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1
Fakayode, Olayemi J., Ncediwe Tsolekile, Sandile P. Songca, and Oluwatobi S. Oluwafemi. "Applications of functionalized nanomaterials in photodynamic therapy." Biophysical Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12551-017-0383-2.
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Guan, Guijian, and Ming‐Yong Han. "Functionalized Hybridization of 2D Nanomaterials." Advanced Science 6, no. 23 (October 14, 2019): 1901837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.201901837.
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Sharma, Horrick, and Somrita Mondal. "Functionalized Graphene Oxide for Chemotherapeutic Drug Delivery and Cancer Treatment: A Promising Material in Nanomedicine." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (August 30, 2020): 6280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176280.
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The usage of nanomaterials for cancer treatment has been a popular research focus over the past decade. Nanomaterials, including polymeric nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles, semiconductor quantum dots, and carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene oxide (GO), have been used for cancer cell imaging, chemotherapeutic drug targeting, chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, and photodynamic therapy. In this review, we discuss the concept of targeted nanoparticles in cancer therapy and summarize the in vivo biocompatibility of graphene-based nanomaterials. Specifically, we discuss in detail the chemistry and properties of GO and provide a comprehensive review of functionalized GO and GO–metal nanoparticle composites in nanomedicine involving anticancer drug delivery and cancer treatment.
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Liu, Yangkun, Gongmeiyue Su, Ruoyao Zhang, Rongji Dai, and Zhao Li. "Nanomaterials-Functionalized Hydrogels for the Treatment of Cutaneous Wounds." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 25, 2022): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010336.
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Hydrogels have been utilized extensively in the field of cutaneous wound treatment. The introduction of nanomaterials (NMs), which are a big category of materials with diverse functionalities, can endow the hydrogels with additional and multiple functions to meet the demand for a comprehensive performance in wound dressings. Therefore, NMs-functionalized hydrogels (NMFHs) as wound dressings have drawn intensive attention recently. Herein, an overview of reports about NMFHs for the treatment of cutaneous wounds in the past five years is provided. Firstly, fabrication strategies, which are mainly divided into physical embedding and chemical synthesis of the NMFHs, are summarized and illustrated. Then, functions of the NMFHs brought by the NMs are reviewed, including hemostasis, antimicrobial activity, conductivity, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and stimulus responsiveness (pH responsiveness, photo-responsiveness, and magnetic responsiveness). Finally, current challenges and future perspectives in this field are discussed with the hope of inspiring additional ideas.
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Alshamrani, Meshal. "Broad-Spectrum Theranostics and Biomedical Application of Functionalized Nanomaterials." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061221.
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Nanotechnology is an important branch of science in therapies known as “nanomedicine” and is the junction of various fields such as material science, chemistry, biology, physics, and optics. Nanomaterials are in the range between 1 and 100 nm in size and provide a large surface area to volume ratio; thus, they can be used for various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, bacterial infections, and diabetes. Nanoparticles play a crucial role in therapy as they can enhance the accumulation and release of pharmacological agents, improve targeted delivery and ultimately decrease the intensity of drug side effects. In this review, we discussthe types of nanomaterials that have various biomedical applications. Biomolecules that are often conjugated with nanoparticles are proteins, peptides, DNA, and lipids, which can enhance biocompatibility, stability, and solubility. In this review, we focus on bioconjugation and nanoparticles and also discuss different types of nanoparticles including micelles, liposomes, carbon nanotubes, nanospheres, dendrimers, quantum dots, and metallic nanoparticles and their crucial role in various diseases and clinical applications. Additionally, we review the use of nanomaterials for bio-imaging, drug delivery, biosensing tissue engineering, medical devices, and immunoassays. Understandingthe characteristics and properties of nanoparticles and their interactions with the biological system can help us to develop novel strategies for the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of many diseases including cancer, pulmonary diseases, etc. In this present review, the importance of various kinds of nanoparticles and their biomedical applications are discussed in much detail.
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Branderhorst, Hilbert M., Rob Ruijtenbeek, Rob M. J. Liskamp, and Roland J. Pieters. "Multivalent Carbohydrate Recognition on a Glycodendrimer‐Functionalized Flow‐Through Chip." ChemBioChem 9, no. 11 (July 21, 2008): 1836–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.200800195.
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Dutta, Sutapa, Stefano Corni, and Giorgia Brancolini. "Atomistic Simulations of Functionalized Nano-Materials for Biosensors Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031484.
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Nanoscale biosensors, a highly promising technique in clinical analysis, can provide sensitive yet label-free detection of biomolecules. The spatial and chemical specificity of the surface coverage, the proper immobilization of the bioreceptor as well as the underlying interfacial phenomena are crucial elements for optimizing the performance of a biosensor. Due to experimental limitations at the microscopic level, integrated cross-disciplinary approaches that combine in silico design with experimental measurements have the potential to present a powerful new paradigm that tackles the issue of developing novel biosensors. In some cases, computational studies can be seen as alternative approaches to assess the microscopic working mechanisms of biosensors. Nonetheless, the complex architecture of a biosensor, associated with the collective contribution from “substrate–receptor–analyte” conjugate in a solvent, often requires extensive atomistic simulations and systems of prohibitive size which need to be addressed. In silico studies of functionalized surfaces also require ad hoc force field parameterization, as existing force fields for biomolecules are usually unable to correctly describe the biomolecule/surface interface. Thus, the computational studies in this field are limited to date. In this review, we aim to introduce fundamental principles that govern the absorption of biomolecules onto functionalized nanomaterials and to report state-of-the-art computational strategies to rationally design nanoscale biosensors. A detailed account of available in silico strategies used to drive and/or optimize the synthesis of functionalized nanomaterials for biosensing will be presented. The insights will not only stimulate the field to rationally design functionalized nanomaterials with improved biosensing performance but also foster research on the required functionalization to improve biomolecule–surface complex formation as a whole.
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Koukalová, Tereza, Petr Kovaříček, Pavla Bojarová, Valentino L. P. Guerra, Vladimír Vrkoslav, Lukáš Navara, Ivan Jirka, Marek Cebecauer, Vladimír Křen, and Martin Kalbáč. "Reversible Lectin Binding to Glycan-Functionalized Graphene." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 6661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136661.
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The monolayer character of two-dimensional materials predestines them for application as active layers of sensors. However, their inherent high sensitivity is always accompanied by a low selectivity. Chemical functionalization of two-dimensional materials has emerged as a promising way to overcome the selectivity issues. Here, we demonstrate efficient graphene functionalization with carbohydrate ligands—chitooligomers, which bind proteins of the lectin family with high selectivity. Successful grafting of a chitooligomer library was thoroughly characterized, and glycan binding to wheat germ agglutinin was studied by a series of methods. The results demonstrate that the protein quaternary structure remains intact after binding to the functionalized graphene, and that the lectin can be liberated from the surface by the addition of a binding competitor. The chemoenzymatic assay with a horseradish peroxidase conjugate also confirmed the intact catalytic properties of the enzyme. The present approach thus paves the way towards graphene-based sensors for carbohydrate–lectin binding.
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David, Christopher A. W., Michael Barrow, Patricia Murray, Matthew J. Rosseinsky, Andrew Owen, and Neill J. Liptrott. "In Vitro Determination of the Immunogenic Impact of Nanomaterials on Primary Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 16 (August 5, 2020): 5610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165610.
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Investigation of the potential for nanomaterials to generate immunogenic effects is a key aspect of a robust preclinical evaluation. In combination with physicochemical characterization, such assessments also provide context for how material attributes influence biological outcomes. Furthermore, appropriate models for these assessments allow accurate in vitro to in vivo extrapolation, which is vital for the mechanistic understanding of nanomaterial action. Here we have assessed the immunogenic impact of a small panel of commercially available and in-house prepared nanomaterials on primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). A diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-dex) functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) generated detectable quantities of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-10, the only tested material to do so. The human leukemia monocytic cell line THP-1 was used to assess the potential for the nanomaterial panel to affect cellular oxidation-reduction (REDOX) via measurement of reactive oxygen species and reduced glutathione. Negatively charged sulfonate-functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles demonstrated a size-related trend for the inhibition of caspase-1, which was not observed for amine-functionalized polystyrene of similar sizes. Silica nanoparticles (310 nm) resulted in a 93% increase in proliferation compared to the untreated control (p < 0.01). No other nanomaterial treatments resulted in significant change from that of unstimulated PBMCs. Responses to the nanomaterials in the assays described demonstrate the utility of primary cells as ex vivo models for nanomaterial biological impact.
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Vázquez-González, Margarita, and Itamar Willner. "Aptamer-Functionalized Hybrid Nanostructures for Sensing, Drug Delivery, Catalysis and Mechanical Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 1803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041803.
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Sequence-specific nucleic acids exhibiting selective recognition properties towards low-molecular-weight substrates and macromolecules (aptamers) find growing interest as functional biopolymers for analysis, medical applications such as imaging, drug delivery and even therapeutic agents, nanotechnology, material science and more. The present perspective article introduces a glossary of examples for diverse applications of aptamers mainly originated from our laboratory. These include the introduction of aptamer-functionalized nanomaterials such as graphene oxide, Ag nanoclusters and semiconductor quantum dots as functional hybrid nanomaterials for optical sensing of target analytes. The use of aptamer-functionalized DNA tetrahedra nanostructures for multiplex analysis and aptamer-loaded metal-organic framework nanoparticles acting as sense-and-treat are introduced. Aptamer-functionalized nano and microcarriers are presented as stimuli-responsive hybrid drug carriers for controlled and targeted drug release, including aptamer-functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles, carbon dots, metal-organic frameworks and microcapsules. A further application of aptamers involves the conjugation of aptamers to catalytic units as a means to mimic enzyme functions “nucleoapzymes”. In addition, the formation and dissociation of aptamer-ligand complexes are applied to develop mechanical molecular devices and to switch nanostructures such as origami scaffolds. Finally, the article discusses future challenges in applying aptamers in material science, nanotechnology and catalysis.
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Serrasqueiro, Filipa, Ana Isabel Barbosa, Sofia A. Costa Lima, and Salette Reis. "Targeting the Mannose Receptor with Functionalized Fucoidan/Chitosan Nanoparticles Triggers the Classical Activation of Macrophages." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 12 (June 8, 2023): 9908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24129908.
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Understanding how nanoparticles’ properties influence their cellular interactions is a bottleneck for improving the design of carriers. Macrophage polarization governs their active role in solving infections or tissue repair. To unravel the effect of carbohydrate-targeting mannose receptors on the macrophage surface, drug-free fucoidan/chitosan nanoparticles were functionalized using mannose (M) and mannan (Mn). Polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles were obtained upon chitosan self-assembly using fucoidan. The functionalized nanoparticles were characterized in terms of their physicochemical characteristics, chemical profile, and carbohydrate orientation. The nanoparticles varied in size from 200 to 400 nm, were monodisperse, and had a stable negative zeta potential with a low aggregation tendency. The nonfunctionalized and functionalized nanoparticles retained their properties for up to 12 weeks. Cell viability and internalization studies were performed for all the designed nanoparticles in the THP-1 monocytes and THP-1-differentiated macrophages. The expression of the mannose receptor was verified in both immune cells. The carbohydrate-functionalized nanoparticles led to their activation and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Both M- and Mn-coated nanoparticles modulate macrophages toward an M1-polarized state. These findings demonstrate the tailoring of these nanoplatforms to interact and alter the macrophage phenotype in vitro and represent their therapeutic potential either alone or in combination with a loaded drug for future studies.
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Rotella, Madeline, Alicia Briegel, John Hull, Anthony Lagalante, and Robert Giuliano. "Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Antibiotic-Functionalized Graphite Nanofibers." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/204961.
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Surface functionalization of nanomaterials is an area of current investigation that supports the development of new biomaterials for applications in biology and medicine. Herein we describe the synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial properties of the first examples of antibiotic-labeled graphitic carbon nanofibers (GCNFs) covalently functionalized with aminoglycoside and quinolone antibiotics. Ruthenium tetroxide oxidation of herringbone GCNFs gave higher amounts of surface carboxyl groups than previous methods. These carboxyl groups served as sites of attachment for antibiotics by acyl substitution. Bioassay of these novel, functionalized GCNFs using serial dilution and optical density methods demonstrated that antibiotic-labeled GCNFs possess significant antibacterial activity againstPseudomonas aeruginosa. The activity we observe for aminoglycoside-functionalized GCNFs suggests a membranolytic mechanism of action.
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Tam, Dick Yan, and Pik Kwan Lo. "Multifunctional DNA Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/765492.
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The rapidly emerging DNA nanotechnology began with pioneer Seeman’s hypothesis that DNA not only can carry genetic information but also can be used as molecular organizer to create well-designed and controllable nanomaterials for applications in materials science, nanotechnology, and biology. DNA-based self-assembly represents a versatile system for nanoscale construction due to the well-characterized conformation of DNA and its predictability in the formation of base pairs. The structural features of nucleic acids form the basis of constructing a wide variety of DNA nanoarchitectures with well-defined shapes and sizes, in addition to controllable permeability and flexibility. More importantly, self-assembled DNA nanostructures can be easily functionalized to construct artificial functional systems with nanometer scale precision for multipurposes. Apparently scientists envision artificial DNA-based nanostructures as tool for drug loading andin vivotargeted delivery because of their abilities in selective encapsulation and stimuli-triggered release of cargo. Herein, we summarize the strategies of creating multidimensional self-assembled DNA nanoarchitectures and review studies investigating their stability, toxicity, delivery efficiency, loading, and control release of cargos in addition to their site-specific targeting and delivery of drug or cargo molecules to cellular systems.
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Zielińska, Daria, Andrzej Skrzypczak, Barbara Peplińska, and Sławomir Borysiak. "Nanocellulose-Based Polymer Composites Functionalized with New Gemini Ionic Liquids." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 15807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415807.
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The manuscript discusses the application of dimeric imidazolium ionic liquids with an aliphatic linker of different lengths, constituting a new class of compounds called gemini, for the modification of renewable materials. This innovative functionalization with the use of ionic liquids made it possible to obtain polymer composite nanomaterials with renewable fillers, which will reduce the consumption of petroleum-based raw materials and also be directly related to the reduction of energy intensity. Renewable filler in the form of nanocellulose modified with ionic liquids, as well as polymer composites with such filler obtained by extrusion and injection molding techniques, were subjected to detailed characterization using techniques like: X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), dispersion studies (DLS), morphological analysis (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), hot-stage polarized light microscopy and characterization of mechanical properties. The use of innovative dimeric ionic liquids proved to be an effective method to carry out efficient functionalization of cellulose. This provided a stable space structure between polysaccharide particles, limiting aggregate formation. It was shown that chemical modification with ionic liquids has a significant effect on the nucleation activity of cellulose fillers and the formation of the supermolecular structure of the polymer matrix, which consequently allowed to obtain polymer composites with excellent strength characteristics and increased flexibility, which will allow to increase their application potential. Innovative ionic liquids have contributed to obtaining green nanomaterials with excellent functional properties, which have not been described in the literature so far.
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Su, Chen, Kun Huang, Hao-Hong Li, You-Guang Lu, and Da-Li Zheng. "Antibacterial Properties of Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles and Their Application in Oral Biology." Journal of Nanomaterials 2020 (November 17, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5616379.
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As bacterial resistance is becoming increasingly serious, the development of antibacterial nanomaterials is an effective method of solving this problem. Gold nanoparticles have good stability and excellent biocompatibility and are easily modified, and their antibacterial properties can be enhanced by changing their structure and size or adding ingredients. Gold nanoparticles are also excellent drug carriers that can improve the antibacterial effects of loaded antibacterial drugs. After being modified and combined with other antibacterial drugs, gold nanoparticles can also play a better antibacterial role for effective antibacterial strategies against some resistant bacteria. Gold nanoparticles have photothermal effects, and modified gold nanoparticles can be a good medium for photothermal treatments to kill bacteria. By adding functionally modified gold nanoparticles, many materials can obtain much needed antibacterial properties. Gold nanoparticles can also be combined with cations, low-temperature plasma, various surface ligands, and other potential antibacterial agents. In short, the antibacterial characteristics of functionalized gold nanoparticles demonstrate that they have considerable practical application value and provide more ideas to solve antibacterial problems. At the same time, the application of gold nanoparticles in oral biology is also increasing.
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Juárez-Maldonado, Antonio, Hortensia Ortega-Ortíz, América Berenice Morales-Díaz, Susana González-Morales, Álvaro Morelos-Moreno, Marcelino Cabrera-De la Fuente, Alberto Sandoval-Rangel, Gregorio Cadenas-Pliego, and Adalberto Benavides-Mendoza. "Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials as Plant Biostimulants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20010162.
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Biostimulants are materials that when applied in small amounts are capable of promoting plant growth. Nanoparticles (NPs) and nanomaterials (NMs) can be considered as biostimulants since, in specific ranges of concentration, generally in small levels, they increase plant growth. Pristine NPs and NMs have a high density of surface charges capable of unspecific interactions with the surface charges of the cell walls and membranes of plant cells. In the same way, functionalized NPs and NMs, and the NPs and NMs with a corona formed after the exposition to natural fluids such as water, soil solution, or the interior of organisms, present a high density of surface charges that interact with specific charged groups in cell surfaces. The magnitude of the interaction will depend on the materials adhered to the corona, but high-density charges located in a small volume cause an intense interaction capable of disturbing the density of surface charges of cell walls and membranes. The electrostatic disturbance can have an impact on the electrical potentials of the outer and inner surfaces, as well as on the transmembrane electrical potential, modifying the activity of the integral proteins of the membranes. The extension of the cellular response can range from biostimulation to cell death and will depend on the concentration, size, and the characteristics of the corona.
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Tupone, Maria Grazia, Gloria Panella, Michele d’Angelo, Vanessa Castelli, Giulia Caioni, Mariano Catanesi, Elisabetta Benedetti, and Annamaria Cimini. "An Update on Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Neural Growth and Central Nervous System Regeneration." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23 (December 2, 2021): 13047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313047.
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Thanks to their reduced size, great surface area, and capacity to interact with cells and tissues, nanomaterials present some attractive biological and chemical characteristics with potential uses in the field of biomedical applications. In this context, graphene and its chemical derivatives have been extensively used in many biomedical research areas from drug delivery to bioelectronics and tissue engineering. Graphene-based nanomaterials show excellent optical, mechanical, and biological properties. They can be used as a substrate in the field of tissue engineering due to their conductivity, allowing to study, and educate neural connections, and guide neural growth and differentiation; thus, graphene-based nanomaterials represent an emerging aspect in regenerative medicine. Moreover, there is now an urgent need to develop multifunctional and functionalized nanomaterials able to arrive at neuronal cells through the blood-brain barrier, to manage a specific drug delivery system. In this review, we will focus on the recent applications of graphene-based nanomaterials in vitro and in vivo, also combining graphene with other smart materials to achieve the best benefits in the fields of nervous tissue engineering and neural regenerative medicine. We will then highlight the potential use of these graphene-based materials to construct graphene 3D scaffolds able to stimulate neural growth and regeneration in vivo for clinical applications.
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Dash, Banendu Sunder, Gils Jose, Yu-Jen Lu, and Jyh-Ping Chen. "Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Versatile Tool for Cancer Therapy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 2989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062989.
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Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in human history with extremely poor prognosis. Although many traditional therapeutic modalities—such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy—have proved to be successful in inhibiting the growth of tumor cells, their side effects may vastly limited the actual benefits and patient acceptance. In this context, a nanomedicine approach for cancer therapy using functionalized nanomaterial has been gaining ground recently. Considering the ability to carry various anticancer drugs and to act as a photothermal agent, the use of carbon-based nanomaterials for cancer therapy has advanced rapidly. Within those nanomaterials, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), a graphene family 2D carbon nanomaterial, emerged as a good candidate for cancer photothermal therapy due to its excellent photothermal conversion in the near infrared range, large specific surface area for drug loading, as well as functional groups for functionalization with molecules such as photosensitizers, siRNA, ligands, etc. By unique design, multifunctional nanosystems could be designed based on rGO, which are endowed with promising temperature/pH-dependent drug/gene delivery abilities for multimodal cancer therapy. This could be further augmented by additional advantages offered by functionalized rGO, such as high biocompatibility, targeted delivery, and enhanced photothermal effects. Herewith, we first provide an overview of the most effective reducing agents for rGO synthesis via chemical reduction. This was followed by in-depth review of application of functionalized rGO in different cancer treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, photothermal therapy and/or photodynamic therapy, gene therapy, chemotherapy/phototherapy, and photothermal/immunotherapy.
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Borghi, F. F., A. E. Rider, S. Kumar, Z. J. Han, D. Haylock, and K. Ostrikov. "Emerging Stem Cell Controls: Nanomaterials and Plasma Effects." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/329139.
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Stem cells (SC) are among the most promising cell sources for tissue engineering due to their ability to self-renew and differentiate, properties that underpin their clinical application in tissue regeneration. As such, control of SC fate is one of the most crucial issues that needs to be fully understood to realise their tremendous potential in regenerative biology. The use of functionalized nanostructured materials (NM) to control the microscale regulation of SC has offered a number of new features and opportunities for regulating SC. However, fabricating and modifying such NM to induce specific SC response still represent a significant scientific and technological challenge. Due to their versatility, plasmas are particularly attractive for the manufacturing and modification of tailored nanostructured surfaces for stem cell control. In this review, we briefly describe the biological role of SC and the mechanisms by which they are controlled and then highlight the benefits of using a range of nanomaterials to control the fate of SC. We then discuss how plasma nanoscience research can help produce/functionalise these NMs for more effective and specific interaction with SCs. The review concludes with a perspective on the advantages and challenges of research at the intersection between plasma physics, materials science, nanoscience, and SC biology.
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مريم خويطر. "Review: Electrochemical biosensors based on ZnO nanostructures." Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences 22, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51984/jopas.v22i1.1456.
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In the last few decades’ electrochemical biosensors have witnessed vast developments due to the broad range of different applications, including health care and medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring and assessment, food industry, and drug delivery. Integration of nanostructured material with different disciplines and expertise of electrochemistry, solid-state physics, material science, and biology has offered the opportunity of a future generation of highly rapid, sensitive, stable, selective, and novel electrochemical biosensor devices. Among metal oxide nanomaterials, ZnO nanostructures are one of the most important nanomaterials in today’s nanotechnology research. Such nanostructures have been studied intensely not only for their extraordinary structural, optical, and electronic properties but also for their prominent performance in diverse novel applications such as photonics, optics, electronics, drug delivery, cancer treatment, bio-imaging, etc. However, functionality of these nanomaterials is eventually dictated by the capability to govern their properties including shape, size, position, and crystalline structure on the nanosized scale. This review aims to update the outstanding advancement in the developments of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic biosensors using a different structure of ZnO nanomaterials. After a coverage of the basic principles of electrochemical biosensors, we highlight the basic features of ZnO as a potential anticancer agent. focused attention gives to functionalized biosensors based on ZnO nanostructures for detecting biological analytes, such as glucose, cholesterol, L-lactic acid, uric acid, metal ions, and pH.
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Chu, Pat PY, Sudipto Bari, Leong U. Ling, Yee W. Chen, Andrea Lim, Xiubo Fan, Florence PH Gay, Justina ML Ang, Gigi NC Chiu, and William YK Hwang. "Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes Increase the Viability of Post-Thaw Cord Blood Cells and Enhance the Overall Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Expansion in Ex Vivo Culture." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.1327.1327.
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Abstract Abstract 1327 The clinical application of cord blood (CB) cells for transplantation is often hampered by the low cell number and viability from frozen cell sources. This problem could be partly resolved by ex vivo expansion and the improvement of CB viability through the use of a mesenchymal feeder cell layer or an appropriately designed material scaffold. Carbon-based nanomaterials have gained immense attention in biomedical applications in recent years, owing to their unique physicochemical characteristics. These novel materials have been applied as scaffolds in tissue engineering to increase the proliferation and differentiation of a wide range of cell types that include neurons and osteoblasts. In this study, we carried out a hitherto unreported use of functionalized carbon nanotubes to support the viability and ex vivo expansion of umbilical cord blood – mononucleated cells (UCB-MNCs). Specifically, the use of single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with carboxylic acid groups (fSWCNT-COOH) was selected, based on its improved aqueous dispersibility which constitutes better biocompatibility. UCB-MNCs cultured in a cocktail of human stem cell factor, Flt-3 ligand, thrombopoietin and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 were exposed to fSWCNT-COOH at various concentrations (0 to 1 mg/mL). The effects of fSWCNT-COOH treatment were characterized based on UCB-MNC viability, CD45+CD34+CD38− phenotypic-based progenitor cell number, total nucleated cell count and functional progenitor cell number. In a concentration-dependent manner, fSWCNT-COOH was found to support the viability of UCB-MNCs, an effect that is similar to those observed with mesenchymal feeder co-culturing. After 3 days in culture, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL fSWCNT-COOH significantly (p<0.01) increased the percentage of viable CD45+ UCB-MNCs from 23.1±0.6% to 58.4±0.9% and 72.7±1.5%, respectively, as defined by Annexin-V/7AAD double negativity. Significant fold increases (p<0.01) in the phenotypically-defined progenitor cell numbers were observed after UCB-MNC exposure to 1 mg/mL fSWCNT-COOH for 11 days, with increases of 7.3±0.5-fold, 92.1±3.5 fold and 183.7±6.1-fold obtained respectively for viable CD45+, CD45+CD34+ and CD45+CD34+CD38− progenitor cell numbers. This finding was further supported by a significantly lower (p<0.01) side scatter value of 346.9±13.3 in the fSWCNT-COOH treated UCB-MNC as compared to the control treated with the cytokine cocktail alone (side scatter value of 405.6±4.9). Furthermore, a significant increase (p<0.01) in the expansion fold of functional CFU from 35.2±3.7 to 120.9±7.6 was obtained when UCB-MNC were treated with 1 mg/mL fSWCNT-COOH. Our results demonstrated that concentrations of fSWCNT-COOH as high as 1 mg/mL were non-toxic to UCB-MNCs. Similar to the mesenchymal feeder co-culture system, carbon-based nanomaterials such as fSWCNT-COOH could support UCB-MNC viability and progenitor expansion. In conclusion, we have demonstrated a novel method of ex vivo expansion of UCB-MNCs using carbon-based nanomaterials. Further investigation is required to elucidate the exact biological mechanism of the cytoprotective effect of carbon-based nanomaterials coupled with validation of the ex vivo expanded UCB-MNCs using in vivo immunodeficient mice models. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Toma, Francesca Maria, Andrea Sartorel, Mauro Carraro, Marcella Bonchio, and Maurizio Prato. "Dendron-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes incorporating polyoxometalates for water-splitting catalysis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, no. 8 (May 17, 2011): 1529–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-10-11-12.
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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are versatile nanomaterials with applications spanning from medicinal chemistry and biology, to electronics as field effect transistors or energy as fuel cells. The major drawback stems from the CNT insolubility in most of the organic and aqueous media, which severely hampers the material processability. To overcome this problem, functionalization of CNTs is generally accomplished by either covalent strategies resulting in the modification of the CNT backbone via radical reactions, fluorination, and/or cycloaddition reactions, or noncovalent protocols, exploiting multiple weak interactions (hydrophobic, van der Waals, electrostatic) with suitable reagents. Herein, we highlight that a rewarding approach includes a combination of covalent/noncovalent methods, by a tailored synthetic modification of the CNT surface with polycationic dendrimeric chains, fostering the successive decoration with a multimetallic and polyanionic water oxidation catalyst. The outcome is a hybrid nanomaterial with unperturbed CNT electrical properties, in close contact with a unique multi-electron catalyst enabling electrocatalytic water splitting with high efficiency at low overpotentials.
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Kuo, Wen-Shuo, Chia-Yuan Chang, Keng-Shiang Huang, Jui-Chang Liu, Yu-Ting Shao, Chih-Hui Yang, and Ping-Ching Wu. "Amino-Functionalized Nitrogen-Doped Graphene-Quantum-Dot-Based Nanomaterials with Nitrogen and Amino-Functionalized Group Content Dependence for Highly Efficient Two-Photon Bioimaging." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 8 (April 22, 2020): 2939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082939.
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We fabricated nanomaterials comprising amino-functionalized and nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (amino-N-GQDs) and investigated their photostability and intrinsic luminescence in the near-infrared spectrum to determine their suitability as contrast agents in two-photon imaging (TPI). We observed that amino-N-GQDs with a higher amount of bonded nitrogen and amino-functionalized groups (6.2%) exhibited superior two-photon properties to those with a lower amount of such nitrogen and groups (4.9%). These materials were conjugated with polymers containing sulfur (polystyrene sulfonate, PSS) and nitrogen atoms (polyethylenimine, PEI), forming amino-N-GQD–PSS–PEI specimens (amino-N-GQD-polymers). The polymers exhibited a high quantum yield, remarkable stability, and notable two-photon properties and generated no reactive oxygen species, rendering them excellent two-photon contrast agents for bioimaging. An antiepidermal growth factor receptor (AbEGFR) was used for labeling to increase specificity. Two-photon imaging (TPI) of amino-N-GQD (6.2%)-polymer-AbEGFR-treated A431 cancer cells revealed remarkable brightness, intensity, and signal-to-noise ratios for each observation at a two-photon excitation power of 16.9 nJ pixel−1 under 30 scans and a three-dimensional (3D) depth of 105 µm, indicating that amino-N-GQD (6.2%)-polymer-AbEGFR-treated cells can achieve two-photon luminescence with 71 times less power required for two-photon autofluorescence (1322.8 nJ pixel−1 with 500 scans) of similar intensity. This economy can minimize photodamage to cells, rendering amino-N-GQD-polymers suitable for noninvasive 3D bioimaging.
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Della Camera, Giacomo, Dorelia Lipsa, Dora Mehn, Paola Italiani, Diana Boraschi, and Sabrina Gioria. "A Step-by-Step Approach to Improve Clinical Translation of Liposome-Based Nanomaterials, a Focus on Innate Immune and Inflammatory Responses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020820.
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This study aims to provide guidelines to design and perform a robust and reliable physical-chemical characterization of liposome-based nanomaterials, and to support method development with a specific focus on their inflammation-inducing potential. Out of eight differently functionalized liposomes selected as “case-studies”, three passed the physical-chemical characterization (in terms of size-distribution, homogeneity and stability) and the screening for bacterial contamination (sterility and apyrogenicity). Although all three were non-cytotoxic when tested in vitro, they showed a different capacity to activate human blood cells. HSPC/CHOL-coated liposomes elicited the production of several inflammation-related cytokines, while DPPC/CHOL- or DSPC/CHOL-functionalized liposomes did not. This work underlines the need for accurate characterization at multiple levels and the use of reliable in vitro methods, in order to obtain a realistic assessment of liposome-induced human inflammatory response, as a fundamental requirement of nanosafety regulations.
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Silveri, Filippo, Flavio Della Pelle, Annalisa Scroccarello, Elisabetta Mazzotta, Tiziano Di Giulio, Cosimino Malitesta, and Dario Compagnone. "Carbon Black Functionalized with Naturally Occurring Compounds in Water Phase for Electrochemical Sensing of Antioxidant Compounds." Antioxidants 11, no. 10 (October 11, 2022): 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102008.
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A new sustainable route to nanodispersed and functionalized carbon black in water phase (W-CB) is proposed. The sonochemical strategy exploits ultrasounds to disaggregate the CB, while two selected functional naturally derived compounds, sodium cholate (SC) and rosmarinic acid (RA), act as stabilizing agents ensuring dispersibility in water adhering onto the CB nanoparticles’ surface. Strategically, the CB-RA compound is used to drive the AuNPs self-assembling at room temperature, resulting in a CB surface that is nanodecorated; further, this is achieved without the need for additional reagents. Electrochemical sensors based on the proposed nanomaterials are realized and characterized both morphologically and electrochemically. The W-CBs’ electroanalytical potential is proved in the anodic and cathodic window using caffeic acid (CF) and hydroquinone (HQ), two antioxidant compounds that are significant for food and the environment. For both antioxidants, repeatable (RSD ≤ 3.3%; n = 10) and reproducible (RSD ≤ 3.8%; n = 3) electroanalysis results were obtained, achieving nanomolar detection limits (CF: 29 nM; HQ: 44 nM). CF and HQ are successfully determined in food and environmental samples (recoveries 97–113%), and also in the presence of other phenolic classes and HQ structural isomers. The water dispersibility of the proposed materials can be an opportunity for (bio) sensor fabrication and sustainable device realization.
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Nica, Ionela Cristina, Miruna S. Stan, Roua G. Popescu, Nicoleta Nicula, Robert Ducu, Lucian Diamandescu, and Anca Dinischiotu. "Fe-N Co-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Induce Cell Death in Human Lung Fibroblasts in a p53-Independent Manner." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 9627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179627.
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The advancement of nanotechnology in the last decade has developed an abundance of novel and intriguing TiO2-based nanomaterials that are widely used in many sectors, including industry (as a food additive and colorant in cosmetics, paints, plastics, and toothpaste) and biomedicine (photoelectrochemical biosensing, implant coatings, drug delivery, and new emerging antimicrobial agents). Therefore, the increased use of engineered nanomaterials in the industry has raised serious concern about human exposure and their unexpected cytotoxic effects. Since inhalation is considered the most relevant way of absorbing nanomaterials, different cell death mechanisms induced in MRC-5 lung fibroblasts, following the exposure to functionalized TiO2 NPs, were investigated. Long-term exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles co-doped with 1% of iron and nitrogen led to the alteration of p53 protein activity and the gene expression controlled by this suppressor (NF-kB and mdm2), DNA damage, cell cycle disruptions at the G2/M and S phases, and lysosomal membrane permeabilization and the subsequent release of cathepsin B, triggering the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in a Bax- and p53-independent manner. Our results are of major significance, contributing to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interaction of these nanoparticles with in vitro biological systems, and also providing useful information for the development of new photocatalytic nanoparticles that are active in the visible spectrum, but with increased biocompatibility.
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Zhao, C. H., X. P. Zhang, and L. Zhang. "RGD peptide functionalized graphene oxide: a bioactive surface for cell-material interactions." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 17, no. 3 (September 25, 2022): 989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2022.173.989.
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Recently, functionalized graphene-based nanomaterials have gained tremendous attention in biomedical field owing to their biocompatibility, surface functionalizability and their unique mechanical, electronic, and optical properties. Herein, we report a facile one step modification of graphene oxide by RGD peptide, which is known to improve the tissue– material contact by highly specific binding to cellular membrane receptors known as integrins. A detailed structural and morphological characterization of the obtained RGD functionalized graphene oxide (GO-RGD) was performed. The synthesized bioactive composite was used to prepare RGD-GO films by a vacuum filtration method. Additionally, mouse osteoblastic cell (MC3T3-E1) functions including cell attachment, adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation were investigated on GO-RGD films. The results indicated that MC3T3-E1 cell functions were significantly enhanced on GO-RGD films comparing with GO films without functionalization. This study not only demonstrates a facile approach to functionalize graphene oxide with bioactive peptides, but also provides a potential biomaterial for bone repair by improving osteoblastic cell functions.
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Nourafkan, E., Z. Hu, M. Garum, H. Esmaeili, and D. Wen. "Nanomaterials for subsurface application: study of particles retention in porous media." Applied Nanoscience 11, no. 6 (May 7, 2021): 1847–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13204-021-01843-2.
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AbstractThe ability to transport nanoparticles through porous media has interesting engineering applications, notably in reservoir capacity exploration and soil remediation. A series of core-flooding experiments were conducted for quantitative analysis of functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles transport through various porous media including calcite, dolomite, silica, and limestone rocks. The adsorption of surfactants on the rock surface and nanoparticle retention in pore walls were evaluated by chemical oxygen demand (COD) and UV–Vis spectroscopy. By applying TiO2 nanoparticles, 49.3 and 68.0 wt.% of surfactant adsorption reduction were observed in pore walls of dolomite and silica rock, respectively. Not surprisingly, the value of nanoparticle deposition for dolomite and silica rocks was near zero, implying that surfactant adsorption is proportional to nanoparticle deposition. On the other hand, surfactant adsorption was increased for other types of rock in presence of nanoparticles. 5.5, 13.5, and 22.4 wt.% of nanoparticle deposition was estimated for calcite, black and red limestone, respectively. By making a connection between physicochemical rock properties and nanoparticle deposition rates, we concluded that the surface roughness of rock has a significant influence on mechanical trapping and deposition of nanoparticles in pore-throats.
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Tomaszewska, Emilia, Katarzyna Ranoszek-Soliwoda, Katarzyna Bednarczyk, Agnieszka Lech, Martyna Janicka, Marcin Chodkowski, Maciej Psarski, Grzegorz Celichowski, Malgorzata Krzyzowska, and Jarosław Grobelny. "Anti-HSV Activity of Metallic Nanoparticles Functionalized with Sulfonates vs. Polyphenols." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 13104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113104.
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Metallic nanoparticles exhibit broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The antiviral activity of nanoparticles results from the multivalent interactions of nanoparticles with viral surface components, which result from the nanometer size of the material and the presence of functional compounds adsorbed on the nanomaterial surface. A critical step in the virus infection process is docking and entry of the virus into the host cell. This stage of the infection can be influenced by functional nanomaterials that exhibit high affinity to the virus surface and hence can disrupt the infection process. The affinity of the virus to the nanomaterial surface can be tuned by the specific surface functionalization of the nanomaterial. The main purpose of this work was to determine the influence of the ligand type present on nanomaterial on the antiviral properties against herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2. We investigated the metallic nanoparticles (gold and silver) with different sizes (5 nm and 30 nm), coated either with polyphenol (tannic acid) or sulfonates (ligands with terminated sulfonate groups). We found that the antiviral activity of nano-conjugates depends significantly on the ligand type present on the nanoparticle surface.
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Kędzierska, Marta, Nisrine Hammi, Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, Nadia Katir, Maria Bryszewska, Katarzyna Milowska, and Abdelkrim El Kadib. "Glassy-like Metal Oxide Particles Embedded on Micrometer Thicker Alginate Films as Promising Wound Healing Nanomaterials." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 5585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105585.
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Micrometer-thicker, biologically responsive nanocomposite films were prepared starting from alginate-metal alkoxide colloidal solution followed by sol-gel chemistry and solvent removal through evaporation-induced assembly. The disclosed approach is straightforward and highly versatile, allowing the entrapment and growth of a set of glassy-like metal oxide within the network of alginate and their shaping as crake-free transparent and flexible films. Immersing these films in aqueous medium triggers alginate solubilization, and affords water-soluble metal oxides wrapped in a biocompatible carbohydrate framework. Biological activity of the nano-composites films was also studied including their hemolytic activity, methemoglobin, prothrombin, and thrombine time. The effect of the films on fibroblasts and keratinocytes of human skin was also investigated with a special emphasis on the role played by the incorporated metal oxide. This comparative study sheds light on the crucial biological response of the ceramic phase embedded inside of the films, with titanium dioxide being the most promising for wound healing purposes.
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González-Fernández, Carmen, Francisco Guillermo Díaz Baños, María Ángeles Esteban, and Alberto Cuesta. "Functionalized Nanoplastics (NPs) Increase the Toxicity of Metals in Fish Cell Lines." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 7141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137141.
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Nanoplastics (NPs) are one of the most abundant environment-threatening nanomaterials on the market. The objective of this study was to determine in vitro if functionalized NPs are cytotoxic by themselves or increase the toxicity of metals. For that, we used 50 nm polystyrene nanoparticles with distinct surface functionalization (pristine, PS-Plain; carboxylic, PS-COOH; and amino PS-NH2) alone or combined with the metals arsenic (As) and methylmercury (MeHg), which possess an environmental risk to marine life. As test model, we chose a brain-derived cell line (SaB-1) from gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), one of the most commercial fish species in the Mediterranean. First, only the PS-NH2 NPs were toxic to SaB-1 cells. NPs seem to be internalized into the cells but they showed little alteration in the transcription of genes related to oxidative stress (nrf2, cat, gr, gsta), cellular protection against metals (mta) or apoptosis (bcl2, bax). However, NPs, mainly PS-COOH and PS-NH2, significantly increased the toxicity of both metals. Since the coexistence of NPs and other pollutants in the aquatic environment is inevitable, our results reveal that the combined effect of NPs with the rest of pollutants deserves more attention.
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Tripathi, Manoj, Luca Valentini, Yuanyang Rong, Silvia Bittolo Bon, Maria F. Pantano, Giorgio Speranza, Roberto Guarino, et al. "Free-Standing Graphene Oxide and Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Papers with Enhanced Electrical and Mechanical Performance and Their Synergy in Polymer Laminates." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 22 (November 14, 2020): 8585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228585.
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Hybrid nanomaterials fabricated by the heterogeneous integration of 1D (carbon nanotubes) and 2D (graphene oxide) nanomaterials showed synergy in electrical and mechanical properties. Here, we reported the infiltration of carboxylic functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (C-SWNT) into free-standing graphene oxide (GO) paper for better electrical and mechanical properties than native GO. The stacking arrangement of GO sheets and its alteration in the presence of C-SWNT were comprehensively explored through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction. The C-SWNTs bridges between different GO sheets produce a pathway for the flow of electrical charges and provide a tougher hybrid system. The nanoscopic surface potential map reveals a higher work function of the individual functionalised SWNTs than surrounded GO sheets showing efficient charge exchange. We observed the enhanced conductivity up to 50 times and capacitance up to 3.5 times of the hybrid structure than the GO-paper. The laminate of polystyrene composites provided higher elastic modulus and mechanical strength when hybrid paper is used, thus paving the way for the exploitation of hybrid filler formulation in designing polymer composites.
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Wu, Yongyan, Yufeng Qian, Wei Peng, and Xuchen Qi. "Functionalized nanoparticles crossing the brain–blood barrier to target glioma cells." PeerJ 11 (July 4, 2023): e15571. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15571.
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Glioma is the most common tumor of the central nervous system (CNS), with a 5-year survival rate of <35%. Drug therapy, such as chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents, remains one of the main treatment modalities for glioma, including temozolomide, doxorubicin, bortezomib, cabazitaxel, dihydroartemisinin, immune checkpoint inhibitors, as well as other approaches such as siRNA, ferroptosis induction, etc. However, the filter function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) reduces the amount of drugs needed to effectively target CNS tumors, making it one of the main reasons for poor drug efficacies in glioma. Thus, finding a suitable drug delivery platform that can cross the BBB, increase drug aggregation and retainment in tumoral areas and avoid accumulation in non-targeted areas remains an unsolved challenge in glioma drug therapy. An ideal drug delivery system for glioma therapy should have the following features: (1) prolonged drug life in circulation and effective penetration through the BBB; (2) adequate accumulation within the tumor (3) controlled-drug release modulation; (4) good clearance from the body without significant toxicity and immunogenicity, etc. In this regard, due to their unique structural features, nanocarriers can effectively span the BBB and target glioma cells through surface functionalization, providing a new and effective strategy for drug delivery. In this article, we discuss the characteristics and pathways of different nanocarriers for crossing the BBB and targeting glioma by listing different materials for drug delivery platforms, including lipid materials, polymers, nanocrystals, inorganic nanomaterials, etc.
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Zheng, Haifu, and Xuezhong Du. "Multivalent protein binding in carbohydrate-functionalized monolayers through protein-directed rearrangement and reorientation of glycolipids at the air–water interface." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1808, no. 9 (September 2011): 2128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.04.019.
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Shan, Suyan, Shujuan Jia, Tom Lawson, Lu Yan, Mimi Lin, and Yong Liu. "The Use of TAT Peptide-Functionalized Graphene as a Highly Nuclear-Targeting Carrier System for Suppression of Choroidal Melanoma." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 18 (September 10, 2019): 4454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184454.
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Tumorous metastasis is a difficult challenge to resolve for researchers and for clinicians. Targeted delivery of antitumor drugs towards tumor cells’ nuclei can be a practical approach to resolving this issue. This work describes an efficient nuclear-targeting delivery system prepared from trans-activating transcriptional activator (TAT) peptide-functionalized graphene nanocarriers. The TAT peptide, originally observed in a human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), was incorporated with graphene via an edge-functionalized ball-milling method developed by the author’s research group. High tumor-targeting capability of the resulting nanocarrier was realized by the strong affinity between TAT and the nuclei of cancer cells, along with the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect of two-dimensional graphene nanosheets. Subsequently, a common antitumor drug, mitomycin C (MMC), was covalently linked to the TAT-functionalized graphene (TG) to form a nuclear-targeted nanodrug MMC-TG. The presence of nanomaterials inside the nuclei of ocular choroidal melanoma (OCM-1) cells was shown using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy. In vitro results from a Transwell co-culture system showed that most of the MMC-TG nanodrugs were delivered in a targeted manner to the tumorous OCM-1 cells, while a very small amount of MMC-TG was delivered in a non-targeted manner to normal human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells. TEM results further confirmed that apoptosis of OCM-1 cells was started from the lysis of nuclear substances, followed by the disappearance of nuclear membrane and cytoplasm. This suggests that the as-synthesized MMC-TG is a promising nuclear-target nanodrugfor resolution of tumorous metastasis issues at the headstream.
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Endo, Masayuki, and Hiroshi Sugiyama. "DNA Origami Nanomachines." Molecules 23, no. 7 (July 18, 2018): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071766.
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DNA can assemble various molecules and nanomaterials in a programmed fashion and is a powerful tool in the nanotechnology and biology research fields. DNA also allows the construction of desired nanoscale structures via the design of DNA sequences. Structural nanotechnology, especially DNA origami, is widely used to design and create functionalized nanostructures and devices. In addition, DNA molecular machines have been created and are operated by specific DNA strands and external stimuli to perform linear, rotational, and reciprocating movements. Furthermore, complicated molecular systems have been created on DNA nanostructures by arranging multiple molecules and molecular machines precisely to mimic biological systems. Currently, DNA nanomachines, such as molecular motors, are operated on DNA nanostructures. Dynamic DNA nanostructures that have a mechanically controllable system have also been developed. In this review, we describe recent research on new DNA nanomachines and nanosystems that were built on designed DNA nanostructures.
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Rezayi, Majid, Pegah Mahmoodi, Hadis Langari, Behzad Behnam, and Amirhossein Sahebkar. "Conjugates of Curcumin with Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes: A Review on Biomedical Applications." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 40 (November 26, 2020): 6849–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666191113145745.
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In the last decade, the use of carbon nanotubes and graphenes has been on the rise for various nanobiotechnological applications. Owing to their special characteristics, these two nanostructures of carbon allotropes have been studied for their capacity in the detection and treatment of many diseases. On the other hand, curcumin, a well-known antioxidant and anticancer natural product, is being extensively studied for numerous medicinal applications. Interestingly, many reports have shown great potentials of conjugates of curcumin and carbon nanotubes or graphenes. These conjugates, when properly designed and functionalized with biomolecules, could represent the valuable properties of each component alone while they could be effective in overcoming the poor solubility issues of both curcumin and Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs). In this case, curcumin conjugates with CNMs seem to be very promising in biosensing applications and the detection of many biomolecules, especially, curcumin has been reported to be very effective with these conjugates. Also, the delivery of curcumin using functionalized SWCNTs was evaluated for its ability to load and release curcumin, to protect curcumin from degradation and to enhance its solubility. It is proposed that other properties of these conjugates are still to be discovered and the interdisciplinary approaches among biology, medicine, chemistry, and material engineering will accelerate the applications of these novel materials. This review aims to summarize the findings on the applications of CNM conjugates of curcumin.
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Farhana, Aisha. "Enhancing Skin Cancer Immunotheranostics and Precision Medicine through Functionalized Nanomodulators and Nanosensors: Recent Development and Prospects." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (February 9, 2023): 3493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043493.
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Skin cancers, especially melanomas, present a formidable diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the scientific community. Currently, the incidence of melanomas shows a high increase worldwide. Traditional therapeutics are limited to stalling or reversing malignant proliferation, increased metastasis, or rapid recurrence. Nonetheless, the advent of immunotherapy has led to a paradigm shift in treating skin cancers. Many state-of-art immunotherapeutic techniques, namely, active vaccination, chimeric antigen receptors, adoptive T-cell transfer, and immune checkpoint blockers, have achieved a considerable increase in survival rates. Despite its promising outcomes, current immunotherapy is still limited in its efficacy. Newer modalities are now being explored, and significant progress is made by integrating cancer immunotherapy with modular nanotechnology platforms to enhance its therapeutic efficacy and diagnostics. Research on targeting skin cancers with nanomaterial-based techniques has been much more recent than other cancers. Current investigations using nanomaterial-mediated targeting of nonmelanoma and melanoma cancers are directed at augmenting drug delivery and immunomodulation of skin cancers to induce a robust anticancer response and minimize toxic effects. Many novel nanomaterial formulations are being discovered, and clinical trials are underway to explore their efficacy in targeting skin cancers through functionalization or drug encapsulation. The focus of this review rivets on theranostic nanomaterials that can modulate immune mechanisms toward protective, therapeutic, or diagnostic approaches for skin cancers. The recent breakthroughs in nanomaterial-based immunotherapeutic modulation of skin cancer types and diagnostic potentials in personalized immunotherapies are discussed.
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Kędzierska, Marta, Sara Blilid, Katarzyna Miłowska, Joanna Kołodziejczyk-Czepas, Nadia Katir, Mohammed Lahcini, Abdelkrim El Kadib, and Maria Bryszewska. "Insight into Factors Influencing Wound Healing Using Phosphorylated Cellulose-Filled-Chitosan Nanocomposite Films." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 11386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111386.
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Marine polysaccharides are believed to be promising wound-dressing nanomaterials because of their biocompatibility, antibacterial and hemostatic activity, and ability to easily shape into transparent films, hydrogels, and porous foams that can provide a moist micro-environment and adsorb exudates. Current efforts are firmly focused on the preparation of novel polysaccharide-derived nanomaterials functionalized with chemical objects to meet the mechanical and biological requirements of ideal wound healing systems. In this contribution, we investigated the characteristics of six different cellulose-filled chitosan transparent films as potential factors that could help to accelerate wound healing. Both microcrystalline and nano-sized cellulose, as well as native and phosphorylated cellulose, were used as fillers to simultaneously elucidate the roles of size and functionalization. The assessment of their influences on hemostatic properties indicated that the tested nanocomposites shorten clotting times by affecting both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of the blood coagulation system. We also showed that all biocomposites have antioxidant capacity. Moreover, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the materials against two cell lines, human BJ fibroblasts and human KERTr keratinocytes, was investigated. The nature of the cellulose used as a filler was found to influence their cytotoxicity at a relatively low level. Potential mechanisms of cytotoxicity were also investigated; only one (phosphorylated microcellulose-filled chitosan films) of the compounds tested produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) to a small extent, and some films reduced the level of ROS, probably due to their antioxidant properties. The transmembrane mitochondrial potential was very slightly lowered. These biocompatible films showed no genotoxicity, and very importantly for wound healing, most of them significantly accelerated migration of both fibroblasts and keratinocytes.
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Carpita, Nicholas C., and Maureen C. McCann. "Redesigning plant cell walls for the biomass-based bioeconomy." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 44 (August 31, 2020): 15144–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.rev120.014561.
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Lignocellulosic biomass—the lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose that comprise major components of the plant cell well—is a sustainable resource that could be utilized in the United States to displace oil consumption from heavy vehicles, planes, and marine-going vessels and commodity chemicals. Biomass-derived sugars can also be supplied for microbial fermentative processing to fuels and chemicals or chemically deoxygenated to hydrocarbons. However, the economic value of biomass might be amplified by diversifying the range of target products that are synthesized in living plants. Genetic engineering of lignocellulosic biomass has previously focused on changing lignin content or composition to overcome recalcitrance, the intrinsic resistance of cell walls to deconstruction. New capabilities to remove lignin catalytically without denaturing the carbohydrate moiety have enabled the concept of the “lignin-first” biorefinery that includes high-value aromatic products. The structural complexity of plant cell-wall components also provides substrates for polymeric and functionalized target products, such as thermosets, thermoplastics, composites, cellulose nanocrystals, and nanofibers. With recent advances in the design of synthetic pathways, lignocellulosic biomass can be regarded as a substrate at various length scales for liquid hydrocarbon fuels, chemicals, and materials. In this review, we describe the architectures of plant cell walls and recent progress in overcoming recalcitrance and illustrate the potential for natural or engineered biomass to be used in the emerging bioeconomy.
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Mitrofanova, I. V., I. V. Milto, I. V. Suhodolo, and G. Yu Vasyukov. "OPPORTUNITIES OF BIOMEDICAL USE OF CARBON NANOTUBES." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 13, no. 1 (February 28, 2014): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2014-1-135-144.
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Nanomaterials – materials, whouse structure elements has proportions doesn’t exceed 100 nm. In superdispersed state matter acquire new properties. In the last decade, carbon nanotubes become the most popular nanomaterials, that cause attention of representatives of various scientific field. The сarbon nanotubes offer new opportunities for biological and medical applications: imaging at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels, biosensors and electrodes based on carbon nanotubes, target delivery of various substances, radiation and photothermal therapy. The most promising of carbon nanotubes in the context of biomedical applications is their ability to penetrate the various tissues of the body and carry large doses of agents, providing diagnostic and therapeutic effects. Functionalized nanotubes are biodegradable. Other current direction of using carbon nanotubes in medicine and biology is to visualize objects on the molecular, cellular and tissue level. Associated with carbon nanotubes contrasting substances improve the visualization of cells and tissues, which can detected new patterns of development of the pathological process. Due to the vagueness of the question of biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of carbon nanotubes possibility of their practical application is hampered. Before the introduction of carbon nanotubes into practical health care is necessary to provide all the possible consequences of using nanotubes. High rates of properties and development of new nanostructures based on carbon nanotubes in the near future will lead to new advances related to the application and development of new parameters that will determine their properties and effects. In these review attention is paid to the structure, physico-chemical properties of nanotubes, their functionalization, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and all aspects of using of carbon nanotubes.
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Grilli, Francesca, Parisa Hajimohammadi Gohari, and Shan Zou. "Characteristics of Graphene Oxide for Gene Transfection and Controlled Release in Breast Cancer Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12 (June 18, 2022): 6802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126802.
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Functionalized graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles are being increasingly employed for designing modern drug delivery systems because of their high degree of functionalization, high surface area with exceptional loading capacity, and tunable dimensions. With intelligent controlled release and gene silencing capability, GO is an effective nanocarrier that permits the targeted delivery of small drug molecules, antibodies, nucleic acids, and peptides to the liquid or solid tumor sites. However, the toxicity and biocompatibility of GO-based formulations should be evaluated, as these nanomaterials may introduce aggregations or may accumulate in normal tissues while targeting tumors or malignant cells. These side effects may potentially be impacted by the dosage, exposure time, flake size, shape, functional groups, and surface charges. In this review, the strategies to deliver the nucleic acid via the functionalization of GO flakes are summarized to describe the specific targeting of liquid and solid breast tumors. In addition, we describe the current approaches aimed at optimizing the controlled release towards a reduction in GO accumulation in non-specific tissues in terms of the cytotoxicity while maximizing the drug efficacy. Finally, the challenges and future research perspectives are briefly discussed.
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Iłowska, Emilia, Jakub Barciszewski, Mariusz Jaskólski, Augustyn Moliński, Maciej Kozak, and Aneta Szymańska. "Identification of a Steric Zipper Motif in the Amyloidogenic Core of Human Cystatin C and Its Use for the Design of Self-Assembling Peptides." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (May 22, 2022): 5800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105800.
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Amyloid fibrils have been known for many years. Unfortunately, their fame stems from negative aspects related to amyloid diseases. Nevertheless, due to their properties, they can be used as interesting nanomaterials. Apart from their remarkable stability, amyloid fibrils may be regarded as a kind of a storage medium and as a source of active peptides. In many cases, their structure may guarantee a controlled and slow release of peptides in their active form; therefore, they can be used as a potential nanomaterial in drug delivery systems. In addition, amyloid fibrils display controllable stiffness, flexibility, and satisfactory mechanical strength. In addition, they can be modified and functionalized very easily. Understanding the structure and genesis of amyloid assemblies derived from a broad range of amyloidogenic proteins could help to better understand and use this unique material. One of the factors responsible for amyloid aggregation is the steric zipper. Here, we report the discovery of steric zipper-forming peptides in the sequence of the amyloidogenic protein, human cystatin C (HCC). The ability of short peptides derived from this fragment of HCC to form fibrillar structures with defined self-association characteristics and the factors influencing this aggregation are also presented in this paper.
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Conte, Raffaele, Anna Valentino, Francesca Di Cristo, Gianfranco Peluso, Pierfrancesco Cerruti, Anna Di Salle, and Anna Calarco. "Cationic Polymer Nanoparticles-Mediated Delivery of miR-124 Impairs Tumorigenicity of Prostate Cancer Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030869.
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a pivotal role in regulating the expression of genes involved in tumor development, invasion, and metastasis. In particular, microRNA-124 (miR-124) modulates the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) at the post-transcriptional level, impairing the ability of androgen-independent prostate cancer (PC3) cells to completely metabolize lipid substrates. However, the clinical translation of miRNAs requires the development of effective and safe delivery systems able to protect nucleic acids from degradation. Herein, biodegradable polyethyleneimine-functionalized polyhydroxybutyrate nanoparticles (PHB-PEI NPs) were prepared by aminolysis and used as cationic non-viral vectors to complex and deliver miR-124 in PC3 cells. Notably, the PHB-PEI NPs/miRNA complex effectively protected miR-124 from RNAse degradation, resulting in a 30% increase in delivery efficiency in PC3 cells compared to a commercial transfection agent (Lipofectamine RNAiMAX). Furthermore, the NPs-delivered miR-124 successfully impaired hallmarks of tumorigenicity, such as cell proliferation, motility, and colony formation, through CPT1A modulation. These results demonstrate that the use of PHB-PEI NPs represents a suitable and convenient strategy to develop novel nanomaterials with excellent biocompatibility and high transfection efficiency for cancer therapy.
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Lee, Jaewook, Ji-Heon Lee, Jagannath Mondal, Joon Hwang, Han Sang Kim, Vinoth Kumar, Akhil Raj, Seung Rim Hwang, and Yong-Kyu Lee. "Magnetofluoro-Immunosensing Platform Based on Binary Nanoparticle-Decorated Graphene for Detection of Cancer Cell-Derived Exosomes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 9619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179619.
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Multi-functionalized carbon nanomaterials have attracted interest owing to their excellent synergic properties, such as plasmon resonance energy transfer and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Particularly, nanoparticle (NP)-decorated graphene (GRP) has been applied in various fields. In this study, silver NP (AgNP)- and magnetic iron oxide NP (IONP)-decorated GRP were prepared and utilized as biosensing platforms. In this case, AgNPs and GRP exhibit plasmonic properties, whereas IONPs exhibit magnetic properties; therefore, this hybrid nanomaterial could function as a magnetoplasmonic substrate for the magnetofluoro-immunosensing (MFI) system. Conversely, exosomes were recently considered high-potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of diseases. However, exosome diagnostic use requires complex isolation and purification methods. Nevertheless, we successfully detected a prostate-cancer-cell-derived exosome (PC-exosome) from non-purified exosomes in a culture media sample using Ag/IO-GRP and dye-tetraspanin antibodies (Ab). First, the anti-prostate-specific antigen was immobilized on the Ag/IO-GRP and it could isolate the PC-exosome from the sample via an external magnetic force. Dye-tetraspanin Ab was added to the sample to induce the sandwich structure. Based on the number of exosomes, the fluorescence intensity from the dye varied and the system exhibited highly sensitive and selective performance. Consequently, these hybrid materials exhibited excellent potential for biosensing platforms.
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Aasi, Aref, Sadegh Aghaei, Matthew Moore, and Balaji Panchapakesan. "Pt-, Rh-, Ru-, and Cu-Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Are Exceptional Candidates for Design of Anti-Viral Surfaces: A Theoretical Study." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (July 23, 2020): 5211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155211.
Full textAbstract:
As SARS-CoV-2 is spreading rapidly around the globe, adopting proper actions for confronting and protecting against this virus is an essential and unmet task. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) promoting molecules such as peroxides are detrimental to many viruses, including coronaviruses. In this paper, metal decorated single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were evaluated for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) adsorption for potential use for designing viral inactivation surfaces. We employed first-principles methods based on the density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the capture of an individual H2O2 molecule on pristine and metal (Pt, Pd, Ni, Cu, Rh, or Ru) decorated SWCNTs. Although the single H2O2 molecule is weakly physisorbed on pristine SWCNT, a significant improvement on its adsorption energy was found by utilizing metal functionalized SWCNT as the adsorbent. It was revealed that Rh-SWCNT and Ru-SWCNT systems demonstrate outstanding performance for H2O2 adsorption. Furthermore, we discovered through calculations that Pt- and Cu-decorated SWNCT-H2O2 systems show high potential for filters for virus removal and inactivation with a very long shelf-life (2.2 × 1012 and 1.9 × 108 years, respectively). The strong adsorption of metal decorated SWCNTs and the long shelf-life of these nanomaterials suggest they are exceptional candidates for designing personal protection equipment against viruses.
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Shin, Kyujin, Yo Song, Yeongchang Goh, and Kang Lee. "Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Single Particle Tracking of Upconverting Nanoparticles in Living Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 6 (March 21, 2019): 1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061424.
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Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are inorganic nanomaterials in which the lanthanide cations embedded in the host matrix can convert incident near-infrared light to visible or ultraviolet light. These particles are often used for long-term and real-time imaging because they are extremely stable even when subjected to continuous irradiation for a long time. It is now possible to image their movement at the single particle level with a scale of a few nanometers and track their trajectories as a function of time with a scale of a few microseconds. Such UCNP-based single-particle tracking (SPT) technology provides information about the intracellular structures and dynamics in living cells. Thus far, most imaging techniques have been built on fluorescence microscopic techniques (epifluorescence, total internal reflection, etc.). However, two-dimensional (2D) images obtained using these techniques are limited in only being able to visualize those on the focal planes of the objective lens. On the contrary, if three-dimensional (3D) structures and dynamics are known, deeper insights into the biology of the thick cells and tissues can be obtained. In this review, we introduce the status of the fluorescence imaging techniques, discuss the mathematical description of SPT, and outline the past few studies using UCNPs as imaging probes or biologically functionalized carriers.
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Bai, Ding-Ping, Xin-Yu Lin, Yi-Fan Huang, and Xi-Feng Zhang. "Theranostics Aspects of Various Nanoparticles in Veterinary Medicine." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 3299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113299.
Full textAbstract:
Nanoscience and nanotechnology shows immense interest in various areas of research and applications, including biotechnology, biomedical sciences, nanomedicine, and veterinary medicine. Studies and application of nanotechnology was explored very extensively in the human medical field and also studies undertaken in rodents extensively, still either studies or applications in veterinary medicine is not up to the level when compared to applications to human beings. The application in veterinary medicine and animal production is still relatively innovative. Recently, in the era of health care technologies, Veterinary Medicine also entered into a new phase and incredible transformations. Nanotechnology has tremendous and potential influence not only the way we live, but also on the way that we practice veterinary medicine and increase the safety of domestic animals, production, and income to the farmers through use of nanomaterials. The current status and advancements of nanotechnology is being used to enhance the animal growth promotion, and production. To achieve these, nanoparticles are used as alternative antimicrobial agents to overcome the usage alarming rate of antibiotics, detection of pathogenic bacteria, and also nanoparticles being used as drug delivery agents as new drug and vaccine candidates with improved characteristics and performance, diagnostic, therapeutic, feed additive, nutrient delivery, biocidal agents, reproductive aids, and finally to increase the quality of food using various kinds of functionalized nanoparticles, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, micellar nanoparticles, and metal nanoparticles. It seems that nanotechnology is ideal for veterinary applications in terms of cost and the availability of resources. The main focus of this review is describes some of the important current and future principal aspects of involvement of nanotechnology in Veterinary Medicine. However, we are not intended to cover the entire scenario of Veterinary Medicine, despite this review is to provide a glimpse at potential important targets of nanotechnology in the field of Veterinary Medicine. Considering the strong potential of the interaction between the nanotechnology and Veterinary Medicine, the aim of this review is to provide a concise description of the advances of nanotechnology in Veterinary Medicine, in terms of their potential application of various kinds of nanoparticles, secondly we discussed role of nanomaterials in animal health and production, and finally we discussed conclusion and future perspectives of nanotechnology in veterinary medicine.
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Mavridi-Printezi, Alexandra, Arianna Menichetti, Dario Mordini, and Marco Montalti. "Functionalization of and through Melanin: Strategies and Bio-Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 11 (June 2, 2023): 9689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119689.
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A unique feature of nanoparticles for bio-application is the ease of achieving multi-functionality through covalent and non-covalent functionalization. In this way, multiple therapeutic actions, including chemical, photothermal and photodynamic activity, can be combined with different bio-imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance, photoacoustic, and fluorescence imaging, in a theragnostic approach. In this context, melanin-related nanomaterials possess unique features since they are intrinsically biocompatible and, due to their optical and electronic properties, are themselves very efficient photothermal agents, efficient antioxidants, and photoacoustic contrast agents. Moreover, these materials present a unique versatility of functionalization, which makes them ideal for the design of multifunctional platforms for nanomedicine integrating new functions such as drug delivery and controlled release, gene therapy, or contrast ability in magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging. In this review, the most relevant and recent examples of melanin-based multi-functionalized nanosystems are discussed, highlighting the different methods of functionalization and, in particular, distinguishing pre-functionalization and post-functionalization. In the meantime, the properties of melanin coatings employable for the functionalization of a variety of material substrates are also briefly introduced, especially in order to explain the origin of the versatility of melanin functionalization. In the final part, the most relevant critical issues related to melanin functionalization that may arise during the design of multifunctional melanin-like nanoplatforms for nanomedicine and bio-application are listed and discussed.
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Zhang, Liangfang. "Nanoparticles Mimicking Platelets and Platelet Cloaking." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): SCI—38—SCI—38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-121082.
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The diverse functions played by platelets such as immune evasion, subendothelium adhesion, and pathogen interactions hinge on unique surface moieties presented on the platelet membrane. This has inspired our recent development of platelet-mimicking nanoparticles by collecting and translocating human platelet membrane onto the surface of synthetic nanoparticles. The resulting platelet-like nanoparticles (denoted 'PNPs') possess a right-side-out unilamellar membrane coating functionalized with immunomodulatory and adhesion antigens associated with platelets. The PNPs faithfully present the entire surface antigens and their functions that are otherwise difficult to replicate using bottom-up approaches. First, we demonstrate the use of PNPs to leverage the natural interaction of platelet membrane markers with multiple components present during atherogenesis for multifactored biological targeting and detection of atherosclerosis. In an experimental rat model of coronary restenosis, we demonstrate that the PNPs can selectively deliver loaded drugs to the damaged vasculatures, resulting in enhanced therapeutic efficacy as compared to nanocarriers without platelet membrane coating. We also show that the PNPs can effectively target imaging payloads to sites of atherosclerosis. We find that the PNPs bind not only to regions with significant plaque formation but also to areas that are preatherosclerotic and prone to plaque formation. Beyond simply providing contrast, this strategy also provides information about the underlying biology of the targeted regions, which may eventually be used to give a more complete picture of disease development over time. By using MRI imaging as a proof-of-concept modality, the PNP platform may be adapted toward a variety of imaging modalities for improving the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases. To further demonstrate PNP platform technology, we use PNPs as platelet decoys to remove pathological autoantibodies in immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) that otherwise cause a reduction in platelet counts. We show that PNPs can specifically bind with anti-platelet autoantibodies, which are directly responsible for reducing platelet counts. Upon binding, the interaction between the PNPs and the antibodies is strong, effectively neutralizing biological activity in vivo. In an antibody-induced thrombocytopenia animal model, mice treated with PNPs after challenging with antibodies can retain their platelet counts. Further, in a bleeding time assay, mice treated with PNPs exhibit normal hemostasis via effective clot formation, and average values are nearly identical to unchallenged controls. However, untreated mice or those administered with control nanoparticles bleed excessively due to lowered platelets counts and impaired hemostasis capacity. The ability to specifically neutralize anti-platelet antibodies in ITP presents a new option in the current landscape of treatment for the disease. Overall, these results demonstrate that coating with the platelet membrane is an effective approach for functionalizing nanomaterials. This development is expected to generate a variety of attractive nanomedicines for wide biomedical applications. Disclosures Zhang: Cellics Therapeutics, Inc: Consultancy, Equity Ownership; Cello Therapeutics, Inc: Consultancy, Equity Ownership.