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Journal articles on the topic 'Biological nutrient removal'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 March 2023

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1

Galil, Noah I., Keren Ben-David Malachi, and Chaim Sheindorf. "Biological Nutrient Removal in Membrane Biological Reactors." Environmental Engineering Science 26, no. 4 (April 2009): 817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2008.0234.

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2

WILLIAMS, S., and A. W. WILSON. "Beckton Demonstration Biological Nutrient-Removal Plant." Water and Environment Journal 8, no. 6 (December 1994): 664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01163.x.

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3

Vaboliene, Giedre, and Algirdas Bronislovas Matuzevičius. "INVESTIGATION INTO BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 13, no. 4 (December 31, 2005): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2005.9636868.

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Nitrogen and phosphorus removal is necessary to avoid eutrophication of water bodies when treated wastewater is outlet to slowly flowing water bodies or recycled as technological water. The “BioBalance” technology as the latest way of nitrogen and phosphorus removal was applied at Utena Wastewater Treatment Plant. Composition of wastewater has an impact on biological phosphorus removal, particularly the ratio of biochemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus (BOD7/Total-P) in wastewater after mechanical treatment. Nitrates in the anaerobic zone can have a negative effect on biological phosphorus removal. Consequently, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of the mentioned factors on biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal was evaluated and compared by using the “BioBalance” technology for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal and technology before reconstruction during this investigation. The correlation regressive analysis of the biochemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus (BOD7/Total‐P) after mechanical treatment and the total phosphorus concentration in the effluent was evaluated. The correlation regressive analysis of nitrates in an anaerobic zone on the aeration tank and the efficiency of phosphorus removal was also evaluated.

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4

Wanner, J., J. S. Čech, and M. Kos. "New Process Design for Biological Nutrient Removal." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1992): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0532.

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A new arrangement of the biological process for efficient COD, N and P removal has been proposed. The process consists of the anaerobic reactor where organic substances from waste water are sequestered into activated sludge, the nitrification reactor where ammonia-rich supernatant is oxidized, and the denitrification reactor where oxidized supernatant is mixed with the activated sludge separated from the anaerobic reactor. Laboratory experiments confirmed favorable characteristics of the proposed system.

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5

Charlton, J. "Biological nutrient removal applied to weak sewage." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0578.

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The Melby Wastewater Treatment Plant is located in the municipality of Frederiksværk on the island of Sealand, Denmark. This may be the first full-scale plant in Europe purpose built for biological nutrient removal from diluted wastewater, i.e. weak domestic wastewater mixed with infiltration waters. The relatively strict effluent standards have required the existing treatment plant to be upgraded in capacity, including the design for biological Nitrogen and Phosphorus removal. Due to the weak nature of the influent wastewater, the treatment process that has been adopted includes the application of a primary sludge fermenter to alter the influent characteristics suitable for biological nutrient removal. The treatment process used is the Modified University of Cape Town process utilising a primary sludge fermenter developed at the University of British Columbia in Canada. The combination of these two processes has been successfully applied to meet the strict discharge licence requirements, without the addition of chemicals, despite the unsuitable characteristics of the influent wastewater for biological nutrient removal. The paper describes the operational results for the treatment plant.

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6

Morin, Andrew L., and Thomas P. Gilligan. "HIGH PURITY OXYGEN BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL (BNR)." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2000, no. 8 (January 1, 2000): 606–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864700784546585.

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7

Huber, Carl V., and Kristen L. Smeby. "Odor Emissions From Biological Nutrient Removal Processes." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2010, no. 3 (January 1, 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864710802768073.

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8

Gallegos, John. "FINE TUNING YOUR BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL SYSTEM." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2015, no. 3 (January 1, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864715819557588.

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9

Hatziconstantinou, G. J., P. Yannakopoulos, and A. Andreadakis. "Primary sludge hydrolysis for biological nutrient removal." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1996): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0399.

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Primary sludge hydrolysis can enrich primary effluent with the soluble organics which in turn can be a valuable carbon source to subsequent nutrient removal processes. By controlling hydraulic retention time and temperature it is possible to confine the anaerobic digestion of the primary sludge to the acidogenic and acetogenic phase (hydrolysis/fermentation process), and take advantage of the soluble organics produced. This paper presents the results of a research involving bench and pilot scale experiments related to primary sludge hydrolysis. The pilot scale sedimentation tank (4.10 m in diameter, 3.20 m in depth) operated over an expended period of 21 months as a conventional clarifier and following this as a fermentor unit employing sludge recirculation. Parallel to the pilot scale experiments, several batch and continuous flow bench scale experiments were conducted in order to determine the factors controlling the production of soluble organics and the effect of the latter on the denitrification process. The conclusions drawn were that a) a soluble COD production of the order of 5-6% in terms of sludge TCOD can be expected in a batch fermentor operating with HRT≅2days at T≤ 20°C, b) in a continuous flow fermentor, combinations of T>20°C and SRT>2 should be applied in order to achieve a production of the order of 10%, c) significant soluble carbon production can be achieved in primary sedimentation tanks (over 30% in terms of influent SCOD) when relatively increased SRTs (4 to 5 days) in combination with sludge recirculation are employed, under T>22°C, and d) increased denitrification performance of the order of 9 mgNOx/g MLSS.hr, can be achieved with hydrolysate as a carbon source.

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10

Islam, K. Ashraf, Bob Newell, and Paul Lant. "Advanced process control for biological nutrient removal." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 6 (March 1, 1999): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0271.

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We introduce an Australian collaborative research and development project aimed at implementing advanced process control strategies to biological nutrient removal wastewater treatment plants. We show why process control is a key technology for the future of this industry and present several control ‘tools’ which we have developed.

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11

Stevens, Gerald M., James L. Barnard, and Barry Rabinowitz. "Optimizing Biological Nutrient Removal in anoxic zones." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 6 (March 1, 1999): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0275.

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During the initial years of the development of Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) technology, it was assumed that the bacterial species responsible of the removal of phosphorus (BioP organisms) could not use nitrates as a final electron acceptor and could thus not denitrify. The carbon taken up in the form of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) in the anaerobic zone was thus deemed to be unavailable for denitrification in the anoxic zone. This was reinforced through experiments in which BioP organisms cultured in the high-rate Phoredox system in which no nitrification took place, did not denitrify when nitrates were added. Many researchers (e.g. Dold and Barker) have since shown that in BNR systems such as the 3-Stage Bardempho system, where nitrates are recycled to the anoxic zone which follows the anaerobic zone, a high degree of phosphorus uptake through denitrification does occur. In addition, the partial diversion of primary effluent directly to the anoxic zone has significantly improved phosphorus uptake under anoxic conditions. Full-scale operations at the Westbank, British Columbia, plant showed a substantial uptake of phosphorus in the anoxic zone in the absence of oxygen. The Westbank configuration includes side stream primary sludge fermentation, VFA rich fermenter supernatant addition directly to the anaerobic zone and diversion of a portion of primary effluent to the anoxic zone. This configuration stimulates P-uptake under anoxic conditions, demonstrates the efficient use of carbon and is instrumental in achieving an annual average effluent Total-P concentration of less than 0.17 mg/l. The phenomenon of denitrification by BioP organisms was included in the Biowin Model developed by Dold (Biowin Manual). This paper describes experiments and full-scale plant observations to establish the role of BioP organisms in the removal of nitrates in the anoxic zone of a plant which also receives a portion of the primary effluent and verification of the Biowin model.

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12

Ekama, GA. "REVIEW - Recent developments in biological nutrient removal." Water SA 41, no. 4 (July 29, 2015): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v41i4.11.

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13

Seco, A., J. Ribes, J. Serralta, and J. Ferrer. "Biological nutrient removal model No.1 (BNRM1)." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 6 (September 1, 2004): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0361.

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This paper presents the results of the work carried out by the CALAGUA Group on Mathematical Modelling of Biological Treatment Processes: the Biological Nutrient Removal Model No.1. This model is based on a new concept for dynamic simulation of wastewater treatment plants: a unique model can be used to design, simulate and optimize the whole plant, as it includes most of the biological and physico-chemical processes taking place in all treatment operations. The physical processes included are: settling and clarification processes (flocculated settling, hindered settling and thickening), volatile fatty acids elutriation and gasÐliquid transfer. The chemical interactions included comprise acidÐbase processes, where equilibrium conditions are assumed. The biological processes included are: organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus removal; acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis. Environmental conditions in each operation unit (aerobic, anoxic or anaerobic) will determine which bacterial groups can grow. Thus, only the model parameters related to bacterial groups able to grow in any of the operation units of a specific WWTP will require calibration. One of the most important advantages of this model is that no additional analysis with respect to ASM2d is required for wastewater characterization. Some applications of this model have also been briefly explained in this paper.

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14

Barnard, J. L., and M. T. Steichen. "Where is biological nutrient removal going now?" Water Science and Technology 53, no. 3 (February 1, 2006): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.088.

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With more than 30 years of experience multiple options exist for removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. Communities that were exempt from nutrient removal for many years must now comply with imposed nutrient limits, and in areas where technology-based nutrient limits have been in place communities are now faced with more stringent mass-based limits that are becoming more difficult to meet as their populations increase. Recent efforts in the industry have been focused on getting more out of existing plants, or in many cases where land is not available, in intensifying existing processes to increase capacity and/or level of treatment. This paper will discuss some of these methods and the general direction in which biological nutrient removal is developing to address these new challenges.

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15

Parker, C. E., S. R. Qasim, and R. T. McMillon. "Enhanced nutrient removal by biological treatment systems." International Journal of Environmental Studies 33, no. 4 (May 1989): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207238908710503.

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16

Short, Michael T., Michael J. Foley, David Wilson, and Mark Withers. "DESIGN OF A BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL FACILITY." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2005, no. 15 (January 1, 2005): 1229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864705783869510.

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17

Abu‐ghararah, Z. H., and J. H. Sherrard. "Biological nutrient removal in high salinity wastewaters." Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology 28, no. 3 (April 1993): 599–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529309375897.

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18

Mines, Richard O., and William C. Thomas. "Biological nutrient removal using the VIP process." Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology 31, no. 10 (November 1996): 2557–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529609376510.

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19

Hale, C., K. Kaur, N. Jones, and B. Oliver. "VALIDATION OF BNR (BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL) PLANT." Water and Environment Journal 19, no. 4 (December 2005): 376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2005.tb00576.x.

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20

Martins, Ant�nio M. P., Joseph J. Heijnen, and Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht. "Bulking sludge in biological nutrient removal systems." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 86, no. 2 (2004): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.20029.

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21

Wang, Yi, Shu-Jian Zheng, Li-Ying Pei, Li Ke, Dang-cong Peng, and Si-Qing Xia. "Nutrient release, recovery and removal from waste sludge of a biological nutrient removal system." Environmental Technology 35, no. 21 (May 27, 2014): 2734–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2014.920048.

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22

Li, Xiaowei, Qun Wei, Xiaojie Tu, Yuxuan Zhu, Yanfei Chen, Lina Guo, Jun Zhou, and Hongyun Sun. "Effects of nutrient loading on Anabaena flos-aquae biofilm: biofilm growth and nutrient removals." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.208.

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Effects of three different nutrient loadings (low nutrient loading, medium nutrient loading and high nutrient loading, denoted as LNS, MNS and HNS, respectively) on the structure and functions of algal biofilm using Anabaena flos-aquae were investigated using synthetic wastewater. Nutrients removal efficiencies, biofilm thickness, microalgae dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and exopolysaccharide (EPS) productions were examined. Results showed that the changes of nutrient concentration were insignificant after 4 days of experiment for the case of HNS condition; 9 days for the case of MNS condition, and 6 days for the case of LNS condition, respectively. The biofilm thickness, nutrient removal efficiencies, algae DHA and EPS productions increased with the increase of nutrient loadings in synthetic wastewater. For the case of HNS condition, the microalgal biofilm exhibited the best performance in terms of C, N and P removal efficiencies, reaching the removal rates of 68.45, 3.56 and 1.61 mg·L−1·d−1 for C, N, P, respectively. This was likely because, fact with the high nutrient loading, the high biological activity could be achieved, thus resulting in high nutrient removals. The thickness of the biofilm in HNS condition was 75 μm, which was closely related to EPS production. DHA and EPS concentrations were 7.24 and 1.8 × 10−2 mg·mm−2, respectively. It was also shown that apart from the nutrient loading, the structure and functions of microalgal biofilm were also influenced by other factors, such as illumination and temperature.

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23

Rabinowitz, B., T. D. Vassos, R. N. Dawson, and W. K. Oldham. "Upgrading Wastewater Treatment Plants for Biological Nutrient Removal." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1990): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0229.

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A brief review of recent developments in biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal technology is presented. Guidelines are outlined of how current understanding of these two removal mechanisms can be applied in the upgrading of existing wastewater treatment plants for biological nutrient removal. A case history dealing with the upgrading of the conventional activated sludge process located at Penticton, British Columbia, to a biological nutrient removal facility with a design flow of 18,200 m3/day (4.0 IMGD) is presented as a design example. Process components requiring major modification were the headworks, bioreactors and sludge handling facilities.

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24

Thomas, P. R., D. Allen, and D. L. McGregor. "Evaluation of combined chemical and biological nutrient removal." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1996): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0383.

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This study was undertaken to optimise phosphorus removal by incorporating a chemical dosing facility in an existing biological nutrient removal activated sludge plant at Albury in Australia. Results of pilot plant trials and jar tests indicated that both alum and ferric chloride successfully reduced the orthophosphate concentrations with only a minor variation in the chemical costs. However, alum was chosen as the preferred chemical for use in the full-scale plant and tests showed that alum precipitation combined with biological nutrient removal lowered the orthophosphate (ortho-P) concentrations to as low as 0.01 mg/L with average total phosphorus (total-P) levels of around 0.5 mg/L. It is concluded that maximising total phosphorus removal in the treatment plant would require optimising biological phosphorus removal, applying correct chemical dosages to varying mixed liquor orthophosphate concentrations, adequate mixing, suitable pH values and minimising suspended solids in the clarifier effluent.

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25

Hu, Z. R., M. C. Wentzel, and G. A. Ekama. "External nitrification in biological nutrient removal activated sludge systems." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0055.

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A biological nutrient removal (BNR) activated sludge (AS) scheme incorporating external nitrification in a fixed media system is evaluated. A laboratory scale investigation of the scheme indicates that it holds considerable potential for BNRAS system intensification through major reduction in sludge age and oxygen demand and significant improvement in sludge settleability. Because the BNRAS system is not required to nitrify, its anoxic mass fraction can be considerably enlarged at the expense of the aerobic mass fraction creating conditions that (i) allow it to achieve high N removals with domestic wastewaters with high TKN/COD ratios and (ii) promote anoxic P uptake polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAO) to develop in the system. From this, and earlier investigations with conventional BNR systems, it appears that anoxic P uptake biological excess P removal (BEPR) is only about two thirds of aerobic P uptake BEPR. Inclusion of anoxic P uptake PAOs in, and exclusion of nitrifiers from, the BNRAS system are not essential for the scheme. However, conditions that promote aerobic P uptake to maximize BEPR, are also conducive to nitrifier growth, which, if supported in the BNRAS system, would require virtual complete nitrification in the fixed media system to avoid nitrate interference with BEPR. Before the scheme can be implemented at large scale, an engineering and economic evaluation is required to quantify its potential benefits and savings.

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26

Saltnes, T., G. Sørensen, and S. Eikås. "Biological nutrient removal in a continuous biofilm process." Water Practice and Technology 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.083.

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Abstract A new biological phosphorous and nitrogen removal process is developed. The process is based on biofilm on carrier elements with enhanced biological phosphorous removal and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a continuous process. Results from 3 years of pilot and laboratory experiments are presented with regards to removal of organic substances, phosphorous and nitrogen. This process demonstrates essential benefits and improved performance compared to other EBPR-processes in operation today. The first full scale plant was put in operation in May 2016 at Hias WWTP in Norway.

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27

Rustrian, E., J. P. Delgenes, N. Bernet, and R. Moletta. "Acidogenic Activity: Process of Carbon Source Generation for Biological Nutrient Removal." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 8 (October 1, 1999): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0377.

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In this study, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) connected with a two step anaerobic digestion system is proposed in order to investigate the possibility of simultaneous C, N and P removal from wastewater. The system was studied using synthetic wastewater. In this system, the effluent of nitrate from the SBR reactor is added to the acidogenic reactor influent. Nitrate elimination and VFA production are then achieved together in the acidogenic reactor. The performances of three lab-scale reactors, operated for C, N and P biological removal are analyzed. The removals of TOC, TN and TP-PO4 were greater than 96%, 75% and 86%, respectively. The results show that the combination of anaerobic digestion in two step-SBR treatment is effective for simultaneous C, N and P removal. The benefits from this process are the saving of carbon source for denitrification and phosphorus removal. Reactor arrangement made possible the existence of zones where the different bacterial populations involved could coexist. Complete denitrification occurs in acidogenic reactor and hence the methanogenic activity is not reduced nor inhibited by N-NO3 presence, allowing greater TOC removal. A stable P-release and P-uptake took place after coupling of the three reactors. Furthermore, a fast settling, compact sludge is generated in the SBR with the operational conditions applied.

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28

Meloni, E. "Practical Experience with Biological Removal of Phosphorus from Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1991): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0484.

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The nutrient situation and nutrient removal policy in Finland are discussed and the principles of biological phosphorus removal are outlined. The approach of Metsä-Serla Oy to the nutrient problem is described: Metsä-Serla has been studying biological phosphorus removal since 1987. At the beginning of 1989 plant-scale experiments were started at the Kirkniemi paper mill. The results have been promising, the highest removal rates obtained being over 90 %. Experimenting with biological phosphorus removal will be started at all Metsä-Serla's activated sludge plants (five in all) in the near future.

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29

Sang, Eun Lee, Soo Kim Kwang, Hwan Ahn Jae, and Whoe Kim Chang. "Comparison of phosphorus removal characteristics between various biological nutrient removal processes." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 12 (December 1, 1997): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0431.

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Bench scale experiments were carried out with four biological nutrient removal(BNR) units, A/O, A2/O, Phostrip and P/L units, to investigate the behavior of phosphorus in the system and to compare the characteristics of phosphorus removal in four experimental BNR units. The influent COD/T-P ratio was varied from 22 to 64 by changing COD concentration while maintaining phosphorus concentration constant. In general sidestream BNR units such as Phostrip and P/L units outperformed mainstream BNR units such as A/O and A2/O units in terms of phosphorus removal. While phosphorus release and uptake in A/O and A2/O units became less significant at low influent COD/T-P, the phosphorus release in A2/O unit was further influenced by nitrate in return sludge and thus A2/O unit required even higher influent COD/T-P ratio for luxury uptake of phosphorus. The luxury uptake of phosphorus in Phostrip and P/L units were not affected by influent COD/T-P ratio and the adverse effect of nitrate in return sludge on anaerobic phosphorus release in P/L process was not significant due to the sludge blanket in P-stripper.

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30

Parco, V., G. du Toit, M. Wentzel, and G. Ekama. "Biological nutrient removal in membrane bioreactors: denitrification and phosphorus removal kinetics." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 6 (September 1, 2007): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.642.

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The impact of including membranes for solid liquid separation on the kinetics of nitrogen and phosphorus removal was investigated. To achieve this, a membrane bioreactor (MBR) biological nutrient removal (BNR) activated sludge system was operated. From batch tests on mixed liquor drawn from the MBR BNR system, denitrification and phosphorus removal rates were delineated. Additionally the influence of the high total suspended solids concentrations present in the MBR BNR system and of the limitation of substrate concentrations on the kinetics was investigated. Moreover the ability of activated sludge in this kind of system to denitrify under anoxic conditions with simultaneous phosphate uptake was verified and quantified. The denitrification rates obtained for different mixed liquor (ML) concentrations indicate no effect of ML concentration on the specific denitrification rate. The denitrification took place at a single specific rate (K2) with respect to the ordinary heterotrophic organisms (OHOs, i.e. non-PAOs) active mass. Similarly, results have been obtained for the P removal process kinetics: no differences in specific rates were observed for different ML or substrate concentrations. From the P removal batch tests results it seems that the biological phosphorus removal population (PAO) consists of 2 different sets of organisms denitrifying PAO and aerobic PAO.

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31

Ydstebø, Leif, Torleiv Bilstad, and James Barnard. "Experience with Biological Nutrient Removal at Low Temperatures." Water Environment Research 72, no. 4 (July 2000): 444–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143000x137987.

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32

Farchill, D., M. Goldstein, A. Kanarek, and A. Aharoni. "Biological Nutrient Removal in a Single-Sludge Plant." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 7-8 (April 1, 1993): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0535.

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Single-sludge biological treatment systems for nitrification-denitrification and phosphorus removal have become widely accepted process options due to the increasingly greater demand for effluent nutrient control. The Soreq Biological Treatment Plant is a regional facility for municipal wastewater treatment and effluent reclamation for irrigation purposes, with a current average capacity of 220,000 m3/day. The performance data presented for one full year of operation (1989-1990) under automatic process control indicate consistently high rates of carbon oxidation, nitrification-denitrification and enhanced phosphorus removal.

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33

Kavanaugh, Rathi G., and Clifford W. Randall. "Bacterial Populations in a Biological Nutrient Removal Plant." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 7 (April 1, 1994): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0297.

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Research in the area of bacteriological studies of biogical nutrient removal (BNR) systems has emphasized the role of Acinetobacter spp. in phosphorus removal. The present study was undertaken to enumerate, isolate and identify bacterial populations from a BNR/activated sludge system. The most probable numbers (MPN) of volatile fatty acid (VFA) utilizers and denitrifiers were determined. Bacterial populations were isolated from the MPN tubes. Pure cultures of Gram-negative bacteria were identified. Acinetobacter spp. were not the dominant group of bacteria recovered from the system. Bacteria belonging to Aeromonas/Vibrio, coliforms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter groups were recovered both on VFA media and denitrification medium, indicating an overlap in their role. In the system studied, both phosphorus and nitrogen removal was carried out by more than one group of bacteria. 1Corresponding Address: The U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561. USA

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34

Stensel, H. David. "BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL: MERGING ENGINEERING INNOVATION AND SCIENCE." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2001, no. 16 (January 1, 2001): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864701790902301.

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35

Winkler, Matt, Erik R. Coats, and Cynthia K. Brinkman. "Advancing post-anoxic denitrification for biological nutrient removal." Water Research 45, no. 18 (November 2011): 6119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.006.

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36

Derco, J. "Biological Nutrient Removal in an Intermittently Aerated Bioreactor." Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly 31, no. 2 (July 7, 2017): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15255/cabeq.2016.1026.

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37

Zhang, Hanmin, Xiaolin Wang, Jingni Xiao, Fenglin Yang, and Jie Zhang. "Enhanced biological nutrient removal using MUCT–MBR system." Bioresource Technology 100, no. 3 (February 2009): 1048–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.07.045.

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38

Rodríguez, L., J. Villaseñor, I. M. Buendía, and F. J. Fernández. "Re-use of winery wastewaters for biological nutrient removal." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 2 (July 1, 2007): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.477.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the re-use of the winery wastewater to enhance the biological nutrient removal (BNR) process. In batch experiments it was observed that the addition of winery wastewater mainly enhanced the nitrogen removal process because of the high denitrification potential (DNP), of about 130 mg N/g COD, of the contained substrates. This value is very similar to that obtained by using pure organic substrates such as acetate. The addition of winery wastewater did not significantly affect either phosphorus or COD removal processes. Based on the experimental results obtained, the optimum dosage to remove each mg of N–NO3 was determined, being a value of 6.7 mg COD/mg N–NO3. Because of the good properties of the winery wastewater to enhance the nitrogen removal, the viability of its continuous addition in an activated sludge pilot-scale plant for BNR was studied. Dosing the winery wastewater to the pilot plant a significant increase in the nitrogen removal was detected, from 58 to 75%. The COD removal was slightly increased, from 89 to 95%, and the phosphorus removal remained constant.

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Lynggaard-Jensen, Anders, Ida Rasmussen, Niels H. Eisum, and Jørgen Steen-Pedersen. "IN-SITU NUTRIENT SENSORS FOR REAL-TIME CONTROL OF BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2003, no. 9 (January 1, 2003): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864703784639822.

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Wang, Huoqing, Yuntao Guan, Li Li, and Guangxue Wu. "Characteristics of Biological Nitrogen Removal in a Multiple Anoxic and Aerobic Biological Nutrient Removal Process." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/531015.

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Two sequencing batch reactors, one with the conventional anoxic and aerobic (AO) process and the other with the multiple AO process, were operated to examine characteristics of biological nitrogen removal, especially of the multiple AO process. The long-term operation showed that the total nitrogen removal percentage of the multiple AO reactor was 38.7% higher than that of the AO reactor. In the multiple AO reactor, at the initial SBR cycle stage, due to the occurrence of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, no nitrite and/or nitrate were accumulated. In the multiple AO reactor, activities of nitrite oxidizing bacteria were inhibited due to the multiple AO operating mode applied, resulting in the partial nitrification. Denitrifiers in the multiple AO reactor mainly utilized internal organic carbon for denitrification, and their activities were lower than those of denitrifiers in the AO reactor utilizing external organic carbon.

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Intrasungkha, Nugul, Jürg Keller, and Linda L. Blackall. "Biological nutrient removal efficiency in treatment of saline wastewater." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 6 (March 1, 1999): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0294.

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There is very little known about the effectiveness of wastewater treatment systems for saline wastewater generated by seafood processing industries, aquaculture and tourism activities. In particular, the effect of salinity on nitrogen and phosphorus removal in wastewater treatment processes is not well understood. Therefore we devised experiments to examine the treatment of highly saline wastewater, by using artificial seafood processing wastewater, for removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. Lab scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR) were initially operated at low, and then at increasing salt levels, to determine the overall effects of salinity on the nutrient removal performance. The microbial populations during these experiments were monitored to determine the specific effect of salinity on the various bacterial groups responsible for nutrient removal. The methods used were whole cell probing with fluorescently labelled RNA-directed oligonucleotide probes. Experimental data showed that the SBRs achieved good biological nutrient removal (BNR) when salinity levels in the influent were low (0.03% to 0.2% NaCl) but showed difficulties with biological phosphorus removal at salinity levels of 0.5%. It was found that there was a dominance of Gram-positive bacteria with a high mol% G+C in their DNA in the SBR treating wastewater with NaCl at 0.03% to 0.2%. The addition of acetate to improve BNR performance increased the proportion of bacteria from the beta Proteobacterial subclass.

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Puig, S., Ll Corominas, M. D. Balaguer, and J. Colprim. "Biological nutrient removal by applying SBR technology in small wastewater treatment plants: carbon source and C/N/P ratio effects." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 7 (April 1, 2007): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.137.

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SBR technology is considered an alternative to conventional processes such as Phoredox, Five-stage Bardenpho, among the others for treating nutrients in wastewaters. It is especially applicable to small communities of a just few people to a population equivalent (p.e) up to 4000. In this paper, biological nutrient removal using SBR technology in a single reactor is presented. Biological nutrient removal requires a sequence of anaerobic–anoxic–aerobic phases with multiple feeding events over one cycle. This filling strategy was adapted to enhance denitrification and phosphate release, using the easily biodegradable organic matter from the wastewater. In spite of using this feeding strategy, the organic matter concentration can be insufficient. The results show that biological nutrient removal was successfully achieved by using only one reactor, working with a low organic matter concentration in the influent (C/N/P ratio of 100:12:1.8). Nevertheless, when the C/P ratio was lower than 36 g COD·g−1 P-PO4, an accumulation of phosphate was observed. After that, the system responded quickly and returned to ideal conditions (C/P ratio of 67 g COD·g−1 P-PO4), taking only 15 days to achieve the complete nutrient removal. Furthermore, the operational conditions and the synthetic wastewater used conferred a selective advantage to polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) over glycogen accumulating non-poly-P organisms (GAOs) as shown by the FISH analysis performed.

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Oldham, William K., and Barry Rabinowitz. "Development of biological nutrient removal technology in western Canada." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, S1 (January 1, 2001): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-085.

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Biological nutrient removal (BNR) technology for wastewater treatment was originally imported from South Africa in the early 1980s to protect the water quality of Okanagan Lake in central British Columbia from the effects of eutrophication. Since that time, more than 10 BNR plants have been built in western Canada, with capacities ranging from 2000 to 500 000 m3/d. As a result of the interaction among university researchers, plant designers, and plant operators, considerable progress has been made in refining the understanding of process and adapting the technology for cold climates. Consulting engineers from western Canada are now successfully competing in the international marketplace in the application of BNR technology in the U.S.A., the U.K., Europe, Asia, and Australia.Key words: wastewater treatment, western Canada, biological nutrient removal, nitrogen removal, phosphorus removal, cold climate, technology development.

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Shanableh, Abdallah, and Pushpa Ginige. "Impact of metals bioleaching on the nutrient value of biological nutrient removal biosolids." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 6 (March 1, 1999): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0292.

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The biosolids industry in Australia is evolving around the beneficial use of biosolids as a resource. Phosphorus rich biosolids from biological nutrient removal (BNR) facilities are highly desirable for land application. However, the accumulation of toxic heavy metals and industrial organic contaminants may render the biosolids unsuitable for land application. The presence of toxic heavy metals has been identified by Local Authorities in Australia as a major constraint limiting the beneficial use of biosolids. The potential of off-site contamination due to the migration of nutrients is also a major concern especially when applying biosolids to acidic agricultural land. Accordingly, the relevant environment protection and conservation agencies are involved in either developing or finalising guidelines to control the beneficial use of biosolids products. Metals bioleaching is a process achieved through bio-acidification. Bio-acidification of biosolids prior to land application can be used to dissolve and remove a significant fraction of the heavy metals content of the product. However, the process also reduces the nutrients content of the resource. Bio-acidification of Loganholme (Queensland) BNR biosolids dissolved 76% of the total phosphorus and 38% of the TKN. The heavy metals solubilisation results reached 50% for Cr, 79% for Ni, 45% for Zn, 24% for Cu, 30% for Cd, and 82% for Pb.

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Euiso, Choi, Rhu Daewhan, Yun Zuwhan, and Lee Euisin. "Temperature effects on biological nutrient removal system with weak municipal wastewater." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 9 (May 1, 1998): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0360.

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The wastewater characteristics of low organic strength coupled with low temperature would be considerable variables for design and operation of biological nutrient removal (BNR) systems. But temperature studies have mostly been focused on individual process with biological phosphorus removal, nitrification and denitrification, respectively. Overall temperature effects on BNR system may not be fully represented by sum of results of separated studies on biological nutrient removal steps. The operating result of a retrofitted full scale unit along with laboratory-scale BNR unit indicated 90% of nitrification was possible at temperature as low as 8°C. However, the denitrification was turned out to be a key step to regulate the overall nutrient removal efficiencies. When the operating temperature dropped down, a rapid decrease of phosphorus removal efficiencies was observed by the nitrate in return sludge. If nitrification was not well developed, phosphorus removal returned to the normal efficiency even at low temperature of 5°C. The phosphorus removal mechanism was not influenced at this low temperature.

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Su, Jau-Lang, and Chaio-Fuei Ouyang. "Advanced biological enhanced nutrient removal processes by the addition of rotating biological contactors." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 8 (April 1, 1997): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0308.

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Advanced removal efficiency of organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen from municipal wastewater was achieved by using an anaerobic-anoxic-oxide (A2/O) process with the addition of fully and partially submerged RBC biofilms. The experiments were carried out in a range of F/M ratio 0.21 to 0.32 kg BOD/kg MLSS/d and at a various total hydraulic detention times (HRT), return activated sludge ratio (r) and mixed liquid recycle ratio (R). Another pilot plant A2/O process without adding RBC was conducted for control experiments. Compared with A2/O process, this new process could achieve a higher degree of nitrification rate without decreasing the removal efficiencies of organic carbon and phosphorus. The new process provides an environment for combining the long solid retention time (SRT) biofilm and the short SRT suspended activated sludge. This concept can resolve the conflict in SRT between nitrogen and phosphorus removal simultaneously. Correspondingly, the benefits of the new process are shorten the hydraulic detention time, progress the efficiency of nutrient removal, more stable for operation and more economic for required land cost.

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Li, Bo, and Guangxue Wu. "Effects of Sludge Retention Times on Nutrient Removal and Nitrous Oxide Emission in Biological Nutrient Removal Processes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 4 (March 27, 2014): 3553–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110403553.

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Chou, Yu‐Jan, Chiao‐Fuei Ouyang, and Wei‐Liang Kuo. "Feedforward artificial neural networks for nutrient removal simulation in a multiple stage enhanced biological nutrient removal process." Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers 26, no. 2 (March 2003): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2003.9670771.

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Salvador, Simone Martini, Aline Aparecida Ludvichak, Dione Richer Momolli, Kristiana Fiorentin dos Santos, Catarine Barcellos Consensa, Mauro Valdir Schumacher, and James Stahl. "Removal of nutrients due to biomass harvest of Eucalyptus urograndis in different soils: macronutrients." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 16, no. 3 (May 17, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2671.

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Intensive management of forest stands can increase biomass production, as well as increase the removal of nutrients from the site. This study therefore sought to simulate different harvest intensities and to calculate the nutrient-use efficiency of Eucalyptus urograndis in different types of soil. The study was carried out in a plantation of seven-year-old hybrid E. urograndis in the city of Telêmaco Borba, Paraná, Brazil. The study site included two sub areas with sandy soil and clayey soil (Cambisols Inceptisol and Ferralsols Oxisols, respectively). Using biomass and nutrients stock data, nutrient removal was simulated under five different harvest scenarios. Nutrient-use efficiency was obtained from the relation between the amount of biomass and nutrients of each tree component. Harvesting the whole tree resulted in the removal of approximately 61% of the nutrients from the site in sandy soil, while in clayey soil 57% of the nutrients were removed. With harvesting of only the commercial stemwood, only 22% of the nutrients were removed from the sandy soil, and 21% from the clayey soil. Stemwood was the component that had the highest nutrient-use efficiency values for all the analyzed nutrients. In conclusion, to achieve nutritional sustainability of E. urograndis stands, the best harvesting system involves the removal of only commercial stemwood. For the production of stemwood, sandy soils have a greater biological efficiency of calcium and magnesium when compared to clayey soil.

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Choi, H. J. "Nutrient removal in reverse osmosis concentrates using a biological aerated filter." Water Supply 15, no. 2 (November 6, 2014): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.113.

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The aim of this study is to employ a biological aerated filter (BAF) in the treatment of reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate received from reuse of treatment plant wastewater. Furthermore, the influence of chemical oxygen demand (COD)/N ratio on the nutrient removal was analyzed to find the detailed removal pathways of nutrients. The result was found to be high efficiency for biochemical oxygen demand removal (95.86%) compared to that of COD (88.95%) and suspended solids (81.12%). The total phosphorus (TP) (67.66%) and PO4-P (61.42%) removal efficiencies were relatively lower than that of total nitrogen (TN) (81.42%) and NO3-N (76.70%). This may be due to the fact that the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)/TP ratio (8.01) was relatively low. Decreasing the COD/N ratio decreased TP and PO4-P removal efficiency. However, the removal efficiency of TN and NH4-N was increased from 47.60 to 64.54 and 54.17 to 73.72% with decreasing of COD/N ratio from 8.19 to 7.64, respectively. In addition, the denitrification rate and nitrification rate were increased from 211.8 to 301.0 mg/L d and 87.7 to 109.4 mg/L d, respectively, when COD/N ratios changed from 8.19 to 7.64. Therefore, in order to reuse the RO concentrate, the BAF process could effectively treat the RO concentrate.

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