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1

Watts, Tim J. The right of adoptees to know their biological parents: A bibliography. Monticello, Ill., USA: Vance Bibliographies, 1988.

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2

Danielle, Nisivoccia, ed. Walk a mile in my shoes: A book about biological parents for foster parents and social workers. Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America, 1989.

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3

Children and their parents: A comparative study of the legal position of children with regard to their intentional and biological parents in English and Dutch law. Antwerpen: Intersentia, 2007.

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4

Zevulun, Dror. Defuse ha-shutfuyot ʻim ha-mishpaḥot ha-biologiyot shel yeladim be-omnah be-ḳerev imahot omanot she-hukhsheru be-emtsaʻut tokhnit be-m''h = Patterns with biological families of children in foater care, among foster mothers who participated in a preparation program for foster parenting. [Jerusalem]: ha-Universiṭah ha-ʻIvrit bi-Yerushalayim, Bet-ha-sefer la-ʻavodah sotsyalit ʻa. sh. Paʼul Berṿald, 1999.

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5

Fernandez, Elizabeth. Significant harm: Unravelling child protection decisions and substitute care careers of children : perspectives of child welfare workers and biological parents. Aldershot: Avebury, 1996.

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6

Bjorklund, Anders. Nature and nurture in the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status: Evidence from swedish children and their biological and rearing parents. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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7

Nordenfors, Monica. Ett reflexivt syskonskap: En studie om att växa upp tillsammans med fostersyskon. Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete, 2006.

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8

Ruth, Cynthia R. Assessing the effect the diagnosis of tourette syndrome has on biological parents of children diagnosed before the age of 16 to determine parents'counselling needs. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2000.

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9

Henstra, Alida Elisabeth. Van afstammingsrecht naar ouderschapsrecht: Een beschouwing over de positie van sociale en biologische ouders in het familierecht = From filiation law to parental law : reflections on the position of social and biological parents in family law. [Den Haag]: Boom Juridische uitgevers, 2002.

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10

Quinn, Campion E. 100 questions and answers about autism: Expert advice from a physician/parent caregiver. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett, 2006.

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11

Hannah, Kristin. Night road. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2011.

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12

Life with a superhero: Raising Michael who has Down syndrome. Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press, 2013.

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13

The dynamics of connection: How evolution and biology create caregiving and attachment. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books, 2010.

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14

Bell, David C. The dynamics of connection: How evolution and biology create caregiving and attachment. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books, 2010.

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15

Dolzhenkova, Yuliya, Galina Rudenko, Fedor Mihaylov, Svetlana Sotnikova, Anatoliy Zhukov, Ivan Grigorov, Tat'yana Grechko, et al. HR Management in Russia: concepts of a new Normality. Book 8. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1141764.

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The monograph contains the results of research, systematized in five groups. The first group is presented with information about the current vectors of the development of the personnel management system, the harmonization of its statics and dynamics, the benchmarking of human resources, the impact of personnel management on the growth of labor productivity as the main factor of efficiency. The content of the second group is the specifics of health management in the workplace. The third group presents issues of social well-being and social interaction of employees, najing, and corporate remuneration. The fourth group includes the problems of personnel aging, the biological and socio-economic determinants of the phenomenon, and the idea of maintaining labor success. The content of the fifth group focuses on the representation of parental labor, as well as the readiness of the domestic higher education system to respond to the requirements of the modern economy and perceive it as a new normality. For postgraduates, undergraduates, students, researchers who are engaged in research in the field of personnel management, as well as the teaching staff of universities and employers.
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16

Mothers and others: The evolutionary origins of mutual understanding. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009.

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17

1957-, Bentley Gillian R., and Mace Ruth, eds. Substitute parents: Biological and social perspective on alloparenting across human societies. New York: Berghahn Books, 2009.

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18

Lee, Judith A. B. Walk a Mile in My Shoes: A Book About Biological Parents for Foster Parents and Social Workers. CWLA Press (Child Welfare League of America), 1990.

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19

Jane, Tunstill, Maluccio Anthony N, and University of Surrey. Department of Sociology., eds. Working with natural parents: Implications for socialwork practice : a collection of papers. (Guildford): Department of Sociology, University of Surrey, 1985.

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20

A Knock On The Door: Stories By Biological Parents Who Have Children In Foster Care. Youth Communications, 2006.

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21

Willis, Julia. Meow-Mories: A Place for Kitten Notes and Cat Fancies by Non-Biological Parents of Fabulous Felines. Laugh Lines Press, 1996.

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22

Nita, Dragos A., Miguel A. Cortez, Jose Luis Perez Velazquez, and O. Carter Snead. Biological Bases of Symptomatic Generalized Epilepsies in Children. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0040.

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Symptomatic generalized epilepsies represent a group of challenging epilepsy syndromes, most often seen in children, which share the hallmark of a triad encompassing multiple seizure types, electroencephalographical (EEG) evidence of diffuse brain involvement, and dysfunction in the intellectual domain (global developmental delay or mental retardation). SGEs include the early myoclonic encephalopathy, early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (Ohtahara syndrome), West syndrome, epilepsy with myoclonic-astatic seizures, epilepsy with myoclonic absence, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and the progressive myoclonic epilepsies. SGEs may arise from various genetic, developmental, or acquired brain pathologies and also can be associated with other cerebral or systemic defects and thus being part of a broader epilepsy syndrome phenotype. SGEs are associated with significant mortality and morbidity and most patients with SGE grow up to have intractable epilepsy, mental retardation, and depend on parents and institutions for the activities of the daily living. The mechanisms of SGE are numerous and heterogeneous and the EEG findings usually reflect the age-related changes as the brain matures.
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23

Blomquist, Barbara Taylor. Insight Into Adoption : What Adoptive Parents Need to Know About the Fundamental Differences Between a Biological and an Adopted Child --- and its Effect on Parenting. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 2001.

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24

Eekelaar, John. Truth. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814085.003.0006.

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Starting from the observation that the law constructs a reality which may not correspond to ‘physical’ truth, this chapter begins by considering the way kin relationships have been designed to project a social order from one generation to successor generations. Legal concepts of legitimacy, illegitimacy, and the circumstances in which paternity is recognized subordinate recognizing biological reality to upholding a social order. But, while arguing that children’s right to know their identity generally demands that their biological origins should be known, the chapter maintains that parents do not have an equivalent right to develop a relationship with a child for no other reason than that they are the child’s parent, even though the parent may have a duty to support the child. The argument is developed in the context of the rights to family and private life in the European Convention on Human Rights
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25

Millum, Joseph. The Acquisition of Parental Responsibilities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190695439.003.0004.

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It is commonly believed that parents have special responsibilities toward their children—weightier duties than they owe other children. How these responsibilities are acquired, however, is not well understood. This is problematic when claims about parental responsibilities are challenged—for example, when people deny that they are morally responsible for their biological offspring. This chapter presents a theory of the origins of parental responsibilities that can resolve such cases of disputed moral parenthood and applies it to the cases of accidental fathers and gamete donation. According to this conventional-acts account, parental duties are taken on by individuals through voluntary acts whose meaning is determined by social convention.
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26

Laible, Deborah J., Gustavo Carlo, and Laura M. Padilla-Walker, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Parenting and Moral Development. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190638696.001.0001.

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Without a doubt, parents play a critical role in socializing moral development in their children. This handbook provides a collection of state-of-the-art theories and research on the important role that parents play in moral development. The contributors take a comprehensive, yet nuanced approach to considering the links between parenting and different aspects of moral development. The volume begins by providing an overview of traditional and contemporary theories on parenting and moral development, including perspectives related to parenting styles, domain theory, attachment theory, and evolutionary theory. In addition, there are several chapters that explore the genetic and biological influences related to parenting and moral development. The second section of the volume explores cultural and religious approaches to parenting and moral development and presents examples of contemporary research with diverse populations such as Muslim cultures and US Latino/as. The last major section of the volume examines recent developments and approaches to parenting, including chapters on topics such as helicopter parenting, proactive parenting, parent-child conversations and disclosure, parental discipline, and other parenting practices designed to foster moral development. Overall, the volume brings together the latest scholarship on parenting and moral development and lays out the next set of fundamental theoretical and empirical issues that will significantly advance the field. This volume is a must-read for scholars, practitioners, educators, students, and policy makers interested in the latest scholarly developments in the field of parenting and moral development.
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27

Bennett, Jana Marguerite. Sufficiency: Single Parenting and Dorothy Day. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190462628.003.0008.

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Single parenting vastly affects women (divorced, widowed, and military spouses, among others). Single parents are caught between contemporary parenting wars (including welfare reform wars) and the need to be self-sufficient. Single parents suffer from never quite living up to parenting ideals, thereby being utterly un-self-sufficient. Christians, especially, emphasize perfect parenting as a means of discipleship. Dorothy Day, founder of the Catholic Worker Movement, was a single mother because she decided to baptize her daughter, and become a Christian herself. She discusses the importance of Christian community in parenting, and narrates how, for Christians, family means more than biological ties. Day helps all Christians understand the need to be family for each other and to loosen the stranglehold that sufficiency has on parenting in Christian life.
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28

Green, Raymond Joseph. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0019.

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My name is Raymond Joseph Green. I’m a Caucasian male who comes from Crystal Falls, Michigan. My sister and I were raised by my wonderful mother, with a little help from her fiancé, whom I’d grow to love and respect more than my biological father. Our parents spared no expense when it came to keeping me and my sister happy. Some would even say we were spoiled. I graduated from Forest Park High School in 2002....
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29

Shanley, Mary Lyndon. Surrogacy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786429.003.0015.

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The development of assisted-reproductive technologies sharpened perceptions of the differences among three major criteria for parental status—biological (genetics and gestation), volition/intention, and caregiving/functional. This chapter surveys the development of these justifications. It argues that of these, caregiving—and the underlying philosophic framework of the ethics of care—is the most satisfactory grounding of parental status for three reasons: first, it places relationship at the centre of its theoretical and practical concerns; second, caregiving focuses attention on the child; and third, thinking about relationships of care ensures that we consider the impact of social factors, such as race and class, on reproduction and family formation. But despite its strengths, this chapter concludes that caregiving is not fully satisfactory for grounding recognition of a parent–child relationship. It advocates a pluralistic account that regards the relationships established by all three criteria, as significant to both social and legal groundings of parental status.
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30

Gelman, Susan A., and Elizabeth A. Ware. Conceptual Development: The Case of Essentialism. Edited by Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels, and Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0019.

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The article focuses on conceptual development in children. There are two primary components to psychological essentialism, which include the belief that certain categories are natural kinds and the belief that there is some unobservable property. Psychologists examine the psychological representations of concepts whereas philosophers have examined essentialism with the goal of addressing a range of issues such as psychological, semantic, and metaphysical. The study of essentialism in children provides insights into children's cognition and information regarding the roots of human concepts. Essentialism includes several component beliefs, including that categories have sharp, immutable boundaries, that category members share deep, nonobvious commonalities, and that category membership has an innate, genetic, or biological basis. Kamp and Partee suggest that categories are seen with absolutely sharp boundaries only in abstract domains. Essentialism does not require that categories be treated as absolute but essentialism is the claim that category boundaries are intensified. Essentialism emerges early and consistently, does not require formal schooling, and if anything may be even stronger in early childhood than later. The detailed studies of parental input to children about categories also suggest that parents do not provide explicit instruction about essentialist beliefs.
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31

Waller, John. Heredity: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198790457.001.0001.

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The idea of heredity—that qualities of body and mind are somehow inherited from one’s parents—has profoundly shaped many aspects of the human experience: from our attempts to understand variation in personality and intelligence, to popular attitudes about gender, race, and social hierarchy, to the methods employed to increase crop yields and the value of horses and cattle. Heredity: A Very Short Introduction traces both the technical study of biological inheritance and the ideological use of the concept of heredity from antiquity into a modern age of molecular biology in which a brave new prospect is emerging: the capacity to manipulate the human genome itself.
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32

Gender And Parenthood Biological And Social Scientific Perspectives. Columbia University Press, 2013.

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33

Bradford, W., and Kathleen Kovner. Gender and Parenthood: Biological and Social Scientific Perspectives. Columbia University Press, 2013.

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34

Lee, Nikki C., Miriam Hollarek, and Lydia Krabbendam. Neurocognitive Development During Adolescence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847128.003.0003.

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The chapter Neurocognitive Development During Adolescence describes the interplay of biological, psychological, and environmental influences on adolescent development. It provides an overview of how recent neurocognitive research can further our understanding of both adaptive and maladaptive adolescent behaviors and the development of their underlying neurocognitive processes. First, recent findings regarding brain maturation during adolescence are outlined; an introduction to the techniques used to study this is provided. Then brain–behavior relationships are discussed that elucidate how cognitive control and socioemotional processing develop during adolescence. Finally, work examining how individual differences in neurocognitive development can occur due to external influences such as peers, parents, and the sociocultural environment adolescents where grow up is reviewed.
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35

Nelson, David A., and Craig H. Hart. Parenting and Relational Aggression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0012.

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Many studies have considered whether parents play a role in either promoting or moderating their children’s engagement in relational aggression (also known as indirect or social aggression). This is not surprising, given the consistent parenting correlates of physical aggression in prior research. There is evidence of fairly regular correspondence between children’s relational aggression and their parenting and home environment. We comprehensively consider the range of existing studies that have considered parenting correlates, and we group similar studies together. While most studies have utilized social learning theory as the foundation for empirical inquiry, there are researchers who consider alternative theories (attachment, social cognition) and emphases (e.g., direct vs. indirect effects of parenting) in their consideration of individual differences for relational aggression. Parenting influences are also qualified by children’s differential susceptibilities (e.g., biological or temperamental variations). In considering all of these issues, the contrast with physical aggression is carefully observed.
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36

Rhodes, Rosamond. Constructing the Abortion Argument. Edited by Leslie Francis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199981878.013.4.

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Debates in the abortion literature typically rely upon crude versions of ethical naturalism. Pro-choice advocates invoke the absence of psychological characteristics such as the capacity to reason to support the claim that fetuses do not have a right to life; pro-life advocates invoke biological characteristics such as the human genome to support the claim that the fetus does have that right. Yet such arguments notoriously transition from claims of fact to moral claims. In contrast, constructivism offers a novel and useful approach to the abortion debate. In this chapter, I provide a constructivist account of the ethics of abortion. On this account, the fetus’s right to life derives from parents taking on the obligation to care for and nourish their future child. This constructivist account of the right to life as a special personal obligation offers a dramatic challenge to natural rights theorists’ paradigmatic example.
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37

Alan, Fogel, and Melson L. Gail, eds. Origins of nurturance: Developmental, biological, and cultural perspectives on caregiving. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1986.

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38

Thompson, Ross A. Attachment Theory and Research. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0009.

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Attachment theory has long been at the forefront of research efforts to understand the origins and enduring impact of early parent–child relationships. It has also expanded into a theory of lifespan implications with relevance to problems in developmental psychopathology, early intervention, and mental representation. This review of the expanding research literature on attachment is organized around eight questions: (a) To whom do attachments develop? (b) What are the biological foundations of attachment? (c) How does culture influence attachment and its consequences? (d) What contributes to attachments becoming secure or insecure? (e) How does attachment security change over time? (f) What are the later outcomes of secure or insecure attachments? (g) How does attachment influence thinking and social representations? (h) What are the clinical implications of attachment research? The answers to these questions summarize what has been learned about the importance of early parent–child relationships and identify future research priorities.
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39

Young, Craig M., Shawn M. Arellano, Jean-François Hamel, and Annie Mercier, eds. Ecology and Evolution of Larval Dispersal in the Deep Sea. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0016.

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The importance of larval dispersal in the deep ocean is generally acknowledged in studies of genetic connectivity, conservation, and population ecology, but our understanding of the underlying reproductive, developmental, and oceanographic processes remains rudimentary. Recent efforts at modeling deep-sea dispersal have generally taken the form of sensitivity analyses, because biological parameters for the models are lacking. In this review, what is known about the evolution of biological parameters that may influence dispersal times, depth distributions, and trajectories, including modes of development, vertical ontogenetic migration, are examined, as well as the ecological release from predators enabling slower developmental rates and longer dispersal times. Phylogenetic constraints are important in many groups, yet there are modifications in larval form, developmental mode, egg flotation, parental investment, and reproductive timing that appear to be unique to the deep sea and that influence dispersal. For instance, larval duration in certain taxa is longer in the deep-water species than in many shallow-water relatives.
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40

Bertoni, Gregory. Biological and molecular characterization of wild type parental and nonpathogenic mutant strains of Pseudomonas syringae pathovars phaseolicola and syringae. 1987.

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41

Mariano, Diego, Filipe Zimmer Dezordi, Pedro Martins, Joicymara Xavier, Thiago de Jesus Sousa, Leonardo Lima, and Lucianna Helene Santos, eds. BIOINFO - Revista Brasileira de Bioinformática e Biologia Computacional. Alfahelix, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51780/978-6-599-275326.

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A bioinformática como área de pesquisa tem crescido exponencialmente nos últimos tempos. Entretanto, ainda há uma lacuna de material de estudo escrito em língua portuguesa. Neste livro, apresentamos o primeiro resultado do projeto BIOINFO. BIOINFO é um projeto amplo que engloba um portal, uma rede de divulgação e uma revista digital focada em publicar conteúdo voltado à divulgação científica em bioinformática e biologia computacional escrito em língua portuguesa. O portal abre espaço para cientistas, professores, pesquisadores e estudantes de pós-graduação divulgarem suas pesquisas, além de publicar artigos de opinião, carreira, revisões, tutoriais, educativos ou textos de divulgação científica em geral. Artigos aprovados em um processo de revisão por pares simplificada são publicados em páginas de internet e ficam disponíveis para acesso público sem qualquer custo para os autores ou leitores. Ocasionalmente, textos selecionados serão compilados em livro digital.Este volume apresenta 20 capítulos selecionados com base em seis categorias: Bioinformática clássica, Bioinformática Estrutural, Biologia de sistemas, Computação, Ensino e Evolução.
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42

Batson, C. Daniel. The Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.3.

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Do we humans ever, in any degree, care for others for their sakes and not simply for our own? The empathy-altruism hypothesis offers an affirmative answer to this question. It claims that empathic concern (defined as “other-oriented emotion elicited by and congruent with the perceived welfare of another in need”) produces altruistic motivation (“a motivational state with the ultimate goal of increasing the other’s welfare”). Research over the past 40 years testing this hypothesis against egoistic alternatives has provided quite strong support. Empathy-induced altruistic motivation does seem to be within the human repertoire. This empathy-induced altruism may have its biological roots in generalized parental nurturance. Practical implications of the empathy-altruism hypothesis include both benefits and liabilities—for the targets of empathy, for others, and for the person feeling empathic concern. Implications of the empathy-altruism research for the content and conduct of compassion science are suggested.
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43

Scott, Keith, and Colin Pain, eds. Regolith Science. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643098268.

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This comprehensive reference on the fundamentals of regolith geoscience describes how regolith is developed from parental rocks and emphasises the importance of chemical, physical, water and biological processes in regolith formation. It provides details for mapping regolith landforms, as well as objective information on applications in mineral exploration and natural resource management. Regolith Science also provides a concise history of weathering through time in Australia. It includes previously unpublished information on elemental abundances in regolith materials along with detailed information on soil degradation processes such as acid sulfate soils. Written by experts in the field, Regolith Science summarises research carried out over a 13-year period within the Cooperative Research Centre for Landscape Environments and Mineral Exploration. This book will be a valuable resource for scientists and graduate/postgraduate students in geology, geography and soil science, professionals in the exploration industry and natural resources management. This paperback edition is a reprint of the original hardback published in October 2008.
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44

White, Robert E. Understanding Vineyard Soils. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199342068.001.0001.

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The first edition of Understanding Vineyard Soils has been praised for its comprehensive coverage of soil topics relevant to viticulture. However, the industry is dynamic--new developments are occurring, especially with respect to measuring soil variability, managing soil water, possible effects of climate change, rootstock breeding and selection, monitoring sustainability, and improving grape quality and the "typicity" of wines. All this is embodied in an increased focus on the terroir or "sense of place" of vineyard sites, with greater emphasis being placed on wine quality relative to quantity in an increasingly competitive world market. The promotion of organic and biodynamic practices has raised a general awareness of "soil health", which is often associated with a soil's biology, but which to be properly assessed must be focused on a soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties. This edition of White's influential book presents the latest updates on these and other developments in soil management in vineyards. With a minimum of scientific jargon, Understanding Vineyard Soils explains the interaction between soils on a variety of parent materials around the world and grapevine growth and wine typicity. The essential chemical and physical processes involving nutrients, water, oxygen and carbon dioxide, moderated by the activities of soil organisms, are discussed. Methods are proposed for alleviating adverse conditions such as soil acidity, sodicity, compaction, poor drainage, and salinity. The pros and cons of organic viticulture are debated, as are the possible effects of climate change. The author explains how sustainable wine production requires winegrowers to take care of the soil and minimize their impact on the environment. This book is a practical guide for winegrowers and the lay reader who is seeking general information about soils, but who may also wish to pursue in more depth the influence of different soil types on vine performance and wine character.
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45

Eisler, Riane, and Douglas P. Fry. Nurturing Our Humanity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190935726.001.0001.

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Nurturing Our Humanity sheds new light on our personal and social options in today’s world, showing how we can build societies that support our great human capacities for consciousness, caring, and creativity. It brings together findings—largely overlooked—from the natural and social sciences debunking the popular idea that we are hardwired for selfishness, war, rape, and greed. Its groundbreaking approach reveals connections between disturbing trends like climate change denial and regressions to strongman rule. Moving past right versus left, religious versus secular, Eastern versus Western, and other familiar categories that do not include our formative parent-child and gender relations, it looks at where societies fall on the partnership-domination scale. On one end is the domination system that ranks man over man, man over woman, race over race, and humans over nature. On the other end is the more peaceful, egalitarian, gender-balanced, and sustainable partnership system. Nurturing Our Humanity explores how behaviors, values, and socioeconomic institutions develop differently in these two environments, documents how this affects nothing less than how our brains develop, examines cultures from this new perspective (including societies that for millennia oriented toward partnership), and proposes actions supporting the contemporary movement in this more life-sustaining and enhancing direction. It shows how through today’s ever more fearful, frenzied, and greed-driven technologies of destruction and exploitation, the domination system may lead us to an evolutionary dead end. However, a more equitable and sustainable way of life is biologically possible and culturally attainable: we can change our course.
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