Journal articles on the topic 'Biologist; Biography'

Though Eduard Zander’s original sketchbook with drawings in pen and ink – showing the remote Simen Mountain area – is still preserved in London, his adventuresome life and his scientific and artistic work as a biologist, architect or artisan is scarcely known in 19th century Ethiopian history. In the present article the author makes an attempt at Zander’s biography, adding the missing links and correcting the errors of his few predecessors; furthermore, he tries to produce recently dicovered source-material in an updated form.

Heinrich Friedrich August Karl Ludwig Friese (1860–1948) was an important pioneer bee biologist (melittologist). Between 1883 and 1939 he described 1,989 new species and 564 new varieties or subspecies of insects, of which over 99% were bees. His research was global, including description of new taxa from all biogeographical regions where bees occur, belonging to all seven extant bee families and 124 genera, including Megachile (with 262 species-group taxa proposed), Bombus (232), and Halictus (153). The present catalog provides a complete list of the taxa proposed by Friese, including a bibliography of his 270 entomological publications. The catalog lists all valid names proposed by Friese and details on the nomenclature, sex, and region of origin of each. The current combination and subgeneric placement are cited for taxa now regarded as valid species. A brief biography is followed by a discussion of how to locate and treat Friese types, a notoriously complicated issue due to Friese’s confusing labeling practices and the broad dispersion of his specimens.

The article presents an analysis of scientific heritage of the biologist Antoni Andrzejowski (1785–1869), whose name is well known in Ukraine and abroad as a naturalist and a scientist. Antoni Andrzejowski had been cooperating with V. Besser for many years and accompanied him in his trips, he was the first botanist in Kremenets that was born in Volyn, and, at the same time, the first who graduated from the Kremenets Lyceum. His contribution to botanical, zoological, palaeontological, and geological sciences is also recognised, in particular he authored the first geological map of Podillia. The scientist is known primarily for pioneering research on plant diversity: together with W. Besser, he initiated the floristic study of Volyno-Podillia and the Right-Bank Ukraine. He was a traveller, a researcher of the flora, fauna (both modern and fossil) and geology of Podillia, Polissia, the Dnieper, and the Black Sea, as well as the author of a number of original scientific works. During his numerous trips, he collected a variety of scientific materials, including a herbarium, most of which is stored at M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany NAS of Ukraine. As a taxonomist, he described more than 250 new taxa of vascular plants from 37 families (Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae Rosaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Lamiaceae, etc.). As an expert of flora and landscape art, A. Andrzejowski took part in the creation of parks (primarily within estates in Podillia), some of which have survived (e.g., in Stavyshche, Kyiv Oblast), but most of them have been lost. A. Andrzejowski almost constantly combined his research activities with pedagogical work: he taught pupils and students of the Volynian Gymnasium (Kremenets Lyceum), St Volodymyr Imperial University of Kyiv, and the Prince Bezborodko Physical and Mathematical Lyceum of Nizhyn. He belonged to the Vilna-Kremenets Scientific School with the classical traditions of an integrated approach to the study of nature. Most of the biography and various aspects of A. Andrzejowski’s activity are discussed in numerous studies, including some of our previous publications. His preserved scientific heritage, in particular botanical works and herbarium collections, also have not escaped the attention of scientists.

Theories concerning the human aesthetic sense are rarely based on moderate views. While Immanuel Kant argued that the aesthetic judgment is strictly independent of the knowledge of things ( Critique of Judgment, §15, page 1795), modern biological research suggests that the aesthetic sense emerged as a by-product of natural selection for the recognition of signals. We tested such theories by measuring the effect of cognitive training on aesthetic preference. Using a psychometric method of paired comparisons we obtained preference data by presenting to twenty-two naive observers 16 compound Gabor signals that were equally spaced on a full ‘circle of form’ in a 2-D feature space. Subjects were then trained to classify the same patterns into four deliberately defined pattern classes. The effect of this learning procedure was then assessed in another preference experiment. We show that our preference data can be explained in terms of two factors: pattern complexity and pattern symmetry. Cognitive learning (ie biography) significantly affected the complexity factor, while the symmetry factor remained invariant. We argue that these findings are inconsistent with the extreme positions of both Kant and the biologists. Rather, they imply that aesthetic preference is being determined by the interplay of ‘pre-wired’ biological functions of signal recognition and of individual experience.

Paper ini mendiskusikan femininitas di dalam auto/biografi selebritas transeksual “Aku Perempuan: Jalan Berliku Seorang Dorce Gamalama” (2005). Auto/biografi ini diterbitkan tahun 2005. Auto/biografi bukan sekadar merayakan karirnya tetapi yang lebih penting lagi adalah untuk menegaskan identitas dirinya sebagai perempuan. Saya berargumentasi bahwa peran feminine yang dituntut dari selebritas perempuan dapat juga di[per]tunjukkan oleh seorang transeksual seperti Dorce Gamalama tetapi dengan tuntutan ditampilkannya bentuk femininitas yang lebih meyakinkan dibandingkan yang dituntut dari selebritas yang secara biologis dilahirkan perempuan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan membaca secara dekat, mencermati struktur auto/biografi serta wacana yang ditampilkan. Analisis saya atas auto/biografi Dorce Gamalama ini menunjukkan bahwa persoalan makna perempuan sejati muncul berulang sejalan dengan perjuangan subjek auto/biografis dalam mengklaim identitas feminine yang otentik melalui tubuh, seksualitas dan peran femininnya sebagai ibu dan istri. Penegasan mengenai identitas sebagai perempuan sejati sangat erat dikaitkan dengan Islam sebagai kerangka beragama lokal di Indonesia.Abstract: This paper examines femininity in the auto/biography of a transsexual celebrity, “Aku Perempuan: Jalan Berliku Seorang Dorce Gamalama” (2005). Her auto/biography was published in 2005. The auto/biography is not so much about celebrating her career as it is about endorsing her womanhood. I argue that these feminine roles expected of female celebrities can be performed by a transsexual (M2F) person as Dorce Gamalama but with the need to create a more convincing form of femininity than is required of a “natural” female celebrity. This research is conducted by reading the text closely, paying attention to the structure and the discourse presented. My examination of Dorce’s auto/biography shows that this question about being a real woman recurs as the auto/biographical subject struggles to claim an authentic feminine identity through her body and sexuality as well as through the feminine roles of motherhood and wifehood. This assertion of being a real woman is tightly connected to Islam as Indonesian local religious frame.

Terry Erwin’s race to document arthropod diversity inspired taxonomists, systematists, ecologists, evolutionary biologists, and the conservation community at large, as his curatorial work of more than 50 years at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History and prolific publication record attests. The biography compiles public records, publications, as well as personal memoirs to describe the context in which Erwin’s studies with carabid beetles evolved as formalization of concepts, such as biological diversity, megadiverse countries, biodiversity loss, and conservation biology, will become central for science in the upcoming years. Awareness to explore new frontiers such as the forest canopy and Erwin’s studies in tropical forests, his easy-going personality, and dedicated mentoring attracted colleagues, students, and the general public, making him one of the leaders of tropical biology in the world.

Abstract Professor Pavel Štys (1933–2018) was an eminent specialist in morphology, taxonomy, systematics, biology and behaviour of Heteroptera, and the Commissioner of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. All his career was connected with the Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, where he educated several generations of Czech biologists and teachers. Here we provide his short biography, personal memories of his colleagues, bibliography currently comprising 386 papers, and annotated list of the taxa he described, which includes two families (Stemmocryptidae and Medocostidae), 11 subfamilies, 4 tribes, 54 genus-group and 129 species-group names, all of them in Heteroptera, except one species and one subspecies of Syrphidae (Diptera). Within the list the grammatical gender of the genera Chauliops Scott, 1874 and Neochauliops Štys, 1963 is corrected to masculine in accordance with ICZN (1999: Article 30.1.4.3) affecting the gender agreement in the following species: Chauliops conicus Gao & Bu, 2009, Ch. lobatulus Breddin, 1907, Ch. petiolatus (Germar, 1837), Ch. quaternarius Gao & Bu, 2009, and Neochauliops laciniatus (Bergroth, 1916).

How do the discourses of biology and politics interact? This article uses the case of Carl Vogt (1817–1895), the notorious German “radical materialist” zoologist and political revolutionary, to analyze the traffic across these discourses before, during, and after the revolutions of 1848. Arguing that metaphors of the organism and the state did different work in the discourse communities of German political theorists and biologists through the 1840s, it then traces Vogt’s life and work to show how politics and biology came together in his biography. It draws on Vogt’s political rhetoric, his satirical post-1849 writings, and his scientific studies to examine the parallels he drew between animal organization and human social and political organization in the 1840s and ’50s. Broadening back out, I suggest that the discourses of organismal and state organization, both somewhat transformed, would align more closely over the 1850s and thereafter—yet asymmetrically. Although the state metaphor became more attractive for biologists, the organism as state did not harden into a dominant concept in biology. On the political side, a new wave of political theorizing increasingly viewed the state as resembling a biological organism. These shifts, I speculate, brought the discourses closer together in the post-revolutionary era, and may be seen as contributing to a new configuration of mutual legitimation between science and the state. This essay is part of a special issue entitled REVOLUTIONARY POLITICS AND BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE AND GERMANY edited by Lynn K. Nyhart and Florence Vienne.

Biography Gopi Shankar is a Vice President at Janssen BioTherapeutics, the biotechnology discovery and development unit of Janssen Research & Development, LLC (one of the Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson). His department of approximately 150 scientists is responsible for characterizing biophysical and pharmacological parameters of biologic molecules for discovery and for developing preclinical projects through first-in-human trials by determining pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, target pharmacodynamics, starting dose and projected efficacious dose recommendations. The department also provides analytical and bioanalytical results for Janssen's clinical trials of biologics. Throughout his entire career, Dr Shankar has focused on the development of innovative solutions to scientific hurdles, developed consensus and harmonized scientific practices. A renowned expert in the field of immunogenicity and a Fellow of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS), Dr Shankar has led or contributed to several highly impactful scientific advances in immunogenicity; his research, consensus-building efforts and best-practice publications have transformed the thinking and tactical processes related to clinical immunogenicity.

With the death of Harold Garnet (‘Mick’) Callan on 3 November 1993, the community of cell biologists lost one of the twentieth century's most profound and colourful students of chromosomes. During his 50-year scientific career the study of chromosomes and genes went from purely descriptive and morphological to deeply analytical and molecular. Steeped by training in the earlier tradition, Callan nevertheless contributed enormously to this revolution with his meticulous studies on the giant chromosomes of amphibians, all the while maintaining that he was a ‘mere cytologist’ on whom much of the molecular analysis was lost. Mick Callan and I were professional colleagues and close personal friends whose careers intersected at many points. We visited and worked in each other's laboratories, we published together, we generated a voluminous correspondence (much of it in the days when letters were handwritten), and our families enjoyed many good times together in Scotland and the USA. My most difficult task in writing this biography has been to extract from the vast amount of public and personal information in my possession those parts of Mick Callan's life and work that will be of chief interest to a broader audience. I have been helped in this by a 30 000-word autobiography written by him near the end of his life, covering the period from his birth in 1917 to the end of World War II in 1945. This account provides considerable insight into the factors that shaped his later professional career and is an engrossing account of the life of a boy in prewar England and a young man at Oxford and in the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the worst days of the war. Callan's autobiography has been deposited in the University library, St Andrews, Scotland.

The paper follows the series of publications in “Vegetation of Russia” devoted to L. G. Ramensky (Golub, 2013, 2014, 2017 a,b). It tells about the first field trip by Ramensky together with V. P. Savich in 1907 on the northwest of the St. Petersburg province, where they under the guidance by V. L. Komarov studied the vegetation of lakes and swamps. Undoubted interest in the biography by Ramensky is represented by his choice of the direction by which he moved into the field of phytocenology. We tried to search for the reasons that pushed him to the chosen path in the impressions and experience that he took out in the first expedition in his life One of the sources of information about this expedition was the Savich’s archive at the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, that contains the photo album with the photographs taken in 1907. The second important source of the events of that summer were the letters (now stored in the Archive of the Russian Aca­demy of Sciences) by Ramensky and Savich, which they sent to Komarov. Entering the St. Petersburg University in 1906, Ramensky began fr om the very first days to take part in the work of the student scientific botanical society. With a group of students, he made several excursions in St. Petersburg vicinity under the leadership by A. A. Elenkin, collecting mosses and lichens. Then together with Savich, he in the course of the whole year was engaged in their identifying. However, in 1907 they both went to another head, namely to V. L. Komarov, who began to supervise the student botanical society. Thanks to Komarov Ramensky and Savich get a business trip sponsored by the St. Petersburg Socie­ty of Naturalists to Gdov and Yamburg regions of the St. Petersburg province where they studied the flora and vegetation of the lakes and swamps The beginning of this expedition was not successful. The first point where they stopped was Ust-Narva in Estlandia, where Ramensky fell ill, that made further participation in field researches very problematic. Fortunately, he quickly recovered. Judging by the Komarov’s photo on the cape Kolganpya on the Soykinskiy Peninsula in the Savich’s album, he visited his pupils and made excursions along together with them. Ramensky and Savich reported the results of their first expedition at a meeting of the student scientific botanical society, as well as to the Imperial St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists. One of the reports, made by Ramensky on March 19, 1908, was entitled “On the сomparative method of ecological investigation of plant communities”. The title of this report literally coincides with that which he made two years later at the 12th Congress of Russian Naturalists and Physicians. The idea of continuum in the plant cover was set forth in the published abstract (Ramensky, 1910). The question is legitimate: “Was it really enough the only field season to come to the idea so not ordinary for his time”? We have to admit that yes. Plant communities of lakes, swamps, especially coastal-aquatic phytocenoseses are greatly appropriate for such conclusions. Especially obviously the changes in plant populations are seen when moving fr om the water edge of the lake up the slope of the shore, wh ere soil moisture gradually decreases. However, this was not the only reason for a new look at the vegetation cover. In 1906–1907 Ramensky closely communicated with Elenkin, who developed the theory of “mobile equilibrium” in the relationship of living organisms among themselves and with their environment. Later this theory became for Ramensky the basis from which he derived the main regularities of plant cover, in­cluding its continuum. Acquaintance to Elenkin’s publications and, furthermore, conversations with him, could promote formation at Ramensky of view on vegetation, different from that of the geobotanists of that time. We beleive, Ramensky’s physico-mathematical training, which he received while studying for two years at the Mining Institute, also contributed to a new view of the plant cover. Thus, it can be assumed that a set of factors helped the second-year student of St. Petersburg University, with the only field season, to formulated a revolutionary idea that was not immediately accepted by phytocenologists, and in general by biologists. The first expedition determined the objects of Ramensky’s research for a long time. Komarov appreciated his and Savich’s work and took them in next 1908 to Kamchatka, wh ere Ramensky continued the swamp and lake vegetation studying. In 1909–1911 he studi­ed the water and coastal-aquatic vegetation of the St. Petersburg province and the neighboring Olonets one. Ramensky quickly became so authoritative expert in the field of studying of this vegetation that in 1909 he was involved in development of the all-Russian “Program for botanical-geographical researches”, for which he wrote the chapter “Water and coastal vegetation”. When in 1911 Ramensky was invited to Voronezh province for “natural historical research”, he began his activity with the study of lake and swamp vegetation, gradually passing to the research of mea­dows. Later, Ramensky studied various types of vegetation. Nevertheless, the phytocoenoseses of hydromorphic landscapes, which he has faced in his first expedition, were forever the most interesting to him.

Background:COVID-19 is a major challenge worldwide. Although the risk for a severe disease course is low among children with COVID-19, symptoms may be exacerbated by underlying disease and/or immunosuppressive medication. We analysed clinical data from COVID-19 cases in among pediatric patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in Germany reported to the BIKER registry.Objectives:This is an analysis of clinical data for 56 COVID-19 cases reported to the German BIKER registry from 29 German pediatric rheumatology centers and clinics from February 2020 to January 2021.Methods:The major task of the German BIKER (Biologics in Paediatric Rheumatology) Registry is surveillance of biologics used in pediatric rheumatology patients. Following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, a survey was established to proactively interview all participating centers regarding the occurrence, presentation and outcome of SARS-CoV-2-infected children with rheumatic diseases. Initially, the interviews were conducted in weekly intervals, later bi-weekly.A standardized Adverse Event of Special Interest form was developed requesting biographic data, pre-treatment, current medication, data on clinical presentation, course, treatment and outcome of COVID-19 pediatric rheumatology patients.Results:In all, 56 patients with JIA and SARS-CoV-2 infection were reported (Table 1). Of these patients, 71% were 12 or more years old.Table 1.Patient characteristics. COVID-19 positive patients.JIA patients, n=56n (%)Age 0-5 years / 6-11years / 12-18years3 (5.4) / 13 (23.2) / 40 (71.4)JIA category•Systemic JIA5 (8.9)•Oligoarthritis JIA9 (16)•Polyarticular JIA32 (57)•Enthesitis-related JIA2 (3.6)•Psoriatic JIA1 (1.8)•Unknown7 (12.5)Uveitis (concomitant)4 (7.1)Treatment•DMARD / MTX23/ 22 (41/39)•Biologics29 (52)•TNF inhibitors20 (36)•Tocilizumab5 (8.9)•Abatacept1 (1.8)•Anakinra1 (1.8)•Ustekinumab1 (1.8)•JAK inhibitors1 (1.8)•Steroids5 (8.9)Asymptomatic13 (23.2)Hospitalized/ICU/Ventilation/Death1/1/1/1 (1.8)At the time of infection, 41% of the patients received conventional DMARDs and 52% received biologics (Table 1). Forty-four patients (79%) received either a conventional DMARD or a biologic. Most patients had a polyarticular course of their JIA (57%).In 49 of the 56 cases (88%) COVID-19 was detected directly by PCR (n=46), by antigen test only (n=1) or an undisclosed method (n= 2). Six patients had detectable SARS-CoV2 antibodies and reported to have had typical symptoms. One patient tested negative but developed typical symptoms at approximately the same time a positive SARS-CoV-2 test was returned for a family member.Symptoms were reported in 43 of the 56 patients (77%): fever n=15, rhinitis n=14, cough n=12, headache n=10, loss of sense of taste and/or smell n=9, pharyngitis n=8, fatigue n=5, musculoskeletal pain n=5, GI symptoms n=2 (abdominal pain n=1, diarrhoea n=1), dizziness n=3, encephalitis/seizure/respiratory failure/death n=1. Thirteen patients (23%) were asymptomatic.A 3½ -year-old female patient initially diagnosed with systemic JIA developed intracranial oedema and respiratory failure. Her SARS-CoV2 PCR test was positive and pulmonary imaging displayed typical changes in lung texture. Before her SARS-CoV-2 infection, the patient was treated with methotrexate and low-dose steroids. Unfortunately, she died three days following hospital admission. Genetic testing revealed an inborn immunodeficiency. Except for this one patient, all other cases were treated as outpatients and no deaths were reported.Conclusion:Apart from one patient with an inborn immunodeficiency who died from her COVID-19 infection, no case of hospitalization or severe COVID-19 was reported in our cohort of JIA patients. At the time of COVID-19 diagnosis, nearly 80% of patients in our cohort had been treated with conventional DMARD and/or biologics. This seemed not to have a negative effect on severity or outcome of SARS-CoV2 infection.Acknowledgements:Thanks also for contributing Reports for this analysis to: Normi Brück, Frank Dressler, Ivan Foeldvari, Tilman Geikowski, Hermann Girschick, Johannes-Peter Haas, Tilmann Kallinich, Bernd-Ulrich Keck, Eggert Lilienthal, Anna-Hedrich Müller, Ulrich Neudorf, Nils Onken, Peggy Rühmer.Disclosure of Interests:None declared.

Christopher Sexton, The Seeds of Time: the Life of Sir Macfarlane Burnet . Oxford University Press, 1991. Pp. 301, £19.95. ISBN 019 5532740 Those who knew Burnet only after he had become a successful and widely respected scientist will be surprised to learn from this biography that, when younger, he had been shy and diffident. There is, however, no room for doubt about this. Sexton quotes illustrative comments by others, passages from diaries, and the autobiography published in 1968. Shyness and diffidence were not familial traits: there are 15 Bumet(t)s in the DNB , and F.M. Burnet claims five Fellows of the Royal Society as collaterals. The shyness may have arisen from his mother’s preoccupation with the care of his mentally-retarded elder sister and the failure to make close contact with his father, a banker who had emigrated from Scotland to Australia in 1880. The young Burnet became an assiduous reader, with a keen interest in natural history and a special interest in beetles.

Artiklen beskriver bl.a. forskelle på spejder- og woodcraftbevægelserne og diskuterer friluftsliv ud fra den grundantagelse, at friluftsliver bygger på mere end fysisk bevægelse.A different outdoor life and an alternative biology: on primate research, the nature of scouting, and woodcraft folk. Outdoor life is not only a complex of physical activities, as the term ‘scouting sports’ may have us believe. Outdoor activities are connected with concepts of nature and with certain forms of knowledge that are also fundamental to the natural sciences. This article approaches this complex relation through the biography of the animal. Since the 1960s biologists have used fieldwork to “discover” and reconstruct the life histories of chimpanzees. The significance of these biographies for biological research is that they open the way for a revision of scientific method. And they allow a fresh retrospective look at scouting history. The Boy Scouts movement was started around 1900-1910 by Ernest Thompson Seton, an American author of animal novels, and the British military officer Lord Baden-Powell. The two founder figures represented different ways of relating to nature. The multiplicity that existed between the role models of “the soldier” and the “Red Indian” can also be found in early Danish scouting, where different emphases were placed by Cay Lembcke and by Hans Hartvig-Møller. The practical choice between “war in nature” and “peace with nature” was linked to contradictions in the understanding of nature. Nature was an arena on the one hand for struggle for the survival of the fittest – on the other for dialogue with the animal as ‘the other’.

Статья посвящена российскому периоду биографии Сергея Ивановича Метальникова, выдающегося ученого – зоолога, протистолога, микробиолога, иммунолога и философа. На основании архивных и опубликованных документов с использованием классических теоретических методов исторического исследования подробно восстановлены основные события его жизни (вплоть до момента эмиграции во Францию): детство, университетские годы, создание семьи, формирование научных интересов, начало работы в науке и постепенная адаптация в научном социуме, зарубежные командировки и стажировки, становление как исследователя и крупного деятеля науки и образования. Особое внимание уделено деятельности ученого на Высших женских (Бестужевских) курсах. Показано, что исследуемый период в жизни С. И. Метальникова был весьма успешным с точки зрения его научной карьеры, однако обстоятельства и последовательные политические взгляды вынудили его в конце концов покинуть страну. The article is devoted to the Russian period of the biography of Sergei Ivanovich Metalnikov, an outstanding Russian scientist, who emigrated to France after the revolution. He was a zoologist, protistologist, microbiologist, immunologist and philosopher. The personality of the scientist is interesting both for biologists and for historians of science and technology, as well as for the history of Russian scientific emigration. His life was also connected with the South of Russia: his family owned the Artek estate in Crimea, and he is deservedly considered to be one of the founders of Taurida University. The aim of the current article is to reconstruct the main events of his life, first of all those that formed his personality as a scientist, starting from childhood and continuing with the university years and the first independent steps in science, those related to his activities in the field of science and education. The article is based on archival and published documents, the main events of his life until the moment of emigration to France are reconstructed in details using classical theoretical methods of historical research. Among archival documents, his two autobiographies from the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Manuscripts Department of the Institute of Russian Literature should be mentioned. Besides them, the article is based on other documents from the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg, the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences and its Saint Petersburg branch, the Manuscripts Department of the National Library of Russia. The article covers in detail his childhood, family, university years, the formation of scientific interests, the beginning of his work in science and adaptation in the scientific community, foreign trips and trainee ship, his formation as a scientist from a junior researcher to a prominent person in science and education. Particular attention in the article is devoted to Metalnikov’s activities at the Higher Women’s (Bestuzhev) courses, which have not received an adequate coverage in the literature yet. It is shown that the relevant period in Metalnikov’s life and work can be described as a very successful career. He managed to develop from a young scientist to a professor, a prominent and respected specialist of a wide scientific range. Nevertheless, the turbulent events in the life of the country and the personal civil position of the scientist led to his desire to emigrate from Russia and work abroad, and scientific achievements became the basis for the fact that he successfully succeeded.

The biographer, reflecting on the long and manifold life of the Showa Emperor, cannot but be struck by many contrasts. None, perhaps, is greater than that which distinguished the Scholar Emperor and Imperial Biologist, about whom this memoir is written, from His Imperial Majesty the Emperor and Statesman. Many short articles have appeared in illustration of his biological prowess (Egami 1989; Guillain 1989; Hamburger 1962; Kitamura 1988; Komai 1972; Reischauer 1975; Steam 1989; Taku 1972), and there is the early book by Hino (1931). The substantial biographies of the western press, however, treat it as if it had been a pastime (Haas 1975; Mosley 1966; Packard 1987; Sayle 1988; Takeda 1988). It was far more. No amateur could have encompassed and mastered the vast field of nature that he did and have risen to international authority. His enjoyment of biology not only provided comfort and relaxation, as others have remarked, but reflected his confidence in natural science as a means, so dear to his heart, of uniting all mankind. With much greater resources than others, he assembled a biological court of advisers in whom he had implicit trust, and became the first emperor to have devoted his spare time to science. Said to have entered this world alarmingly slight as an infant, he developed the physique and resolution to reign for 62 years, longer than any monarch in history, and he passed away still dwelling on that research. He wore two faces. There was the placid, impassionate, and, even, obedient leader in public regard, and there was the eager intent of the original investigator whether in the field or the laboratory, bent on discovery and understanding. A boy, raised strictly in the aura of the one divinely to ascend the Chrysanthemum Throne, found not respite so much as inspiration in studying the humblest orders of life. Surrounded with beauty and detesting conflict, he was led into the second and most frightful world war, to rescue his country, for the first time in its history, from shattering and abject defeat, by that very humility which his science had nurtured. A dual image has already been ascribed. Takeda compares an arrogant monarchy with the democratization of post-war and modem Japan. Others have contrasted the impassionate emperor with the endearing father who loved his children; and in both regards there is a profound chapter in one of the books of Elizabeth Vining (1970). Neither aspect, however, reveals the true personality which was manifested in that love of nature, respect for all living things, and confidence in the brotherhood of science. So far from being a side-issue, it is a cardinal consideration; it was the force that kept him going through troubled times. In the words of Professor Woodroofe, when we were conversing in Tokyo, Hirohito was a born naturalist who had to be the emperor. In the course of this memoir about one who was both botanist and zoologist, I have kept two questions in mind. What led the young Prince to biology and what was the scientific outcome? Perhaps, the nearest answers have already appeared in the charming reminiscences of Kanroji (1975), written at the age of 96 years after he had served the Imperial Court for 70 years. With Japanese text and splendid illustration, there are the book of the National Science Museum, Tokyo (Anonymous 1988) and those of the Asahi Publishing Company (Anonymous 1989 a ; Senzo 1989).