic cells able to inform about weak concentrations of pollutants in the environmental water
Amat-Bronnert, Agnès. "Utilisation et validation des adduits à l'ADN comme biomarqueurs pour le suivi d'une pollution environnementale : Cas de la marée noire de l'Erika (Décembre 1999, France)." Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPT003A.
Full textMilinkovitch, Thomas. "Stratégie de lutte contre les catastrophes pétrolières et risque environnemental associé : évaluation de la toxicité d'un dispersant en milieu côtier chez Liza sp." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00589750.
Full textLichtfouse, Eric. "Fossiles moléculaires d'intérêt microbiologique, pétrolier, agronomique et environnemental." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00173971.
Full textPhilippat, Claire. "Utilisation des biomarqueurs d'exposition en épidémiologie environnementale : application à l'étude des effets des expositions intra-utérines aux phénols et au phtalates sur la croissance pré-et post-natale." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENS014/document.
Full textBackground: Phthalates and phenols belong to the family of short half-life endocrine disruptors. Data regarding their effects on fetal and early post-natal growth in Human are sparse and suggest a sex-specific effect of some phenols on birth weight. One of the limitations of these studies is exposure assessment usually based on the measurement of their concentrations in a small number of maternal urine samples collected during pregnancy. Because of their low persistence in the organisms and the likely episodic nature of the exposures, urinary concentrations of these chemicals are likely to vary. Chemical concentrations measured in alternative matrix, such as amniotic fluid, might be a relevant dosimeter of fetal exposure.Objectives: Objectives of the thesis were: to study the potential effects of prenatal exposures to phenols and phthalates on pre- and early post-natal growth; to characterize variability in maternal urine concentrations of phenols throughout pregnancy and to compare phenol concentrations in amniotic fluid to those measured in maternal urine collected same day; to characterize the impact of increasing the number of measurements to estimate exposure on bias and statistical power of epidemiological studies.Methods: Associations between phenols, phthalates and growth were studied among a subsample of pregnant women of the French EDEN cohort delivered boys (n =520). We measured fetal growth with ultrasound (three times during pregnancy) and birth measurements. We used standardized measures acquired between birth and 3 years of age to model postnatal growth. We measured biomarkers of phthalates and phenols in maternal urines collected once during pregnancy: 191 women were assessed in 2008 and 410 other women in 2012 (ntot = 601). Variability in phenol urine concentrations and relationship between concentrations measured in amniotic fluid and maternal urine collected on the same day were studied among 71 pregnant women presenting for an amniocentesis at the Mount Sinai Medical Center (NY, USA). Maternal urine was collected at the time of the amniocentesis appointment, and on two subsequent occasions. Urine and amniotic fluid were analyzed for nine phenols.The study aiming at characterizing bias was based on simulated data. Results: Among the subsample of 191 pregnant women from the EDEN cohort, we observed a negative association between dichlorophenols and birth weight and a positive association between benzophenone-3 and birth weight. The associations with dichlorophenols were not replicated in the larger subsample of the EDEN cohort (n = 520). Triclosan concentration was negatively associated with all of the growth parameters measured at the third ultrasound examination (p ≤ 0.16) and with head circumference measured at birth (β = - 1.4 mm, 95% CI; -2.8; 0.0). All of the parabens were positively associated with weight at birth (p < 0.05). These associations remained in childhood for methyl- and propyl-parabens. Regarding the variability in phenol urinary concentrations during pregnancy, the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranged between 0.48 and 0.62 for all phenols except bisphenol A (ICC = 0.11). Only benzophenone-3 and propylparaben were detectable in at least half of the amniotic fluid samples; for these phenols, concentrations in maternal urine and amniotic fluid were positively associated. In a simulation study, we estimated that 5 samples will be needed to correctly estimate exposure to chemicals with ICC of 0.6, while for chemicals with ICC of 0.15 around 25 samples would be needed.Conclusion: We only had spot urine sample to assess exposure in the EDEN cohort and findings may be affected by exposure misclassification, especially for bisphenol A for which we observed high variability in urine concentrations. Nevertheless, our study lends support to a potential effect of prenatal exposure to some phenols on pre- and early post-natal growth
Breitwieser, Marine. "Développement d’outils pour l’évaluation d’une contamination chimique chronique : un enjeu pour la veille environnementale en milieu littoral." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS012.
Full textThe coastline faces chronic chemical contamination due to numerous toxic pollutants (residues of pesticides and medicines, heavy metals, etc.) causing public health issues and environmental degradation. Whereas some contaminants are efficacious at low doses, others lead to dangerous cocktail effects on organisms. The main contaminants are assayed regularly among strategic stages linked to water resource. There is a particular focus on supply and food. Nonetheless, due to the proliferation of contaminants released in the environment, there is no effective monitoring system taking the real extent of the problem into consideration. Moreover, unlike existing methods for humans, there is no finalised or standardised approach to assessing the health of state of aquatic invertebrates, while they represent more than 95% of the biodiversity. The purpose of this thesis work involving interdisciplinary research was to evaluate the pollution impacts on the coastline species (coastal fringe and port areas). A first part of the study aimed at designing effective methods of contamination assessment on bivalves by organic and inorganic pollutants (ecotoxicology). Another part focused on analysing biological effects of pollutants by developing a joint use of several biomarkers (ecophysiology). Thus, like work carried out by public health, this thesis project defined for the first time several analytical and statistical steps on monitoring the state of health of marine organisms and the water quality in coastal areas
Marchand, Adrien. "Pertinence écologique des biomarqueurs d'immunotoxicité en surveillance environnementale . Evaluation of chlorpyrifos effects, alone and combined with lipopolysaccharide stress, on DNA integrity and immune responses of three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS049.
Full textThe natural variability of cellular innate immunomarkers in a model species in ecotoxicology, the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus was studied in order to determine immunomarker reference values useful for passive biomonitoring Thus, effects of three confounding factors, sampling period, sex, and fish body size, were investigated in controlled laboratory conditions. This first phase enabled the construction of a mathematical model that predicts immunomarker mean values in function of the three considered confounding factors, along with a range of reference values in laboratory conditions. To be used for biomonitoring, it is important to know if the laboratory model is correctly predicting other conditions. Therefore, laboratory reference ranges were compared to data obtained from fish sampled in semi-natural conditions (mesocosm conditions) and fish sampled in natural conditions, in one uncontaminated site (field condition). Results of this comparison allowed to construct a predictive model of the natural variations of immunomarker values in each experimental condition. Tested in a biomonitoring context, the use of field reference range allowed to i) discriminate between contaminated and uncontaminated sites and ii) identify false positives that are due to the morphological heterogeneity of fish sampled in the different sites
Milinkovitch, Thomas. "Stratégie de lutte contre les catastrophes pétrolières et risque environnemental associé : évaluation de la toxicité d’un dispersant en milieu côtier chez Liza sp." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LAROS322/document.
Full textDispersant application is an oil spill response technique which accelerates the dispersion of petroleum from the sea surface into the water column by inducing the formation of oil droplets. In coastal areas this response technique is controversial since the low water depth reduces the dissemination of oil droplets and by the way increases the exposure of aquatic ecosystems to petroleum. To evaluate the toxicity of dispersant application in nearshore areas, an experimental approach was conducted. Juvenile of Liza sp. were exposed to three scenarios of contamination: (i) to chemically dispersed oil - simulating, in vivo, dispersant application ; (ii) to mechanically dispersed oil - simulating, in vivo, natural dispersion due to meteorological conditions ; (iii) to an undispersed oil slick simulating, in vivo, oil slick confinement as a response technique. Toxicity of each condition of exposure was evaluated through the mortality upon a group of individuals, through the swimming performance and the metabolic scope at the organism level, and through the measurement of biomarkers at the organ level.Comparison between an undispersed oil slick and a chemically dispersed oil slick shows that dispersant application induces an increase of the mortality and decreases the ability of the animal to cope with environmental contaminants (deduced from gill and liver total glutathione rate). Conversely, comparison between both a mechanically and a chemically dispersed oil slick, suggests that, when sea water is under mixing processes, dispersant application does not enhance petroleum toxicity. Taken together these results suggest that (i) an oil slick must not be dispersed when recovery can be conducted; (ii) dispersant application could be considered as a response technique when meteorological conditions are appropriated
Erraud, Alexandre. "Développement d’un biomarqueur de qualité spermatique chez deux espèces de crevettes Palaemonidae : état des lieux le long du continuum estuaire / littoral de la Seine." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMLH12/document.
Full textThe environment shapes the reproduction's strategy and performance of a population, influencing its fitness and a fortiori its survival. Therefore, biomarkers that alter reproductive functions represent a great interest in ecotoxicology. The reduction of male fertility in wildlife can represent a threat to the population's survival. Moreover, fcw methodologies are available for species that are relevant to address this issue on envimnmental biomonitoring programs, especially for crustaceans, despite their representativeness in the wildlife and their essential functions within ecosysterns. The present work aimed to propose methodologies based on the measurement of functionality and integrity spermatic biomarkers on Palaemonidae shrimps. We studied two species, an estuarine, Palaemon longirostris, and a coastal species. Palaemon serratus. due to their complementaiity on the continuum estuary-littoral ecosystem. Howevcr, crustaceans' sperm has many structuraI and functional characteristics, the number of transposable markers is limited. Thereafter, the research effort was refocused on the measurement of the DNA integrity and this inethod was evaluated for its adequacy for a biomonitoring study. We optitrtized and validate the Cornet assay for the Palaemonidae species, and the dynamic of the biological response in ternis of appearances, persistence, and possible effects on fitness was evaluated under controlled conditions in the laboratoiy. Furthermore, ex-vivo and in-vivo exposures were conducted using genotoxic models with different modes of action. On the one hand, results attested to the sensibility, the reproducibility and the integrating character of the response, on the other hand, no correlation between damaged sperm DNA and an altération of the pre-hatch stage of development was established. In paralIel, an in-situ approach was conducted to characterize the baseline level of the measured response, taking into consideration the specific constraints of each species' habitat. We were able to define a common baseline level and a threshold value for both species, highlighting the potential of the tool for inter-species transferability. This method was tested with native populations from the estuary and from the Seine Bay in 2015 and 20] 6. And, the results proved to be consistent with the contamination pressure and the hydro-sedimentary dynamics of the Seine Bay. Ultimately, the DNA integrity of sperm in Palaemonidae seems to be functional for in-situ deploytnents as a biomarker of exposure to genotoxic stress. Nevertheless, future studies should be conducted (1) to botter discern the implications of this spermatic damage on the recruitment of new cohorts and, (2) to test the transferability of the methodology to other shrimp species and on a wider geographical scale
Bitar, Tania. "Etude épidémiologique, génétique et métabolomique des Troubles du Spectre Autistique au Liban." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR3307/document.
Full textThe etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is multifactorial involving a strong genetic component as well as environmental factors. To date, there is no biomarker facilitating early diagnosis of ASD to improve patient management and outcomes. In addition, the physiopathological mechanisms are still poorly understood. Most studies on ASD have been conducted in Western populations. Thus, we wanted to study a group of Lebanese patients with ASD. Our objectives focus around three aspects: 1) The identification of environmental risk factors in order to better understand the pathology. The results of this study showed that several factors such as consanguinity, stress during pregnancy and prematurity appear to be risk factors. 2) The identification of structural variations in the genome of children with ASD in order to evaluate the contribution of CNV by high resolution CGH array approach. This study allowed us to identify new genes in ASD as well as to confirm the presence of regions and genes already cited in previous ASD studies. 3) The identification of metabolites and associated metabolic pathways to provide biomarkers for early diagnosis and to better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. New metabolites have been identified and we have confirmed variations already mentioned in the literature concerning certain metabolites that could represent robust markers of the disease
Fritsch, Clémentine. "UTILISATION INTEGREE DE BIOINDICATEURS POUR LA SURVEILLANCE DES SOLS ET DES ECOSYSTEMES TERRESTRES." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00524516.
Full textTzekova, Adela. "Les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, des biomarqueurs d'exposition à la mesure de la charge électrophile tissulaire." Thèse, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15025.
Full textBélanger, Émilie. "Utilisation des biomarqueurs de la lignine comme traceurs de l'impact de l'occupation du territoire sur les transferts de matière organique terrigène entre les milieux terrestres et aquatiques en région tropicale." Mémoire, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5105/1/M12529.pdf.
Full textFortin, Marie-Chantale. "Développement, application et validation d’une nouvelle stratégie de mesure des indicateurs biologiques de l’exposition aux pyréthrinoïdes et aux pyréthrines chez l’humain." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3044.
Full textPyrethroids and pyrethrins are neurotoxic insecticides also considered to have negative effects on the immune, endocrine and reproductive systems. They are abundantly used for agricultural and horticultural purposes, for pest control and to treat human and animal parasitic infestations (scabies, lice). Consequently, there is in environmental health an interest in evaluating the extent of human exposure to these pesticides. The measurement of pyrethroid and pyrethrin metabolites in urine seems to be the best approach because it provides in theory a global depiction of the exposure. Because of it straightforwardness, it is common practice to use the biomarkers volume-weighted or creatinine-adjusted concentrations in spot urine samples, however the validity of daily doses estimates derived from these units has yet to be assessed. The main goal of this research was to develop, apply and validate a new approach to the measurement and analysis of biomarkers to improve the precision and the reliability of estimates of pyrethroid and pyrethrin exposure at the individual and population levels. The specific objectives were: i) to characterize human exposure to these contaminants in urban and rural populations in Quebec and ii) to assess the validity of this new strategy of measurement and analysis of urinary biomarkers with the biological monitoring strategies generally used to assess individual and population pyrethroid exposure and absorbed doses. Adults and children recruited in the population of the Island of Montreal and of Monteregie collected their urines for at least twelve hours and filled a questionnaire about their potential sources of exposure. The amounts of pyrethroid and pyrethrin metabolites measured in urine (pmol) were adjusted to a fixed twelve hour period and for the body weight. The amounts excreted in the urban area were compared to those from the rural area and individual and population data were compared to those that would have been obtained if volume-weighted or creatinine-adjusted concentrations would have been used. Results show that exposure to these pesticides is very common, with more than 90% of the participants excreting the main pyrethroid and pyrethrin metabolites above the analytical limit of detection. These results also suggest that the diet could be the main contributor to this base level because the other known sources of exposure were rarely reported. In the province of Quebec, the exposure in a rural area seemed slightly more important than in an urban area and some exposure factors, like the use of household pesticides, were reported more frequently in rural area. Finally, it was shown that the measurement of volume-weighted or creatinine-adjusted concentrations is an approach that can lead to an important bias (an error of up to 500% and more) especially for the assessment of individual exposure. It becomes obvious that public health and environmental health authorities using urinary biomarkers to assess pyrethroid and pyrethrin exposure (or other compounds with similar half-lives) should focus their efforts on measuring the amounts excreted during a period of at least twelve hours to obtain the best picture of the exposure. It would also be pertinent to increase the knowledge of the toxicokinetic behaviour of these compounds in humans in order to establish with greater confidence the relation between the excreted amounts and the absorbed doses of these contaminants.