Journal articles: 'Biological substance'

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Lowe, E. J. "Real Selves: Persons as a Substantial Kind." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 29 (March 1991): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100007487.

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Are persons substances or modes? (The terminology may seem archaic, but the issue is a live one.) Two currently dominant views may be characterized as giving the following rival answers to this question. According to the first view, persons are just biological substances. According to the second, persons are psychological modes of substances which, as far as human beings are concerned, happen to be biological substances, but which could in principle be non-biological. There is, however, also a third possible answer, and this is that persons are psychological substances. Such a view is inevitably associated with the name of Descartes, and this helps to explain its current unpopularity, since substantial dualism of his sort is now widely rejected as ‘unscientific’. But one may, as I hope to show, espouse the view that persons are psychological substances without endorsing Cartesianism. This is because one may reject certain features of Descartes's conception of substance. Consequently, one may also espouse a version of substantial dualism which is distinctly non-Cartesian. One may hold that a person, being a psychological substance, is an entity distinct from the biological substance that is (in the human case) his or her body, and yet still be prepared to ascribe corporeal characteristics to this psychological substance. By this account, a human person is to be thought of neither as a non-corporeal mental substance (a Cartesian mind), nor as the product of a mysterious ‘union’ between such a substance and a physical, biological substance (a Cartesian animal body). This is not to deny that the mind—body problem is a serious and difficult one, but it is to imply that there is a version of substantial dualism which does not involve regarding the ‘mind’ as a distinct substance in its own right.

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Lyublinskiy, S. L., I. N. Lyublinskaya, E. M. Koloskova, A. M. Azizov, V. N. Karkischenko, M. S. Nesterov, A. V. Kaptsov, R. A. Ageldinov, V. N. Gerasimov, and D. V. Grinenko. "Technological Aspects of Obtaining Liposomes Containing of a Complex of Biologically Active Substances Isolated from Deer Musk." Journal Biomed 17, no. 4 (December 6, 2021): 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33647/2074-5982-17-4-18-37.

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In order to preserve and increase the biological effectiveness of biologically active substances isolated from deer musk, we studied technological aspects of obtaining a substance of lipid-stabilized stable nanoparticles from deer musk. The stability of the obtained substance was evaluated. It was found that homogenization under high pressure is an optimal approach to obtaining biologically active substances from deer musk. The modes of preparation of a liposomal form of biologically active substances with predetermined dispersion parameters (average particle diameter 250 ± 100 nm, polydispersity index 0.3 ± 0.1, and zeta potential from -5 to -35 mV) were determined. It was found that the high-pressure homogenizer “Donor-5” makes it possible to obtain liposomal dispersions with standard parameters and the degree of inclusion of musk biologically active substances up to 60%, at the same time as providing minimal oxidation and hydrolysis of phospholipids (oxidation index 0.3). Our studies showed that the use of a domestic phosphatidylcholine is economically justiﬁed and allows obtaining liposomal forms of proper quality. The quality indicators of the obtained liposomal substance were characterised by conventional analytical methods (dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, gel chromatography, chromatography-mass spectrometry, etc.). On the basis of the results obtained, a draft speciﬁcation was developed for a liposomal substance (powder) containing a complex of biologically active substances isolated from deer musk. The developed technology for obtaining a liposomal form of biologically active substances from deer musk can be scaled up in accordance with GMP requirements.

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Bowman, Eric. "Biological basis of substance abuse." Neuropsychologia 34, no. 2 (February 1996): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3932(96)90003-2.

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Yargic, Ilhan. "Biological Mechanisms Underlying Addiction." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 2, no. 3 (May 18, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v2i3.37.

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Addiction is a behavioral disorder related to alterations in neurobiological systems involved in reward system, brain stress response, physical withdrawal, inhibition and executive control. Alcohol or drug addiction does not occur without using these substances but genetic and epigenetic variations in these neurobiological systems cause individual differences. The current review summarizes the literature on the biological basis of drug addiction. In addition, this review tries to explain the path from occasional recreational substance use to the compulsive, addicted state. It will help understand why avoiding psychoactive drugs or not to start using is very crucial.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 02 No. 03 July’18. Page : 107-111

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Lenartowicz, Piotr. "Substance and Cognition of Biological Phenomena." Forum Philosophicum 4 (1999): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/forphil199946.

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Cohen, Yael Helfman, Yoram Reich, and Sara Greenberg. "Substance Field Analysis and Biological Functions." Procedia Engineering 131 (2015): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.416.

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Guang, Hao Chen, Huang Ju-Chang, and Irene M. C. Lo. "Removal of rate-limiting organic substances in a hybrid biological reactor." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 6 (March 1, 1997): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0246.

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This paper is aimed at investigating the removal of both easily as well as slowly biodegradable (or rate-limiting) organic substances in an aerobic hybrid reactor which consists of both the suspended and attached biomass (or biofilm). The study involves theoretical computer simulations on the reactor performance. It has been shown that the organic removal efficiency in a purely suspended growth system decreases markedly when the maximum specific removal rate (MSRR) of an organic substance is lower than 0.5/day. Thus, a suspended growth system is not effective in removing any substance of low biodegradability. On the contrary, when a hybrid system is applied, a rate-limiting organic substance with an MSRR of 0.1/day can still be effectively removed as long as the weight ratio of the biofilm to the suspended biomass is not less than 0.027. In such a system, an increase in the amount of the suspended biomass will not significantly increase the removal rate for such a substance because a slowly biodegradable substance needs some specific types of microorganisms which have a low growth rate. As such, in a biofilm system it is easier to maintain these microorganisms than in a suspended growth reactor. In this case, an increase of biofilm will improve the treatment efficiency. For the removal of an easily biodegradable substance (i.e., MSRR is not less than 0.5/day), the suspended biomass plays a more important role than the fixed biomass in a hybrid reactor. Through simulation modelling, it is known that to obtain 80% or more removal of a slowly biodegradable substance (MSRR at 0.1/day) in a hybrid reactor, the optimal operating values of organic loading rate, hydraulic retention time, and the ratio of support surface to reactor volume are 0.53 kg COD/m3/day, 6 hours, and 225 m2/m3, respectively. The results of this study suggest that to achieve an effective simultaneous removal of both easily and slowly biodegradable organics a hybrid reactor offers the best solution.

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McCuish, Evan C. "Substance Use Profiles Among Juvenile Offenders: A Lifestyles Theoretical Perspective." Journal of Drug Issues 47, no. 3 (March 15, 2017): 448–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042617699197.

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Base rates of illicit substances such as cocaine, crack cocaine, and heroin are typically low in community-based studies, which often inhibit more complex multivariate analysis. Additionally, single-item measures and aggregate scales mask within-group differences among those showing versatility in their substance use. Latent class analysis was used to model the substance use profiles of adjudicated female ( n = 98) and male ( n = 378) youth. Alcohol, marijuana, acid, mushrooms, ecstasy, cocaine, crack cocaine, heroin, crystal methamphetamine, and nonmedical use of prescription pills were used to define latent profiles of substance use. Three latent classes were identified that were qualitatively different across males and females. Multinomial logistic regression analyses indicated that time spent outside of the home of the biological parents, early substance use, and parental substance abuse were informative of the use of substances such as cocaine, crack cocaine, and heroin. Implications for more individualized treatment strategies are discussed.

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Kostov, Georgi, Vesela Shopska, Rositsa Denkova, Mihaela Ivanova, Tatyana Balabanova, and Radka Vlaseva. "Encapsulation of plant and animal oils used in dairy industry: A review." Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aucft-2016-0002.

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Abstract The development of new food products enriched with biologically active components is a topical issue for modern food science and practice. Many of these substances are unstable when being incorporated into the food matrix, which demands a study on the possibilities to stabilize them before use. Encapsulation of biologically active substances is a method which provides stability of the substance in the food product. The principles for implementing encapsulation of biologically active substances, especially natural oils, the matrices and the encapsulation methods are discussed in the present review. Data on the impact of key process parameters of encapsulation, the biological value of oils and the opportunities for application of the encapsulated systems in different groups of dairy products are presented.

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Martinescu, Fabiana. "Research On The Subject Of Nutrition In Physical Effort Determination." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 21, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 838–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2015-0142.

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Abstract Living organisms are in close dependence with the environment. There is also a permanent exchange of substance, energy and information between the human body and the environment, an exchange that underlies the development of all biological processes. In the normal biological processes, the essential environmental factors compete, among which we mention the air, water and food. The importance of food (lat. alimentum - aliment)consists of the intake of nutrients necessary for all life processes. The substances from food are generically described by the term “nutrient principles” or “food principles”, often being used the term “nutrients”. Among nutrients, depending on their amount in the food products and the physiological and biochemical role, there are the macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids and protides), micronutrients (mineral compounds of biological interest and vitamins) as well as other nutrients (water, fibres, biologically-active substances).

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Bernardo, Michelle, Seetal Dodd, Clarissa S. Gama, David L. Copolov, Olivia Dean, Kristy Kohlmann, Susan Jeavons, et al. "Effects of N-acetylcysteine on substance use in bipolar disorder: A randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 21, no. 6 (December 2009): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2009.00397.x.

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Objective:To evaluate the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on substance use in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of NAC in bipolar disorder. It is hypothesised that NAC will be superior to placebo for reducing scores on the Clinical Global Impressions scale for Substance Use (CGI-SU).Methods:Participants were randomised to a 6-months of treatment with 2 g/day NAC (n = 38) or placebo (n = 37). Substance use was assessed at baseline using a Habits instrument. Change in substance use was assessed at regular study visits using the CGI-SU.Results:Among the 75 participants 78.7% drank alcohol (any frequency), 45.3% smoked tobacco and 92% consumed caffeine. Other substances were used by fewer than six participants. Caffeine use was significantly lower for NAC-treated participants compared to placebo at week 2 of treatment but not at other study visits.Conclusions:NAC appeared to have little effect on the participants who were using substances. A larger study on a substance-using population will be necessary to determine if NAC may be a useful treatment for substance use.

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Sramek, John J. "Book Review: Biological Basis of Substance Abuse." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 28, no. 3 (March 1994): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809402800330.

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13

Wiggins, David. "Activity, Process, Continuant, Substance, Organism." Philosophy 91, no. 2 (January 26, 2016): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819115000637.

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AbstractThis paper is a response to the suggestion that processes provide a better framework for interpreting science, biological science especially, than do substances. The philosopher of substance is ill-prepared, it has been suggested, for the question ‘how a combination of processes can maintain the appearance of stability and persistence in an entity that is fundamentally only a temporary eddy in a flux of change’. In response, I defend a plural ontology of process, activity, event and continuant, and show how a sortalist philosophy of substance that makes Hilary Putnam's distinction of ‘realism’ from ‘metaphysical realism’ can treat disputed questions concerning the identity and individuation of colonial siphonophores, slime moulds and plant-colonies.

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Bernardo, Michelle, Seetal Dodd, Clarissa S. Gama, David L. Copolov, Olivia Dean, Kristy Kohlmann, Susan Jeavons, et al. "Effects of N-acetylcysteine on substance use in bipolar disorder: a randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 21, no. 5 (October 2009): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2009.00415.x.

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Objective:To evaluate the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on substance use in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of NAC in bipolar disorder. It is hypothesised that NAC will be superior to placebo for reducing scores on the Clinical Global Impressions scale for Substance Use (CGI-SU).Methods:Participants were randomised to 6-months of treatment with 2 g/day NAC (n = 38) or placebo (n = 37). Substance use was assessed at baseline using the Habits instrument. Change in substance use was assessed at regular study visits using the CGI-SU.Results:Amongst the 75 participants 78.7% drank alcohol (any frequency), 45.3% smoked tobacco and 92% consumer caffeine. Other substances were used by fewer than six participants. Caffeine use was significantly lower for NAC-treated participants compared with placebo at week 2 of treatment but not at other study visits.Conclusion:NAC appeared to have little effect on substance use in this population. A larger study on a substance using population will be necessary to determine if NAC may be a useful treatment for substance use.

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Kurone, Yuichiro, Ken-ichi Ishibashi, Daisuke Yamanaka, Noriko N. Miura, Yoshiyuki Adachi, and Naohito Ohno. "Preparation and Biological Characterization of Limulus Factor G-activating Substance of Aspergillus spp." Medical Mycology Journal 58, no. 4 (2017): E121—E129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3314/mmj.17-00010.

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Ivanov, Iliyan S., Kurt P. Schuiz, Robyn C. Palmero, and Jeffrey H. Newcorn. "Neurorobiology and Evidence-Based Biological Treatments for Substance Abuse Disorders." CNS Spectrums 11, no. 11 (November 2006): 864–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900015017.

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ABSTRACTBehavioral patterns of addiction include compulsive drug-seeking, persistent abuse of substances despite the often dire consequences on social functioning and physical health, and the high probability of relapse even after prolonged drug-free periods.The recent focus on the biological basis of addiction has provided evidence to support the hypothesis that behavioral manifestations for addiction are influenced by biological factors, and biological factors often produce behavioral changes that can further increase risk. The current understanding of the role of the dopaminergic, glutamatergic, γ-aminobutyric acidergic, and opioid receptor systems in the pathophysiology of addiction as well as the clinical implications of these systems for new and emerging treatments will be discussed. This article will also review the pharmacologic agents used in the treatment of substance abuse disorders and presents evidence-based data for their safety, efficacy, and feasibility of use in different patient populations.

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Shikimi, Tadahiro. "Biological functions of ulinastatin and ulinastatin-like substance." Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 71 (1996): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-5198(19)36352-8.

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Pollard, Irina. "Substance Abuse and Parenthood: Biological Mechanisms-Bioethical Challenges." Women & Health 30, no. 3 (July 21, 2000): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j013v30n03_01.

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HARO, ISABEL, JOSEP LLUÍS TORRES, GREGORIO VALENCIA, JOSÉ MARÍA GARCÍA-ANTÓN, and FRANCISCA REIG. "Synthesis and biological activity of substance P analogues." International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research 33, no. 5 (January 12, 2009): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3011.1989.tb00690.x.

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Bristow, Adrian F., Trevor Barrowcliffe, and Derek R. Bangham. "Standardization of biological medicines: the first hundred years, 1900–2000." Notes and Records of the Royal Society 60, no. 3 (September 8, 2006): 271–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2006.0153.

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The use of materials of biological origin in medicine has a long history. These materials, including tissue, organ and microbial extracts, blood and its derivatives, antibodies and hormones, share the feature that for much of the last century the ability to characterize and quantify the active substance was limited. Quantification of these substances depends on biological standardization, a discipline that was refined to a science by the Medical Research Council from the 1920s onwards, and which, with contributions from several prominent Fellows of the Royal Society, including principally Sir Henry Dale, the UK has led the world to the present date.

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Rakitskii, Valerii N., Elena N. Mikheeva, and Marina S. Grechina. "Biological monitoring — as a method of hygienic assessment of the effects of pesticides on workers." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): 1004–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-9-1004-1008.

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Introduction. When conducting registration tests of the active substances of pesticides, it is essential to assess the risk for workers using these pesticide preparations in field experiments, where there is a direct human interaction with a potentially hazardous substance. The use of personal protective equipment and strict adherence to the regulations for the use of pesticide preparations cannot guarantee complete protection against contact with aggressive components. Biomonitoring occupies a special place in studies on the assessment of exposure of workers with pesticides, which makes it possible to assess the actual, rather than potential, absorption of a biologically active substance. Purpose of the work. Study of biomaterial (urine) of employees participating in field experiments when working with drugs based on active substances of the neonicotinoid group to determine their trace amounts by high performance liquid chromatography with a mass detector and risk assessment for those working with these pesticides. Materials and methods. Preparation of urine samples and their subsequent analysis for the content of residual amounts of acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin were performed in accordance with the certified method “Measurement of the concentration of active substances of pesticides of the neonicotinoid class in urine”. The measurements were carried out using a method based on a tandem high performance liquid chromatography with a triple quadrupole mass detector, which makes it possible to estimate the minimum levels of active substances by two transitions of the parent ions (for quantitative calculation and confirmation by the ionic ratio). Electrostatic sputtering was used as a source of ionization; measurements were carried out in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Results. The detected levels of imidacloprid in the urine of the researchers correspond to the data on the exposure assessment obtained from the results of measuring the concentration of this active substance in the air of the working area, as well as in washes from the skin of workers in agriculture. The maximum content of imidacloprid was revealed during the sowing of the etched seed material. Conclusion. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that biomonitoring is the preferred method in a production environment due to its simplicity and sufficient information content.

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Egilmez, Oguzhan Bekir, Mehmet Hamdi Orum, Ali Kustepe, Ayse Sevgi Karadag, and Aysun Kalenderoglu. "Long-Term Substance Use Can Cause Irreversible Photopic Vision Changes in Substance Use Disorder in Remission." Psychiatry Investigation 17, no. 10 (October 25, 2020): 1037–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0066.

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Objective Substance use has such effects on pupil diameter. Although there is knowledge about the acute effects of substances on pupils, studies showing their chronic effects are limited. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of long-term substance use on scotopic, mesopic, and photopic vision.Methods The present study with cross-sectional desgn was conducted at the Adiyaman Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry in Adiyaman. This study involved 110 substance use disorder (SUD) patients and 46 healthy volunteers as the control. The parameters were measured and recorded automatically by a device.Results The mean age was 23.44±5.53 years in the SUD group and 24.26±5.38 years in healthy controls (p=0.420). The mean age of onset of the substance was 17.74±3.89 years and the mean duration of substance use was 3.54±2.9 years. It was determined that the patients had not used any substance for a mean of 121.73±117.49 days. There was no significant difference between patient and control groups in terms of scotopic and mesopic measurements of both eyes (p>0.05). Photopic measurements were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (p<0.05). Photopic measurements were significantly higher in the opioid, cannabis, ecstasy, and multiple substance use groups than in the control group (p<0.05).Conclusion The most important topic of this study is that photopic vision is permanently impaired in patients with a history of chronic substance use. This was attributed to disrupted sympathetic-parasympathetic hierarchy.

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Procházka, Pavel, Přemysl Štranc, Jan Vostřel, Jan Řehoř, Jan Křováček, Jan Brinar, and Kateřina Pazderů. "The influence of effective soybean seed treatment on root biomass formation and seed production." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 12 (December 19, 2019): 588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/545/2019-pse.

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The soya seed was treated before sowing with the following biological active substances: Lignohumate B, Lexin, Lexenzym, brassinosteroid, and "Complex treatment" (a mixture of saturated sugar solution, Lexin, fungicide treatment Maxim XL 035 FS and remedial pinolen substance Agrovital). During growing, the influence of biological active substances on root biomass formation and the activity of bacteria for nitrogen fixation was observed. Evaluated parameters were shoot biomass formation and dry mass formation of plants. Harvest values were considered an important output of the whole year soya growth process. As can be observed from the results, the most effective seed treatments were Lexenzym, Lexin, and "Complex treatment", where the yields were high. Moreover, the "Complex treatment" in comparison with the control variant (not treated) improved statistically conclusively not only the final yield but was helpful also for bacteria nodulation and nitrogen fixation (N<sub>2</sub>). All biologically active compounds supported the root and shoot biomass formation and the whole plant growth.

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Trung, Trịnh Thành, Đinh Thị Tuyết Vân, Nguyễn Phương Liên, Đào Thị Lương, and Dương Văn Hợp. "Extraction, purification and characterization of antifungal and antibacterial substances produced from Bacillus velezensis CP 1604." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/14/3/9874.

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Bacillus velezensis is one of the members of the Bacillus subtilis species complex which is generally considered as safety organism. The bacterium possesses several beneficial properties for crops, especially production of antifungal and antibacterial agents against plant pathogens. In this study, we aimed to investigate the biological properties of antimicrobial subtances produced from B. velezensis CP 1604. From liquid culture, substances with activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Xanthomonas oryzae were extracted by means of adsorption with Amberlite XAD-7, extraction from lyophilized powder using ethanol, precipitation at low pH and extraction with organic solvents of 1-butanol and 2-pentanol. The substances were subsequently purified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Antifungal substance was eluted at 5.328 min while antibacterial substance was observed at 15.313 min. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that antifungal substance was iturin A with molecular weight of 1042 Da and antibacterial substance was macrolactin A with molecular weight of 402 Da. The antifungal substance was stable at high temperature but antibacterial activity was significantly reduced when treated at 100° C for 2 hours. Both substances reduced the activity at low pH but the activities still maintained at high pH. The antimicrobial activities against the fungal and bacterium were not affected when treated with hydrolytic enzymes such as trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase and proteinase K. Further safety and efficiency investigations of the antifungal and antibacterial substances from B. velezensis CP 1604 on the plant disease control are required in order to seek for the potential application on sustainable agricultural production.

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Marchand, Patrice A. "Basic substances under EC 1107/2009 phytochemical regulation: experience with non-biocide and food products as biorationals." Journal of Plant Protection Research 56, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2016-0041.

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Abstract Basic Substances are a newly effective category of Plant Protection Product under EC Regulation No 1107/2009. The first approved application of Equisetum arvense L. opened Part C of Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011, which lists the basic substance approved. Although E. arvense was described as a fungicide extract, subsequent applications like chitosan were related to non-biocide molecules. Consequently, plant protection product data were collected from research on alternative or traditional crop protection methods. They are notably issued or derived from foodstuffs (plants, plant by-products, plant derived products, substances and derived substances from animal origin). Applications are currently submitted by our Institute, under evaluation at different stages of the approval process or already approved. Remarkably, this Basic Substance category under pesticide EU Regulation was surprisingly designed for these non-biocidal plant protection products. In fact, components described as the “active substance” of most of the actual applications are food products like sugars and lecithin. Basic Substance applications for these foodstuffs are therefore a straightforward way of easily gaining approval for them. Here we describe the approval context and detail the agricultural uses of theses food products as Biological Control Agents (BCAs) or biorationals for crop protection. From all deposited or approved Basic Substance Application (BSA), a proof has been provided that non-biocide and food products via physical barrier or lure effects may be effective plant protection products with an acceptable low profile of concern for public and agricultural safety.

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Levin, Frances R., and Grace Hennessy. "Bipolar disorder and substance abuse." Biological Psychiatry 56, no. 10 (November 2004): 738–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.05.008.

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Biglova, Yu R., N. V. Gadasina, T. N. Bokovikova, E. L. Kovaleva, S. A. Nemykina, T. V. Morgunova, T. V. Masterkova, L. A. Stronova, and E. P. Gernikova. "Nonspecific Impurities in Pharmaceutical Substances: Characteristics of Test Methods." Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products 9, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-3-153-161.

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One of the prerequisites of efficacy and safety of finished pharmaceutical products is the quality of pharmaceutical substances used in their production. Criteria of assessment of pharmaceutical substance purity are determined by the substance composition and production technology, as well as by specific aspects of the finished pharmaceutical product production and use. It is necessary to control the content of nonspecific organic and inorganic impurities, impurities of microbial origin, and residual solvents. The aim of the study was to analyse characteristics of test methods used to determine nonspecific impurities in pharmaceutical substances. The State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation describes various chemical, physical, physicochemical and biological tests for the analysis of nonspecific impurities. Determination of inorganic cations and anions usually includes comparison of test solutions with solutions of the corresponding reference standards, or checking the absence of a positive reaction in the test solution. Quantitative analysis of trace impurities largely relies on highly specific and sensitive test methods, such as atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The content of residual organic solvents is determined by gas chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography. The purity and safety of pharmaceutical substances are ensured by biological tests: “Microbial quality”, “Sterility”, “Pyrogenicity”, “Bacterial endotoxins”. Specific characteristics of test methods used for determination of the content of nonspecific impurities in various pharmaceutical substances depend on physicochemical properties of the tested substances, toxicity of the analysed impurities, and content limits. The results of the study make it possible to formulate a methodological approach to the development of criteria for assessing the quality of pharmaceutical substances. This approach includes mandatory compliance with the basic principles of substance standardisation, as well as case-by-case selection of quality parameters, specific test conditions and content limits for impurities.

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Vien, Do Thi Hoa, and Phung Thi Thuy. "Research on Biological Activity of some Extracts from Vietnamese Carica papaya Leaves." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 12, no. 2 (February 7, 2013): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.49742.

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Carica papaya leaves have long been used in some folk remedies to treat cancer. This folk remedy originated from Queensland - Australia from 1978 (Harald W. Tietze, 1997). In Vietnam, there are some successful cases of using Carica papaya leaves for cancer treatment even though this mediation do not always work out. In this study, the soluble substances in water (aqueous extract), the carotenoid and the polar substances (polar extract) were extracted from Carica papaya leaves grown in Vietnam; the bioassays such as cytotoxicity on some tumor cell lines as well as antioxidant activity were also tested with obtained extracts. The results showed that all obtained extracts had antioxidant activity stronger than the control substance - vitamin C at the same tested concentration. At concentration of 100 μg/ml, the inhibitive activity on lung cancer cell line LU-1 of obtained extracts was highest, from 43.47% (aqueous extract) to 62.88% (polar extract). On carcinoma cell line KB, inhibitive ability of extracts was lower: 2.8% (polar extract) and 20.6% (aqueous extract). On the breast cancer cells MCF7, inhibitive ability of above extracts was quite high, from 33.95% to 56.19%. On the leukemia cell line HL 60, inhibitive ability of these extracts was also high, from 39.56 to 60.64%. In addition, the result pointed out that on stem cells isolated from mouse embryos (ESC), the obtained extracts was not toxic to healthy cells of this line. This suggested that extracts from Carica papaya leaves has the potential to become one of the natural substance products that can support cancer treatment in certain cases.

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Nosikova, L. A., and A. N. Kochetov. "ESTABLISHMENT OF ISOMERIC COMPOSITION OF INSECTICIDAL CYPERMETHRIN SUBSTANCE BY RP-HPLC." Fine Chemical Technologies 12, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2017-12-1-76-82.

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The determination of cypermethrin, one of the most sought pyrethroid insecticides having a wide range of activities, by isocratic RP-HPLC is considered. The analysis of substances (technical products) with different content of both the geometrical (cis-, trans-) and optical (zetacypermethrin and alfacypermethrin) isomers of cypermethrin was carried out. Information about the content of the most active forms of cis- allows evaluating the effectiveness of the biological substance based only on RP-HPLC data, which in turn can be a decisive factor in the of the substance assessment supplier / manufacturer or ready commercial products. The optimum concentration range for determining the geometric isomers of cypermethrin in the working solution is from 0.2 to 1.0 mg/ml. The substance detection limit in working solutions/washings is 0.005 mg/ml.

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Fakhoury, Marc. "Substance Use Disorder: Biological Mechanisms, Clinical Effects and Neuroadaptations." International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal 3, no. 4 (January 10, 2015): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/indj/2015/16015.

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Schaffer, H. "Determinants of Substance Abuse: Biological, Psychological, and Environmental Factors." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 47, no. 3 (May 1986): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1986.47.261.

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Craig, Robert J. "Determinants of substance abuse: Biological, psychological and environmental factors." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 4, no. 2 (January 1987): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0740-5472(87)90023-7.

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Mourabit, S., S. D. Rundle, J. I. Spicer, and K. A. Sloman. "Alarm substance from adult zebrafish alters early embryonic development in offspring." Biology Letters 6, no. 4 (January 13, 2010): 525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0944.

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Alarm substances elicit behavioural responses in a wide range of animals but effects on early embryonic development are virtually unknown. Here we investigated whether skin injury-induced alarm substances caused physiological responses in embryos produced by two Danio species ( Danio rerio and Danio albolineatus ). Both species showed more rapid physiological development in the presence of alarm substance, although there were subtle differences between them: D. rerio had advanced muscle contraction and heart function, whereas D. albolineatus had advanced heart function only. Hence, alarm cues from injured or dying fish may be of benefit to their offspring, inducing physiological responses and potentially increasing their inclusive fitness.

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Sadykov, R. M., and N. L. Bolshakova. "Risk factors of early psychoactive substances dependence among youth." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 11 (January 7, 2022): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2021-11-174-179.

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The article considers a number of factors that influence the use of psychoactive substances by young people in Russia: psychological, social, economic, medico-biological, spiritual and moral and others. The main reasons for psychoactive substance use among this age group are: neglect by parents, psychoactive substance use by parents and other relatives, abuse by parents and guardians, low family income, conflicts and lack of understanding of the age-specific characteristics of adolescents by parents, low motivation to study, low status among peer groups, youth informal groups. In addition to risk factors, protection factors – circumstances that reduce the likelihood of a person becoming involved with psychoactive substances have also been identified: a strong family, with a healthy and supportive psychological atmosphere, success in educational activities, parental involvement in the life of their children, etc.

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Zigmontienë, Aušra, and Pranas Baltrënas. "BIOLOGICAL PURIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTED WITH VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY USING ACTIVE SLUDGE RECIRCULATION." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2004): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2004.9636816.

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Various methods for removal of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from the air are applied in the world. Their selection is determined by the efficiency and costs of the method. Biofiltration is a new technology to control environmental pollutants helping to regulate emissions of VOC with unpleasant odours in to the air and working environment. When VOC are to be removed from large volumes of air, equipment of biological purification charged with active sludge is used. Such an equipment has a rather simple structure and efficiency of to 98–99 %. Active sludge as a biocharge has both a high concentration of microorganisms compared to stationary charges and good sorption features. Sorptive capacity changes when a load to active sludge is changed, and this has a negative impact on biochemical decomposition of organic substances and, at the same time, on purification efficiency. Calculation and evaluation of an optimal working mode of the equipment enable to avoid desorption of VOC in the system or to diminish it to a minimal value. In the biological air‐purification equipment sorption of an organic substance on the surface of active sludge is running at the initial stage. An organic substance is decomposed biologically only in the second stage, and oxygen dissolved in the system (in the charge) is used and VOC desorption from the system is blocked. One of the main parameters determining the biological air‐purification process and its intensity is change of the concentration of oxygen dissolved (CDO) in water phase and maintenance of its minimal value after termination of aeration (when the equipment is out of operation for some time). In operating equipment with a biocharge one more important problem is encountered ‐ the lifetime of the charge and its renewal in the equipment to maintain required concentration of the active sludge. The goal of the investigation is evaluation of purification efficiency of the equipment and the sorptive capacity of active sludge (depending on a load), selection of the working mode, uninterrupted biochemical decomposition of organic substances (based on the concentration of dissolved oxygen) when the charge is in its still state, and investigation of its biooxidating properties when a biofilter works with a biologically active charge and with an inactive charge having only sorptive properties.

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Shi, Chenjun, Ji Zhu, Mingqian Xu, Xu Wu, and Yan Peng. "An Approach of Spectra Standardization and Qualitative Identification for Biomedical Materials Based on Terahertz Spectroscopy." Scientific Programming 2020 (October 21, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8841565.

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Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) systems are widely used to obtain fingerprint spectra of many different biomedical substances, and thus the identification of different biological materials, medicines, or dangerous chemicals can be realized. However, the spectral data for the same substance obtained from different THz-TDS systems may have distinct differences because of differences in system errors and data processing methods, which leads to misclassification and errors in identification. To realize the exact and fast identification of substances, spectral standardization is the key issue. In this paper, we present detailed disposal methods and execution processes for the spectral standardization and substance identification, including feature extracting, database searching, and fingerprint spectrum matching of unknown substances. Here, we take twelve biomedical compounds including different biological materials, medicines, or dangerous chemicals as examples. These compounds were analyzed by two different THz-TDS systems, one of which is a commercial product and the other is our verification platform. The original spectra from two systems showed obvious differences in their curve shapes and amplitudes. After wavelet transform, cubic spline interpolation, and support vector machine (SVM) classification with an appropriate kernel function, the spectra from two systems can be standardized, and the recognition rate of qualitative identification can be up to 99.17%.

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Kirchner, Tina, Eva Hermann, Sonja Möller, Matthias Klinger, Werner Solbach, Tamás Laskay, and Martina Behnen. "Flavonoids and 5-Aminosalicylic Acid Inhibit the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps." Mediators of Inflammation 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/710239.

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Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been suggested to play a pathophysiological role in several autoimmune diseases. Since NET-formation in response to several biological and chemical stimuli is mostly ROS dependent, in theory any substance that inhibits or scavenges ROS could prevent ROS-dependent NET release. Therefore, in the present comprehensive study, several antioxidative substances were assessed for their capacity to inhibit NET formation of primary human neutrophilsin vitro. We could show that the flavonoids (−)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin hydrate, and rutin trihydrate as well as vitamin C and the pharmacological substancesN-acetyl-L-cysteine and 5-aminosalicylic acid inhibited PMA induced ROS production and NET formation. Therefore, a broad spectrum of antioxidative substances that reduce ROS production of primary human neutrophils also inhibits ROS-dependent NET formation. It is tempting to speculate that such antioxidants can have beneficial therapeutic effects in diseases associated with ROS-dependent NET formation.

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Ashiba, Hiroki, Chiaki Oyamada, Kazuya Hosokawa, Koji Ueno, and Makoto Fujimaki. "Sensitive Detection of C-Reactive Protein by One-Step Method Based on a Waveguide-Mode Sensor." Sensors 20, no. 11 (June 4, 2020): 3195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113195.

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One-step biosensing methods enable the quick and simplified detection of biological substances. In this study, we developed a sensitive one-step method on the basis of a waveguide-mode sensor, which is an optical sensor utilizing waveguide-mode resonance and evanescent light. Streptavidin-conjugated and gold-nanoparticle-conjugated antibodies were reacted with a target substance and applied onto a biotinylated sensing plate. The target substance was detected by observing changes in sensor signals caused by binding the immunocomplex to the sensing surface. Performance of the developed one-step method was examined using a C-reactive protein (CRP) as a target substance. A sensor signal corresponding to the concentration of CRP was obtained. The minimal detectable CRP concentration of the developed method was 10 pM. The developed method greatly simplifies quantitative protein detection without reducing sensitivity.

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Onigu-Otite, Edore, Miju Kurtzweil, Veronica Tucci, and Nidal Moukaddam. "Substance Use in Adolescents Presenting to the Emergency Department." Adolescent Psychiatry 9, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 142–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210676608666181015114220.

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Background: Adolescent substance use is a dynamic public health problem. Adolescence is a unique developmental period involving overlapping biological, psychological, and social factors which increase the rates of initiation of substance use. The developing adolescent brain is particularly susceptible to the effects of substances and most adults with substance use disorders began to have symptoms and problems in their adolescent years. Yet, for various reasons, most adolescents who use, misuse, abuse, or are addicted to substances do not perceive the need for treatment. Objective: Drug and alcohol use among adolescents is a common presentation in hospital Emergency Departments (EDs) and presents in different forms including in association with intoxication, withdrawal states, or trauma associated with drug-related events. For many adolescents with substance use, the Emergency Department (ED) is the first point of contact with medical personnel and thus also serves as a potential entry point into treatment. Methods: This article reviews the common ways drug and alcohol problems present in the ED, clinical assessment of the patient and family, screening, laboratory testing, brief interventions in the ED, and referral to treatment beyond the ED. Conclusion: Guidelines on how to manage the shifting terrain of adolescent substance use presenting in EDs across the nation continue to evolve. We highlight that considerable further research is needed to inform effective ED protocols to address this important individual and public health safety concern. Systems of care models which include collaborative teams of diverse stake holders are needed to effectively manage adolescents with substance use disorders..

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Izzat, Abu Shehab Ala Hani, Lucretia Anghel, Bogdan Stefanescu, Cristina Kantor, and Anamaria Ciubara. "PREVENTION OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE USE." Archiv Euromedica 11, no. 5 (October 17, 2021): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35630/2199-885x/2021/11/5.16.

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Substance use disorder in a severe mode is called addiction, it is a chronic disorder of the brain determined by biological and social factors that have unhealthy consequences to individuals and to community. Understanding substance use disorder has improved our perspectives in the last thirty years due to major advancement in researches related to genetics and neuroscience. In addition to the evolution of new technologies and methods that helped us create advanced prevention techniques and interventions. Methods: PubMed was used to conduct the literature searches, observational and interventional studies focused on adult substance use were obtained. Findings were collected and arranged to cover the main points of epidemiology, neurobiology and prevention. Results: substance-related use patterns have evolved over time, which are informed via peer behaviors, environmental factors, messaging platforms, availability of various substances, and other different variables. Many risk factors in addition to resiliency factors contributed to individual differences in substance use and related results. Prevention methods have achieved mixed results, although many evidence-based treatments were developed for substance use disorder, the results are limited to a moderate level, suggesting the need for additional research to evolve prevention methods and treatment. Conclusion: It is necessary to mention that there is a high demand to identify cost effective prevention methods. The integration of prevention methods and techniques, including interventions at the school, family and society levels, is more likely to achieve the results needed.

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Olesen, Henrik, David Cowan, Rafael De La Torre, Ivan Bruunshuus, Morten Rohde, and Desmond Kenny. "Properties and units in the clinical laboratory sciences. Part XII. Properties and units in clinical pharmacology and toxicology (Technical Report) (IFCC-IUPAC 1999)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 72, no. 3 (January 1, 2000): 479–552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200072030479.

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The term designating a substance being an active ingredient of a drug may be a generic name, a nonproprietary name, a registered trade name, a fantasy name, or other. This causes difficulties in the transmission of requests and reports on properties for such substances in biological fluids to and from the clinical laboratories, and in the collating of this information from different sources.The document comprises a list of properties of drugs in biological fluids for use in electronic transmission systems. Systematic names are presented together with a code value for each.

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Liappas, J., E. Peppas, E. Mellos, V. Pomini, P. Sakkas, and G. N. Christodoulou. "Gender differences in greek substance abusers." Biological Psychiatry 42, no. 1 (July 1997): 38S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(97)87030-8.

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Lawson, W. B. "Movement disorders in schizophrenic substance abusers." Biological Psychiatry 35, no. 9 (May 1994): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)91076-6.

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Świdwińska-Gajewska, Anna, and Sławomir Czerczak. "Fullerenes: Characteristics of the substance, biological effects and occupational exposure levels." Medycyna Pracy 67, no. 3 (June 9, 2016): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.00352.

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Aderibigbe, Oluwakemi Olanike, Shannon L. Stewart, John P. Hirdes, and Christopher Perlman. "Substance Use among Youth in Community and Residential Mental Health Care Facilities in Ontario, Canada." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 1731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031731.

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There is a need to improve the integration of substance use and mental health care for children and youth. This study examines risk and protective factors for substance use among youth with mental health conditions who received community-based or residential care services between 2012–2020 in Ontario, Canada. In this study, a cross-sectional design was used to examine patterns and factors associated with substance use among youth (12–18 years) assessed in the community (n = 47,418) and residential (n = 700) mental health care facilities in Ontario, Canada. Youth were assessed with the interRAI Child and Youth Mental Health Assessment (ChYMH). Substance use is identified by any substance use (including alcohol) 14 to 30 days prior to assessment. Logistic regression with generalized estimating equations was used to examine clinical, psychosocial, and environmental factors associated with substance use. This study shows that 22.3% of youth reported the use of substances in the community settings and 37% in residential settings. Older age group (Youth older than 16 years), being a victim of abuse, having experienced self-injurious ideation/attempt, being at risk of disrupted education, and having a parent/caregiver with addiction or substance use disorder were significantly associated with substance use. Several factors reduced the risk of substance use, including being a female, having anxiety symptoms, and having cognition problems. In conclusion, the study found that individual and parental factors increase youth’s risk of substance use, highlighting the importance of a holistic approach that includes consideration of social and biological risk factors to prevention/risk reduction, risk assessment, management, and recovery.

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Kaušaitė, Asta, Almira Ramanavičienė, Viktoras Mostovojus, and Arūnas Ramanavičius. "Surface plasmon resonance and its application to biomedical research." Medicina 43, no. 5 (April 22, 2007): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina43050044.

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In the recent years, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has become one of the major methods for studying and determination of biologically active materials exhibiting affinity interactions. SRP biosensors are increasingly used in biochemistry and bioanalytical chemistry to determine antibody-antigen interactions, to investigate DNA hybridization, to diagnose bacteria- and virus-induced diseases, to identify hormones, steroids, and immunoglobulins, to investigate blood plasma coagulation. Using SPR biosensors, it is possible to analyze the mixtures of substances with a very similar chemical structure because SPR allows identifying only those analytes that specifically interact with biologically active substance immobilized on the surface of SPR biosensor. SPR biosensors are applied to monitor interactions between immobilized biologically active substance and analyte in real-time without labeling. On the other hand, it is possible to investigate not only association of analyte with immobilized material, but also the dissociation of a newly formed complex. SPR biosensors in many cases may be used to perform up to 50 measurements with the same SPR chip with an immobilized biological recognition element. Therefore, at present SPR is one of the most promising methods for determining the interactions between ligand and receptor, antigen and antibody, thus being increasingly used in diagnostics and biomedical research.

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Meireles, Vânia, Tiago Rosado, Mário Barroso, Sofia Soares, Joana Gonçalves, Ângelo Luís, Débora Caramelo, et al. "Mitragyna speciosa: Clinical, Toxicological Aspects and Analysis in Biological and Non-Biological Samples." Medicines 6, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines6010035.

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The abuse of psychotropic substances is a well-known phenomenon, and many of them are usually associated with ancestral traditions and home remedies. This is the case of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), a tropical tree used to improve work performance and to withstand great heat. According to several published studies, the main reasons for kratom consumption involve improving sexual performance and endurance, but also social and recreational uses for the feeling of happiness and euphoria; it is also used for medical purposes as a pain reliever, and in the treatment of diarrhea, fever, diabetes, and hypertension. However, this plant has gained more popularity amongst young people over the last years. Since it is available on the internet for purchase, its use is now widely as a drug of abuse, namely as a new psychoactive substance, being a cheaper alternative to opioids that does not require medical prescription in most countries. According to internet surveys by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction in 2008 and 2011, kratom was one of the most widely supplied new psychoactive substances. The composition of kratom is complex; in fact, more than 40 different alkaloids have been identified in Mitragyna speciosa so far, the major constituent being mitragynine, which is exclusive to this plant. Besides mitragynine, alkaloids such as corynantheidine and 7-hydroxamitragynine also present pharmacological effects, a feature that may be attributed to the remaining constituents as well. The main goal of this review is not only to understand the origin, chemistry, consumption, and analytical methodologies for analysis and mechanism of action, but also the use of secondary metabolites of kratom as therapeutic drugs and the assessment of potential risks associated with its consumption, in order to aid health professionals, toxicologists, and police authorities in cases where this plant is present.

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Xiong, Wei Wei, Jing Guo, Xi Chen, and Cheng Yi Zhang. "Studies on One-Step Preparation of Multi-Color Fluorescent Carbon-Doped Silica Biological Nanomaterials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 340 (July 2013): 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.340.362.

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The research concentrates on the preparation of the Nontoxic multi-color fluorescent substance. Fluorescent substance in biology exists two major shortcomings, one is that they are toxic and the other is that they are relatively monotonous, only emitting light of a single color. In response to this situation, we propose a new preparation method of multi-color, non-toxic fluorescent substance and study its fluorescence characteristics.

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Savage, Jeanne E., Richard J. Rose, Lea Pulkkinen, Karri Silventoinen, Tellervo Korhonen, Jaakko Kaprio, Nathan Gillespie, and Danielle M. Dick. "Early maturation and substance use across adolescence and young adulthood: A longitudinal study of Finnish twins." Development and Psychopathology 30, no. 1 (April 20, 2017): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579417000487.

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AbstractEarly maturation, indexed by pubertal development (PD), has been associated with earlier initiation and greater frequency of adolescent substance use, but this relationship may be biased by confounding factors and effects that change across development. Using a population-based Finnish twin sample (N = 3,632 individuals), we conducted twin modeling and multilevel structural equation modeling of the relationship between PD and substance use at ages 12–22. Shared environmental factors contributed to early PD and heavier substance use for females. Biological father absence was associated with early PD for boys but not girls, and did not account for the relationship between PD and substance use. The association between early PD and heavier substance use was partially due to between-family confounds, although early PD appeared to qualitatively alter long-term trajectories for some substances (nicotine), but not others (alcohol). Mediation by peer and parental factors did not explain this relationship within families. However, higher peer substance use and lower parental monitoring were themselves associated with heavier substance use, strengthening the existing evidence for these factors as targets for prevention/intervention efforts. Early maturation was not supported as a robust determinant of alcohol use trajectories in adolescence and young adulthood, but may require longer term follow-up. Subtle effects of early PD on nicotine and illicit drug use trajectories throughout adolescence and adulthood merit further investigation.

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Tambawal, M. U., and Mukhtar Alhaji Liman. "ISLAM, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT." Sokoto Educational Review 13, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35386/ser.v13i2.215.

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This paper discussed the emerging factors of alcohol and substance abuse and how theorists have tried to account for why people use alcohol and other drugs, and especially why they continue or relapse despite negative consequences. Some theories suggest genetic and other biological factors, while others emphasize personality factors or social-environmental factors. While these factors have all been shown to contribute to persistent substance use and to relapse following periods of abstinence, no one set of factors can account for all types of substance use. Rather, substance use appears to result from complex interactions of biological, psychological and social- environmental structures and. processes. Some counselling implications suggested were that drug taking could be reduced through a variety of avenues and also by experimenting with biological, psychological and environmental interventions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Biological substance'

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