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Echizen, Honami, Eita Sasaki, and Kenjiro Hanaoka. "Recent Advances in Detection, Isolation, and Imaging Techniques for Sulfane Sulfur-Containing Biomolecules." Biomolecules 11, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 1553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11111553.
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Hydrogen sulfide and its oxidation products are involved in many biological processes, and sulfane sulfur compounds, which contain sulfur atoms bonded to other sulfur atom(s), as found in hydropersulfides (R-S-SH), polysulfides (R-S-Sn-S-R), hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn), etc., have attracted increasing interest. To characterize their physiological and pathophysiological roles, selective detection techniques are required. Classically, sulfane sulfur compounds can be detected by cyanolysis, involving nucleophilic attack by cyanide ion to cleave the sulfur–sulfur bonds. The generated thiocyanate reacts with ferric ion, and the resulting ferric thiocyanate complex can be easily detected by absorption spectroscopy. Recent exploration of the properties of sulfane sulfur compounds as both nucleophiles and electrophiles has led to the development of various chemical techniques for detection, isolation, and bioimaging of sulfane sulfur compounds in biological samples. These include tag-switch techniques, LC-MS/MS, Raman spectroscopy, and fluorescent probes. Herein, we present an overview of the techniques available for specific detection of sulfane sulfur species in biological contexts.
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Albelda Berenguer, Magdalena, Mathilde Monachon, Clémentine Jacquet, Pilar Junier, Céline Rémazeilles, Eleanor J. Schofield, and Edith Joseph. "Biological oxidation of sulfur compounds in artificially degraded wood." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 141 (July 2019): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.06.009.
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Abedinzadeh, Z. "Sulfur-centered reactive intermediates derived from the oxidation of sulfur compounds of biological interest." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 79, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y00-085.
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Sulphur compounds play a central role in the structure and activity of many vital systems. In the living cell, sulfur constitutes an essential part of the defense against oxidative damage and is transformed into a variety of sulfur free radical species. Many studies of the chemistry of sulfur-centered radicals using pulse radiolysis and photolysis techniques to detect and measure the kinetics of these radicals have been published and reviewed. This paper discusses the present state of research on the formation and reactivity of certain sulfur-centered radicals [RS·, RSS·, RS·+, (RSSR)·+] and their implications for biological systems.Key words: sulfur-centered radicals, thiylradicals, sulfur-centered radical cation, cation radicals.
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Fdz-Polanco, F., M. Fdz-Polanco, N. Fernández, M. A. Urueña, P. A. García, and S. Villaverde. "Combining the biological nitrogen and sulfur cycles in anaerobic conditions." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 8 (October 1, 2001): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0469.
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The biochemical processes involved in the anaerobic degradation of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur compounds can be represented by an oxidation-reduction or electron donor-acceptor scheme. The theoretic values of Gibbs free energy (ΔG0) calculated from thermodynamic data indicate the feasibility of the reactions. The interactions C-S and C-N are well known but there is a lack of information about the interaction N-S. The anaerobic transformation of nitrates using reduced sulfur compounds can be explained considering that nitrate acts as electron acceptor while reduced sulfur compounds are the electron donors. A new N-S interaction in anaerobic conditions (ORP = -425 mV) has been experimentally observed when treating industrial wastewater rich in organic nitrogen and sulfate. The mass balances of the different nitrogenous and sulfur compounds in the liquid and gas phases clearly indicated an uncommon evolution. An important percentage of the nitrogen entering the reactor as TKN was removed from the liquid phase appearing as N2 in the gas phase. Simultaneously, only part of the sulfate initially present in the influent appeared as sulfide in the effluent or as hydrogen sulfide in the gas. These experimental observations may suggest a new anaerobic N-S biological interaction involving simultaneous anaerobic ammonium oxidation and sulfate reduction, ammonium being the electron donor and sulfate the electron acceptor.
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Francioso, Antonio, Alessia Baseggio Conrado, Luciana Mosca, and Mario Fontana. "Chemistry and Biochemistry of Sulfur Natural Compounds: Key Intermediates of Metabolism and Redox Biology." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020 (September 29, 2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8294158.
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Sulfur contributes significantly to nature chemical diversity and thanks to its particular features allows fundamental biological reactions that no other element allows. Sulfur natural compounds are utilized by all living beings and depending on the function are distributed in the different kingdoms. It is no coincidence that marine organisms are one of the most important sources of sulfur natural products since most of the inorganic sulfur is metabolized in ocean environments where this element is abundant. Terrestrial organisms such as plants and microorganisms are also able to incorporate sulfur in organic molecules to produce primary metabolites (e.g., methionine, cysteine) and more complex unique chemical structures with diverse biological roles. Animals are not able to fix inorganic sulfur into biomolecules and are completely dependent on preformed organic sulfurous compounds to satisfy their sulfur needs. However, some higher species such as humans are able to build new sulfur-containing chemical entities starting especially from plants’ organosulfur precursors. Sulfur metabolism in humans is very complicated and plays a central role in redox biochemistry. The chemical properties, the large number of oxidation states, and the versatile reactivity of the oxygen family chalcogens make sulfur ideal for redox biological reactions and electron transfer processes. This review will explore sulfur metabolism related to redox biochemistry and will describe the various classes of sulfur-containing compounds spread all over the natural kingdoms. We will describe the chemistry and the biochemistry of well-known metabolites and also of the unknown and poorly studied sulfur natural products which are still in search for a biological role.
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Yuen, Pong Kau, and Cheng Man Diana Lau. "New approach for assigning mean oxidation number of carbons to organonitrogen and organosulfur compounds." Chemistry Teacher International 4, no. 1 (October 8, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cti-2021-0015.
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Abstract Organonitrogen and organosulfur compounds are abundant in the natural environment. To understand the biological redox pathways properly, it is important for learners to be able to count the oxidation number of organic carbons. However, the process of counting is not always easy. In addition, organonitrogen and organosulfur molecules are seldom studied. To compensate these problems, this paper explores the bond-dividing method, which can effectively determine the mean oxidation number of carbons of organonitrogen and organosulfur molecules. This method uses the cleavage of carbon-sulfur and carbon-nitrogen bonds to obtain the organic and inorganic fragments. The mean oxidation numbers of carbon atoms, nitrogen atoms, and sulfur atoms can be calculated by the molecular formulas of their fragments. Furthermore, when comparing organosulfur or organonitrogen molecules in a redox conversion, the changes of the mean oxidation numbers of carbon atoms, nitrogen atoms, and sulfur atoms can be used as indicators to identify the redox positions and determine the number of transferred electrons.
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Dvořáková, M., I. Weingartová, J. Nevoral, D. Němeček, and T. Krejčová. "Garlic Sulfur Compounds Suppress Cancerogenesis and Oxidative Stress: a Review." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 46, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sab-2015-0018.
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Abstract Garlic has long been considered a food with many health benefits. Several studies have confirmed that sulfur compounds are responsible for the positive effects of garlic on organisms. Garlic acts as an antioxidant by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity, reducing reactive oxygen species generation, and protecting proteins and lipids from oxidation. Garlic suppresses carcinogenesis through several mechanisms: (1) it reduces oxidative stress, and therefore, prevents damage to DNA; (2) it induces apoptosis or cell cycle arrest in cancer cells; and (3) it modifies gene expression through histon acetylation. The positive effects of garlic could be mediated by several mechanisms. It influences signalling pathways of gasotransmitters such as hydrogen sulfide. Garlic enhances hydrogen sulfide production both through its direct release and through an increase in activity of enzymes which produce hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide acts as a signalling molecule in various tissues and participates in the regulation of many physiological processes. We can presume that garlic, which is able to release hydrogen sulfide, exhibits effects similar to those of this gasotransmitter.
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Egbujor, Melford Chuka, Maria Petrosino, Karim Zuhra, and Luciano Saso. "The Role of Organosulfur Compounds as Nrf2 Activators and Their Antioxidant Effects." Antioxidants 11, no. 7 (June 26, 2022): 1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071255.
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Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling has become a key pathway for cellular regulation against oxidative stress and inflammation, and therefore an attractive therapeutic target. Several organosulfur compounds are reportedly activators of the Nrf2 pathway. Organosulfur compounds constitute an important class of therapeutic agents in medicinal chemistry due to their ability to participate in biosynthesis, metabolism, cellular functions, and protection of cells from oxidative damage. Sulfur has distinctive chemical properties such as a large number of oxidation states and versatility of reactions that promote fundamental biological reactions and redox biochemistry. The presence of sulfur is responsible for the peculiar features of organosulfur compounds which have been utilized against oxidative stress-mediated diseases. Nrf2 activation being a key therapeutic strategy for oxidative stress is closely tied to sulfur-based chemistry since the ability of compounds to react with sulfhydryl (-SH) groups is a common property of Nrf2 inducers. Although some individual organosulfur compounds have been reported as Nrf2 activators, there are no papers with a collective analysis of these Nrf2-activating organosulfur compounds which may help to broaden the knowledge of their therapeutic potentials and motivate further research. In line with this fact, for the first time, this review article provides collective and comprehensive information on Nrf2-activating organosulfur compounds and their therapeutic effects against oxidative stress, thereby enriching the chemical and pharmacological diversity of Nrf2 activators.
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Shiri, Lotfi, Arash Ghorbani-Choghamarani, and Mosstafa Kazemi. "S–S Bond Formation: Nanocatalysts in the Oxidative Coupling of Thiols." Australian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 1 (2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch16318.
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Compounds containing sulfur–sulfur bonds (often called disulfides or more specifically disulfanes) are arguably one of the most valuable functional groups in organic synthetic chemistry. They exist extensively in nature, in which they exhibit important biological activities. Furthermore, a diverse range of natural and synthetic disulfides have been discovered that have many applications as pharmaceutical and agriculture chemicals as well as synthetic intermediates. Since thiols are commercially accessible or easily synthesizable materials and their choice as starting materials is widely reported for the synthesis of organic sulfur compounds, unsurprisingly the oxidative coupling of thiols is the best and simplest route for the preparation of disulfides. In recent times, nanocatalysts have shown excellent catalytic activity and reusability in the oxidation of thiols to disulfides. Herein, we summarize the recently reported breakthroughs in the use of nanocatalysts for the oxidative coupling of thiols to their corresponding disulfides, with the goal of stimulating further progress in this field.
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Ardón-Muñoz, Luis G., and Jeanne L. Bolliger. "Synthesis of Benzo[4,5]thiazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazole Derivatives via C-H Bond Functionalization of Disulfide Intermediates." Molecules 27, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051464.
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Many nitrogen- and sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds exhibit biological activity. Among these heterocycles are benzo[4,5]thiazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazoles for which two main synthetic approaches exist. Here we report a new synthetic protocol that allows the preparation of these tricyclic compounds via the oxidation of a mercaptophenyl moiety to its corresponding disulfide. Subsequent C-H bond functionalization is thought to enable an intramolecular ring closure, thus forming the desired benzo[4,5]thiazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazole. This method combines a high functional group tolerance with short reaction times and good to excellent yields.
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Stewart, Frank J. "Dissimilatory sulfur cycling in oxygen minimum zones: an emerging metagenomics perspective." Biochemical Society Transactions 39, no. 6 (November 21, 2011): 1859–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20110708.
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Biological diversity in marine OMZs (oxygen minimum zones) is dominated by a complex community of bacteria and archaea whose anaerobic metabolisms mediate key steps in global nitrogen and carbon cycles. Molecular and physiological studies now confirm that OMZs also support diverse micro-organisms capable of utilizing inorganic sulfur compounds for energy metabolism. The present review focuses specifically on recent metagenomic data that have helped to identify the molecular basis for autotrophic sulfur oxidation with nitrate in the OMZ water column, as well as a cryptic role for heterotrophic sulfate reduction. Interpreted alongside marker gene surveys and process rate measurements, these data suggest an active sulfur cycle with potentially substantial roles in organic carbon input and mineralization and critical links to the OMZ nitrogen cycle. Furthermore, these studies have created a framework for comparing the genomic diversity and ecology of pelagic sulfur-metabolizing communities from diverse low-oxygen regions.
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Rudelle, E. A., J. Vollertsen, T. Hvitved-Jacobsen, and A. H. Nielsen. "Kinetics of aerobic oxidation of volatile sulfur compounds in wastewater and biofilm from sewers." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 11 (October 24, 2013): 2330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.471.
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Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the kinetics of aerobic chemical and biological oxidation of selected odorous volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) by wastewater and biofilm from sewers. The VSCs included methyl mercaptan (MeSH), ethyl mercaptan (EtSH), dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and total inorganic sulfide, which have all been reported as the main constituents of foul sewer gas. Samples of wastewater and biofilm for the experiments were obtained from two locations that differed significantly with respect to the occurrence of VSCs. One location represented an odor hot-spot downstream of a force main and the other was a gravity sewer transporting young aerobic wastewater. The kinetics of VSC oxidation for both wastewater and suspended biofilm samples followed a first-order rate equation. The average values of the reaction rate constants demonstrated the following order of reactivity: total inorganic sulfide > EtSH ≥ MeSH >> DMS. Except for total inorganic sulfide oxidation in wastewater, kinetic parameters for each VSC were of similar magnitude for the two locations. In the wastewater from the odor hot-spot, sulfide inorganic oxidation rates were approximately 12 times faster than in the aerobic wastewater.
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Roman, Pawel, Martijn F. M. Bijmans, and Albert J. H. Janssen. "Quantification of individual polysulfides in lab-scale and full-scale desulfurisation bioreactors." Environmental Chemistry 11, no. 6 (2014): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en14128.
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Environmental context Emission into the atmosphere of gaseous streams containing sulfur compounds, such as H2S and SOx, will lead to the unwanted formation of acid rain. In order to prevent this, biological processes can be employed to treat sulfur-containing gas streams. In this study, we describe a way to investigate the speciation of polysulfide anions in biodesulfurisation systems, which might enable further understanding and development of these processes. Abstract Environmental pollution caused by the combustion of fuel sources containing inorganic and organic sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and thiols, is a global issue as it leads to SO2 emissions. To remove H2S from gas streams such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), biological processes can be applied. In these processes, polysulfide anions (Sx2–) play a significant role as they enhance the dissolution of H2S and act as intermediates in the biological oxidation of hydrogen sulfide ions to elemental sulfur. Despite their important role, the distribution of the various polysulfide species in full-scale biodesulfurisation systems has not yet been reported. With conventionally applied spectrophotometric analysis it is only possible to determine the total concentration of Sx2–. Moreover, this method is very sensitive to matrix effects. In this paper, we apply a method that relies on the derivatisation of Sx2– to dimethyl polysulfanes. Owing to the instability of higher dimethyl polysulfanes (Me2S4 to Me2S8), standards are not commercially available and had to be prepared by us. We present a simplified quantification method for higher dimethyl polysulfanes by calculating high performance liquid chromatogaphy (HPLC) UV response factors based on the addition of internal standards. The method was subsequently used to assess the distribution of polysulfide anions in both a laboratory-scale and a full-scale biodesulfurisation unit. We found that the average chain length of polysulfides strongly depends on the process conditions and a maximum of 5.33 sulfur atoms per polysulfide molecule was measured. Results of this study are required by mechanistic and kinetic models that attempt to describe product selectivity of sulfide oxidising bioreactors.
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Lin, Binle, R. Yamaguchi, M. Hosomi, and A. Murakami. "A new treatment process for photo-processing waste using a sulfur-oxidizing bacteria/granular activated carbon system followed by Fenton oxidation." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1998): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0609.
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Establishing a treatment process for practical, economic disposal of photo-processing waste (PW) has become an urgent environmental concern under recently enacted provisions of the London Treaty. This paper describes a new, effective biological/chemical treatment process in which sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) is used in conjunction with granular activated carbon (GAC), i.e., an aerobic SOB/GAC system, to treat PW prior to Fenton oxidation. Weak dilution PW was treated in a long-term (98 d) continuous treatment such that mass-reduced sulfur compounds were completely oxidized to sulfate, while biodegradable organics in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were simultaneously degraded at a removal rate of 55%. The remaining refractory/toxic compounds following aerobic SOB/GAC treatment were then effectively transformed to biodegradable organics without pH regulation by adding only 123-154 ml of 30% H2O2, whereas without aerobic SOB/GAC treatment, 670 ml (12% H2O2) was required. Under this innovative approach, DOC in PW was effectively degraded at a removal rate of about 95%, with the required amount of H2O2 being reduced by 77% and the occurrence of sudden boiling being completely removed.
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Tomkiel, Aneta M., Dorota Czajkowska-Szczykowska, Ewa Olchowik-Grabarek, Lucie Rárová, Szymon Sękowski, and Jacek W. Morzycki. "A Study on the Chemistry and Biological Activity of 26-Sulfur Analogs of Diosgenin: Synthesis of 26-Thiodiosgenin S-Mono- and Dioxides, and Their Alkyl Derivatives." Molecules 28, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010189.
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A chemoselective procedure for MCPBA oxidation of 26-thiodiosgenin to corresponding sulfoxides and sulfone was elaborated. An unusual equilibration of sulfoxides in solution was observed. Moreover, α-alkylation of sulfoxide and sulfone was investigated. Finally, the biological activity of obtained compounds was examined.
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Moroz, O. M., S. O. Hnatush, O. V. Tarabas, C. I. Bohoslavets, G. V. Yavorska, and B. M. Borsukevych. "Sulfidogenic activity of sulfate and sulfur reducing bacteria under the influence of metal compounds." Biosystems Diversity 26, no. 1 (April 5, 2018): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011801.
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Due to their high content in natural environments, heavy metals exhibit toxic effects on living organisms, which leads to a decrease in the biological diversity and productivity of ecosystems. In niches with low oxidation reducing potential, sulfate and sulfur reducing bacteria carry out the reducing transformation of oxidized sulfur compounds with the formation of significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide. H2S produced by bacteria interacts with metal ions, precipitating them in the form of sulfides. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of lead, cuprum (II), iron (II) and manganese (II) salts on the production of hydrogen sulfide by bacteria of the Desulfovibrio and Desulfuromonas genera, isolated from Yavorivske Lake, and to evaluate the efficiency of their use for purifying media, enriched with organic compounds, from hydrogen sulfide and heavy metals. The content of heavy metal ions in the water of Yavorivske Lake was determined by the spectrophotometric method. The bacteria were grown for 10 days at 30 °C in the Kravtsov-Sorokin medium under anaerobic conditions. To study the influence of metal ions on bacteria growth and their H2S production, cells were incubated with metal salts (0.5–4.0 mM), washed and grown in media with SO42– or S0. To determine the level of metal ions binding by H2S, produced by bacteria, cells were grown in media with metal compounds (0.5–4.0 mM), SO42– or S0. Biomass was determined by turbidimetric method. In the cultural liquid the content of H2S was determined quantitatively by spectrophotometric method, and qualitatively by the presence of metal cations. The content of metal sulfides in the growth medium was determined by weight method. Sulfate and sulfur-reducing bacteria were resistant to 2.0 mM Pb(NO3)2, 2.5 mM CuCl2, 2.5 mM FeCl2 × 4H2O and 2.0 mM MnCl2 × 4H2O, therefore they are promising for the development of biotechnologies for the purification of water resources contaminated by sulfur and metal compounds. When present in a medium with sulfates or sulfur of 1.0–1.5 mM lead, cuprum (II), iron (II) or manganese (II) ions, they almost completely bind with the H2S produced by bacteria in the form of insoluble sulfides, which confirms the negative results of qualitative reactions to their presence in the cultural liquid.
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Pehlivan, Özge, Mateusz Waliczek, Monika Kijewska, and Piotr Stefanowicz. "Selenium in Peptide Chemistry." Molecules 28, no. 7 (April 4, 2023): 3198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073198.
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In recent years, researchers have been exploring the potential of incorporating selenium into peptides, as this element possesses unique properties that can enhance the reactivity of these compounds. Selenium is a non-metallic element that has a similar electronic configuration to sulfur. However, due to its larger atomic size and lower electronegativity, it is more nucleophilic than sulfur. This property makes selenium more reactive toward electrophiles. One of the most significant differences between selenium and sulfur is the dissociation of the Se-H bond. The Se-H bond is more easily dissociated than the S-H bond, leading to higher acidity of selenocysteine (Sec) compared to cysteine (Cys). This difference in acidity can be exploited to selectively modify the reactivity of peptides containing Sec. Furthermore, Se-H bonds in selenium-containing peptides are more susceptible to oxidation than their sulfur analogs. This property can be used to selectively modify the peptides by introducing new functional groups, such as disulfide bonds, which are important for protein folding and stability. These unique properties of selenium-containing peptides have found numerous applications in the field of chemical biology. For instance, selenium-containing peptides have been used in native chemical ligation (NCL). In addition, the reactivity of Sec can be harnessed to create cyclic and stapled peptides. Other chemical modifications, such as oxidation, reduction, and photochemical reactions, have also been applied to selenium-containing peptides to create novel molecules with unique biological properties.
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Labischinski, Harald, Dieter Naumann, Gerhard Barnickel, Wolfgang Dreißig, Wojciech Gruszecki, Andreas Hofer, and Hans Bradaczek. "Comparison between the Molecular and Crystal Structures of a Benzylpenicillin Ester and its Corresponding Sulfoxide with Drastically Reduced Biological Activity." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 42, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1987-0320.
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A comparative X-ray structure determination was performed to elucidate possible conformational differences between penicillins and penicillin sulfoxides. Penicillin-G-acetoxy-methylester and its β-oxide were used as model substances, because the only chemical difference between both compounds resides in the thiazolidine ring sulfur oxidation. On the basis of the X-ray data as well as of infrared measurements it is discussed that the drastically reduced biological activity of the penicillin-G-sulfoxide might be related to conformational differences in thiazolidine ring puckering or, even more simply, to the geometric position of the sulfoxide oxygen atom, both of which may hamper the proper reaction of the sulfoxide with its target enzyme(s)
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Milet, G. M. D., and S. J. B. Duff. "Treatment of kraft condensates in a feedback-controlled sequencing batch reactor." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1998): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0642.
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A feedback-controlled sequencing batch reactor was used to treat kraft accumulator and evaporator condensates. The control strategy used the level of dissolved oxygen to terminate the oxidation phase and commence the settling phase of each cycle. The duration of the oxidation phase was automatically adjusted to achieve 100% removal of methanol, the major carbon source in the condensates. While the treatment rate varied substantially in response to influent variability, the overall level of treatment remained constant, averaging 88±5% and 64±2% COD removal for the accumulator and evaporator condensates, respectively. Generally over 90% of the reduced sulfur compounds were removed, apparently almost completely by stripping. Metal ion addition was found to be necessary to support biological growth in accumulator condensate.
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Khabibrakhmanova, Alsu M., Roza G. Faizova, Olga A. Lodochnikova, Regina R. Zamalieva, Liliya Z. Latypova, Elena Y. Trizna, Andrey G. Porfiryev, et al. "The Novel Chiral 2(5H)-Furanone Sulfones Possessing Terpene Moiety: Synthesis and Biological Activity." Molecules 28, no. 6 (March 10, 2023): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062543.
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Over the past decades, 2(5H)-furanone derivatives have been extensively studied because of their promising ability to prevent the biofilm formation by various pathogenic bacteria. Here, we report the synthesis of a series of optically active sulfur-containing 2(5H)-furanone derivatives and characterize their biological activity. Novel thioethers were obtained by an interaction of stereochemically pure 5-(l)-menthyloxy- or 5-(l)-bornyloxy-2(5H)-furanones with aromatic thiols under basic conditions. Subsequent thioethers oxidation by an excess of hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid resulted in the formation of the corresponding chiral 2(5H)-furanone sulfones. The structure of synthesized compounds was confirmed by IR and NMR spectroscopy, HRMS, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The leading compound, 26, possessing the sulfonyl group and l-borneol moiety, exhibited the prominent activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with MICs of 8 μg/mL. Furthermore, at concentrations of 0.4–0.5 μg/mL, the sulfone 26 increased two-fold the efficacy of aminoglycosides gentamicin and amikacin against S. aureus. The treatment of the model-infected skin wound in the rat with a combination of gentamicin and sulfone 26 speeded up the bacterial decontamination and improved the healing of the wound. The presented results provide valuable new insights into the chemistry of 2(5H)-furanone derivatives and associated biological activities.
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Higuchi, Ohki, Koutaro Tateshita, and Hiroyuki Nishimura. "Antioxidative Activity of Sulfur-Containing Compounds inAlliumSpecies for Human Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Oxidation in Vitro." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51, no. 24 (November 2003): 7208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf034294u.
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Schippers, Axel, and Dagmar Kock. "Geomicrobiology of Sulfidic Mine Dumps: A Short Review." Advanced Materials Research 71-73 (May 2009): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.71-73.37.
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The geomicrobiology of sulfidic mine dumps is reviewed. More than 30 microbiological studies of sulfidic mine dumps have been published. Mainly culturing approaches such as most probable number (MPN) or agar plates were used to study the microbial communities. More recently, molecular biological techniques such as FISH, CARD-FISH, Q-PCR, T-RFLP, DGGE, or cloning have been applied to quantify microorganisms and to investigate the microbial diversity. Aerobic Fe(II)- and sulfur compound oxidizing microorganisms oxidize pyrite, pyrrhotite and other metal sulfides and play an important role in the formation of acid mine drainage (AMD). Anaerobic microorganisms such as Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms dissolve Fe(III)(hydr)oxides and may thereby release adsorbed or precipitated metals. Sulfate-reducing microorganisms precipitate and immobilize metals. In addition to the microbial communities several biogeochemical processes have been analyzed in mine dumps. Pyrite or pyrrhotite oxidation rates have been measured by different techniques: Column experiments, humidity cells, microcalorimetry, or oxygen consumption measurements. Analyses of stable isotopes of iron, oxygen and sulfur have yielded valuable information on biogeochemical reactions. The microbiology and the biogeochemical processes in sulfidic mine dumps have to be understood for control and prevention of AMD generation and to provide different possibilities for remediation concepts. Today, remediation measures, e.g. under water storage of the waste or covering of the dumps, focus on the inhibition of pyrite oxidation to keep the toxic compounds inside the mine waste dumps. As an alternative to the inhibition of pyrite oxidation, metals which also have economic value could be extracted from mine dumps by the application of different metal extraction technologies including bioleaching.
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Tm, Kaplaushenko, Panasenko Oi, and Kucheryavy Yu. "RESEARCH OF THE SYNTHETIC, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF 3-ALKYLSULFONYL-5-(CHINOLINE-2-YL, 2-HYDROXYCHINOLINE-4-YL)-4-R -2,4-DIHYDRO3N-1,2,4-TRIAZOLES 1." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i1.14096.
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ABSTRACTObjective: Fundamental research in pharmacy and medicine have shown that drugs, which are based on nucleus of the 1,2,4-triazole, have a widerange of biological effects. Derivatives of this heterocyclic system have well-known Ukrainian clinicians and the world scientists due to its antifungal,antidepressant, anticancer, cardio- and hepatoprotective properties. The pharmacological activity of most organic compounds depends on severaldifferent factors, including bioavailability of the substance. Hence, it is very important to consider the results of the synthetic and biological researchesand established dependence of structure on the biological action when scientists model new molecules or improve pharmacological properties of anexisting structure. One of the important social and economic problems of the pharmaceutical industry is the implementation in practice of new drugsthat could compete with expensive imported drugs. In recent times, 1,2,4-triazole-3-thioderivatives take attention of compatriots and scientists offoreign countries who are working on finding bioactive compounds including heterocyclic systems. The structure, physical and chemical properties,pharmacological activities of 1,2,4-triazoles, and their 3-thioderivatives are understudied. Hence, the study of that will be actually and novelty formodern science. The main purpose of our research is synthesis of 3-alkylsulfonyl-5-(chinoline-2-yl, 2-hydroxychinoline-4-yl)-4-R-2,4-dihydro-3N1,2,4-triazoles,studyingof its physicaland chemical properties.Methods: The initial compounds have been synthesized previously using known in literature techniques. Oxidation of the sulfur atom of thesynthesized compounds to the hexavalent condition was carried out adding solution of hydrogen peroxide.Results: The structure of the obtained compounds was determined with the modern physical and chemical analysis methods: Element analysis,infrared-spectrophotometry, and their individuality with thin layer chromatography.Conclusions: Prospect of the further researches is determination of acute toxicity and next studying of pharmacological properties of the synthesizedcompounds.Keywords: 1,2,4-triazoles, Synthesis, Chemical properties, Chinoline.1
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Janik-Hazuka, Małgorzata, Kamil Kamiński, Marta Kaczor-Kamińska, Joanna Szafraniec-Szczęsny, Aleksandra Kmak, Hassan Kassassir, Cezary Watała, Maria Wróbel, and Szczepan Zapotoczny. "Hyaluronic Acid-Based Nanocapsules as Efficient Delivery Systems of Garlic Oil Active Components with Anticancer Activity." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051354.
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Diallyl disulfide (DADS) and diallyl trisulfide (DATS) are garlic oil compounds exhibiting beneficial healthy properties including anticancer action. However, these compounds are sparingly water-soluble with a limited stability that may imply damage to blood vessels or cells after administration. Thus, their encapsulation in the oil-core nanocapsules based on a derivative of hyaluronic acid was investigated here as a way of protecting against oxidation and undesired interactions with blood and digestive track components. The nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) technique was used to follow the oxidation processes. It was proved that the shell of the capsule acts as a barrier limiting the sulfur oxidation, enhancing the stability of C=C bonds in DADS and DATS. Moreover, it was shown that the encapsulation inhibited the lysis of the red blood cell membrane (mainly for DADS) and interactions with serum or digestive track components. Importantly, the biological functions and anticancer activity of DADS and DATS were preserved after encapsulation. Additionally, the nanocapsule formulations affected the migration of neoplastic cells—a desirable preliminary observation concerning the inhibition of migration. The proposed route of administration of these garlic extract components would enable reaching their higher concentrations in blood, longer circulation in a bloodstream, and thus, imply a better therapeutic effect.
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Fan, Xuetong, Christopher H. Sommers, and Kimberly J. B. Sokorai. "Ionizing Radiation and Antioxidants Affect Volatile Sulfur Compounds, Lipid Oxidation, and Color of Ready-to-Eat Turkey Bologna." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52, no. 11 (June 2004): 3509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf035357b.
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Beinart, R. A., A. Gartman, J. G. Sanders, G. W. Luther, and P. R. Girguis. "The uptake and excretion of partially oxidized sulfur expands the repertoire of energy resources metabolized by hydrothermal vent symbioses." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1806 (May 7, 2015): 20142811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2811.
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Symbiotic associations between animals and chemoautotrophic bacteria crowd around hydrothermal vents. In these associations, symbiotic bacteria use chemical reductants from venting fluid for the energy to support autotrophy, providing primary nutrition for the host. At vents along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center, the partially oxidized sulfur compounds (POSCs) thiosulfate and polysulfide have been detected in and around animal communities but away from venting fluid. The use of POSCs for autotrophy, as an alternative to the chemical substrates in venting fluid, could mitigate competition in these communities. To determine whether ESLC symbioses could use thiosulfate to support carbon fixation or produce POSCs during sulfide oxidation, we used high-pressure, flow-through incubations to assess the productivity of three symbiotic mollusc genera—the snails Alviniconcha spp. and Ifremeria nautilei , and the mussel Bathymodiolus brevior —when oxidizing sulfide and thiosulfate. Via the incorporation of isotopically labelled inorganic carbon, we found that the symbionts of all three genera supported autotrophy while oxidizing both sulfide and thiosulfate, though at different rates. Additionally, by concurrently measuring their effect on sulfur compounds in the aquaria with voltammetric microelectrodes, we showed that these symbioses excreted POSCs under highly sulfidic conditions, illustrating that these symbioses could represent a source for POSCs in their habitat. Furthermore, we revealed spatial disparity in the rates of carbon fixation among the animals in our incubations, which might have implications for the variability of productivity in situ . Together, these results re-shape our thinking about sulfur cycling and productivity by vent symbioses, demonstrating that thiosulfate may be an ecologically important energy source for vent symbioses and that they also likely impact the local geochemical regime through the excretion of POSCs.
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Luo, Huiyu, Junbin Chen, Chuhong Su, and Longying Zha. "Advances in the Bioactivities of Phytochemical Saponins in the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis." Nutrients 14, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 4998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14234998.
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Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by hardening and narrowing of arteries. AS leads to a number of arteriosclerotic vascular diseases including cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral artery disease, which pose a big threat to human health. Phytochemicals are a variety of intermediate or terminal low molecular weight secondary metabolites produced during plant energy metabolism. Phytochemicals from plant foods (vegetables, fruits, whole grains) and traditional herb plants have been shown to exhibit multiple bioactivities which are beneficial for prevention and treatment against AS. Many types of phytochemicals including polyphenols, saponins, carotenoids, terpenoids, organic sulfur compounds, phytoestrogens, phytic acids and plant sterols have already been identified, among which saponins are a family of glycosidic compounds consisting of a hydrophobic aglycone (sapogenin) linked to hydrophilic sugar moieties. In recent years, studies have shown that saponins exhibit a number of biological activities such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, cholesterol-lowering, immunomodulation, anti-platelet aggregation, etc., which are helpful in the prevention and treatment of AS. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in the anti-atherosclerotic bioactivities of saponins such as ginsenoside, soyasaponin, astra-galoside, glycyrrhizin, gypenoside, dioscin, saikosaponin, etc.
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Huergo, J., C. Bernardelli, M. Viera, Wolfgang Sand, and Edgardo R. Donati. "FISH Analysis of Bacterial Attachment to Copper Sulfides in Bioleaching Processes." Advanced Materials Research 71-73 (May 2009): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.71-73.329.
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Bioleaching is the biological conversion of an insoluble metal compound into a water soluble form. In this process metal sulfides are oxidized to metal ions and sulfate by acidophilic microorganisms capable of oxidizing Fe2+ and/or sulfur-compounds. The metal solubilization from sulfide minerals is a chemical process which requires Fe3+ reduction. It is an environmentally friendly technique and an economical method for recovering metals that requires low investment and operation costs. In this work we studied the bioleaching of two kinds of acid-soluble copper sulfides, one easily leached by mesophilic bacteria (covellite), and the other one refractory to their activity (chalcopyrite), in acidic media with or without Fe2+ ions. We studied attached and planktonic populations of autotrophic bacteria, such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans in pure or mixed cultures. The influence of a heterotrophic microorganism, Acidiphilium cryptum, was also studied. Attachment was evaluated with fluorescence staining and FISH using four specific probes. L. ferrooxidans showed highest initial attachment in all cases. The presence of Ap. cryptum increased the cell attachment compared with the autotrophic pure cultures. It was possible to correlate experimental data with a mechanism of bacterial-metal sulfide oxidation, the polysulfide pathway for acid- soluble metal sulfides.
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Jang, Sehyun, Ki-Tae Park, Kitack Lee, Young Jun Yoon, Kitae Kim, Hyun Young Chung, Eunho Jang, et al. "Large seasonal and interannual variations of biogenic sulfur compounds in the Arctic atmosphere (Svalbard; 78.9° N, 11.9° E)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 12 (June 29, 2021): 9761–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9761-2021.
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Abstract. Seasonal to interannual variations in the concentrations of sulfur aerosols (< 2.5 µm in diameter; non sea-salt sulfate: NSS-SO42-; anthropogenic sulfate: Anth-SO42-; biogenic sulfate: Bio-SO42-; methanesulfonic acid: MSA) in the Arctic atmosphere were investigated using measurements of the chemical composition of aerosols collected at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (78.9∘ N, 11.9∘ E) from 2015 to 2019. In all measurement years the concentration of NSS-SO42- was highest during the pre-bloom period and rapidly decreased towards summer. During the pre-bloom period we found a strong correlation between NSS-SO42- (sum of Anth-SO42- and Bio-SO42-) and Anth-SO42-. This was because more than 50 % of the NSS-SO42- measured during this period was Anth-SO42-, which originated in northern Europe and was subsequently transported to the Arctic in Arctic haze. Unexpected increases in the concentration of Bio-SO42- aerosols (an oxidation product of dimethylsulfide: DMS) were occasionally found during the pre-bloom period. These probably originated in regions to the south (the North Atlantic Ocean and the Norwegian Sea) rather than in ocean areas in the proximity of Ny-Ålesund. Another oxidation product of DMS is MSA, and the ratio of MSA to Bio-SO42- is extensively used to estimate the total amount of DMS-derived aerosol particles in remote marine environments. The concentration of MSA during the pre-bloom period remained low, primarily because of the greater loss of MSA relative to Bio-SO42- and the suppression of condensation of gaseous MSA onto particles already present in air masses being transported northwards from distant ocean source regions (existing particles). In addition, the low light intensity during the pre-bloom period resulted in a low concentration of photochemically activated oxidant species including OH radicals and BrO; these conditions favored the oxidation pathway of DMS to Bio-SO42- rather than to MSA, which acted to lower the MSA concentration at Ny-Ålesund. The concentration of MSA peaked in May or June and was positively correlated with phytoplankton biomass in the Greenland and Barents seas around Svalbard. As a result, the mean ratio of MSA to the DMS-derived aerosols was low (0.09 ± 0.07) in the pre-bloom period but high (0.32 ± 0.15) in the bloom and post-bloom periods. There was large interannual variability in the ratio of MSA to Bio-SO42- (i.e., 0.24 ± 0.11 in 2017, 0.40 ± 0.14 in 2018, and 0.36 ± 0.14 in 2019) during the bloom and post-bloom periods. This was probably associated with changes in the chemical properties of existing particles, biological activities surrounding the observation site, and air mass transport patterns. Our results indicate that MSA is not a conservative tracer for predicting DMS-derived particles, and the contribution of MSA to the growth of newly formed particles may be much larger during the bloom and post-bloom periods than during the pre-bloom period.
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Dotsenko, Victor V., Nawras T. Jassim, Azamat Z. Temerdashev, Zainab R. Abdul-Hussein, Nicolai A. Aksenov, and Inna V. Aksenova. "New 6′-Amino-5′-cyano-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-1′H-spiro[indole-3,4′-pyridine]-3′-carboxamides: Synthesis, Reactions, Molecular Docking Studies and Biological Activity." Molecules 28, no. 7 (April 2, 2023): 3161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073161.
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The purpose of this work was to prepare new isatin- and monothiomalondiamide-based indole derivatives, as well as to study the properties of the new compounds. The four-component reaction of 5-R-isatins (R = H, CH3), malononitrile, monothiomalonamide (3-amino-3-thioxo- propanamide) and triethylamine in hot EtOH yields a mixture of isomeric triethylammonium 6′-amino-3′-(aminocarbonyl)-5′-cyano-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-1′H- and 6′-amino-3′-(aminocarbonyl)- 5′-cyano-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3′H-spiro[indole-3,4′-pyridine]-2′-thiolates. The reactivity and structure of the products was studied. We found that oxidation of spiro[indole-3,4′-pyridine]-2′-thiolates with DMSO-HCl system produced only acidification products, diastereomeric 6′-amino-5′-cyano-5-methyl-2-oxo-2′-thioxo-1,2,2′,3′-tetrahydro-1′H-spiro-[indole-3,4′-pyridine]- 3′-carboxamides, instead of the expected isothiazolopyridines. The alkylation of the prepared spiro[indole-3,4′-pyridine]-2′-thiolates upon treatment with N-aryl α-chloroacetamides and α-bromoacetophenones proceeds in a regioselective way at the sulfur atom. In the case of α-bromoacetophenones, ring-chain tautomerism was observed for the S-alkylation products. According to NMR data, the compounds consist of a mixture of stereoisomers of 2′-amino-6′-[(2-aryl-2-oxoethyl)thio]-3′-cyano-2-oxo-1′H-spiro[indoline-3,4′-pyridine]-5′-carboxamides and 5′-amino-3′-aryl-6′-cyano-3′-hydroxy-2-oxo-2′,3′-dihydrospiro[indoline-3,7′-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridine]-8′-carboxamides in various ratios. The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by IR spectroscopy, HRMS, 1H and 13C DEPTQ NMR studies and the results of 2D NMR experiments (1H-13C HSQC, 1H-13C HMBC). Molecular docking studies were performed to investigate suitable binding modes of some new compounds with respect to the transcriptional regulator protein PqsR of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The docking studies revealed that the compounds have affinity for the bacterial regulator protein PqsR of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a binding energy in the range of −5.8 to −8.2 kcal/mol. In addition, one of the new compounds, 2′-amino-3′-cyano-5-methyl-2-oxo-6′-{[2-oxo-2-(p-tolylamino)ethyl]thio}-1′H-spiro-[indoline-3,4′-pyridine]-5′-carboxamide, showed in vitro moderate antibacterial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and good antioxidant properties in a test with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. Finally, three of the new compounds were recognized as moderately active herbicide safeners with respect to herbicide 2,4-D in the laboratory experiments on sunflower seedlings.
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Skaff, Ojia, David I. Pattison, Philip E. Morgan, Rushad Bachana, Vimal K. Jain, K. Indira Priyadarsini, and Michael J. Davies. "Selenium-containing amino acids are targets for myeloperoxidase-derived hypothiocyanous acid: determination of absolute rate constants and implications for biological damage." Biochemical Journal 441, no. 1 (December 14, 2011): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20101762.
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Elevated MPO (myeloperoxidase) levels are associated with multiple human inflammatory pathologies. MPO catalyses the oxidation of Cl−, Br− and SCN− by H2O2 to generate the powerful oxidants hypochlorous acid (HOCl), hypobromous acid (HOBr) and hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) respectively. These species are antibacterial agents, but misplaced or excessive production is implicated in tissue damage at sites of inflammation. Unlike HOCl and HOBr, which react with multiple targets, HOSCN targets cysteine residues with considerable selectivity. In the light of this reactivity, we hypothesized that Sec (selenocysteine) residues should also be rapidly oxidized by HOSCN, as selenium atoms are better nucleophiles than sulfur. Such oxidation might inactivate critical Sec-containing cellular protective enzymes such as GPx (glutathione peroxidase) and TrxR (thioredoxin reductase). Stopped-flow kinetic studies indicate that seleno-compounds react rapidly with HOSCN with rate constants, k, in the range 2.8×103–5.8×106 M−1·s−1 (for selenomethionine and selenocystamine respectively). These values are ~6000-fold higher than the corresponding values for H2O2, and are also considerably larger than for the reaction of HOSCN with thiols (16-fold for cysteine and 80-fold for selenocystamine). Enzyme studies indicate that GPx and TrxR, but not glutathione reductase, are inactivated by HOSCN in a concentration-dependent manner; k for GPx has been determined as ~5×105 M−1·s−1. Decomposed HOSCN did not induce inactivation. These data indicate that selenocysteine residues are oxidized rapidly by HOSCN, with this resulting in the inhibition of the critical intracellular Sec-dependent protective enzymes GPx and TrxR.
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Arshad, Mohammed F., Aftab Alam, Abdullah Ayed Alshammari, Mohammed Bader Alhazza, Ibrahim Mohammed Alzimam, Md Anish Alam, Gulam Mustafa, et al. "Thiazole: A Versatile Standalone Moiety Contributing to the Development of Various Drugs and Biologically Active Agents." Molecules 27, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 3994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27133994.
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For many decades, the thiazole moiety has been an important heterocycle in the world of chemistry. The thiazole ring consists of sulfur and nitrogen in such a fashion that the pi (π) electrons are free to move from one bond to other bonds rendering aromatic ring properties. On account of its aromaticity, the ring has many reactive positions where donor–acceptor, nucleophilic, oxidation reactions, etc., may take place. Molecules containing a thiazole ring, when entering physiological systems, behave unpredictably and reset the system differently. These molecules may activate/stop the biochemical pathways and enzymes or stimulate/block the receptors in the biological systems. Therefore, medicinal chemists have been focusing their efforts on thiazole-bearing compounds in order to develop novel therapeutic agents for a variety of pathological conditions. This review attempts to inform the readers on three major classes of thiazole-bearing molecules: Thiazoles as treatment drugs, thiazoles in clinical trials, and thiazoles in preclinical and developmental stages. A compilation of preclinical and developmental thiazole-bearing molecules is presented, focusing on their brief synthetic description and preclinical studies relating to structure-based activity analysis. The authors expect that the current review may succeed in drawing the attention of medicinal chemists to finding new leads, which may later be translated into new drugs.
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Tuin, B. J. W., and A. A. C. M. Bos. "Ozone treatment and biodegradation of industrial wastewater containing thioethers." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 4 (February 1, 2004): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0284.
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Wastewater from an Akzo Nobel production site contains refractory sulfur components (cyclic thioethers). These components end up in the effluent of the existing biological wastewater treatment plant. The possibilities of (partial) oxidation and increasing biodegradability by ozone treatment for these types of compounds have been investigated. Ozonation experiments were carried out at laboratory scale, varying pH, temperature and catalysts. Biodegradability was evaluated from BOD measurements and BOD/COD ratios. Ozonation experiments at pH = 10 without catalyst addition or heating were found to give the best results with the simplest means: COD was removed for 80-90% and biodegradability increased from BOD/COD = 0.2-0.3 to > 0.7. These results could not be improved any further by adding catalysts like iron and manganese (hydr)oxides or activated carbon, by heating or by further increasing pH. Aftertreatment at pH = 10 required about 3 kg ozone per m3 for about 80-90% removal of the total COD. This results in high annual operating costs and is therefore less suitable in practice. Biodegradability already increased to 60% at COD removal of 50% and ozone consumption of 1.4 kg/m3 wastewater. On the basis of these findings, it was calculated that ozonation has potential as pretreatment for a side stream containing the major fraction of the cyclic thioethers mixture.
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Nasir, H. M., T. A. Saki, and M. Y. Al-Luaibi. "Synthesis, identification and thermal study of some new inorganic polymers based on bis-dithiocarbamate ligands with silicone, tellurium and some transition metals." Innovaciencia Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 7, no. 1 (October 25, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/2346075x.507.
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Introduction: In recent years, there has been considerable interest in dithiocarbamate complexes because of its diverse biological roles, very few reports have been made on polymeric bis- dithiocarbamate compounds with carbon chain of n-propyl or hexamethelene with transition metals in addition of the absence of any report of organosilicone or tellurium halides with such compounds Our interest in this report based on the preparation of new series of polymers with an expected activity as a fungi side compounds followed by the using of prepared amino compound as a hardners for epoxy paints Materials and Methods: A new polymers of the general structures –(MS2CNH(CH2)6NHCS2M-)n where [M= Cu, Cd, Mn and Zn] and –(M(R)2S2CNH(CH2)nNHCS2MR2-)m where [M= Si,R=CH 3 , n= 2 ,3 and 6 ; M=Te , R= Br , n= 2 ,3 and 6 ; M=Co, Ni R=Cl ; n= 6] have been prepared by reaction of MX2 where M= Ni ,Co, Cd , Mnor Zn , X= Cl ; M=Cu , X= SO4 , and dimethyl dichloro silane, tellurium tetrabromide with the corresponding sodium salts of bis-dithiocarbamateligands. Results and Discussion: Dimethyldichloro silane is a very sensitive material to O-H group, in addition to that, TeBr4 decomposed rapidlyin water so, a series solvents may be useful with such sensitive chemicals to water , in the other hand, dithiocarbamate ligands which is usually prepared in aqueous and alcoholic solution , must be prepared and isolated carefully to apply the other steps of synthesis using a chloroform solution as a solvent. It seems for the first view for dithiocarbamato ligands it may act as a bi dentate ligands using two sulphur donating atoms that is clearly appeared in common complexes such as diethyl dithiocarbamato or pipyridyl, morpholino dithiocarbamato with representation metal elements, even in such type of elements a sulfur bridges may formed. In this study, it showed clearly that Zinc and Cadimium polymers are diamagnetic polymers that is mean that these polymers are with oxidation state equal to (II) and a tetrahedral configuration Conclusions: The study showed that the new silicone polymers act as a stable polymers compared with others. All new polymers are of a high stability with large values of char contain with commercial epoxy. Among silicone polymers, the polymerwith carbon chain equal to 3 is more stable than that with 2 carbon atoms while the silicone polymer with 6 carbon atoms is the less stable one, may thermal treatment caused decomposition combined.
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Gałązka, Anna, Anna Marzec-Grządziel, Milan Varsadiya, Jacek Niedźwiecki, Karolina Gawryjołek, Karolina Furtak, Marcin Przybyś, and Jarosław Grządziel. "Biodiversity and Metabolic Potential of Bacteria in Bulk Soil from the Peri-Root Zone of Black Alder (Alnus glutinosa), Silver Birch (Betula pendula) and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (February 27, 2022): 2633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052633.
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The formation of specific features of forest habitats is determined by the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. The aim of the study was to determine the structural and functional biodiversity of soil microorganisms inhabiting the bulk soil from the peri-root zone of three tree species: Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, and Pinus sylvestris. Soil samples were collected from a semi-deciduous forest located in an area belonging to the Agricultural Experimental Station IUNG-PIB in Osiny, Poland. The basic chemical and biological parameters of soils were determined, as well as the structural diversity of bacteria (16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing) and the metabolic profile of microorganisms (Biolog EcoPlates). The bulk soils collected from peri-root zone of A. glutinosa were characterized by the highest enzymatic activities. Moreover, the highest metabolic activities on EcoPlates were observed in bulk soil collected in the proximity of the root system the A. glutinosa and B. pendula. In turn, the bulk soil collected from peri-root zone of P. sylvestris had much lower biological activity and a lower metabolic potential. The most metabolized compounds were L-phenylalanine, L-asparagine, D-mannitol, and gamma-hydroxy-butyric acid. The highest values of the diversity indicators were in the soils collected in the proximity of the root system of A. glutinosa and B. pendula. The bulk soil collected from P. sylvestris peri-root zone was characterized by the lowest Shannon’s diversity index. In turn, the evenness index (E) was the highest in soils collected from the P. sylvestris, which indicated significantly lower diversity in these soils. The most abundant classes of bacteria in all samples were Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria_Gp1, and Alphaproteobacteria. The classes Bacilli, Thermoleophilia, Betaproteobacteria, and Subdivision3 were dominant in the B. pendula bulk soil. Streptosporangiales was the most significantly enriched order in the B. pendula soil compared with the A. glutinosa and P. sylvestris. There was a significantly higher mean proportion of aerobic nitrite oxidation, nitrate reduction, sulphate respiration, and sulfur compound respiration in the bulk soil of peri-root zone of A. glutinosa. Our research confirms that the evaluation of soil biodiversity and metabolic potential of bacteria can be of great assistance in a quality and health control tool in the soils of forested areas and in the forest production. Identification of bacteria that promote plant growth and have a high biotechnological potential can be assume a substantial improvement in the ecosystem and use of the forest land.
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Saunders, Jaclyn K., Clara A. Fuchsman, Cedar McKay, and Gabrielle Rocap. "Complete arsenic-based respiratory cycle in the marine microbial communities of pelagic oxygen-deficient zones." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 20 (April 29, 2019): 9925–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818349116.
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Microbial capacity to metabolize arsenic is ancient, arising in response to its pervasive presence in the environment, which was largely in the form of As(III) in the early anoxic ocean. Many biological arsenic transformations are aimed at mitigating toxicity; however, some microorganisms can respire compounds of this redox-sensitive element to reap energetic gains. In several modern anoxic marine systems concentrations of As(V) are higher relative to As(III) than what would be expected from the thermodynamic equilibrium, but the mechanism for this discrepancy has remained unknown. Here we present evidence of a complete respiratory arsenic cycle, consisting of dissimilatory As(V) reduction and chemoautotrophic As(III) oxidation, in the pelagic ocean. We identified the presence of genes encoding both subunits of the respiratory arsenite oxidase AioA and the dissimilatory arsenate reductase ArrA in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP) oxygen-deficient zone (ODZ). The presence of the dissimilatory arsenate reductase gene arrA was enriched on large particles (>30 um), similar to the forward bacterial dsrA gene of sulfate-reducing bacteria, which is involved in the cryptic cycling of sulfur in ODZs. Arsenic respiratory genes were expressed in metatranscriptomic libraries from the ETNP and the Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP) ODZ, indicating arsenotrophy is a metabolic pathway actively utilized in anoxic marine water columns. Together these results suggest arsenic-based metabolisms support organic matter production and impact nitrogen biogeochemical cycling in modern oceans. In early anoxic oceans, especially during periods of high marine arsenic concentrations, they may have played a much larger role.
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Sirota, T. V. "Effect of the sulfur-containing compounds on the quinoid process of adrenaline autoxidation; potential neuroprotectors." Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 65, no. 4 (2019): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20196504316.
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The superoxide-generating reaction of adrenaline autoxidation in an alkaline medium, used in vitro to identify the antioxidant properties of various compounds, simulates the complex multistep process of quinoid oxidation of catecholamines (CA) in the body. Sulfur-containing cysteine (Cys) and reduced glutathione (GSH), as well as oxidized glutathione (GSSG), have been shown to inhibit this process. The studied substances were considered as inhibitors of quinoid oxidation and are evaluated as antioxidants. The IC50 values for Cys and GSH were close to 7.5 mM. Inhibition by GSSG was weaker; represented approximately 50-70% of Cys and GSH. Other sulfur-containing compounds that differ in chemical structure, the amino acids taurine and methionine were ineffective. The interest in this model and the search for effective compounds acting on this reaction is associated with one of the mechanisms of the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) discussed in the literature, which occurs when the biochemical transformations of dopamine CA and its quinoid oxidation process are violated. Cys, GSH and GSSG in the model system inhibit quinoid oxidation of adrenaline, as a result of which the formation of superoxide (O2 ·-) is also inhibited. Experiments with the superoxide-generating enzymatic reaction xanthine xanthioxidase, the chemistry of which is different and not related to formation of quinoid metabolites, showed that the studied substances did not inhibit O2 ·- formation in this model. Thus, it was established that the biologically active sulfur-containing compounds Cys, GSH and GSSG are specific inhibitors of quinoid oxidation of CA, and are likely to be able to play the role of a neuroprotector. It is proposed to use these compounds in the treatment and prevention of PD by activating their biosynthesis in the body.
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Peñéñory, Alicia B., Juan E. Argüello, and Marcelo Puiatti. "Novel Model Sulfur Compounds as Mechanistic Probes for Enzymatic and Biomimetic Oxidations." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2005, no. 1 (December 20, 2004): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.200400382.
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Kulik, Katarzyna, Klaudia Sadowska, Ewelina Wielgus, Barbara Pacholczyk-Sienicka, Elzbieta Sochacka, and Barbara Nawrot. "Different Oxidation Pathways of 2-Selenouracil and 2-Thiouracil, Natural Components of Transfer RNA." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 5956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21175956.
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Sulfur- and selenium-modified uridines present in the wobble position of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) play an important role in the precise reading of genetic information and tuning of protein biosynthesis in all three domains of life. Both sulfur and selenium chalcogens functionally operate as key elements of biological molecules involved in the protection of cells against oxidative damage. In this work, 2-thiouracil (S2Ura) and 2-selenouracil (Se2Ura) were treated with hydrogen peroxide at 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:10 molar ratios and at selected pH values ranging from 5 to 8. It was found that Se2Ura was more prone to oxidation than its sulfur analog, and if reacted with H2O2 at a 1:1 or lower molar ratio, it predominantly produced diselenide Ura-Se-Se-Ura, which spontaneously transformed to a previously unknown Se-containing two-ring compound. Its deselenation furnished the major reaction product, a structure not related to any known biological species. Under the same conditions, only a small amount of S2Ura was oxidized to form Ura-SO2H and uracil (Ura). In contrast, 10-fold excess hydrogen peroxide converted Se2Ura and S2Ura into corresponding Ura-SeOnH and Ura-SOnH intermediates, which decomposed with the release of selenium and sulfur oxide(s) to yield Ura as either a predominant or exclusive product, respectively. Our results confirmed significantly different oxidation pathways of 2-selenouracil and 2-thiouracil.
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Vaniushenkova, Anna A., Elina E. Dosadina, Anna A. Hanafina, Sergey V. Kalenov, Nikolay S. Markvichev, and Alexey A. Belov. "Synthesis and study of the properties of composite materials based on cellulose and chitosan containing various therapeutic agents. Part 3. Hydrolytic destruction of dressings based on dialdehydecellulose." Butlerov Communications 59, no. 8 (August 31, 2019): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-59-8-47.
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Creating systems for targeted delivery of drugs to the affected organ is one of the most promising areas for the development of systems with controlled release of the active substance. Polysaccharides are widely used as drug carriers. However, most of them are chemically inert and require preliminary functionalization in order to interact with physiologically active compounds (therapeutic agents-TA). A simple and effective method for introducing reactive groups is the periodic oxidation of the polysaccharide by the Malaprade reaction. While cellulose is insoluble in water and resistant to weak solutions of acids and alkalis, dialdehyde cellulose (DAC is the product of the periodic oxidation of cellulose) and its derivatives are destroyed in water and weakly acidic and slightly alkaline solutions. This process is called hydrolytic destruction. The kinetics of hydrolytic destruction is described by semi-logarithmic anamorphosis, which allows us to calculate the rate constants of hydrolytic destruction as the rate constant of first-order reactions. The products of hydrolytic degradation were studied by UV spectroscopy and using 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA). The degradation products of C and DAC were also studied by the phenol-sulfur method. From the data presented and cited earlier, it follows that when our composite material is placed in a liquid medium, the hydrolytic destruction of the drug immediately begins. What can be connected with the breakdown of both the carrier – TA bonds (DAC, C, Ct carriers) and the destruction of the carrier itself. Under the conditions of the organism, biological destruction can also join process. Biodestruction is the process of destruction (both carriers and immobilized TAs) under the action of the body's enzymes. Using IR spectroscopy, cellulose carriers were studied before and after exposure to 1/15M FB medium (pH 6.2 and 37 °C) for 48 hours. As can be seen from the data obtained, primarily for DAC samples, significant changes in the spectrum are visible in the 1800-1600 and 900 cm-1 fields. The results of experimental toxicological studies of samples of various cellulosic materials allow us to conclude that the samples studied do not have toxic, hemolytic, allergenic effects, as well as mutagenic activity.
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Mohammed Al bratty, Mohammed Al bratty, Neelaveni Thangavel Neelaveni Thangavel, Hassan Ahmad Alhazmi Hassan Ahmad Alhazmi, Asim Najmi Asim Najmi, Amani Ali Jebril Shar Amani Ali Jebril Shar, Bshoor Ali Farhan Alhabsi Bshoor Ali Farhan Alhabsi, Sumaiya Mosa Suliman Ghazwani Sumaiya Mosa Suliman Ghazwani, Safeena Eranhiyil Ashraf Safeena Eranhiyil Ashraf, and Ziaur Rehman Ziaur Rehman. "Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-based Phytochemical Analysis and In-Vitro Anti-Lipid Peroxidation, Cyclooxygenase Inhibition Activities of Saudi Eruca sativa Leaves." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 44, no. 2 (2022): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/001001/jcsp/44.02.2022.
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Eruca sativa is a wholesome yearly shrubbery herb in Saudi Arabia. Eruca sativa leaves are a conventional food and are consumed raw in salads. The present research reports the phytochemical analysis, in-vitro anti-lipid peroxidation, total anti-oxidant capability, cyclooxygenase-1, and -2 (COX1 and COX2) inhibition activities of Saudi Eruca sativa leaves water decoction (EWD). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of EWD revealed seventeen constituents of six different chemical groups: phenolics (23.60%), aromatic and aliphatic esters (16.97%), terpenoids (31.91%), heterocyclics (14.83%), sulfur containing organics (11.25%), and silyl compounds (1.44%). The presence of Astaxanthin (1.96%), Clionasterol (12.81%), Ingol-12-acetate (4.77%), and Phytol (12.37%) in EWD indicated that the decoction technique was effective in extracting thermostable terpenoids. This research is the first report on Eruca sativa unraveling the thermostable phytochemicals. The EWD exhibited a straight-line relationship between liver lipid peroxidation inhibition and 150 to 400 μg/ml concentrations. The % anti-lipid peroxidation effect produced by EWD and Quercetin was statistically significant. At the highest 400 μg/ml dose, EWD exhibits 68.46 and#177; 0.01% anti-lipid peroxidation activity. The demonstrated IC50 of EWD and Ascorbic acid concerning the total anti-oxidant capability is 217.90 μg/ml and 74.91 μg/ml. The in-vitro assay protocols delineated the modes of inhibition of the biological oxidation processes by Eruca sativa, indicating transfer of hydrogen ion and metal ions reduction. The COX inhibitory potential was screened using Ellmannand#39;s reagent. The IC50 values for COX1 and COX2 inhibitions were 152.31μg/ml and 146.4 μg/ml, respectively, indicating that EWD has a potent COX inhibitory potential compared to Indomethacin. The COX2/COX1 ratio of inhibition, less than one, suggested that EWD phytochemicals would be preferential inhibitors of COX2. The current investigation justifies Eruca sativa leaves as a beneficial health food by establishing the chemical composition of water decoction that contributed to the anti-oxidant and COX inhibition activity.
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Schenk, Wolfdieter A., Juergen Frisch, Waldemar Adam, and Frank Prechtl. "Sulfur(IV) compounds as ligands. Part 15. Ligand-centered oxidations of organometallic thiolates using dimethyldioxirane." Inorganic Chemistry 31, no. 15 (July 1992): 3329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic00041a032.
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Görbitz, Carl Henrik, Vladimir Levchenko, Jevgenijs Semjonovs, and Mohamed Yusuf Sharif. "Crystal structure of seleno-L-cystine dihydrochloride." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 71, no. 6 (May 30, 2015): 726–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205698901501021x.
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Numerous crystal structures are available for the dimeric amino acid cystine. In proteins it is formed by oxidation of the –SH thiol groups of two closely spaced cysteine residues, resulting in the formation of a familiar disulfide bridge. The title compound [systematic name: (R,R)-1,1′-dicarboxy-2,2′-(diselanediyl)diethanaminium dichloride], C6H14N2O4Se22+·2Cl−, is the first example of a small molecule structure of the biologically important analogue with a —CH2—Se—Se—CH2— bridging unit. Bond lengths and angles of seleno-L-cystine dihydrochloride and its isotypic sulfur analogue L-cystine dihydrochloride are compared.
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Kvasnica, Miroslav, Iva Tišlerová, Jan Šarek, Jan Sejbal, and Ivana Císařová. "Preparation of New Oxidized 18-α-Oleanane Derivatives." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 70, no. 9 (2005): 1447–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20051447.
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19β,28-Epoxy-4,5-seco-3,5-cyclo-18α-olean-3(5)-ene (2) is an appropriate compound for oxidations, which lead to new oxidized compounds with potential biological activities. Several oxidations were used such as epoxidation, allylic oxidation, oxidative cleavage of double bond and other ones. From the starting compound epoxides 3a, 3b and unsaturated ketone 4 were prepared. This ketone was further oxidized to diketone 6 and anhydride 7. The double bonds of all unsaturated compounds were cleaved with ruthenium tetroxide to afford new A-seco oleananes. The structure and stereochemistry of the compounds were derived from IR, MS, 1H and 13C NMR spectra (1D and 2D COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC).
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Bortoli, Marco, Matteo Bruschi, Marcel Swart, and Laura Orian. "Sequential oxidations of phenylchalcogenides by H2O2: insights into the redox behavior of selenium via DFT analysis." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 17 (2020): 6724–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj06449d.
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Barce Ferro, Criscieli Taynara, Beatriz Fuzinato dos Santos, Caren Daniele Galeano da Silva, George Brand, Beatriz Amaral Lopes da Silva, and Nelson Luís de Campos Domingues. "Review of the Syntheses and Activities of Some Sulfur-Containing Drugs." Current Organic Synthesis 17, no. 3 (June 9, 2020): 192–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179417666200212113412.
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Background: Sulfur-containing compounds represent an important class of chemical compounds due to their wide range of biological and pharmaceutical properties. Moreover, sulfur-containing compounds may be applied in other fields, such as biological, organic, and materials chemistry. Several studies on the activities of sulfur compounds have already proven their anti-inflammatory properties and use to treat diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and HIV. Moreover, examples of sulfur-containing compounds include dapsone, quetiapine, penicillin, probucol, and nelfinavir, which are important drugs with known activities. Objective: This review will focus on the synthesis and application of some sulfur-containing compounds used to treat several diseases, as well as promising new drug candidates. Results: Due to the variety of compounds containing C-S bonds, we have reviewed the different synthetic routes used toward the synthesis of sulfur-containing drugs and other compounds.
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Myles, Daniel J. T., M’hamed Chahma, and Robin G. Hicks. "Synthesis and properties of end-capped bis(oligothienyl) sulfides." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 86, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 982–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v08-128.
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The synthesis, and the optical and electrochemical properties, of a series of mesitylthio (MesS-) end-capped bis(oligothienyl) sulfides are presented. The target compounds were synthesized principally by convergent protocols, whereby a series of short thiophene oligomers bearing one terminal mesitylthio (MesS-) substituent were first assembled by metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions and then coupled via divalent sulfur through reactions with bis(phenylsulfonyl) sulfide. The spectroscopic and electrochemical features of the bis(oligothienyl) sulfides are qualitatively similar to those of the related mesitylthio-capped fully conjugated oligothiophenes, suggesting that the degree of electronic communication between the two oligothiophene chromophores in the bis(oligothienyl) sulfides is low. Cyclic voltammetry studies on the bis(oligothienyl) sulfides reveal that these species can be reversibly oxidized to radical cations, but the reversibility of subsequent oxidations depends on oligothienyl chain length and the presence and position of more electron-rich ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) groups. In general, the bis(oligothienyl) sulfides possess fewer than the expected number of reversible oxidations based on comparisons with their corresponding mesitylthio-capped fully conjugated oligothiophenes; excessive charge accumulation at or near the central linking sulfur atom is believed to be responsible for the irreversible behavior. Analysis of the irreversible voltammetric response of one of the bis(oligothienyl) sulfides leads to the suggestion of a decomposition mechanism for the cationic species involving carbon-sulfur bond cleavage and subsequent coupling of thiophene fragments — a finding with potential implications for the poor environmental stability of doped poly(p-phenylene sulfide), one of the prototypical conducting polymers.Key words: conjugated materials, conducting polymers, oligothiophenes, electronic communication.
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Rose, Peter, Philip Keith Moore, Matthew Whiteman, and Yi-Zhun Zhu. "An Appraisal of Developments in Allium Sulfur Chemistry: Expanding the Pharmacopeia of Garlic." Molecules 24, no. 21 (November 5, 2019): 4006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24214006.
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Alliums and allied plant species are rich sources of sulfur compounds that have effects on vascular homeostasis and the control of metabolic systems linked to nutrient metabolism in mammals. In view of the multiple biological effects ascribed to these sulfur molecules, researchers are now using these compounds as inspiration for the synthesis and development of novel sulfur-based therapeutics. This research has led to the chemical synthesis and biological assessment of a diverse array of sulfur compounds representative of derivatives of S-alkenyl-l-cysteine sulfoxides, thiosulfinates, ajoene molecules, sulfides, and S-allylcysteine. Many of these synthetic derivatives have potent antimicrobial and anticancer properties when tested in preclinical models of disease. Therefore, the current review provides an overview of advances in the development and biological assessment of synthetic analogs of allium-derived sulfur compounds.
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Bolton, Sarah G., and Michael D. Pluth. "Modified cyclodextrins solubilize elemental sulfur in water and enable biological sulfane sulfur delivery." Chemical Science 11, no. 43 (2020): 11777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc04137h.
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Sulfane sulfur, or S0, is found in polysulfide and persulfide compounds in biology. We demonstrate that modified cyclodextrins can solubilize S8 in water, increase its reactivity with biological nucleophiles, and enable delivery to live cells.
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Proshin, A. N., M. A. Orlova, and T. P. Trofimova. "Biological activity of some sulfur- and selenium-containing spiro compounds." Russian Chemical Bulletin 66, no. 10 (October 2017): 1931–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11172-017-1968-4.
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