Academic literature on the topic 'Biological Devulcanization'

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Journal articles on the topic "Biological Devulcanization"

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Markl, Erich, and Maximilian Lackner. "Devulcanization Technologies for Recycling of Tire-Derived Rubber: A Review." Materials 13, no. 5 (March 10, 2020): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051246.

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In general, composite materials are difficult to recycle. Tires belong to this class of materials. On top, one of their main constitutents, vulcanized rubber, is as elastomer, which cannot be remolten and hence is particularly challenging to put to a new use. Today, the main end-of-life routes of tires and other rubber products are landfilling, incineration in e.g., cement plants, and grinding to a fine powder, generating huge quantities and indicating a lack of sustainable recycling of this valuable material. True feedstock recycling is not feasible for complex mixtures such as tires, but devulcanization can be done to reactivate the cross-linked polymer for material recycling in novel rubber products. Devulcanization, i.e., the breaking up of sulfur bonds by chemical, thermophysical, or biological means, is a promising route that has been investigated for more than 50 years. This review article presents an update on the state-of-the art in rubber devulcanization. The article addresses established devulcanization technologies and novel processes described in the scientific and patent literatures. On the one hand, tires have become high-tech products, where the simultaneous improvement of wet traction, rolling resistance, and abrasion resistance (the so-called “magic triangle”) is hard to achieve. On the other hand, recycling and sustainable end-of-life uses are becoming more and more important. It is expected that the public discussion of environmental impacts of thermoplastics will soon spill over to thermosets and elastomers. Therefore, the industry needs to develop and market solutions proactively. Every year, approximately 40 million tons of tires are discarded. Through the devulcanization of end-of-life tires (ELT), it is possible to produce new raw materials with good mechanical properties and a superior environmental footprint over virgin products. The devulcanization process has become an interesting technology that is able to support the circular economy concept.
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Tatangelo, Valeria, Ivan Mangili, Paola Caracino, Manuela Anzano, Ziba Najmi, Giuseppina Bestetti, Elena Collina, Andrea Franzetti, and Marina Lasagni. "Biological devulcanization of ground natural rubber by Gordonia desulfuricans DSM 44462T strain." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 100, no. 20 (July 1, 2016): 8931–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7691-5.

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Aboelkheir, Mostafa Galal, Priscilla Braga Bedor, Selma Gomes Leite, Kaushik Pal, Romildo Dias Toledo Filho, and Fernando Gomes de Souza. "Biodegradation of Vulcanized SBR: A Comparison between Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptomyces sp." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55530-y.

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AbstractRubber residues present harmful impacts on health and environment, besides wasting valuable and huge amounts of rubber. Biological recycling technique is focused here to minimize this problem. A comparison of the biodegradation effect caused by Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptomyces sp., separately, on vulcanized SBR-rubber during 4 weeks is reported. The surface and molecular analyses were studied by FTIR-ATR, TGA, DSC, TC and SEM/EDS, in addition to the contact angle and crosslinking tests. B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and Streptomyces sp. evoked after 4 weeks a loss in v-SBR crosslinks by 17.15, 10.68 and 43.39% and also in the contact angle with water by 14.10, 12.86 and 15.71%, respectively., if compared to Control samples. FTIR findings indicate that the polymeric chain has been partially consumed causing C-C bonds scission indicating the biodegradation and bio-devulcanization phenomena. The bacterial strains caused a carbon loss by 9.15, 5.97 and 4.55% after one week and 16.09, 16.79 and 18.13% after four weeks for B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and Streptomyces sp. mediums, respectively. DSC and EDS results are also promising and highlighting Streptomyces sp. strain as the most effective biodegradative one as an alternative and natural mean of degrading vulcanized rubber residues.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biological Devulcanization"

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MANGILI, IVAN. "Recycling of Tire Rubber: Investigation and Optimization of Green Devulcanization Technologies." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/77138.

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Gli pneumatici a fine vita, non più utilizzabili in modo sicuro ed efficiente, possono essere recuperati come materiale o energia. Il recupero di materiale è complesso e richiede trattamenti specifici, quali la rimozione della struttura metallica e tessile e una riduzione delle dimensioni. Il granulato così ottenuto può essere ampiamente riutilizzato in svariate applicazioni, tuttavia è più difficile una sua aggiunta a sistemi che devono sopportare elevate sollecitazioni dinamiche, anche qualora venga utilizzato come riempitivo in basse quantità. Per aumentare la compatibilità con gomma vergine, il granulato deve essere devulcanizzato tramite un processo in grado di rompere il network tridimensionale. Tra tutte le tecnologie di devulcanizzazione conosciute, nel presente lavoro di tesi si è deciso di investigarne tre: una in fluido supercritico, una ad ultrasuoni ed una biologica. La scelta è stata effettuata considerando principalmente l'impatto sull'ambiente e in particolar modo la tendenza a minimizzare l'impiego di solventi, agenti chimici o energia. Nel primo caso, la CO2 supercritica è stata utilizzata come mezzo di reazione per l’agente devulcanizzante difenil disolfuro. La devulcanizzazione ad ultrasuoni è stata condotta in estrusore a doppia vite senza l’impiego di alcun composto chimico, poiché gli ultrasuoni possono generare cavitazioni che portano alla rottura della rete tridimensionale nella matrice gommosa. Nella devulcanizzazione biologica, si è sfruttata la capacità desolforante di Gordonia desulfuricans 213E senza l’impiego di alcun agente devulcanizzante. Lo scopo del presente lavoro di tesi è quello di indagare queste tre tecnologie di devulcanizzazione di un granulato da pneumatici utilizzando un approccio basato sul disegno sperimentale, in modo da ottenere informazioni sulle variabili significative, trovare le condizioni ottimali di processo e confrontarle tra loro.
End of Life Tires that are no longer sufficiently safe or efficient to be reused can be mainly recovered as material or energy. The recovery as material is difficult and requires specific treatments such as a grinding process leading to significant reduction of tire dimensions and a separation of metallic and textile materials. The ground tire rubber (GTR) can be widely reused in several applications. However, its introduction is more difficult in systems that have to withstand high dynamic stresses, even when it is added in low amount as a filler after a strong size reduction. In order to increase the compatibility with raw rubber, GTR must be devulcanized by breaking the three-dimensional crosslink network. Out of all existing reclaiming technologies, a supercritical fluid, an ultrasonic and a biological ones were chosen as object of the present thesis work. The choice was primarily carried out considering their impact on the environment and in particular their tendency to minimize the use of solvents, chemicals or energy. Supercritical carbon dioxide represents an ideal green solvent with respect to the traditional ones and it has been used as a reaction medium for the devulcanizing agent diphenyl disulfide. The ultrasonic devulcanization, was carried out in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder without involving any chemical, since ultrasounds can generate cavitation leading to the rupture of the three-dimensional network in the rubber matrix. The biological devulcanization involved Gordonia desulfuricans 213E strain that is able to metabolize the sulfur present in the rubber matrix without using any swelling or devulcanizing agent. The aim of the present thesis work is to investigate and optimize these devulcanization technologies by using the design of experiment approach, providing a comparison among the optimal conditions on a GTR.
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TATANGELO, VALERIA. "BIODEVULCANIZZAZIONE DI SCARTI DI GOMMA: CARATTERIZZAZIONE DI CEPPI BATTERICI E LORO POTENZIALE UTILIZZO." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/72682.

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Gli pneumatici sono difficilmente biodegradabili, in quanto la gomma vulcanizzata è costituita da legami C-S trasversali fra catene indipendenti. È quindi necessaria la rottura di questi legami all’interno del polverino di pneumatico (GTR) per riutilizzare questo materiale all‘ interno di nuovi pneumatici. Recentemente, la biodesolforazione è stata suggerita come processo sicuro per l'ambiente, economico e selettivo. L'obiettivo del progetto è quello di sviluppare un processo di biodesolforazione di GTR per poterlo riutilizzare all’interno di una nuova mescola di pneumatico. Nella prima parte del progetto sono stati isolati nuovi ceppi batterici da acqua, suolo e fango, campionati in una discarica di pneumatici, e GTR, tramite arricchimenti contenenti dibenzotiofene (DBT) come fonte di zolfo. Tra i 51 ceppi isolati con capacità desolforati, i ceppi 8A1531 e AF21875 sono stati scelti per le analisi successive. In presenza di DBT come unica fonte di zolfo, il ceppo AF21875 mostra una crescita maggiore rispetto alla crescita in presenza di zolfo inorganico, indicando l’utilizzo da parte di AF21875 del DBT come fonte di zolfo preferenziale. È stato quindi sequenziato il genoma del ceppo. I risultati del sequenziamento mostrano la presenza di diversi pathway coinvolti nella desolforazione dei composti organici. Le capacità desolforanti dei ceppi AF21875 e 8A1531 e Gordonia desulfuricans 213E sono state testate su gomma naturale vulcanizzata e macinata (VGNR) tramite un disegno sperimentale fattoriale completo a due livelli. Le variabili considerate sono state la concentrazione di glucosio, la presenza del DBT e la concentrazione iniziale di biomassa, mentre la risposta sperimentale considerata è stata la viscosità complessa. L’analisi ARISA (automated ribosomal inter-genic spacer analyses) è stata utilizzata per la caratterizzazione microbiologica. I campioni VGNR trattati con il ceppo 8A1531 mostrano una viscosità significativamente inferiore rispetto agli esperimenti di controllo. Per il ceppo AF21875 è stata osservata una elevata variabilità sperimentale. Solo per G. desulfuricans 213E è stato ottenuto un modello. Le condizioni migliori per ottenere una rottura selettiva dei legami C-S è la combinazione di parametri seguente: alta concentrazione glucosio, assenza di DBT ed elevato OD. L’analisi ARISA ha mostrato la persistenza di G. desulfuricans 213E e AF21875. Tuttavia, non è stato possibile confermare la persistenza del ceppo 8A1531. Infine, è stato osservato che VGNR è naturalmente colonizzata da microrganismi. Nella terza parte di questo progetto, questi 3 ceppi sono stati utilizzati in un processo desolforazione del GTR. La comunità microbica è stata analizzata tramite ARISA, quantificazione del numero di copie del gene 16S rRNA e gene dszA. G. desulfuricans 213E e AF21875 persistono nel bioreattore e il numero di copie del gene dszA aumenta durante l'esperimento. Nel bioreattore contenente 8A1531, non è stato possibile confermare la persistenza del ceppo perché il suo profilo ARISA risultava simile al profilo del GTR. Infatti, la caratterizzazione ARISA e la quantificazione del gene dszA dimostrano che sul GTR è naturalmente presente una comunità batterica potenzialmente in grado di desolforare. Potrebbe essere interessante studiare la capacità di desolforazione dei batteri presenti naturalmente sul GTR.
Biodesulfurization of waste rubber: characterization of bacterial strains and their potential use Tires are difficult to biodegrade because vulcanized rubber is made of a stable crosslink three dimensional network structure. Breaking the sulfur crosslink network in into ground tire rubber (GTR) is therefore necessary to make it vulcanizable again. Recently, biodesulfurization has been proposed since it is considered as a safe process for the environment; it is economical and selective. The aim of this project is to develop a GTR biodesulfurization process for the product re-use. In the first part of the project, new bacterial strains were isolated from water, soil and mud collected from a tire landfill and GTR using dibenzothiophene as sulfur source. Among 51 isolated strains, with desulfurizing ability, the strains 8A1531 and AF21875 were chosen for further analyses. AF21875 showed superior growth in presence of DBT as sulfur source compared with the growth in presence of inorganic sulfur. This could indicate that this strain uses DBT as preferential sulfur source. For this reason, AF21875 genome sequencing was carried out to obtain further information. The genome sequencing showed the presence of different organsulfur compounds desulfurization pathway. The desulfurizing ability of the newly isolates AF21875 and 8A1531 and of the known desulfurizing bacterium G. desulfuricans 213E were tested on vulcanized-ground natural rubber (VGNR) with a two level full factorial experimental design. The variables considered were the concentration of glucose, the presence of DBT and the initial biomass concentration. The response of design of experiments was the complex viscosity. The fingerprinting method ARISA (automated ribosomal inter-genic spacer analyses) was used to test the persistence of the bacterial inoculum during the treatment. VGNR treated with 8A1531 showed complex viscosity significantly lower compared with the control experiments. For AF21875 a high experimental variability was observed. A final reduced model was obtained only for G. desulfuricans 213E. The best combination of significant parameters for a selective decrosslinking was high concentration of carbon source, absence of DBT and a high OD. ARISA showed the persistence of G. desulfuricans 213E and AF21875 while it was not possible to confirm the persistence of the 8A1531 strain. Finally, naturally colonize VGNR of microorganisms was observed. In the third part of the study, the abilities of these three strains were tested on GTR. Microbial community was analyzed by ARISA and the number of copies of the 16S rRNA gene and of dszA gene were quantified by qPCR. G. desulfuricans 213E and AF21875 persisted in the bioreactor and dszA copy number quantification showed increase during the experiment. In the bioreactor inoculated with 8A1531, it was not possible to confirm the persistence of the strain because the ARISA profile of the strain was similar to the community profile of GTR. Indeed, ARISA characterization and dszA quantification showed that there is a naturally community hosted on GTR with biodesulfurization potential. It could be very interesting to study the desulfurize ability of bacteria naturally hosts on GTR.
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