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Schaefer, Sandra M. "An Assessment of Methods for Testing the Reliability of Wildlife Occurrence Models Used in Gap Analysis." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SchaeferSM2002.pdf.
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Zhang, Li. "Diversity and conservation of Hong Kong bryophytes." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23316731.
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Chu, Wing-hing. "Conservation of terrestrial biodiversity in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19737439.
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Kelly, Andrew Harley Heron. "The role of local government in the conservation of biodiversity." Faculty of Law, 2004. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/386.
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This thesis comprises a critical review of the role of Local Government in the conservation of biological diversity (or ‘biodiversity’). Whilst the vast majority of the text relates to NSW, much of the broader commentary may extend to other Australian jurisdictions. The nub of the thesis is that despite the rhetoric in key documents – including the National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia’s Biological Diversity, the NSW Biodiversity Strategy, the National Local Government Biodiversity Strategy and various plans and policies made at the municipal level – the outlook is grim without fundamental policy, legal and fiscal change. The topic is huge but crucial to any person concerned about the mammoth decline of biodiversity in Australia. Whilst being intrinsically transdisciplinary in nature, the thesis attempts to contribute to the ‘new production of knowledge’.¹ It raises issues, problems, ideas and recommendations. The work is based on: • A literary search until 2001. The long gap between this date and thesis submission is due to a severe illness suffered by the author, which arose in late Dec 2001.² • Empirical research into: o nine 1998/1999 ‘state of environment’ reports prepared for by councils located roughly in or around the ‘NSW South-western Slopes’ bioregion that is recognised for the extremely limited extent of remnant native vegetation; o conservation related clauses in all gazetted ‘comprehensive’ Local Environmental Plans - i.e. those applying to entire Local Government areas - prepared by councils between 1995 and 2000 inclusively and which remain in force; • Personal discussion with various officials and onlookers directly involved in, or concerned about, biodiversity conservation at the municipal level. Brief summaries of each chapter are provided herein. The introduction initiates discussion on (i) the meaning of ‘biodiversity’, including its shift from a scientific concept to a populist expression, (ii) the position of councils in Australian government and (iii) the significance of biodiversity conservation at the local sphere. It also introduces two related concepts that are met throughout the thesis, which arguably erode council conservation capability: Local Government’s ‘historical and cultural baggage’ and the ‘ratepayer ideology’. The following three chapters provide the ‘historical and institutional’ context. Chapter Two focuses on changing societal perspectives towards the biophysical environment, together with resultant statutory and environmental trends that have paralleled the advancement of Local Government. Chapter Three traces the history of NSW Local Government, demonstrating its entrenchment in the political landscape. It examines major changes, especially functional expansion and managerial reform. Chapter Four scrutinises a particular aspect of municipal experience, namely top-down and bottom-up cooperation between neighbouring councils. This chapter adds consideration of state appointed regional bodies that may arguably sideline Local Government. The regional context is fundamental to environmental management due to the inappropriateness of many council boundaries. The next three chapters concentrate on legislative and financial detail. Chapter Five reviews the Local Government Act 1993 (NSW), which provides wide service powers, limited regulatory opportunity and special requirements for council-owned land. Chapter Six explores the land-use planning system under the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW), especially the ongoing influence of its urban background. It raises the perennial influence of ‘developmentalism’ in the determination of applications for development, which directly benefits property interests. Recent statutory change, especially in relation to ‘threatened species’ law, may do little more than support informed habitat destruction. A closely related matter is funding, as discussed throughout Chapter Seven. The issue goes beyond insufficiency. It is argued that Local Government’s primary financial source - i.e. rating, a property tax - works against biodiversity conservation. Not only is there no policy rationale to support rating in the conservation context but the system can provide a ‘perverse incentive’ to rural landholders to clear their lands. This problem is exacerbated by the type of valuation and differential rates. The system demands major overhaul, including consideration of increased conditional Commonwealth funding. The following two chapters relate to attitudes towards the biophysical environment that are popular amongst the general community. Chapter Eight considers the provision of vegetated, passive recreational open space whilst Chapter Nine deals with securing and enhancing local amenity. These approaches, however, can be directly inconsistent with biodiversity conservation. Parochial ‘green’ desires of local constituents can lead to environmental damage. Notwithstanding this, Chapter Ten provides some impressive examples of Local Government supporting biodiversity conservation. But these are isolated and rely on committed individuals. Whilst the pervasive prospect throughout this thesis is one of gloom, the concluding chapter builds on previous discussion by presenting ideas and recommendations to improve the role of Local Government in conserving biodiversity. It emphasises the need for regional approaches, improved funding mechanisms and fresh visions. Councils with bigger areas, supported by community structures to maintain ‘grass roots’ public participation, together with massive change to Local Government funding, may provide a desirable path for municipal reform and retention of Australia’s precious biodiversity. The law discussed throughout this work stands at 1 Jan 2003. Major changes since then are noted in the Postscript.¹ See ch 1 at 2.² On 31 Dec 2001, after hospitalisation for 9 days, the author was diagnosed as suffering from a malignant brain tumour, known as astrocytoma. It was removed in 2002, followed by heavy radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and a long period of torpor during which I lived the life a cat, sleeping for over twelve hours per day. I returned to this thesis in July 2002, then spending about 30 minutes per day which expanded over time, and recommenced part-time academic work in 2003. I am now convinced that I have left the cancer behind, being one of the fortunate 20% of astrocytoma sufferers to survive, supported by a medical team of professional excellence.
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Crook, Carolyn. "Biodiversity prospecting agreements evaluating their economic and conservation benefits in Costa Rica and Peru /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ58978.pdf.
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Cheung, chi-ming. "Improving environmental sustainability in Hong Kong : the role of biodiversity /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2524789x.
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Marshall, Lynn P. "Conservation of biological diversity in Canada, pristine wilderness or mythical camelot?" Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq24880.pdf.
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Brown, Maryfrances McGrath. "A description of floral diversity in the southern Appalachians with forest management considerations for conservation /." This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03172010-020143/.
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Kassel, Samantha J. "Selecting species as indicators of ecological integrity a conceptual model based on mammals of Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ27357.pdf.
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Gyllin, Mats. "Biological diversity in urban environments : positions, values and estimation methods /." Alnarp : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00000566/.
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Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2004.Appendix consists of reprints of five manuscripts, four of which are co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Also partially available online in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.
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Griesel, Gerhard. "Development and management framework for the Gouritz River Catchment." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11202003-155742.
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Felley, Mary Louise. "A biodiversity conservation policy and legal framework for Hong Kong." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457592.
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Fitzsimons, James Andrew, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "The contribution of Multi-tenure reserve networks to biodiversity conservation." Deakin University. School of Ecology and Environment, 2004. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050817.103606.
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A consistent and integrated approach to nature conservation across the landscape and regardless of tenure is widely recognised as essential in ensuring the effective conservation of biodiversity. 'Multi-tenure reserve networks', which incorporate public and private lands managed for conservation, are considered a means of achieving landscape scale conservation. Biosphere Reserves (BR) and Conservation Management Networks (CMN) are characteristic models in Australia. This thesis aims to evaluate the role of such networks in protecting biodiversity, specifically by: (1) analysing the spatial configuration (size, shape, connectivity) of networks and their individual components; (2) evaluating the contribution of networks (in real terms and in reporting procedures) to biodiversity conservation objectives; (3) analysing the influence of the attitudes and perceptions of land managers on the functionality of networks; and (4) evaluating the influence of coordinating bodies on network functionality. In order to account for deficiencies in existing classifications of conservation lands, a new classification system was developed for this thesis - the Conservation Lands Classification. This classification incorporates conservation mechanisms on public and private lands and forms the basis for comparing network components in three Australian case studies - the Bookmark BR located in the Murray Mallee of South Australia, the Gippsland Plains CMN on the eastern Gippsland Plains of Victoria and the Grassy Box Woodlands CMN across the inland slopes of New South Wales. The spatial configuration of individual components within networks was measured using spatial analysis techniques within a geographic information system (GIS). GIS was also used to measure the contribution that networks made to a comprehensive, adequate and representative reserve system through the ecosystems they protected. The attitudes and perceptions of landowners and managers within the networks were obtained using questionnaires. Questionnaires were also sent to network coordinators. Statistical and descriptive analysis was conducted on the results. The sizes of individual components varied markedly between the three networks, however within each network public reserves were on average larger than private conservation lands. Although levels of physical connectivity varied between networks, Bookmark BR and Gippsland Plains CMN showed greater similarity to each other than to the Grassy Box Woodlands CMN. The findings raise important questions about the real and perceived differences in the BR and CMN models. All networks, and particularly those components outside the public protected area estate, contributed to enhancing the protection of ecosystems unrepresented or under-represented in the reserve system, although the extent of this contribution varied between networks. Trade-offs between reserve design efficiency and a contribution to a comprehensive, adequate and representative reserve system were evident between networks. Bookmark BR was characterised by high connectivity, strong reserve design integrity but a lower contribution to protecting under-reserved ecosystems, whereas the opposite was evident in the Grassy Box Woodlands CMN. Over 88% of managers considered their involvement in multi-tenure reserve networks to be a positive or very positive experience. A lack of resources and time for management were considered major limitations of these networks. The majority (80%) of private land managers within networks were willing to be included in a national reserve system of conservation lands. This has important implications for the Australian National Reserve System, which currently incorporates mostly public land. The changing nature of the network coordination arrangements suggests an organic fluid evolution of network structures is likely, contrasting with the desire for legalistic and administrative rigidity promoted by government agencies. The thesis concludes that all the networks studied contribute in varying degrees to biodiversity conservation. The key factors influencing the current and potential contribution that such networks make are: (1) the aims, directions and restrictions set by or imposed upon the coordinating body; and (2) the biophysical nature of the surrounding bioregion and resultant historical land use and tenure pattern. Although the successful operation of such 'multi-tenure' networks ultimately relies on the willing participation of private landholders, ongoing institutional support is likely to be required for maintaining networks in the longer term. Considering networks are increasingly formed outside of the influence of government institutions, this presents a significant challenge for effective coordinated conservation.
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Reyers, Belinda. "A multicriteria assessment of regional sustainability options in the Northern Province, South Africa." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2001. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05292006-155514.
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Gaika, Lindiwe. "Adequacy of existing protected areas in conserving biodiversity at global and regional levels in relation to socio-economic conditions." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9646_1254305009.
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At a meeting of worl leaders at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, it was recognized that because of the tremendous increase in the size of the global populations (which now is estimated to exceed six billion), there were concerns that global biodiversity was at risk if insufficient land were not put aside for conservation within formal Protected Areas. The primary aim of this study was to compare investment in Protected Areas in relation to socio-economic conditions at global and regional levels.
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Pearch, Malcolm J. "Small mammal biodiversity in Nepal." Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted: no access until June 2, 2014, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=26193.
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Christensen, Brendon Rex. "Validity of Biodiversity Monitoring Programmes: Boundary Stream Mainland Island Project, Department of Conservation." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Forestry, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1147.
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The recent move to in situ conservation management world-wide is supported by, and stems from the 1992 International Convention on Biological Diversity. The Department of Conservation - charged with the conservation of New Zealand's natural resources - has directed efforts towards the restoration of natural processes as an avenue to halt local biodiversity decline. Ecosystem, habitat, and nature restoration programmes such as the Boundary Stream Mainland Island Project (BSMIP) represent the forefront of conservation management, combining intensive multi-species pest control, with broad-scale hierarchical monitoring programmes. Monitoring programmes confer information that is intended to support decision-making and management by the reduction of uncertainty, or by increasing knowledge. The validity of monitoring programmes depends on three key parts; the guiding objectives, biological relevance, and statistical reliability. Seven major long-term monitoring programmes established at the BSMIP were evaluated according to the above criteria. All monitoring programmes had appropriate guiding objectives, and were biologically relevant (outcome and result monitoring were balanced respective to each other and to the restoration intervention and efforts at BSMIP). The statistical reliability of the programmes was appraised with the use of the Computer programme MONITOR, which provided a calculated value for the statistical power of the monitoring programmes. All monitoring programmes except two (Lizard monitoring: which was initially designed as a short-term species survey, and Mustelid monitoring: which would be a good candidate for a double sampling methodology) had a robust design (evaluated using the actual initial data, and conservative criteria for the detection of population change). The monitoring programmes that did achieve a level of statistical robustness, provided a statistical power of 0.8 ( 80%) within appropriate timeframes for restoration of ecosystem processes (e.g. the timeframe for detection of a 10% change in the abundance, density, relative index, etc of the Result monitoring programmes: Rodents = three years, Possums = six years, and Outcome monitoring programmes: Weta = five years, Ground Invertebrates = four years, Birds (species nos.) = four years, Vegetation (Species, and sapling nos.) = 15 years). The guiding objectives for monitoring programmes must have clear, specific, measurable, and achievable goals, in-order to identify appropriate variables, in both spatial and temporal scales. The biological relevance or "linkage" between monitored groups is important and must be at least outlined, for monitoring programmes to be able to identify potential cause and effect. Statistical reliability (the balance between statistical significance, statistical power, and the timeframe for a conclusive result to be determined) is important, as it is the key method of detecting change. Statistical power can improve the design and efficiency of monitoring programmes and clarify research results. Power analysis has become readily available for researchers and managers with the development of computer programmes specifically designed for this task.
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Zimmerman, Kathryn. "Sustaining biological diversity in managed sub-boreal spruce landscapes residual habitat strategies for cavity nesting species /." Connect to this title online, 1998. http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ62505.pdf.
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Gould, Elizabeth A. "Ecotourism| Conserving biocultural diversity and contributing to sustainable development." Thesis, University of the Pacific, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10194970.
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This thesis looks at how ecotourists can become aware of biocultural diversity (the intersection of biological and cultural diversity) and help contribute to sustainable development, which considers the needs of both present and future generations. The thesis will address the ecotourism industry and how people who travel with companies that cater to ecotourists can contribute to biocultural diversity and sustainable development. It will utilize a sustainable development framework and a critical theory approach for considering biological and cultural perspectives including human rights and social justice, the contribution of traditional knowledge, community involvement, and the effects of human impact and globalization. The primary audience of my research is people who travel the globe in search of the earth’s natural wonders. I highlight issues related to minimizing environmental impact, respecting local cultures, building environmental awareness, and providing direct financial benefits for conservation. My central research question is: How can travelers help to preserve the environment, be sensitive to local cultures, and contribute to a sustainable future? I ask: By understanding the distinct correlation between biological and cultural diversity, how can we utilize both traditional (and local) knowledge combined with scientific knowledge to help sustain and preserve our natural ecosystems?
I conclude with findings that point to the need for shared community authority, management, and decision making; mutual benefits; recognition of the rights, values, norms, power structures, and dynamics of local populations; respect for belief systems as well as traditional and local ecological knowledge; and the importance of contextual adaptation.
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Chan, Pui-lok Bosco. "Sustainability and biodiversity : the impact, alternative design and prospects of restoration of channelized lowland streams in Hong Kong /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4257612X.
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Olstorpe, Matilda. "Feed grain improvement through biopreservation and bioprocessing : microbial diversity, energy conservation and animal nutrition aspects /." Uppsala : Dept. of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200877.pdf.
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Lloyd, Davidson A. "The effect of forest to pasture conversion on soil biological diversity and function." Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/711.
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Recent declines in returns from primary forest products in New Zealand and projected increases in world food prices have led to the land-use conversion from plantation forest to pastoral farming in many lowland areas. After decades of forest cover the soils are in many cases less than adequate for pastoral farming, as they are acidic, with toxic levels of exchangeable aluminum, and contain low levels of available nitrogen (N), very high carbon (C):N ratio, and are devoid of earthworms and structural integrity. Overcoming the major site limitations of low soil pH and available N was a major priority and a field experiment was established in April 2005 to determine the impact of various rates of lime and N in relation to pasture establishment and production. Concerns about the short and long-term effects of these inputs on biological soil quality gave rise to the present study. The effects of land-use change and establishment inputs were assessed by comparison of selected treatment plots with two adjacent reference sites (long-term pasture and a 60–year Pinus radiata forest) on the same soil type. The effects of lime and N on soil biological quality were investigated under field and controlled environment conditions by determination of: microbial community structure (phospholipid fatty acids - PLFA), microbial biomass (total PLFA), and microbial activity (dehydrogenase activity). Soil physical (percentage water-stable aggregates) and chemical (pH, and total C and N) properties were also determined. Similarly, the effects of earthworm addition on soil biological properties were explored in a short-term glasshouse pot experiment. The role of earthworms as indicators of soil biological quality in the field was assumed by nematodes and these were assessed in field trial plots and the reference sites mentioned above. Land-use change and applications of lime and N contributed to changing the microbial community structure determined by principal component analysis of transformed PLFA data. However, the effect of lime was more pronounced in the field, while N contributed most to changing microbial community structure in the glasshouse. Mean microbial activity in the field increased from 4 µg dwt/hr without lime to 16 and 21 µg dwt/hr where lime was applied at 5 and 10 tons/hectare (t/ha), respectively. Mean microbial activity in the field was markedly higher (7-fold) than in the glasshouse at similar rates of lime. Lime application also increased soil moisture retention in the field, mean gravimetric soil moisture increased from 0.33 in control plots to 0.38 and 0.39 in plots treated with 5 and 10 t/ha lime, respectively. Lime application was associated with greater soil aggregate stability. Soils from test plots treated with 5 and 10 tons/ha lime had 45-50% water-stable aggregates compared to 34% in treatments without lime. After 16 weeks in pots, earthworm treatments increased mean plant dry matter (DM)/pot by at least 19% above the control. The increase was attributed primarily to greater N mineralization in the presence of earthworms. For the duration of the trial the earthworm species tested (Apporectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus rubellus, individually or combined) did not affect any of the measured soil microbial properties. However, the survival rate of A. caliginosa was 83% compared to 25% for L. rubellus. The control not receiving any lime or N and plots treated with 10t/ha lime and 200 kgN/ha had similar nematodes species composition, comprising 40% each of bacterial and fungal feeding nematodes. They differed markedly from the reference sites as the forest soil was dominated by plant associated species (38%) and the long-term pasture had 44% plant parasitic nematodes. Accordingly, the soil food web condition inferred from nematode faunal analysis characterized all test plots as basal, stressed and depleted, while the forest soil was categorized as highly structured and fungal dominated. The findings of this thesis demonstrated that land-use change from forest to pasture can have significant impacts on soil biological properties, earthworms can contribute to pasture productivity even in the short term, and nematode faunal analysis is a robust and reliable indicator of soil biological quality.
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Bigirimana, Joseph. "Urban plant diversity patterns, processes and conservation value in Sub-Saharan Africa: case of Bujumbura in Burundi." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209636.
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This study focuses on the vegetation of the African city of Bujumbura, Burundi. Urban flora is detailed according to the origin of the species (native or introduced), their life form, the use of these species by the local population and their behaviour (invasive or not). The correlation between different natural and anthropogenic environmental factors and the composition of plant communities has been demonstrated through the analysis of vegetation plots. Three types of green areas were studied: spontaneous vegetation on terra firma, wetlands
and domestic gardens.
The main ecological factor correlated to the composition of the spontaneous vegetation of terra firma is the degree of urbanization. From the suburb to the city centre, savannah species typical for the region are replaced by alien invasive species, mostly ruderals. The latter generally have a large distribution, often on several continents. The physiognomy of the vegetation also changes, with hemicryptophytes and phanerophytes in the outskirts and the dominance of therophytes and chamaephytes in the city centre.
In most of wetlands, a large proportion of the plant species are natives, but some wetlands are almost totally invaded by alien species. Soil type is the main environmental factor correlated with
the variability of the vegetation.
The flora of domestic gardens is mainly composed of introduced species used as ornamental, food or medicinal plants. The socio-economical status of the neighbourhood is the main factor correlated with the variability of the garden flora. In high standing neighbourhoods, most species are onamental, with many trees and shrubs. In popular neighbourhoods, the flora is mainly utilitarian (vegetables and fruits), with a significant proportion of native species, and composed mainly of annual species.
A small proportion of the alien species cultivated in gardens has become invasive in the semi-natural vegetation of the city and its surroundings. Many other species cultivated in the gardens could become invasive, based on their ecology and their invasive behaviour in other regions with a climate similar to that of Bujumbura.
Overall, the city of Bujumbura has a diverse flora, with many useful species (vegetables and fruits, traditional medicine, construction of fences and roofs, material for mats and art objects.). The vegetation also hosts wildlife: birds, fishes, hippos, crocodiles etc…
In conclusion, the vegetation of Bujumbura contributes to biodiversity conservation and provides services to the urban population, but the expansion of alien invasive species and the consequent homogenization of the vegetation is a challenge for the future.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Barker, Daniel A. "Congruence and within-season variation in floral visitation and pollen transport networks in Southern Appalachia plant-pollinator communities." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2019/schedule/227.
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Previous studies of plant-pollinator interactions have relied on the use of floral visitation data. Although, this may be insufficient to fully characterize the diversity and strength of plant-pollinator interactions. By using pollen transport data (i.e. pollen on pollinators), new insights can be gained on the structure and function of plant-pollinator communities. Yet studies that characterize and compare pollen-transport with floral-visitation networks are scarce. Furthermore, the strength and frequency of plant-pollinator interactions can vary across temporal scales. Although, monthly and within-day variation in network structure has been little studied. By evaluating variation in network structure across these biologically relevant time scales we will gain a better understanding of the factors that shape plant-pollinator communities. Here, we build plant-pollinator interactions networks based on floral visitation and pollen transport data by observing, collecting and sampling pollen from floral visitors in a southern Appalachian floral community. We aim to 1) compare the congruence of plant-pollinator networks built on floral visitation and pollen transport data and 2) evaluate within season and within-day variation in plant-pollinator network structure. To assess floral visitation and to quantify pollen transport, four 1x40m transects were set up at the study site. Morning collections were conducted between 8:00 AM and 3:00 PM twice per week while afternoon collections took place once per week between 3:01 PM and 5:00 PM over 20 non-consecutive days. All flower visitors observed interacting with a flower’s reproductive structures (i.e. searching for pollen and nectar) were collected.All collected pollinators were processed for surface pollen loads by dabbing the body with a 3x3mm fuschin jelly cube. Each area of the body was dabbed three times to standardize sampling. Identification and quantification of pollen was done using a compound light microscope. Data was then analyzed with the “bipartite” package of R to create bipartite plant-pollinator networks. Procrustes analysis was used to identify differences in network structure. Preliminary results show that the structure of floral visitation and pollen transport networks are significantly different from each other (P <0.01). Pollen-transport network size is almost four times larger (496 links) compared to the floral-visitation network (109 links). Species in the pollen transport network tend to be more connected (connectance = 2.3) and have five times more links per species on average (5.22 links) than floral visitation networks (connectance = 1.1, links = 1.8). Within-season and within-day differences in network structure are currently being evaluated. Our results so far show that pollen transport networks at our study site captured 78% more unique interactions and, thus, provide more accurate network structure. Interpretation of pollen transfer versus floral visitation networks can have important implications for our understanding of community-level functions such as their resilience and stability.
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Lima, Flávia Pereira. "A trajetória da pesquisa e da intervenção em Biologia da Conservação: avaliação de projetos financiados pelo Fundo Nacional do Meio Ambiente." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2006. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4159.
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Previous issue date: 2006-02-20Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The research proposal is to evaluate the research and intervention projects funded by the National Environmental Fund, between 1990 and 2003. Usually, evaluation research concern is on changing socioeconomic projects, but here it is used to understand the research and intervention projects under environmental science. The empirical reference was restricted to the National Environmental Fund (NEF), an organization of the Ministry of Environment that has the implementation of the National Environmental Policy as its primary mission. The thematic area of this investigation was the Conservation Biology (CB), widely recognized as a crisis discipline, mainly established in the 1980 decade. Using evaluation research as general framework, the main objectives were : i) to verify the temporal development of the research and intervention orientation through the evaluation of 710 project objectives; ii) to verify the concepts applied to intervention and conservation as the interaction between them, through the evaluation of 118 project objectives of the sub-theme Sustainable Management of Fauna and Flora; iii) to verify the presence of the Conservation Biology Principles and the incorporation of the Principles for the Conservation of Wild Living Resources (considered an important framework for CB) and the inclusion of evaluation mechanisms through the evaluation of 30 spontaneous and inductive demands. It was observed a dominance of interventionist orientation, with only 19,2% of the projects with research and interventionist objectives. The relationship between concepts of research and intervention is weak, only observed between the concepts of ex situ conservation and infra-structure and between habitat conservation and habitat management. The majority of the projects are directed toward the maintenance of biodiversity, mainly motivated by intrinsic values for conservation. From the seven of the Principles for the Conservation of Wild Living Resources, only three were present in more than 50% of the projects, being those related to the recognizing the need for conservation, the interaction between natural and social sciences and the need for communication. In only one project it was verified the existence of mechanisms for project evaluation. These results highlighted that many conservationist interventions are not being based on the scientific knowledge, which could result in simplistic actions toward conservative ends. Besides, it should be considered that in Conservation Biology it is essential a close relationship between natural and social sciences. Many unresolved practical problems might be attended whether interrelation between biological and social questions could be faced within this interdisciplinary context. The researcher training tradition could also explain the emphasis on the biodiversity maintenance, in spite of Biological integrity and ecosystem heath. The low frequency of the Principles for the Conservation of Wild Living Resources also portraits the existence of few works in natural resource sustainable use, which demands the involvement of political and social questions, reinforcing the need for a open-minded education of the conservationists. The lack of evaluation mechanisms turns difficult to know what is effective in conservation terms, increasing the uncertainty about this practice and compromising the decision making process.
A proposta dessa pesquisa é avaliar projetos de pesquisa científica e de intervenção financiados pelo Fundo Nacional do Meio Ambiente (FNMA),entre os anos de 1990 a 2003. A pesquisa de avaliação é comumente realizada em projetos que buscam mudanças sócio-econômicas, mas nesse trabalho ela foi utilizada para se compreender a pesquisa e a intervenção ambientais, tendo como unidade de análise projetos com características técnicas e científicas. A referência empírica foi o FNMA, um órgão do Ministério do Meio Ambiente que tem como missão a implementação da Política Nacional de Meio Ambiente. A área temática da investigação foi a Biologia da Conservação, reconhecida como uma disciplina de crise, oficializada na década de 1980. Tendo como referência a pesquisa avaliativa, se propôs nesse trabalho verificar: i) a evolução temporal das orientações em pesquisa e intervenção dos projetos, pela avaliação de 710 objetivos de projetos; ii) os conceitos de intervenção e de conservação utilizados, assim como a interação desses, pela avaliação de 118 objetivos de projetos da linha temática Manejo Sustentável da Flora e da Fauna; iii) a presença dos princípios de Biologia da Conservação (BC), da incorporação dos Princípios para a Conservação de Recursos de Biodiversidade e a inclusão de mecanismos de avaliação, pela avaliação de 30 projetos de demanda espontânea e induzida. Verificou-se que houve uma predominância de projetos com orientação intervencionista, existindo apenas 19,2% de projetos com objetivos de pesquisa e intervenção. A relação entre conceitos de pesquisa e conceitos de intervenção também é pequena, só sendo observada entre os conceitos de conservação ex situ e infra-estrutura e entre os de conservação de habitat e manejo de habitat. A maioria dos projetos é dirigida à manutenção da biodiversidade, motivados principalmente por valores intrínsecos de conservação. Dos sete Princípios para a Conservação de Recursos de Biodiversidade, apenas três estiveram presentes em mais de 50% dos projetos, sendo os que se remetiam ao reconhecimento da necessidade de conservação, da interação entre ciências naturais e sociais e que previam formas de comunicação. Em apenas um projeto foi verificada a existência de formas de avaliação. Esses resultados destacam que muitas das intervenções conservacionistas não estão sendo amparadas pelo conhecimento científico podendo resultar em ações simplistas na direção de objetivos conservacionistas. Além disso, deve-se considerar que na área da conservação biológica é indispensável que exista uma relação entre ciência natural e social para o não comprometimento das ações. Muitos dos problemas práticos não resolvidos poderiam tratados se questões sócias e biológicas fossem inseridas num contexto interdisciplinar. A formação dos pesquisadores também pode explicar a ênfase dada, nos projetos avaliados, ao objetivo de manutenção de biodiversidade, em detrimento dos que tratam de integridade biótica e saúde dos ecossistemas. Por sua vez, a baixa presença dos Princípios para a Conservação de Recursos de Biodiversidade reflete a existência de poucos trabalhos com uso sustentável de recursos naturais, área que exige o envolvimento de questões políticas e sociais, reforçando a necessidade de uma formação mais ampla dos conservacionistas. A falta de mecanismos de avaliação nos projetos dificulta saber o que realmente é efetivo em conservação, aumentando as incertezas sobre essa prática e comprometendo processos decisórios.
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Rocha, Dulce Maria Sucena da. "Aspectos taxonomicos, geneticos e reprodutivos de Pterodon pubescens (Benth.) Benth. e P. emarginatus Vog. (Leguminosae, Dipteryxeae)." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315489.
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Orientador: Paulo Yoshio KageyamaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Este trabalho utilizou marcadores moleculares do tipo RAPD e caracteres morfológicos para estudar a variação encontrada dentro de P. emargiantus sensu Lewis (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae, Dipteryxeae). O objetivo foi verificar se o dimorfismo observado dentro deste taxon pode ser interpretado como variação dentro de uma mesma espécie ou se é indicativo de que P. emarginatus sensu Lewis engloba mais de uma entidade taxonômica, e neste caso, qual a relação entre cada uma dessas entidades bem como qual a melhor forma de nomeá-las. Lewis em uma publicação sobre Legumes da Bahia, considerou P. pubescens (Benth.) Benth. e P. polygalaeflorus (Benth.) Benth. Como sinônimos de P. emarginatus Vog. e, desde então, vêm sendo consideradas como tais em vários bancos de dados botânicos. Entretanto, P.emarginatus, como proposto por Lewis, é uma espécie dimórfica com indivíduos de flores róseas, folhas pubescentes e com folíolos de ápice levemente retuso e indivíduos de flores roxas, folhas glabras e com folíolos de ápice fortemente emarginado. Não foram encontradas populações mistas contendo indivíduos das duas morfos (rósea e roxa) de P. emarginatus sensu Lewis. Os resultados obtidos, tanto para dados moleculares como para os morfológicos são concordantes e separam as duas formas (rósea e roxa) de P.emarginatus sensu Lewis. A análise molecular mostrou que 74% da variância encontrada é explicada pela diferença entre as formas rósea e roxa. A análise canônica discriminante empregada para analisar as diferenças entre as formas baseado em dados morfológicos, permite separar as duas formas (r=0,963 p<0,0001). As análises anteriores, juntamente com os fototipos dos três taxa, permitiram concluir que P. polygalaeflorus é sinônimo de P. emarginatus Vog. e P.pubescens deve ser mantida como espécie distinta
Abstract: RAPD markers and morphological characters were employed in order to study the variation observed in Pterodon emarginatus sensu Lewis (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae, Dipteryxeae). The objective was to verify if the dimorphism observed in this taxon could be interpreted as variation within a species or if it indicates that P. emarginatus sensu Lewis contains more than one taxonomical entity and in this case, what is the relationship of them and how would be the best way to denominate them. In a publication about the legume species of Bahia (Brazil), Lewis has considered both P. pubescens (Benth.) Benth. and P. polygalaeflorus (Benth.) Benth. as synonyms of P. emarginatus Vog.. Since then, these two species have been treated as synonyms of P. emarginatus in many botanical databanks. However, P.emarginatus as proposed by Lewis, is a dimorphic species presenting individuals with pink flowers, pubescent leaves, and retuse folioles apex as well as plants with purple (violet) flowers, glabrous leaves and strong emarginate folioles apex. There is no mixed population of the two morphs (pink and violet) of P.emarginatus sensu Lewis in the field. The results of the AMOVA for RAPD markers showed that 74% of the observed variance was due to the difference between morphs pink and violet. The canonical discriminant analysis for morphological data agrees with molecular data showing a good separation of the two morphs (r= 0,963 p<0,0001). Those analyses together with the phototypes for the three taxa under study indicate that P.polygalaeflorus is a synonym of P.emarginatus and P.pubescens should be maintained as a separate species
Doutorado
Biologia Vegetal
Doutor em Biologia Vegetal
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Palmé, Anna. "Assessing and monitoring genetic patterns for conservation purposes with special emphasis on Scandinavia." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Zoologiska institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-42942.
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Genetic variation is essential for biological evolution, for maintaining viability of populations, and to ensure ecosystem resilience. Increased human exploitation and environmental change result in rapid loss of biological variation, including genetic diversity. Measures to halt this trend require that biological diversity is assessed and monitored. Assessment of biodiversity includes identifying patterns of distribution of genetic variation within individual species. This thesis focuses on spatial genetic structure and assessment of units for conservation in continuous environments without apparent migration barriers. Empirical data refer to Scandinavia and the model species are northern pike (Esox lucius), brown trout (Salmo trutta), and harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Questions regarding monitoring genetic diversity and releases of alien populations are also addressed. The spatial genetic structure of the northern pike in the Baltic Sea is characterized by isolation by distance and continuous genetic change. Positive genetic correlation was found among pike within geographical distances of less than 150 km. This distance may be used to suggest management units in this area. For the brown trout, genetic monitoring identified two sympatric populations within a small mountain lake system. The situation is characterized by a clear genetic but no apparent phenotypic dichotomy. Scientific support for a genetically distinct Baltic harbour porpoise population is limited, and the spatial genetic structure of the harbour porpoise in Swedish waters needs to be clarified. Data for launching conservation genetic monitoring programs is available for only a few Swedish species. Millions of forest trees, fish, and birds are released annually in Sweden and the documentation on these releases is poor. To meet responsibilities of safeguarding biodiversity and surveying biological effects of releases, there is an urgent need for studies aimed at evaluating genetic diversity.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.
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Wang, Yusha. "Contrôle biologique par conservation effets des plantes non cultivées sur les communautés d'arthropodes inféodées aux agrosystèmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ6047.
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La lutte biologique par conservation manipule l’agro-écosystème et son environnement de manière à améliorer les performances des ennemis naturels (telles que la survie, la fitness ou le comportement) et ainsi optimiser leur efficacité contre les ravageurs. Les plantes non cultivées sont cultivées pour créer un environnement nuisible aux ravageurs et aux maladies et / ou bénéfique aux agents de lutte biologique. L'objectif de ce travail de doctorat était d’étudier comment les plantes non cultivées affectent les interactions entre les plantes cultivées, les herbivores et leurs ennemis naturels à la fois au niveau individuel (traits d'histoire de vie) et de la population (dynamique des populations). Dans un premier temps, nous avons analysé la littérature sur les plantes non cultivées et leur impact sur la performance des ennemis naturels. Les familles des Apiacées, Asteracées, Polygonacées, Brassicacées, Lamiacées and Fabacées sont ressorties comme étant les plus bénéfiques pour les ennemis naturels. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons mené des études de terrain sur deux agro-systèmes basés sur le blé-maïs et la tomate au champ. Nous avons évalué l'impact de trois niveaux de diversité des plantes non cultivées sur le rendement des cultures des communautés d'insectes et il a été montré un effet fort de la diversité des plantes non cultivées sur le contrôle biologique et sur la dynamique temporelle des interactions naturelles ennemi-ravageur. La diversité des plantes non cultivées a eu un impact positif sur les niveaux trophiques supérieurs (ennemis naturels), la lutte biologique contre les ravageurs, la biodiversité communautaire et la stabilité du réseau trophique. Enfin dans un 3ème temps, nous avons montré par des tests en laboratoire que l'ajout de plantes non cultivées peut améliorer la longévité et / ou la reproduction de Harmonia axyridis, en absence de proies. Ces plantes non cultivées pourraient être des candidats à utiliser pour diversifier les agro-écosystèmes et stimuler le contrôle biologiqueConservation biological control is the deliberate manipulation of agro-ecosystems and their close environment to enhance the performance of natural enemies (e.g. survival, fitness, and/or behaviour) and thus improve their efficacy against pests. Non-crop plants are grown to create an environment that is detrimental to pests and diseases and/or beneficial to biological control agents. The aim of the Ph.D study was to disentangle how non-crop plants might affect interactions among crop plants, herbivores and their natural enemies at both the individual (life-history traits) and population (population dynamics) levels. We first reviewed the literature and did meta-analysis about the impact of non- crop plants on many natural enemy performance traits. Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Polygonaceae, Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae and Fabaceae families are found to be the most potentially beneficial plant family for natural enemies, carefully selecting and mixting non-crop plants are necessary to the promote biocontrol efficiency. Secondly, we evaluated the impact of three diversity levels of non-crop plants on insect communities. The studies were carried on two agrosystems based on wheat-maize and tomato in the field. The results showed a strong effect of increased diversity of non-crop plants on biological control and on the temporal dynamics of natural enemy-pest interactions. Non-crop plants diversity had a positive impact on higher trophic levels (natural enemies), biocontrol of pests, community biodiversity, food web stability, and crop yields. Thirdly, we found evidence of the adding of selected non-crop plants can enhance the longevity and/or reproduction of Harmonia axyridis in lab experiments and could be non-crop candidates used to diversify the agro-ecosystems to boost biological control
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Roketenetz, Lara Diane. "Investigation of Inter- and Intraspecific Genetic Variability of Euhrychiopsis lecontei, a Biological Control Agent for the Management of Eurasian Watermilfoil." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1428434358.
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Kehinde, Temitope Olatayo. "Effects of vineyard management and landscape context on taxonomic diversity and interaction networks of flower-visiting insects in the Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17980.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Both taxonomic diversity and diversity of species interaction networks are experiencing declines as a result of agricultural intensification at habitat and landscape scales. Reversing this trend is a key conservation issue, particularly for important functional groups such as flower-visiting insects and the networks within which they interact. This is of great concern in regions of high conservation priority such as the Cape Floristic Region (CFR), known for its high level of floral and faunal endemism and exceptional species turnover. Holistic approach to conservation in agricultural landscapes involves both preservation of natural land and wildlife friendly management of the farm land to achieve conservation targets. The value of these extensive management approaches is yet to be fully assessed, especially in perennial systems such as vineyards. I examined here the effects of vineyard management and landscape context on species richness and abundance of flower-visiting insects and their species interaction networks. Possible taxon specific effects were verified. I also investigated whether vineyards under organic and conventional management homogenized insect-flower interaction networks and whether vineyards with different management practices vary in patterns of species turnover. I sampled flower-visiting insects and their interactions in organic and conventional vineyards, and in natural reference sites. Inclusion of natural reference sites enabled me to make management recommendations for patches of natural vegetation in CFR agricultural landscape. Statistical models showed taxon-specific benefit of organic farm management, and of landscape (distance to natural habitat). There was benefit to monkey beetles (Scarabaeidae) but not to bees (Apidae). Organic vineyards had a higher number of insect-flower interactions than conventional ones, but vineyards under the two types of management were similar in terms of other important network indices. However, networks of the vineyards were more nested than the natural sites, indicating that they may be potentially more stable to perturbation and random extinctions. Multivariate dispersion tests revealed insect-flower interaction networks were not homogenized by both organic and conventional vineyards across the landscapes. I also found, through additive partitioning, that organic and conventional vineyards were similar in terms of species turnover of bees and flowering plants. The findings of this study provide heuristic value to current debates on the value of vineyard habitats for insect conservation. Both organic and conventional vineyards that promote sustainable management of the non-crop floral vegetation between vineyard rows are potential solutions for conservation of flower-visiting insects and their interactions. Also, attention has to be paid to the quality and connectivity of the natural habitat patches that are within CFR agricultural landscape. Site specific management and assessment of the value of these landscape elements is important. Management approaches such as carefully controlled burning may be beneficial, as the CFR natural vegetation is a fire-driven community.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Taksonomiese diversiteit en diversiteit van spesies-interaksie netwerke ondervind beide afnames as gevolg van landboukundige intensifikasie op habitat en landskap skaal. Om die neiging terug te swaai, is ’n sleutel bewaringsaangeleentheid, veral vir belangrike funksionele groepe soos blom-besoekende insekte en die netwerke waarbinne hulle op mekaar inwerk. Dit is van groot kommer in streke met hoë bewaringsprioriteite soos in die Kaapse Floristiese Streek (KFS), bekend vir sy hoë vlak van plant- en dierendemisme en buitengewone spesies kentering. ’n Holistiese benadering tot bewaring van landboukundige landskappe behels beide die bewaring van natuurlike land en natuurlewe-vriendelike bestuur van die plaasgrond om bewaringsdoelwitte te bereik. Die waarde van hierdie ekstensiewe bestuursbenaderings moet nog volledig bepaal word, veral in meerjarige sisteme soos wingerde. Ek het die uitwerkings van wingerdbestuur en landskapsamehang op spesiesrykheid en volopheid van blombesoekende insekte en hulle spesies interaksie netwerke ondersoek. Moontlike takson-spesifieke uitwerkings is nagegaan. Ek het ook ondersoek ingestel of wingerde onder organiese en gebruiklike bestuur ooreenstemmende insek-blom interaksie netwerke met wingerde met verskillende bestuurspraktyke in patroon van spesies kentering gewissel het. Ek het blom-besoekende insekte en hulle interaksies in organiese en konvensionele wingerde, asook in natuurlike verwysingsgebiede gemonster. Insluiting van natuurlike verwysingsgebiede het my in staat gestel om bestuursvoorstelle vir gebiede van natuurlike plantegroei in KFS landboulandskappe voor te stel. Statistiese modelle toon takson-spesifieke voordeel van organiese plaasbestuur en van die landskap (afstand van natuurlike habitat) self. Daar was voordeel vir bobbejaankewers (Scarabaeidae), maar nie vir bye (Apidae) nie. Organiese wingerde het ’n groter getal insek-blom interaksies as konvensionele wingerde gehad, maar wingerde onder beide tipes van bestuur was soortgelyk in terme van ander belangrike netwerk aanduiders. Netwerke van wingerde was egter meer geklomp dan natuurlike gebiede wat aandui dat hulle potensieel meer stabiel betreffende versteuring en lukrake uitsterwings is. Multivariate verspreidingstoetse het aangetoon dat insek-blom interaksie netwerke by beide organiese en konvensionele wingerde oor landskappe nie eenvormig was nie. Ek het ook bevind deur aanvullende verdeling dat organiese en konvensionele wingerde gelykwaardig was in terme van spesies kentering van bye en blomplante. Die bevindings van hierdie studie verskaf heuristise waarde tot huidige debatte oor die waarde van wingerdhabitatte vir insekbewaring. Beide organies en konvensionele wingerde wat volhoubare bestuur van die nie-gewas plantegroei binne wingerdrye bevorder, is moontlike oplossings vir die bewaring van blom-besoekende insekte en hulle wisselwerkings. Bykomend moet aandag gegee word aan die kwaliteit en verbindings van en tussen natuurlike habitat gebiede binne die KFS landboulandskap. Plekspesifieke (plaaslike) bestuur en bepaling van die waarde van hierdie landskapelemente is belangrik. Bestuursbenaderings, soos noukeurig beheerde brand, mag voordelig wees aangesien die KFS natuurlike plantegroei ’n vuurgedrewe gemeenskap is.
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Tacconi, Luca Economics & Management Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "The process of forest conservation in Vanuatu : a study in ecological economics." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Economics and Management, 1995. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38725.
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The objective of this thesis is to develop an ecological economic framework for the assessment and establishment of protected areas (PAs) that are aimed at conserving forests and biodiversity. The framework is intended to be both rigorous and relevant to the decision-making process. Constructivism is adopted as the paradigm guiding the research process of the thesis, after firstly examining also positivist philosophy and ???post-normal??? scientific methodology. The tenets of both ecological and environmental economics are then discussed. An expanded model of human behaviour, which includes facets derived from institutional economics and socioeconomics as well as aspects of neoclassical economics, is outlined. The framework is further developed by considering, from a contractarian view point, the implications of intergenerational equity for biodiversity conservation policies. The issues of intragenerational distribution and allocation are then considered. In this regard, cost-benefit analysis (CBA), as applied to the valuation of forests, PAs, and biodiversity, is critically reviewed. A participatory approach to decision-making, which may also include CBA, is then proposed. The resulting ecological economic framework may be thus summarised: (a) ecosystem use patterns should be chosen on the basis of their sustainability, distributional, and efficiency aspects; (b) systems of PAs should be established in order to achieve minimal intergenerational equity; (c) intragenerational equity requires the correction of the asymmetrical distribution of the costs and benefits arising from the establishment of PAs; (d) the institutional features relevant to the environmental-economic issues being analysed should be considered; and (e) the decision-making process should be participatory and action oriented. The framework is applied to two case studies in Vanuatu. These applications detail (a) stakeholders??? views and trade-offs faced in relation to forest management (b) modes of participatory research and decision-making, (c) forms of compensation that may be adopted in correcting asymmetrical distributions of the costs and benefits of PAs, and (d) institutional influences on ecosystems use and implications for conservation projects. The institutional arrangements developed for the establishment of the PAs are presented. The application of this ecological economic framework has resulted in the formal establishment of one PA and the identification and assessment of five other PAs.
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Solomon, Mariaan. "The relative performance of surrogate measures for viable populations." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2000. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12062006-130505/.
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Steinwall, Anders. "To do or not to do : dealing with the dilemma of intervention in Swedish nature conservation." Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-128925.
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Nature conservation is often seen as being primarily about shielding parts of nature from human intervention, e.g. by protecting areas. Over the last decades, however, intervention is increasingly being seen as necessary for nature to regain or retain its values, through ecological restoration and active management. This complicates simple assumptions that ‘nature knows best’ and raises dilemmas which are hotly debated in the scholarly literature around ecological restoration, protected area management, environmental ethics and green political theory. However, how these dilemmas are dealt with in actual policy struggles among the conservation professionals who make management decisions is less studied. This thesis explores how issues regarding active intervention in nature are represented, debated and institutionalized within Swedish nature conservation, and to what effect. The empirical focus lies on policy struggles around the designation and management of protected forests and around efforts to save a nationally threatened bird species, the white-backed woodpecker. My analytical framework is informed by Argumentative Discourse Analysis and Political Discourse Theory, to which I contribute a further elaboration of the notion of discourse institutionalization. Based on documents and interviews with conservation professionals, I identify competing articulations of the ends and means of conservation and relate these to scholarly debates around ecological restoration and interventionist conservation management. The analysis further focuses on how elements of the different policy discourses are institutionalized in rules, routines or official policy documents. Two main competing policy discourses are found: one focused on leaving pristine nature to develop freely, and one focused on active, adaptive management for biodiversity. While the former has previously been said to characterize the Swedish conservation bureaucracy, my analysis shows it is now widely seen as outdated. Arguments which in the scholarly literature are associated with an ethically informed defense of nature’s autonomy are here dismissed as emotional, aesthetic and thus unscientific concerns, delegitimizing them within the rational, science-based public administration for nature conservation. In contrast, biodiversity is broadly forwarded as a self-evident goal for active intervention, in line with both science and policy requirements. Adaptive management for biodiversity is in that sense the dominant discourse. Still, the older discourse is institutionalized in the purposes and management plans of existing nature reserves, and its defenders have also succeeded in strengthening that institutionalization through new and more restrictive guidelines. The findings suggest that this has been possible not only because of the gate-keeping role of a few centrally placed actors, but also because their restrictive stance resonates with the outside threat of exploitation which organizes the common order of discourse. Naturalness, a term described as irrelevant by some proponents of adaptive management for biodiversity, is also shown to remain a shared concern in several ways. The results thus highlight the importance of both entrenched common sense and institutionalization of certain logics or arguments in authoritative documents. The main theoretical contribution of the thesis consists in clarifying the effects of such discourse institutionalization — using the terms durability, legibility and leverage — and showing how the processes of negotiation, re-interpretation and modification of institutions are more dynamic than some accounts of discourse institutionalization suggest. Rather than trying to resolve (and thus remove) the dilemma of intervention, the thesis points to the importance of keeping open discussion of the ultimately unanswerable questions about intervention in nature alive in both theory and practice.Ecosystem restoration in policy and practice: restore, develop, adapt (RESTORE)
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Trimboli, Shannon R. "A Comparison of the Singing Activity of Carolina Wrens (Thryothorus Ludovicianus)) in Urban and Rural Settings." TopSCHOLAR®, 2010. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/173.
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As the earth’s landscape becomes increasingly urbanized, local wildlife must adapt to urban conditions or migrate to areas that are more rural. Urban wildlife face challenges such as direct loss of habitat, competition with non-native species, disturbance due to anthropogenic noise, and micro-climatic changes. Factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and noise affect the acoustical environment and may affect the ability of many animals, including birds, to communicate.
Understanding how urbanization affects birds’ singing behavior is critical because singing often plays a vital role in attracting mates and defending territories. In addition, as global climate change occurs it will become increasingly important to understand the influence of abiotic factors such as temperature on the singing behavior of birds. Developing a deeper understanding of how those abiotic factors affect singing and other associated behaviors may help guide future conservation actions.
Carolina Wrens are often used to study the role of singing in defending territories. They are also a common subject for ranging studies. However, surprisingly little research has been conducted on the factors influencing Carolina Wren song activity over the course of a day. No studies have compared the singing activity of Carolina Wrens in urban and rural environments. The purpose of this study was to compare the singing activity of Carolina Wrens in urban and rural areas. Specifically, this study looked for patterns in the timing of songs throughout the day and examined the effects of season, temperature, and anthropogenic noise on singing activity in urban and rural settings.
I analyzed data from 4 SongMeter© SM2 data loggers (2 located at an urban park in Bowling Green, KY and 2 located at a rural preserve in Hart County, KY). The data loggers were programmed to record ambient sound for 3 minutes at the beginning of every hour. A Hobo® data logger was deployed with each SongMeter© SM2 data logger to record temperature and relative humidity at 15-minute intervals. One week of data in May and one week of data in July were analyzed. Both weeks had similar photoperiods, temperatures, and amounts of precipitation. For each recording, I documented the number of Carolina Wren songs I heard and a categorical assessment of the precipitation and anthropogenic noise due to traffic or machinery.
I conducted Chi-square analyses to compare the seasonal or site-based observed frequencies of singing activity to the corresponding expected frequencies. In May, Carolina Wrens at the urban site sang more than their rural counterparts. Daily activity patterns were visually analyzed using the average number of songs detected for each hour’s sampling period. No Carolina Wrens were heard singing the hour before sunrise or the hour after sunset. In May, the dawn chorus lasted nearly twice as long as in July. Zero-inflated Poisson regressions were used to determine the correlations between Carolina Wren singing activity and temperature or anthropogenic noise. Carolina Wren singing activity had significant correlations with both variables.
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Wishart, Marcus. "A Comparative Phylogeographic Approach Toward Defining Functional Units for the Conservation of Biodiversity in Lotic Ecosystems." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366626.
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The conservation of lotic ecosystems has historically focused on maintaining the structural properties and processes of river systems, considered as surrogates for the protection of biological diversity. However, the geological structure of the catchment unit and the hierarchical, longitudinal nature of the rivers that drain them impose a number of potential barriers to dispersal. This creates a mosaic of aquatic islands within a terrestrial landscape. As such the protection of biodiversity and biological processes requires considerations that extend beyond the catchment unit. Understanding the extent to which barriers limit the movement of individuals is important in developing an integrated approach toward conservation of river systems. It is also important in understanding the role of dispersal in the process of species formation and population structure. While catchment units represent the logical social, economic and often political scale upon which to manage water resources they are increasingly being defined as the appropriate functional unit for the conservation and management of freshwater ecosystems. The aim was to determine the extent to which catchment units represent the appropriate scale for the conservation of lotic biodiversity. This was done by examining the effect of catchment units on the distribution of genetic variation and population structure in four aquatic taxa among streams in the south-western Cape, South Africa. All four taxa are part of the ancient paleoendemic Gondwanaland fauna characteristic of the Cape region and reflect relative differences in dispersal. The taxa were the freshwater fish, Galaxias zebratus (Teleostei: Galaxiidae); the net-winged midge Elporia barnardi (Diptera: Blephariceridae), which given its specialised morphology and specific habitat requirements has a very limited potential for dispersal; the stonefly Aphanicerca capensis (Plecoptera: Notonemouridae), a species with intermediate dispersal; and the widely distributed dragonfly Aeshna subpupillata (Odonata: Aeshnidae), with the potential for wide dispersal. Allozyme electrophoresis and direct sequencing of a fragment of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) region of the mitochondrial DNA were used to examine genetic structuring within and among streams in two discontinuous mountain ranges. F statistics were calculated from allele frequencies derived from allozyme electrophoresis as a measure of population subdivision and population trees constructed. Nucleotide diversity and levels of divergence were calculated among mtDNA sequence data. Genetic distance, and the relationship among haplotypes, was examined using neighbour-joining trees and an analysis of molecular variance in order to determine the effect of catchment units on dispersal, the distribution of genetic variation and population structure. Low levels of allozyme variability were observed in all four taxa, with no variable loci resolved for the stonefly A. capensis. Significant population structure among all sites in the two ranges in G. zebratus, E. barnardi and A. subpupillata highlights the effect of discontinuous habitat (~0.70, 0.39±0.10 and 0.03±0.01 respectively), while FST values among streams on Table Mountain reflect differences in the dispersal potential of the three species (~0.70, 0.23±0.04 and 0 respectively). Population trees for the Cape galaxiid G. zebratus and the net-winged midge E. barnardi revealed two highly divergent groups (Genetic Identity = 0.41 and 0.73 respectively). Both reflect poor dispersal potential, with the pattern among G.zebratus reflecting a pattern of connectivity between ancient drainages during periods of lower sea levels. Mitochondrial DNA data obtained from the COI region similarly revealed two highly divergent clades in populations of the Cape galaxiid G. zebratus (~7%), the netwinged midge E. barnardi (~5%) and the stonefly A. capensis (~7%). Additional data derived from the cytochrome b region for G. zebratus revealed five highly divergent clades from across the species range (from 7 to 17%). Congruence between monophyletic clades and catchment units in G. zebratus and E. barnardi, along with an analysis of the distribution of genetic variation, suggest movement is confined to within the catchment. In contrast, the distribution of haplotypes and genetic variation in A. capensis and A. subpupillata suggests movement beyond the catchment boundary. Similarities in the degree of divergence in A. capensis and E. barnardi indicate a vicariant event around 3-4 MYBP, coinciding with the erosion of the land bridge between Table Mountain and the Hottentot’s Holland. Divergence among G. zebratus, A. capensis and E. barnardi suggests the presence of more than a single species in all three taxa.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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Triest, Ludwig. "Isozymes in water plants : molecular systematics and biogeography of alisma, baldellia, hydrilla, lagarosiphon, potamogeton, ruppia, zannichellia, najas and the seagrasses : enzyme polymorphism and its relationships to biological features in aquatic macrophytes (including a comparison with terrestrial plants) : conservation of genetic diversity /." Meise : National botanic garden of Belgium, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41157870w.
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Mota, Ivan Suarez da. "Uma via cênica no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar - PESM." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258547.
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Orientador: Simone Narciso LessaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: A questão ambiental está posta hoje como um grande desafio para a humanidade, seja a conservação dos recursos naturais e da biodiversidade, essência mesma dos problemas e solução deste campo de controvérsias. Neste trabalho trataremos de uma estrada dentro de um parque estadual: O Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar - PESM. O objeto deste trabalho é construir um cenário conceitual e analítico da relação conservação/desenvolvimento no Litoral Norte de São Paulo para propor a requalificação da Estrada da Petrobras, dentro do PESM. Para tanto avaliamos a tipologia Estrada Parque/Estrada Cênica relativo a implantação das Unidades de Conservação no mundo. Neste contexto buscamos apresentar o papel que tem e que esta estrada poderá ter para a conservação e o desenvolvimento no Litoral Norte de São Paulo, região de Mata Atlântica. Analisamos a pressão do contexto regional sobre o Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar. Buscamos contextualiza-la ante a sua inserção nas redes viárias de intersecção entre o Litoral Norte de São Paulo, Alto Tietê e o Vale do Paraíba, identificando os vetores e pressões antrópicas de re-ordenamento territorial desta região. Entendemos ser importante para a conservação do Parque, avaliar o papel desta estrada na região e na UC, e os possíveis arranjos institucionais para empreender a sua requalificação como Estrada Parque no PESM
Abstract: The Environment is considered today to be a great challenge for humanity. The heart of this challenge is the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity, the essence of the problems and the solution in this field of controversies. In this project we will deal with a road inside the state park: Serra do Mar State Park- SMSP. The object of this project is to set up a conceptual and analytical scenario in the relation conservation/development on the North Coast of São Paulo State to consider the recognition of the Petrobras Road, inside the SMSP. For this reason we evaluate the Park/Road, Road/Scenery, compared to the implantation of Conservation Units in the world. In this context we wish to present the role it plays and what this road could represent for the conservation and the development on the North Coast of São Paulo in the Atlantic Bush region. We analyze the pressure in regional context on the State Park Serra do Mar. We try to contextualize it, facing its insertion into the road junctions between the North Coast of São Paulo, Alto Tietê and the Paraíba Valley, identifying the vectors and human pressures on the territorial rearranging in this region. We understand that it is important for the conservation of the Park, to evaluate the role of this road in the region and in the Conservation Units, and the possible institutional arrangements for its recognition as a Park Road in the SMSP
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
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Cavallari, Marcelo Mattos. "Estrutura genética de populações de Encholirium (Bromeliaceae) e implicações para sua conservação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-24012005-085130/.
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Encholirium é um gênero de Bromeliaceae de distribuição restrita ao território brasileiro, ocorrendo exclusivamente em afloramentos rochosos nos domínios do Cerrado, Caatinga e Floresta Atlântica, e com centro de diversidade na Cadeia do Espinhaço de Minas Gerais. Possui 23 espécies, das qua is 12 não estão protegidas por nenhuma Unidade de Conservação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi gerar informações úteis para a conservação de três espécies deste gênero, endêmicas da porção mineira da Cadeia do Espinhaço, através da análise da estrutura genética de suas populações. O conhecimento da distribuição da variabilidade genética existente em populações naturais de espécies ameaçadas é fundamental para o planejamento de sua conservação. E. pedicellatum e E. biflorum são espécies conhecidas por apenas uma população cada, ambas ocorrendo fora de Unidades de Conservação, e, desta forma, criticamente ameaçadas de extinção. E. subsecundum é mais bem distribuída, apresentando algumas populações protegidas. As três espécies apresentam propagação vegetativa e aparentemente o estabelecimento de plântulas nas populações é um evento raro. Foram amostradas quatro populações de E. subsecundum ao longo de 200 km, além das populações de E. biflorum e E. pedicellatum. Toda a amostragem foi estruturada em nível de agrupamentos de plantas dentro de populações, respeitando a distribuição espacial dos indivíduos. Utilizaram-se cinco primers RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) para gerar aproximadamente 60 bandas polimórficas para cada espécie. A técnica permitiu observar que cada indivíduo amostrado apresenta um genótipo diferente (com exceção de um clone encontrado para E. biflorum), evidenciando uma variabilidade anteriormente subestimada pelo hábito clonal das plantas, pela sua morfologia uniforme e pelo tamanho reduzido das populações. A porcentagem de bandas polimórficas, bem como o Índice de Diversidade de Shannon- Wiener, indicam que a espécie E. subsecundum, de distribuição mais ampla, apresenta maior diversidade genética molecular, seguida de E. biflorum. Através da Análise de Variância Molecular, AMOVA, observou-se que o padrão de distribuição da variabilidade genética molecular varia de espécie para espécie. Forte estruturação genética em nível de agrupamentos de plantas foi detectada para E. biflorum e E. pedicellatum. E. biflorum apresenta 16,06% da variância genética molecular entre agrupamentos (Fst= 0,16), que distam em média 11,6 m entre si, enquanto E. pedicellatum apresenta 8,44% da variância entre agrupamentos distando em média 88 m entre si (Fst = 0,08). Já a espécie E. subsecundum apresenta 14,52% da variância entre populações distantes em média 116,6 km umas das outras (Fst = 0,15). Nas três espécies, as diferenças genéticas moleculares existentes entre os indivíduos do mesmo agrupamento são responsáveis pela maior parte da variabilidade genética molecular total (maior do que 80% da variabilidade nos três casos). Tais resultados têm implicação direta para a conservação, sendo especialmente úteis para a otimização de coletas para a formação de bancos de germoplasma ex situ.Encholirium is a Brazilian genus of Bromeliaceae which occurs exclusively in rocky landscapes in areas of Cerrado, Caatinga and Atlantic Forest. Its diversity center is located at Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Of the 23 species of Encholirium, 12 are not protected by any Conservation Unit, occurring only in non-protected territories. The aim of this work was to generate baseline information to the conservation of three Encholirium species, endemic to the rocky mountains of Cadeia do Espinhaço in Minas Gerais state, through its populations genetic analyses. Information on genetic diversity and its distribution has a great potential in devising conservation strategies. E. pedicellatum and E. biflorum are known by only one population, both occurring in non-protected territories, being critically endangered. E. subsecundum is more widespread, and some of its populations are protected by Conservation Units. These three species reproduces clonally and seedling recruitment is apparently a rare event in natural populations. Samples of E. subsecundum were collected in four populations along 200 km. E. biflorum and E. pedicellatum were collected in the only known populations. The sampling process was made carefully in order to respect the natural distribution of individuals in patches or colonies within populations. Five Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers generated approximately 60 polymorphic bands for each species. This technique demonstrated that there is a single genotype for every individual sampled (except for one clone found in E. biflorum). High levels of genetic variability were not expected, due to the clonal growth, homogeneous morphology of the plants, and small populations size. The percentage of polymorphic bands and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index showed that E. subsecundum has higher levels of genetic diversity, followed by E. biflorum. The results of an Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) showed that the populations of E. biflorum and E. pedicellatum are strongly struturated at the patches level. In E. biflorum, 16.06% (Fst= 0.16) of the total genetic diversity resided among the patches of the population, which are, on the average, 11.6 m separated, whereas in E. pedicellatum 8.44% (Fst = 0.08) of the total genetic diversity was attributable to the differences among patches, which are, on the average, 88 m apart. In E. subsecundum, 14.52% (Fst = 0.15) of the total genetic diversity resided among populations, which are, on the average, 116.6 km separated. The results are valuable to the development of conservation strategies, in particular to guide future samplings to compose germoplasm banks.
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Reimerson, Elsa. "Nature, culture, rights : exploring space for indigenous agency in protected area discourses." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-110737.
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There is considerable geographical overlap between areas set aside for nature conservation or protection and Indigenous peoples’ lands, and the social, economic, and political consequences of protected areas have often been extensive for Indigenous peoples. Discourses of conservation converge with discourses of Indigenous peoples, and both carry a legacy of colonial constructs and relationships. With these overlaps as a point of departure, the purpose of this thesis is to explore how the discourses that govern nature conservation and protected areas shape the conditions for Indigenous peoples’ influence and participation in the governance and management of protected areas on their lands. I pursue this aim by analyzing, and critically examining the consequences of, the construction of Indigenous subject positions and conditions for agency in discourses of nature conservation and protected areas. The empirical focus of the thesis lies with international discourses of protected areas and Indigenous peoples and on local and national discourses articulated in relation to two cases of protected areas in Sápmi. My analytical framework builds on postcolonial theory and discourse theory. I use space for agency as a concept to describe and analyze the effects of the discursive positionings and constructions that shape the ability or capacity of individuals or group to act or to be perceived as legitimate actors. My results show twomain articulations of Indigenous subject positions in protected area discourses, which enable and restrain the space for Indigenous agency in different ways. One articulation connects Indigenous peoples to conservation through the concept of traditional knowledge, thereby positioning Indigenous subjects mainly as holders of traditional knowledge and justifying Indigenous influence by its potential contribution to conservation objectives. The other articulation focuses on the rights pertaining to Indigenous peoples as peoples, including land rights and the right to selfdetermination. These articulations are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but they have potentially different consequences and indicate discursive tensions that can affect the space for Indigenous agency in relation to protected areas. Moreover, my results demonstrate the hegemony of discourses that takes conservation through area protection for granted and subordinates Indigenous land use to conservation objectives, structure Indigenous agency as “participation” in specific types of arrangement, and articulate Indigenous rights in relation to hegemonic constructions of sovereignty, self-determination, and rights. These hegemonic formations silence articulations that would challenge the authority of colonizing societies over Indigenous territories, suppress radical critique of the fundamental nature of arrangements for protected area governance and management, and subdue alternatives to discourses of contemporary liberal democracy and individual property rights.
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Bush, Glenn K. "The economic value of Albertine Rift Forests : applications in policy and programming." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2309.
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The objective of this thesis is to quantitatively understand the economic performance of protected area management strategies for forest and biodiversity conservation. Examples such as integrated conservation and development and eco tourism are assessed in terms of their ability to deliver on welfare benefits to local communities, and an assessment of the opportunity costs of forest conservation as a land use strategy. In addition the contribution of forest conservation in protected areas can make to poverty alleviation and economic development is also examined. The geographical focus of this study is the Albertine Rift region of East and Central Africa, stretching north from the southern end of Lake Tanganyika through the spine of Africa to the northern end of Lake Albert. The Albertine Rift is one of Africa’s most important landscapes for the conservation of forests and biodiversity. The overarching objective is addressed using a series of case studies empirically valuing the opportunity costs of conserving forests in a selection of sites in the central part of the Albertine Rift. The success of conservation is most often measured against progress in reducing habitat or species loss and not often in terms of the contribution of the protected area to poverty alleviation and local economic development. Achieving improvements of conservation strategies in the social dimension requires objective evidence on their effects. Economic valuation of protected area resources provides a quantitative means of assessing the promise and performance of conservation policies in achieving welfare benefits to local communities. This thesis provides three case studies each addressing current valuation and social issues in conservation and sets them in a context of managing protected areas in the broad dynamic setting of poverty alleviation and economic growth from a developing economy perspective. In addition two of the empirical studies are as concerned with methodological enquiry and the performance of novel environmental economic valuation techniques, such as the contingent valuation and choice modelling approaches, as the application of results to conservation questions. The empirical studies show that the benefits to local households and communities from their local forests may be greater than at first perceived. Across all protected area categories, biomes and income groups, households derived significant amounts of their overall income from their local protected area with large proportions of the value of goods harvested from forests being consumed in the home. Amongst income groups high income households often appropriated a greater share of the value of forest goods. There was no significant difference found between the household consumption and the sale of protected area products between income groups. The findings indicate that imposing reductions in forest use may increase poverty amongst local people whilst increasing household income will not necessarily reduce forest exploitation. This indicates that community conservation and integrated conservation and development programmes must target the poor forest adjacent households more actively to ensure poverty alleviation, whilst providing improved protection and law enforcement for effective conservation. It is also shown that biodiversity conservation can have an economic return through mountain gorilla eco-tourism. Findings show a disparity between what constitutes eco-tourism and the real values of tourists towards biodiversity conservation and local social benefits from protected areas. Despite showing a high marginal utility for biodiversity conservation, consumers are unwilling to pay for local community benefits from tourism as part of the permit price to view gorillas. Clearly the link between successful conservation and the welfare status of local communities is not sufficiently established in the minds of consumers to influence their spending decisions. The challenges of effectively mobilising communities to protect biodiversity are discussed in the context of the variable impacts of integrated conservation and development programs over the last three decades. Direct payment payments for conservation services schemes are discussed as an innovative tool to add to the gamut of community approaches currently on offer. Payments for conservation schemes are viewed with cautious optimism in terms of their possibility for success. Despite their allure of being more economically and socially efficient at achieving welfare and conservation objectives, given the complex nature of any society, no less research in to social and economic dynamics of protected area use by local communities would be needed to ensure success of such schemes. However, the overwhelming majority of benefits form protected areas are tied up in ecosystem services values. Mechanisms to generate funding and distribute payments for these benefits in terms of offsetting the local opportunity costs are essential to change local behavior and reduce forest degradation and destruction.
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Batista, Mariana Nardin [UNESP]. "Análise faunística de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em sistemas de manejo de habitats em algodoeiro colorido." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143789.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A utilização de plantas herbáceas floríferas no Controle Biológico Conservativo pode atrair e favorecer a presença de inimigos naturais, como os formicídeos. Assim, este estudo visou avaliar a influência de plantas herbáceas floríferas (PHF) e espontâneas (PE) sobre a ocorrência de formigas predadoras e onívoras em algodoeiro colorido. Para isso, determinou-se a composição de espécies, abundância, flutuação populacional e correlação com fatores meteorológicos e comparou-se os índices de diversidade, equitabilidade e similaridade dessas formigas em algodoeiro colorido e nas plantas adjacentes. Foi avaliada uma área de 8.000 m² constituída por cinco blocos de algodoeiro colorido e quatro canteiros cultivados com Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Lobularia maritima (L.), Tagetes erecta L e PE. Em cada bloco foram instaladas 24 armadilhas tipo alçapão distribuídas no interior dos canteiros e na cultura. As amostragens foram quinzenais, sendo realizadas de março a junho de 2012 e dezembro de 2012 a maio de 2013. As espécies predominantes foram Solenopsis sp., Pheidole oxyops Forel, 1908, Pheidole sp.2, Pheidole sp.1, Brachymyrmex sp., Camponotus melanoticus Emery, 1894 e Dorymyrmex sp. Em F. esculentum observou-se o maior índice de equitabilidade em relação ao algodoeiro, enquanto em T. erecta, L. maritima e PE este índice foi mais elevado no algodoeiro a 1 m da borda. Os maiores índices de diversidade de Shannon-Weaner (H’) ocorreram em T. erecta, F. esculentum e plantas espontâneas, sendo que para T. erecta e PE não houve diferença significativa entre as diversidades no interior do canteiro e a 1 m da borda. A similaridade das espécies em F. esculentum foi maior a 5 m no interior do algodoeiro, o contrário ocorrendo para L. maritima e PE. Temperatura e umidade relativa são fatores meteorológicos que regulam a densidade das espécies predominantes. Os picos populacionais das espécies predominantes ocorreram principalmente no período reprodutivo. Tagetes erecta e L. maritima contribuíram para a ocorrência de Odontomachus haematodus (Linnaeus, 1758) e Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith, 1855), respectivamente, e permitiu que estes se dispersassem para o algodoeiro.
The flowering herbaceous plants in Conservative Biological Control can attract and promote the presence of natural enemies, like ants. So, this study aims to evaluate the influence of flowering herbaceous plantas (FHP) and weed plants (WP) on the occurrence of predatory and omnivorous ants in colored cotton. For this, the composition of species, abundance, population fluctuation and correlation with meteorological factors was determined and the diversity index, evenness and similarity between these ants in colored cotton and adjacent plants were compared. The experimental area was composed of five blocks with colored cotton and four beds with Fagopyrum esculentum Moech, Lobularia maritima (L.), Tagetes erecta L. and WP, totalizing 8000m2 . In each block 24 pitfall traps were installed and distributed inside the beds and in the crop. The samplings were fortnightly covering the periods from March to June 2012 and December 2012 to May 2013. The predominant species were Solenopsis sp., Pheidole oxyops Forel, 1908, Pheidole sp.2, Pheidole sp.1, Brachymyrmex sp., Camponotus melanoticus Emery, 1894 and Dorymyrmex sp. In Fagopyrum esculentum was observed higher evenness indice than colored cotton while T. erecta, L. maritima and WP the higher indice were in crop distance 1 m from edge. The highest Shannon-weaner (H’) indice occurred in T. erecta, F. esculentum and weed plants and there was no significant difference between the diversity indice inside the bed and 1 m from edge. The similatity of species in F. esculentum was greater inside the cotton crop 5 m from edge, the opposite occurring for L. maritima e WP. Temperature and relative humidity were abiotic factors that influenced the predominant species. The population peaks of predominant species occurred mainly in reproductive stages. Tagetes erecta and L. maritima contributed for the occurrence of Odontomachus haematodus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith, 1855), respectively, and allowed the dispersal for cotton.
CNPq: 132019/2014-0
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FALEIRO, Frederico Augusto Martins Valtuille. "Prioridades espaciais para a conservação de mamíferos do Cerrado em um mundo em mudança." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2572.
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Previous issue date: 2012-03-28The human actions has triggered many threats to biodiversity like land-use and climate changes, overexploitation, pollution, and introduction of invasive species, which can affect organisms both at local and global scale. The science of spatial conservation prioritization emerged as a quantitative approach to support the spatial decisions in face of these threats, while minimizing the socioeconomic and political conflicts. Here we developed spatial solutions to the conservation of non-flying mammals from Brazilian Cerrado considering the socioeconomic costs and the opportunities of environmental governance (first objective). Further, we generated solutions to face the land-use and climate change taking into account the dispersal abilities of species and uncertainties in the species distribution modeling (SDM) process (second objective). We considered the current network of reserves of the Cerrado in both objectives. We built SDMs for 154 species combining model projections weighted by their statistical fit to produce consensus maps of species distribution grouped in three distinct types of models (envelope, statistical and machine-learning models), for both current future scenarios of climate (used only in the last aim). For the first goal, we used the current predicted distribution to run spatial prioritization analyses indicating the best sites for the conservation investment considering human population density, land cost, anthropogenic land use, level of environmental governance, and the distribution of species in trade-off analyses. For the second goal, we used both current and future predicted distribution to run optimization procedures and propose priority sites for conservation, while minimizing species climate-forced dispersal distance , the mean uncertainty associated to the SDM process, and taking into account the future changes in the landscape (by our land use model). SDMs indicated that species-rich sites converge to regions with high population density, high land cost, high anthropogenic land use, and with diverse levels of environmental governance. There was a significant change in spatial priorities when socioeconomic and political dimensions were included in analyses: top priority sites moved towards the north. This spatial change reduced by 68% the potential conservation conflicts with human population, by 72% the likely conflicts arising from land cost and by 68% anthropogenic land use. It also increased by 51% the beneficial effect of environmental governance. Including land-use changes and the modeling uncertainty in the conservation planning process changed significantly the spatial distribution of priority sites in the region. While the inclusion of land-use models altered the spatial location of priority sites at the regional scale, the effects of climate change tended to take place at the local scale. Note that, our solutions already include possible dispersal corridors linking current and future priority sites for mammal conservation, as well as a formal risk analysis based on planning uncertainties. Our results allowed dealing with both complex nature of conflicts among socioeconomic and political dimensions, and the dynamic problem imposed mainly by land-use and climate change. Thus, our analyses figure as a methodological prospect supporting the decision-make process and the consequent translation of conservation planning outcomes into conservations actions
As ações humanas têm desencadeado diversas ameaças a biodiversidade como as mudanças de uso do solo e do clima, sobre-exploração, poluição e introdução de espécies invasoras, que afetas os organismos da escala local até a global. A ciência da conservação espacial para conservação emergiu como uma abordagem quantitativa que tem o objetivo de auxiliar escolhas espaciais que lidem com essas ameaças enquanto minimizam conflitos socioeconômicos e políticos. Aqui nós desenvolvemos soluções espaciais para conservação de mamíferos não voadores do Cerrado considerando os custos socioeconômicos e as oportunidades vindas da governança ambiental (primeiro objetivo). Além disso, nós geramos soluções espaciais que lidem com as mudanças do uso do solo e climáticas levando em consideração as capacidades de dispersão das espécies e as incertezas associadas ao processo de modelagem de distribuição de espécies (MDE) (segundo objetivo). Em ambos objetivos nós consideramos a atual rede de reservas do Cerrado. Nós modelamos a distribuição de 154 espécies combinando as projeções dos modelos e pesado pelo ajuste estatístico para produzir os mapas consenso de distribuição das espécies, agrupados em três distintos tipos de modelos (modelos de envelope, estatísticos e de inteligência artificial), para a atualidade e projetados para o futuro (usado apenas no último objetivo). Para o primeiro objetivo, nós usamos as predições da atual distribuição das espécies para realizar as análises de priorização espacial, indicando os melhores locais para investimento considerando a densidade humana, custo da terra, uso do solo antropogênico, nível de governança ambiental e a distribuição das espécies na perspectiva da análise de demandas conflitantes. Para o segundo objetivo, nós usamos a distribuição atual e futura das espécies para realizar o procedimento de otimização e propor locais para conservação que minimizem os efeitos da dispersão induzida pelas mudanças climáticas, incertezas associadas ao processo MDE e considerando as futuras mudanças na paisagem (através do nosso modelo de uso do solo). A MDE indicou que locais ricos em espécies convergem para locais com alta densidade populacional, alto custo de terra, alta proporção de uso do solo voltado para atividades humanas e diversos níveis de governança ambiental. Houve significativas mudanças nas prioridades espaciais quando as dimensões socioeconômicas e políticas foram incluídas nas análises, fazendo que os locais prioritários mudassem para o norte. Essa mudança espacial reduziu em 68% de potenciais conflitos com população humana, em 72% de conflitos de custo da terra, em 68% de conflitos com o uso do solo antropogênico e 51% de aumento dos possíveis benefícios da governança ambiental. Quando incluímos as mudanças de uso de solo e a incerteza da modelagem no processo de planejamento, os locais prioritários mudaram significativamente na região. Enquanto a inclusão das mudanças no uso do solo alterou a localização espacial dos locais prioritários em escala regional, os efeitos da mudança climática tenderam a ocorrem em escala local. Note que nossas soluções já incluíram possíveis corredores de dispersão para ligação entre as atuais áreas prioritárias com aquelas importantes no futuro, tão bem quanto a análise de risco baseado nas incertezas do planejamento. Nossos resultados permitiram lidar tanto com a complexa natureza dos conflitos entre dimensões socioeconômicas e políticas quanto com problema dinâmico imposto principalmente pelas mudanças do uso do solo e climáticas. Assim, nossas análises auxiliam metodologicamente a dar suporte no processo de tomada de decisão e a consequente tradução dos resultados de planejamentos de conservação em ações de conservação
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Hidasi, Neto José. "Conservação de diversidade funcional e filogenética: identificando padrões e definindo prioridades." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4048.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
(Sem resumo em outra língua)
Listas Vermelhas de espécies ameaçadas categorizam os organismos vivos de acordo com a proximidade de serem extintos. Entretanto, essas listas ignoram diferenças ecológicas e evolutivas entre as espécies. Para determinar se ações conservacionistas baseadas em LV são efetivas para a proteção da diversidade funcional (FD, do inglês “functional diversity) e filogenética (PD, do inglês “phylogenetic diversity”) de comunidades naturais precisamos saber se categorias de ameaça das LV possuem espécies com atributos ecológicos e histórias evolutivas distintas. Além disso, como espécies normalmente interagem em escala local, essa escala seria a mais indicada para quantificar perdas consideráveis de FD e PD. Sendo assim, no Capítulo 1, utilizamos 21 características ecológicas e as relações filogenéticas para todas as aves do Brasil a fim de determinar se espécies em categorias de ameaça das Listas Vermelhas global da IUCN, brasileira, e de seis estados brasileiros representam perdas maiores de FD e PD do que seria esperado pela extinção aleatória de aves. Analisamos a eficiência das listas vermelhas em escala nacional, regional e local, esperando que a FD e PD de aves fosse melhor representada na escala local, pois é nela onde ocorrem as interações bióticas. Encontramos que, independente da escala, as categorias de ameaça das Listas Vermelhas capturaram, de maneira geral, perdas de FD e PD iguais ou menores ao esperado ao acaso. Portanto, ações conservacionistas baseadas somente nas categorias das Listas Vermelhas não protegem mais FD e PD das aves brasileiras do que se o mesmo número de espécies (em cada categoria) fosse preservado ao acaso. No capítulo 2, sugerimos uma forma de integrar o grau de ameaça, atributos ecológicos e história evolutiva para medir o nível de prioridade de conservação de espécies. Utilizamos esse protocolo para medir a prioridade de conservação dos mamíferos do mundo. De modo geral, espécies mais prioritárias tenderam a ser mais ameaçadas, além de estarem concentradas nas regiões de alguns hotspots de biodiversidade, como o Cerrado, Indo-Burma, Mata Atântica e Sundaland. Esses resultados possuem grandes consequências na conservação de espécies pois categorias de LV são normalmente utilizadas como ferramentas para a formulação de políticas relacionadas à conservação da biodiversidade
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Damien, Maxime. "Favoriser les ennemis naturels de ravageurs par la diversité végétale dans un contexte hivernal." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B027/document.
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L’agriculture intensive et les changements climatiques ont profondément modifié la biodiversité et les systèmes d’interactions trophiques dans les paysages agricoles, entrainant la perte de services écosystémiques tel que le contrôle biologique de ravageurs. La lutte biologique par conservation vise à restaurer la complexité des réseaux trophiques au sein des terres cultivées par l’utilisation de la diversité végétale et la mise en place d’aménagements fonctionnels. Ces travaux de thèse ont cherché à identifier, par des expériences en laboratoire et trois hivers de suivi des populations, comment la diversité végétale et son aménagement pendant la saison hivernale pouvait favoriser les ennemis naturels des pucerons dans les grandes cultures céréalières de l’ouest de la France. Les études en laboratoire ont montré que la diversité floristique cultivée dans les couverts hivernaux devait faire l’objet d’une sélection fonctionnelle. En particulier il est nécessaire de combiner plusieurs espèces, alliant attractivité et profitabilité pour les insectes parasitoïdes de pucerons présents dans la mosaïque agricole durant l’hiver. A l’échelle des parcelles cultivées, il a pu être démontré que l’augmentation des températures hivernales favorisait l’activité et la diversité des insectes parasitoïdes, mais aussi des prédateurs généralistes des communautés d’insectes de la faune du sol. La mise en place d’habitats fonctionnels par la sélection d’une diversité végétale adaptée à ces nouvelles conditions et aux besoins spécifiques de ces agents de bio-contrôle permet alors de promouvoir leur activité. En favorisant ces différentes guildes d’arthropodes pendant cette période de l’année, il pourrait être possible d’augmenter la pression précoce qu’ils exercent sur les populations de pucerons et de limiter le développement de ces dernières au printemps. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus suggère que la saison hivernale représente une période favorable au développement de méthodes durables pour la lutte biologique par conservation dans les régions au climat tempéréIntensive agriculture and global warming induced deep modifications in the agricultural landscapes’ biodiversity and trophic system structures, resulting in the loss of several ecosystem services such as pest biological control. Conservation biological control aims to restore trophic systems’ stability within arable lands by using plant diversity and creating functional habitats for natural enemies. This thesis aimed at identifying how vegetal diversity and its management during the winter season could favor aphids’ natural enemies in cereal intensive agricultural landscapes from the west part of France. Laboratory research and a follow-up of populations over three consecutive winters led to significant results, further developed in this thesis. The experimental laboratory research showed that the selection of the flower diversity used in sown winter cover crops should take into account their functional traits. It is indeed necessary to use a variety of species, thus combining attractiveness and profitability for the aphid’s parasites present in the agricultural mosaic during wintertime. At the field scale, studies demonstrated that warmer winter conditions are also favoring the activity of generalist ground dwelling predators, as well as that of parasitoids. The implementation of functional habitats, through the selection of an adequate plant diversity better adapted to the changing climates and to the aphids’ natural enemies’ needs, allowed to support the ground predators’ activities. Consequently, their increased activity should contribute to the early regulation of aphid populations, allowing to decrease the intensity of their population dynamics during the growing seasons. The results obtained in this thesis suggest that winter constitutes a favorable period/season for the development of new methods within the conservation biological control framework/biological control framework for conservation in temperate climatic areas
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BRAGA, Rosana Talita. "Priorização espacial para conservação de Carnívoros (Mammalia) no Brasil." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2566.
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Previous issue date: 2012-03-02Changes of natural landscape caused by antropic activities are currently the main threats for biodiversity. Thus, the identification of priority areas has become a challenge for conservation biology. The scarcity of financial resources for conservation involves studies for emergency actions, considering important biological aspects, and different components of diversity in order to better allocate the available resources. Furthermore, the costs incorporation of potentially priority areas can display a favorable balance for minimize possible conflicts of interest. Hence, our objectives in this study were to identify priority areas for Carnivore species conservation in Brazil, considering social-economic variables as cost measure for conservation. We also investigate how the taxonomical, functional and phylogenetic diversities of the Carnivore are distributed in the Brazilian territory, in order to identify the set of regions that best represent this three diversity measures. In both cases, we investigate the efficiency of currently established conservation units (CUs), examining whether the current distribution in space of these is better than if they were randomly distributed in Brazil. Our results showed that regions of interest for conservation of species are also important in the social-economical development. Thus, other regions that were not at first priority will be considered important in order to minimize conflicts of conservation. We also found that taxonomic diversity was not the better predictor of functional and phylogenetic diversity. It is necessary the combination of a set of areas to represent these three diversity measures. The UC s are not efficient for all species to represent phylogenetic diversity. In the latter case even the UC s were distributed randomly in Brazilian territory, representing the largest indices of phylogenetic diversity. Thus, it is necessary the addition of new protected areas that complement the previous one. We concluded that it is important to include socio-economic analysis in prioritization, and that studies considering different measures of diversity are important since the species richness may not well represent the other measures of diversity. In conservation plans that incorporate such analysis, the results are more satisfactory for the long-term species protection.
As mudanças da paisagem natural provocadas por atividades antrópicas são atualmente importantes ameaças à biodiversidade. Diante disto, a identificação de áreas prioritárias tem se tornado um desafio para a biologia da conservação. A escassez de recursos financeiros para ações conservacionistas implica em estudos direcionados às ações emergenciais de conservação, que considerem aspectos biológicos importantes e diferentes componentes de diversidade, a fim de estabelecer a melhor possibilidade de alocação dos recursos existentes. Além disto, a incorporação de custos das áreas potencialmente prioritárias pode exibir um balanço favorável para minimizar possíveis conflitos de interesse. Assim, nossos objetivos nesta dissertação foi, indicar áreas prioritárias para conservação de espécies de Carnívoros no Brasil, considerando uma série de variáveis sócio-econômicas (e.g. índice de desenvolvimento humano, demografia urbana, cabeças de gado, dentre outras) como medida de custo para conservação. Também averiguamos como estão distribuídas no território brasileiro, a diversidade taxonômica, funcional e filogenética das espécies deste grupo, a fim de identificar o conjunto de regiões que melhor representam estas três medidas de diversidade. Em ambos os casos, averiguamos a eficiência das Unidades de conservação atualmente instituídas (UC s), analisando se a distribuição atual destas no espaço é melhor do que se tivessem distribuídas ao acaso no Brasil. Nossos resultados mostram que algumas regiões de interesse para conservação de espécies também são importantes no contexto sócioeconômico. Assim, outras regiões que a princípio não eram prioritárias passaram a ser consideradas importantes no intuito de minimizar conflitos de conservação. Encontramos também que a diversidade taxonômica não é um bom preditor de diversidade funcional e filogenética. Assim, é necessária uma combinação de conjunto de áreas para representar estas todas as espécies e as demais medidas de diversidade. As UC s não são eficientes para todas as espécies nem para representar diversidade filogenética. Neste último caso, nem mesmo se as UC s estivessem distribuídas ao acaso no território brasileiro, representariam maiores índices de diversidade filogenética. Sendo assim, é necessário o acréscimo de novas áreas protegidas que complementam as existentes. Concluímos que é importante inserir fatores sócio-economicos nas análises de priorização, e que estudos considerando diferentes medidas de diversidade são importantes pois, a riqueza de espécies pode não representar bem as outras medidas de diversidade. A medida em que os planejamentos de conservação incorporarem análises como estas, os resultados serão mais satisfatórios no que diz respeito a proteção das espécies em longo prazo.
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Bastos, Neto Omar Junqueira. "Abundância e diversidade de filostomídeos (Chiroptera/Phyllostomidae) em quatro fragmentos da Zona da Mata Mineira e horário de atividade de seis espécies de morcegos em dois fragmentos florestais urbanos." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2009. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2767.
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A fragmentação e alteração dos remanescentes florestais são colocadas como as principais causas da diminuição da diversidade dos morcegos neotropicais, porém ainda existem poucos estudos sobre os efeitos da diminuição e alteração dos habitats nas comunidades de morcegos, bem como esses animais estão explorando os recursos das áreas onde vivem. Os representantes da família Phyllostomidae por apresentarem um grande número de espécies, de hábitos alimentares, são considerados bons modelos para o estudo dos efeitos da fragmentação sobre as comunidades desses animais. Além disso, a metodologia empregada nos estudos com morcegos propicia uma ampla amostragem desses animais, gerando uma relativa facilidade na obtenção de dados. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar e comparar a abundância e diversidade dos morcegos da família Phyllostomidae em quatro fragmentos florestais na zona da Mata Mineira e caracterizar a atividade horária e mensal de seis espécies de filostomídeos em dois fragmentos florestais urbanos no município de Juiz de Fora. Para realizar o trabalho, foram feitas duas capturas por mês em cada área entre março a outubro de 2008, totalizando 11952 m2horas, cada, na FAEFID e no MAPRO, 11520 m2horas na Fazenda Floresta e 11088 m2horas na Mata do Benedito de esforço amostral. Foram capturados 396 morcegos distribuídos em onze espécies da família Phyllostomidae, dos quais os frugívoros foram os mais representativos. A Fazenda floresta apresentou a maior diversidade para este estudo, H’ = 1,51 e a menor dominância D = 0,30 entre os fragmentos estudados, mostrando-se o que apresenta o melhor estado de conservação, pela captura de dois representantes da subfamília Phyllostominae (Chrotopterus auritus (Peters, 1856) e Mimon benettii (Gray, 1838)), consideradas como indicadoras de áreas conservadas. Já os fragmentos urbanos e mais alterados e com maior influência antrópica, tiveram um incremento na dominância de uma ou duas espécies em relação às outras capturadas, das quais as espécies frugívoras Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) e Sturnira lilium (E. Geoffroy, 1810) foram as mais abundantes. A partir das analises de similaridade os fragmentos urbanos foram agrupados, enquanto o periurbano e o rural formaram outro agrupamento. Ao analisar as curvas de horário de atividade noturna de seis espécies de filostomídeos nos dois fragmentos urbanos de Juiz de Fora, sugerimos que as espécies com os mesmos hábitos alimentares, estariam compartilhando a variável tempo, ou seja, apresentam os mesmos períodos de alimentação, devido ao fato de possuírem preferências alimentares. Este estudo mostrou que em fragmentos alterados, a uma mudança na composição das comunidades de quirópteros, havendo um aumento na dominância de algumas espécies, principalmente as com maior plasticidade alimentar em detrimento das mais especializadas, e que o fator determinante seria a qualidade dos remanescentes florestais. Sendo necessário conservar os fragmentos existentes, e possibilitar a criação de pontes entre eles.
The habitat fragmentation and alteration of the remaining forests are considered as the main causes of the decline in the neotropical bats diversity. Nevertheless, there are few studies reporting the effects of the habitat loss in the bats assemblages, and also explaining how these animals are exploiting the available resources in their home ranges. Due to the large number of species and the diversity of food habits, the bats of the Phyllostomidae family are considered good ecologic models to study the effects of habitat fragmentation on the bats communities. Furthermore, the methodology used to study bats allows a relative easy manner to gathering data and also provides a wide sampling of these animals. The aims of this study were to assess and compare the abundance and diversity of the Phyllostomidae bats in four forested fragments located at the Zona da Mata Mineira; and characterize the hourly and monthly activity of six species of phyllostomid bats in two urban forested fragments located at Juiz de Fora city. Two nights of captures per month, between March and October 2008, were performed in each area, totaling 11.952 m2hours of sampling effort in FAEFID and MAPRO, 11.520 m2hours in Fazenda Floresta and 11.088 m2hours in the Mata do Benedito. 396 bats were captured, distributed in eleven species of the Phyllostomidae family, which the frugivores were most representative. The Fazenda Floresta presented the greatest species diversity , H '= 1.51, and the lowest dominance, D = 0.30, when compared to the other sampled areas. Moreover, the capture of Chrotopterus auritus (Peters, 1856) and Mimon benettii (Gray, 1838) in the Fazenda Floresta, both species considered as ecologic indicators of undisturbed areas, highlights the quality of the habitat and the conservation status presented in the area.. In the opposite, urban and disturbed fragments presented an increase in the dominance of one or two species in relation to the other captured, of which the frugivorous species Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) and Sturnira lilium (E. Geoffroy, 1810) were the most abundant. The results of the cluster analysis grouped distinctly the urban fragments as a separated group from the periurban and rural fragments, which were considered another group. Analyzing theactivity patterns of six phyllostomid species in the two urban fragments of Juiz de Fora, we suggest that species with the same food preferences are overlapping their activity patterns. This study reported that in disturbed fragments, there is change in the composition of the bat assemblages, with an increase in the dominance of some species, especially for those with greater food plasticity, and this change is related to the quality of the remaining forested fragments. We also suggest the importance to maintain the conservative status of fragments and the development of ecologic corridors connecting fragments to increase the movement of species, the resources availability, and to sustain the equilibrium between the extant bat species.
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Vaquié, Agathe. "Diversité intra- et interspécifique dans les systèmes céréaliers et ses effets sur la régulation des ravageurs." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0008/document.
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Augmenter la diversité végétale au sein même du champ permet de réguler les populations de ravageurs dans de nombreux agroécosystèmes. Les mélanges variétaux (diversité intraspécifique) ou les associations de cultures avec une plante compagne (diversité interspécifique) sont considérées comme des pratiques agroécologiques prometteuses pour les systèmes de culture à bas intrants ou l'agriculture biologique. En effet, ces pratiques favorisent de nombreux services écosystémiques tels que la régulation des ravageurs, des maladies ou des adventices, ainsi que la fertilisation azotée. Cependant, le potentiel de régulation des ravageurs du blé par la combinaison de ces deux pratiques de diversification n'a pas encore été étudié.Nous avons combiné ces deux pratiques dans le cadre d'expérimentations menées en plein champ et sur deux saisons de culture, afin d'examiner leurs impacts sur les populations de pucerons et d'ennemis naturels. Nous avons également évalué le potentiel de régulation des ravageurs en mesurant les taux de prédation de proies sentinelles.La combinaison des diversités intra- et interspécifique n'est pas plus performante pour réduire les populations de pucerons que les pratiques prises séparément. L'association de culture blé-trèfle tend à être moins infestée par les pucerons, tandis que le mélange variétal est plus infesté que la variété la moins sensible. Les variations annuelles des conditions climatiques impactent fortement le développement du blé et du trèfle, ainsi que la date d'apparition du pic de puceron. Le rendement du blé, ainsi que le taux d'azote du grain sont réduits par l'association de culture par 7 à 10%, mais pas par le mélange variétal. La présence d'un couvert de trèfle dans les champs de blé, semble avoir favorisé la biodiversité fonctionnelle, particulièrement les ennemis naturels tels que les carabes, mais pas le mélange variétal. Les résultats sont variables selon la famille d'arthropodes concernée et leur position au sein du couvert végétal (au sol ou dans le feuillage). Le couvert de trèfle et le champ ont influencé la composition de la communauté de carabes prédateurs. Les taux de prédation des proies sentinelles n'ont pas été impactés par les pratiques de diversifications.En laboratoire, nous avons évalué comment l'association du blé avec des légumineuses (trèfle ou pois) pouvait modifier le comportement du puceron du blé Sitobion avenae en terme de location de sa plante hôte et du développement de la population. Les pucerons ont résidé moins de temps sur le blé quand il était associé à du trèfle. Les populations de pucerons se sont moins développées dans les associations du blé avec une légumineuse par rapport à du blé seul, mais si l'on prend en compte la biomasse du blé, seulement l'association blé-trèfle a considérablement réduit les densités de pucerons sur le blé. Ainsi l'espèce associée et sa densité sont des paramètres importants qui devraient être pris en compte dans les études sur la diversité interspécifique, car ils pourraient expliquer la grande variation dans les résultats rapportés par les analyses bibliographiques.Nos résultats suggèrent qu'augmenter la diversité cultivée au sein du champ peut aider à réguler les pucerons dans une certaine mesure, mais la combinaison des deux pratiques de diversification ne résultent pas en un trade-off entre la régulation des ravageurs et les performances agronomiques particulièrement attractifs pour les agriculteursIncreasing intrafield plant diversity has been shown to regulate pest populations in various agroecosystems. Polyvarietal mixtures of a crop species (intraspecific diversity) or associations of a crop and a companion plant (interspecific diversity) are both considered as promising agroecological practices for low-input or organic agriculture systems by providing several ecosystem services such as pest, disease and weed control, and nitrogen fertilization. However, combining both diversification practices has not been studied yet in perspective of winter wheat pest control.In organic field experiments over two growing seasons, we combined both practices and examined the direct impact on aphid and natural enemy populations and on wheat production. We also investigated the potential pest regulation service through the assessment of the rate of predation by using sentinel preys.Results show that combining intra- and interspecific diversity did not outperform each practice individually in reducing aphid populations, thus not clearly showing synergetic effects. Taken separately, intercropping tended to have lower aphid infestation, while it the cultivar mixtures was more infested by aphids than the least susceptible cultivar. Yearly variation in climatic conditions strongly impacted wheat and clover development, as well as the appearance of aphid peaks. Wheat yields and grain nitrogen content were reduced in intercropping by 7 to 10%, but not in cultivar mixtures. Functional biodiversity, especially natural enemies such as ground beetles, tended to be positively correlated to the presence of a clover cover in the wheat fields (interspecific diversification), but did not respond to the wheat cultivar mixture (intraspecific diversification). Results varied according to the family of arthropods concerned and their position within the vegetation layer (ground dwelling or foliage dwelling arthropods). The cover of white clover and the field context influenced the community composition of predatory ground dwelling beetles. Rates of predation on sentinel preys were not influenced by any of the diversification practices.Under laboratory conditions, we evaluated how combining wheat and legumes (clover or pea) modifies the behaviour of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae in terms of host-plant location, and population growth. We observed that aphids’ residence time on wheat was decreased when this host-plant was intercropped with clover. At the population level, wheat-legume intercrops reduced the number of aphids on wheat plants compared to wheat sole crops but if we take into account plant biomass, only intercropping clover with wheat significantly reduced aphid densities on wheat. The species used as non-host plants and their density are important parameters that should be taken into account in studies on intercropping systems and that may explain the large variability in the results observed in the literature.Our findings suggest that intrafield diversification may regulate wheat aphids to some extent, but combining the two diversification practices did not result in an interesting trade-off between pest regulation and wheat production in real farming conditions
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Graciotim, Camila. "BORBOLETAS FRUGÍVORAS (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) EM FLORESTAS DE MATA ATLÂNTICA DO PARQUE NACIONAL DO IGUAÇU, PARANÁ, BRASIL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5342.
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Faunal studies, used as the main building blocks for conservation practices, have potential importance in minimizing environmental impacts. From this, this study sought to analyze the community of fruit-feeding butterflies of the Semideciduous Forest and Araucaria Forest of Iguassu National Park, promoting the comparison of composition, richness, abundance, dominance and similarity of the assemblages as their association with environmental descriptors evaluated in each phytophysiognomy. Field work was carried out monthly between November 2012 and May 2013, using Van Someren-Rydon traps with bait consisting of mashed banana in fermented sugarcane juice. In each phytophysiognomy, we used 15 traps in pre-defined transects that were revised each 24 h during five days per sampling occasion. At the end of six samplings and 900 traps/day as total effort, 1,127 individuals representing 69 species and four subfamilies of fruit-feeding butterflies were recorded. The sampled richness was lower than the Jacknife 1 and Bootstrap estimated values, indicating the importance of increasing the sampling effort. Satyrinae was the subfamily with greater richness and abundance in both areas. Among the total species registered, 11 were new records for the Iguassu National Park. Ordination analysis showed a low segregation of assemblages composition and a difference of 27.2 % between them. The influence of environmental descriptors showed that the set of variables: light, canopy cover and number of trees were the most important in structuring the assemblages of frugivorous butterflies sampled. The obtained results shall provide subsidies for a better knowledge of the diversity of the Atlantic Forest butterflies, contributing to the Management Plan of the Iguassu National Park.Estudos de fauna, utilizados como principais alicerces para as práticas conservacionistas, são de importância potencial na minimização de impactos ambientais. A partir disso, este estudo buscou analisar a comunidade de borboletas frugívoras da Floresta Estacional Semidecídua e Floresta Ombrófila Mista do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, promovendo a comparação da composição, riqueza, abundância, dominância e similaridade das assembléias, assim como sua associação com descritores ambientais avaliados em cada fitofisionomia. Para isso, foram realizadas amostragens mensais entre novembro de 2012 e maio de 2013, através de armadilhas atrativas do tipo Van Someren-Rydon com isca constituída de banana amassada fermentada em caldo de cana. Em cada fitofisionomia, utilizaram-se 15 armadilhas em transectos pré-definidos, revisadas a cada 24 h ao longo de cinco dias por ocasião amostral. Ao final de seis ocasiões amostrais, com esforço total de 900 armadilhas/dia, foram registrados 1.127 indivíduos pertencentes a 69 espécies e quatro subfamílias de borboletas frugívoras. A riqueza amostrada apresentou-se abaixo do valor estimado pelos estimadores Jacknife 1 e Bootstrap, indicando a importância de esforço amostral maior. Satyrinae foi a subfamília com maior riqueza e abundância em ambas as fitofisionomias. Dentre o total das espécies registradas, 11 constituíram-se em novos registros para o Parque Nacional do Iguaçu. A análise de ordenação mostrou baixa segregação quanto à composição das assembleias e uma diferença de 27,2% entre as mesmas. A influência dos descritores ambientais mostrou que o conjunto de variáveis: luminosidade, cobertura de dossel e número de árvores foram os mais importantes na estruturação das assembleias de borboletas frugívoras amostradas. Os resultados encontrados poderão fornecer subsídios para um melhor conhecimento da diversidade de borboletas da Mata Atlântica, contribuindo para o Plano de Manejo do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu.
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Villero, Pi Daniel. "Applying species distribution models in conservation biology = Aplicacions dels models de distribució d'espècies en biologia de la conservació." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398994.
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This work is at the crossroads where conservation problems, arising from the biodiversity loss and environmental crisis, meet the difficulties of applying research outcomes in conservation practice, framed in a sustained decline of resources for biodiversity conservation due to an entrenched economic and social crisis. The overall aim of the thesis is to deepen the use of species distribution models (SDM) to improve decision-making processes in biodiversity conservation. With the ambition to build bridges between research and conservation practice, the thesis proposes to go closer to real contexts of decision making and contribute to boost effective species conservation strategies. Concerning methodological issues, the thesis emphasizes the importance of information sources of species distribution, since it is a key aspect of the quality of SDM results and also one of the most controversial sections of conservation budgets. To meet these objectives, the thesis include six chapters organised in three thematic blocks. The first block include various examples of SDM application in different conservation backgrounds (Chapters I, II, III, IV and V). Complementarily, the second block explore how to boost SDM outcomes to inform conservation practice (Chapter IV and V). Finally, the third block examines uncertainties of different information sources of species distribution to develop SDM (Chapter VI). The thesis highlight SDM as key tools to improve decision-making in different conservation backgrounds, playing critical roles in almost all steps of the decision-making processes, especially in dealing with decision uncertainties. It also emphasize that an effective implementation of SDM to solve conservation problems has to match SDM goals to specific questions arising from the decision-making process, and also to promote utilisation of SDM outcomes through active communication and clear, valuable and useful spatial products. These two conditions are also sufficient for an effective knowledge-transfer from other scientific developments to inform and improve conservation practice.Aquest treball se situa en la cruïlla on conflueixen els problemes de conservació, derivats de la pèrdua de biodiversitat i la crisi ambiental, amb els problemes d’implementació de solucions efectives, relacionats amb les dificultats d’aplicar els resultats de la recerca en la pràctica de la conservació, tot plegat emmarcat dins un context més general de crisi econòmica i social que es tradueix en una reducció progressiva dels recursos destinats a la conservació de la biodiversitat. L’objectiu general de la tesi es aprofundir en la utilització de SDM (models de distribució d’espècies) per millorar els processos de decisió en conservació de la biodiversitat. Amb l’ambició de bastir ponts entre la recerca ecològica i la conservació sobre el terreny, la tesi es planteja anar una mica més enllà dels exercicis teòrics i apropar-se a contextos reals de presa de decisions per fer contribucions més efectives a la conservació de les espècies. Pel que fa als aspectes metodològics, la tesi posa l’accent en la importància de les fonts d’informació sobre distribució d’espècies, atès que es un aspecte clau de la qualitat dels resultats dels SDM i alhora un dels apartats més controvertits en els pressupostos públics destinats a la conservació. Per donar resposta a aquests objectius, la tesi consta de sis capítols estructurats en tres blocs temàtics. En el primer bloc es desenvolupen exemples d’aplicació de SDM en diferents contextos de conservació (Capítols I, II, III, IV i V). De forma complementària, el segon bloc explora com potenciar els resultats derivats dels SDM per informar la pràctica real de la conservació (Capítol IV i V). Finalment, el tercer bloc examina la incertesa de diferents fonts de dades biològiques per desenvolupar SDM, tenint en comte diferents àmbits d’aplicació (Capítol VI). Al llarg dels diferents capítols s’ha posat de manifest que els SDM son eines clau en la millora de les decisions de problemes de conservació diversos, i amb implicacions en quasi totes les etapes dels processos de decisió, i especialment en la quantificació de la incertesa relacionada amb cadascuna de les etapes. També s’ha posat de relleu que l’aplicació efectiva de SDM en processos de decisió passa per ajustar els objectius dels SDM a les preguntes plantejades en el context particular del problema de conservació, i també per promoure la utilització dels resultats obtinguts amb SDM a traves d’una comunicació activa i de productes espacials clars, útils, accessibles i ben ajustats al problema de conservació. Aquestes dues condicions son igualment vàlides per la transferència efectiva d’altres desenvolupaments científics per la millora de la pràctica de la conservació de la biodivesitat.
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Peixoto, Franciele Parreira. "Determinantes ecológicos, evolutivos e histórico-biogeográficos dos padrões de diversidade de mamíferos terrestres em diferentes escalas." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7230.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
The concept of ecological niche describes the set of biotic and abiotic conditions for which the species can maintain populations and define the species geographical range. The ecological niche is multidimensional, which means that is a function of several species characteristics. These characteristics can change fastly or can vary very slowly, remaining conserved throughout the evolutionary time, which characterizes the niche conservatism (i.e., the tendency of the species retaining the ancestral niche along the evolutionary time). Retaining the ancestral niche implies a smaller group capacity. Retaining the ancestral niche implies that the group is less able to adapt outside the distribution boundaries defined by the ecological niche. Therefore, the way that characteristics linked to the niche evolved along the time is determinant to generate differential patterns of diversity among taxa. In fact, niche conservatism has been raised as a relevant factor to explain the latitudinal gradient of diversity, as well as the biota formation of different habitats. Conservation of ecological tolerances implies an inheritance of a limited ability to colonize and establish in different habitats. On the other hand, some groups can be ecologically more flexible and colonize new habitats through the niche evolution, probably related to specific functional adaptations that allow the establishment of species. The objective of this work was to evaluate the diversity patterns of terrestrial mammals to infer about the main ecological, evolutionary and historical-biogeographical processes.
O conceito de nicho ecológico descreve o conjunto de condições bióticas e abióticas nas quais as espécies podem manter populações e define a área de distribuição das espécies. O nicho ecológico é multidimensional e, desse modo, é função de várias características das espécies. Essas características podem mudar rapidamente ou podem variar de forma muito lenta, permanecendo conservadas ao longo do tempo evolutivo, o que caracteriza a conservação de nicho (i.e., a tendência de as espécies manterem o nicho ancestral ao longo do tempo evolutivo). Reter o nicho ancestral implica em menor capacidade do grupo em se adaptar fora dos limites de distribuição definidos pelo nicho ecológico. Portanto, o modo como as características ligadas ao nicho evoluíram ao longo do tempo é determinante para gerar padrões diferenciais de diversidade entre táxons. De fato, a conservação de nicho tem sido levantada como fator relevante para explicar o gradiente latitudinal de diversidade, bem como a formação da biota de diferentes habitats. A conservação de tolerâncias ecológicas em algumas linhagens implica na herança de uma capacidade limitada de colonizar e se estabelecer em diferentes habitats. Por outro lado, alguns grupos podem ser ecologicamente mais flexíveis e colonizar novos habitats através da evolução de nicho, provavelmente relacionada a adaptações funcionais específicas que possibilitam o estabelecimento das espécies. Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar padrões de diversidade de mamíferos terrestres para inferir acerca dos principais processos ecológicos, evolutivos e histórico-biogeográficos atuantes. No primeiro capítulo, testei a hipótese de conservação de nicho climático (Grinnelliano) de Chiroptera. Encontrei fortes evidências de que a estase evolutiva pode ter sido importante para algumas famílias do grupo, o que chama a atenção para a importância da não-estacionariedade na evolução de nicho ambiental. No segundo capítulo, investiguei o gradiente global de dissimilaridade filogenética de mamíferos terrestres. Identifiquei regiões onde a perda de linhagens (diferença de diversidade filogenética) é o que determina o gradiente de dissimilaridade (transições com desertos e limites entre regiões biogeográficas), bem como regiões onde a troca de linhagens foi mais importante para gerar padrões de diversidade beta filogenética (elevadas altitudes). Esses padrões foram diferentes entre três ordens de mamíferos analisadas, demonstrando a importância da capacidade de dispersão e da capacidade de estabelecimento, possivelmente condicionada à evolução nicho. No terceiro capítulo, investiguei padrões locais de diversidade filogenética e funcional de mamíferos africanos. Concluí que a história de colonização e diversificação diferencial entre grupos de mamíferos parece estar relacionada com a flexibilidade ecológica e a habilidade de lidar com mudanças climáticas. De forma geral, os resultados dos três capítulos convergiram para a importância da história evolutiva de diferentes grupos taxonômicos (desde ordem até gênero e espécie) para compreender os padrões de diversidade atuais.