Relevant bibliographies by topics / Biological control

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Biological control'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Biological control"

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McNamee, Daniel, and Daniel M. Wolpert. "Internal Models in Biological Control." Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems 2, no. 1 (May 3, 2019): 339–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-060117-105206.

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Rationality principles such as optimal feedback control and Bayesian inference underpin a probabilistic framework that has accounted for a range of empirical phenomena in biological sensorimotor control. To facilitate the optimization of flexible and robust behaviors consistent with these theories, the ability to construct internal models of the motor system and environmental dynamics can be crucial. In the context of this theoretic formalism, we review the computational roles played by such internal models and the neural and behavioral evidence for their implementation in the brain.
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Sutthisa, W. "Biological Control Properties of Cyathus spp. to Control Plant Disease Pathogens." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 12, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 1755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.12.4.08.

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Hoy, Marjorie A., R. G. Van Driesche, and T. S. Bellows. "Biological Control." Florida Entomologist 79, no. 2 (June 1996): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3495825.

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Padilha, T. "Biological control." International Journal for Parasitology 29, no. 1 (January 1999): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(98)00183-0.

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Jeschke, Mark. "Insect Biological Control." Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education 30, no. 1 (2001): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jnrlse.2001.0017.

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Seastedt, Tim. "Biological control monitoring." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8, no. 7 (September 2010): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/10.wb.018.

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Rath, J., B. Jank, O. Doblhoff-Dier, T. P. Monath, and L. K. Gordon. "Biological Weapons Control." Science 282, no. 5397 (December 18, 1998): 2194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5397.2194b.

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Hudson, T. A., J. A. Bragg, and S. P. DeWeerth. "Biological motor control." IEEE Potentials 18, no. 5 (2000): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/45.807279.

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Floate, Kevin D. "Conservation Biological Control." Environmental Entomology 29, no. 3 (June 2000): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-29.3.669.

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Price, Peter W., and Gregory D. Martinsen. "Biological pest control." Biomass and Bioenergy 6, no. 1-2 (January 1994): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(94)90088-4.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biological control"

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Jenkins, Tim A. "Fungal biological control of Hieracium." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Microbiology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4841.

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Hieracium species are a severe weed problem in the high country native tussock grasslands of New Zealand. This thesis reports on the potential for fungal biological control of Hieracium, in particular with a rust pathogen, Puccinia hieracii var. piloselloidarum. Isolates of Hieracium rust were collected from throughout Northern, Central and Southern Europe, and the British Isles. One thousand four hundred and twenty four isolates were screened on New Zealand Hieracium pilosella to identify the most infective strains for potential use as biological control agents. The rust isolates most pathogenic to New Zealand H. pilosella, were from the south of Ireland. They had a shorter latent period and higher infectivity compared to other isolates. One isolate infected representatives of all New Zealand H. pilosella sites as well as H. praealtum and H. x stoloniflorum. Hieracium rust was common throughout Europe with large seasonal fluctuations. Most dissemination, infection and effect was seen in a main peak in spring and a secondary peak in autumn. The rust could survive through winter conditions within host tissue allowing rapid re-establishment of symptoms during occasional periods of suitable milder weather and, eventually, with the onset of spring. In an intensive field study of one Edinburgh area, the level of rust infection on patches of H. pilosella was found to be affected by several site factors, particularly the density of patches. The infection process of Hieracium rust was studied. Spore germination was fastest in the dark and occurred over a wide range of temperatures. Inoculations of hosts was either on to detached leaves kept on water agar or on to whole rosettes. Infection of detached leaves was generally higher than on whole rosettes and may allow a wider host range of subgenus Pilosella taxa. Infection rarely occurred on all inoculated plants. This was attributed in part to the effect of host condition. A genetic resistance component of the non-susceptibility remains possible although one rust isolate was able to infect representatives of all identified genotypes of New Zealand H. pilosella. The variation present in New Zealand Hieracium species was investigated by chromosome analysis and isozyme electrophoresis. H. pilosella from 34 collections throughout New Zealand were predominantly pentaploid with a hexaploid found in just one population; the pentaploids included variants, according to electrophoresis results and morphological characters. Hieracium rust showed potential as a biological control agent. The rust significantly affected the growth of H. pilosella and displayed strict host-specificity, with no hosts outside the subgenus Pilosella. Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum, is common and very pathogenic on Hieracium spp. throughout Europe. However, Hieracium powdery mildew grew on two New Zealand endemic species, Embergeria grandi/olia and Kirkianella novaezelandiae. Several other Hieracium pathogens were noted but their potential for biological control requires further investigation.
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Koomen, Irene. "Biological control of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides." Thesis, University of Kent, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278551.

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Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the causal agent of anthracnose disease of mangoes. Infection occurs when humidity is high and rain-dispersed spores germinate and form an appressorium on immature mangoes. The infection then becomes quiescent until the fruit is harvested. On ripe fruit infection is visible as black, sunken lesions on the surface. At the pre-harvest stage, the disease is controlled with the application of a range of fungicides, and at the post-harvest stage by hot benomyl treatment. The extensive use of benomyl, both pre- and post-harvest, has resulted in the occurrence of isolates of C. gloeosporioides resistant to this fungicide. To devise an alternative strategy of disease control, the potential for biological control of anthracnose has been investigated. Potential microbial antagonists of C. gloeosporioides were isolated from blossom, leaves and fruit of mango, and screened using a series of assay techniques. In total 650 microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, were isolated and tested for their inhibition of growth of C. gloeosporioides on malt extract agar. Of these 650 isolates, 121 inhibited the fungus and were further tested on their ability to inhibit spore germination in vitro. Of these, 45 isolates, all bacteria and yeasts, were inoculated onto mangoes, which were artificially inoculated with C. gloeosporioides, and assessed for their potential to reduce the development of anthracnose lesions. A further selection was made, and 7 isolates were chosen to be used in a semi-commercial trial in the Philippines. This final screening procedure yielded two potential candidates for field trials, isolate 204 (identified as Bacillus cereus) and isolate 558 (identified as Pseudomonas fiuorescens). A field trial involving pre-harvest application of the biological control agent, was conducted using isolate 558. This isolate was chosen for this purpose since in in vitro experiments it significantly reduced germination of C. gloeosporioides spores. In the field trial 558 was applied in combination with nutrients and compared to treatments which had received no treatment or which had received conventional fungicide (benomyl) application. On spraying, high numbers of 558 were recorded on the leaf surface, but no reduction in post-harvest development of disease was observed. Failure of disease control was attributed to rapid death of the bacterium on the phylloplane. Inpost-harvest trials, isolates 204 and 558 were both tested in combination with different application methods, including the addition of sticker, peptone, fruit wax or a sucrose polyester. Application of 204 did not reduce disease development. Application of 558, however, did significantly reduce anthracnose development compared to the control fruit. No additional benefit was achieved by incorporating the bacteria in peptone, fruit wax or sucrose polyester. The mode of action of isolate 558 was investigated in detail. There was no evidence for parasitism taking place, or the production of volatile compounds, in the suppression of disease development. No antibiotic compounds were detected, but isolate 558 did produce a siderophore. A sharp increase in pH was also observed in culture media in which 558 was grown. Disease control may result from a combination of these two factors.
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Mutinda, Irene. "Biological control of mignonette weeds." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266625.

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Sano, Michael Benjamin. "Electromagnetic Control of Biological Assembly." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76975.

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We have developed a new biofabrication process in which the precise control of bacterial motion is used to fabricate customizable networks of cellulose nanofibrils. This work describes how the motion of Acetobacter xylinum can be controlled by electric fields while the bacteria simultaneously produce nanocellulose, resulting in networks with aligned fibers. Since the electrolysis of water due to the application of electric fields produces the oxygen in the culture media far from the liquid-air boundary, aerobic cellulose production in 3D structures is readily achievable. Five separate sets of experiments were conducted to demonstrate the assembly of nanocellulose by Acetobacter xylinum in the presence of electric fields in micro and macro environments. This work demonstrates a new concept of bottom up material synthesis by control of a biological assembly process.
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Garcia, André Filipe Fidalgo Casquilho. "Enhancing biological control against Eucalyptus pests." Doctoral thesis, ISA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21212.

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Lordan, Sanahuja Jaume. "Enhancing biological control in apple orchards." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/275941.

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La tisoreta comuna Forficula auricularia Linnaeus i Forficula pubescens Gené (Dermaptera : Forficulidae ) poden tenir un paper decisiu com a depredadors. Es va observar compatibilitat entre la tisoreta i nematodes entomopatògens (NEPs) i una activitat dissuassòria en larves de carpocapsa Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) mortes per NEPs, reduint l’alimentació de la tisoreta sobre cadàvers que contenien nematodes al seu interior. La presència de tisoretes i aranyes (Araneae) es va observar all llarg de tot l’any, però tan sols les tisoretes van contribuir a reduir les infestacions de pugó llanut. Les re-infestacions procedents de colònies subterrànies no resulten ser rellevants en les regions mediterrànies. D’aquesta manera, el control d'aquest pugó cal que estigui dirigit tant cap a les colònies aèries com a les arrels. L'ús d’infraestructures ecològiques pot augmentar el control biològic de plagues, proporcionant un entorn més favorable i aliments i refugis alternatius als enemics naturals. Anacyclus clavatus Desf., Dorycnium pentaphyllium Scop., Erucastrum nasturtiifolium Poiret, Euphorbia serrata L., Hedysarum confertum Desf., Papaver rhoeas L., Trifolium pratense L. a la primavera, i Atriplex sp., Dittrichia viscosa L., Medicago sativa L., Moricandia arvensis L., Salsola kali L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Suaeda spicata Willd. i Verbena sp. a la tardor poden proporcionar refugi i aliment a les aranyes. Viburnum tinus L., Euonymous japonicus L. fil. i Pistacia lentiscus L. van mostrar resultats prometedors per a augmentar la riquesa i abundància d'enemics naturals.
La tijereta común Forficula auricularia Linnaeus y Forficula pubescens Gené (Dermaptera : Forficulidae ) pueden tener un papel decisivo como depredadores. Se observó compatibilidad entre la tijereta y nematodos entomopatógenos (NEPs) y una actividad disuasoria en larvas de carpocapsa Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) muertas por NEPs, reduciendo la alimentación de la tijereta sobre cadáveres que contenían nematodos en su interior. La presencia de tijeretas y arañas (Araneae) se observó durante todo el año, pero sólo las tijeretas contribuyeron a reducir las infestaciones de pulgón lanígero. Las re-infestaciones procedentes de colonias subterráneas no resultan ser relevantes en las regiones mediterráneas. El control de este pulgón debe dirigirse tanto hacia las colonias aéreas como a las subterráneas. El uso de infraestructuras ecológicas puede aumentar el control biológico de plagas, proporcionando un entorno más favorable y alimentos y refugios alternativos a los enemigos naturales. Anacyclus clavatus Desf., Dorycnium pentaphyllium Scop., Erucastrum nasturtiifolium Poiret, Euphorbia serrata L., Hedysarum confertum Desf., Papaver rhoeas L., Trifolium pratense L. en primavera, y Atriplex sp., Dittrichia viscosa L., Medicago sativa L., Moricandia arvensis L., Salsola kali L., Sorghum halepense ( L. ) Pers., Suaeda spicata Willd. y Verbena sp. en otoño pueden proporcionar refugio y alimento a las arañas. Viburnum tinus L., Euonymous japonicus L. fil. y Pistacia lentiscus L. mostraron resultados prometedores para aumentar la riqueza y abundancia de enemigos naturales.
The European earwig Forficula auricularia Linnaeus and Forficula pubescens Gené (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) may play a crucial role as biocontrol predators. Compatibility between European earwig and entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and an earwig deterrent activity in EPN-killed codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae that reduces the foraging of European earwig on insect cadavers containing nematodes was also observed, suggesting compatibility between the European earwig and EPNs was observed. European earwigs and spiders (Araneae) were found throughout the year, but only earwigs contributed to reduce woolly apple aphid infestations. Reinfestations from root colonies are not relevant in Mediterranean areas. The use of ecological infrastructures may increase the biological control of pests, providing a more favorable environment and additional food and shelters for natural enemies. Anacyclus clavatus Desf., Dorycnium pentaphyllium Scop., Erucastrum nasturtiifolium Poiret, Euphorbia serrata L., Hedysarum confertum Desf., Papaver rhoeas L., Trifolium pratense L. in spring, and Atriplex sp., Dittrichia viscosa L., Medicago sativa L., Moricandia arvensis L., Salsola kali L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Suaeda spicata Willd. and Verbena sp. in fall were observed as native flora useful to provide shelter and food for spiders. Viburnum tinus L., Euonymous japonicus L. fil. and Pistacia lentiscus L. showed promising results in order to enhance abundance and richness of natural enemies.
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Li, Weiwei. "Optimal control for biological movement systems." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3205051.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed April 4, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-146).
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Brenner, Sibylle. "Mechanistic Control of Biological Redox Systems." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518447.

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Mpofu, Bellah. "Biological control of waterhyacinth in Zimbabwe." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40203.

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In a survey conducted in Zimbabwe in 1993, waterhyacinth was present in seven out of the eight provinces. No control measures were imposed on 35% of the infested dams and 61% of the infested rivers, while in 47% of the infested dams and 11% of the infested rivers control of waterhyacinth was being attempted with a combination of 2,4-D and mechanical control methods. The population of Neochetina eichhorniae and N. bruchi declined during the period 1993 to 1995 in the Hunyani River system. Several fungi were isolated from diseased waterhyacinth, and Fusarium moniliforme (isolate 2ex 12), F. solani (isolates 5a ex25 and 2a3), and F. pallidoroseum (isolate 3ex1) were found to be the most pathogenic. Large numbers of viable conidia were produced in shake-flask liquid fermentation with modified Richard's medium and in solid fermentation with food grains. Conidia production in straw was poor with the exception of waterhyacinth straw. Host range studies conducted in pots and in the field indicated that Commelina benghalensis was moderately susceptible to both isolates of F. solani in the field, while Setaria verticilata grown in pots was moderately susceptible to isolate 2a3. Brassica rapa and Crotalaria juncea grown in pots were moderately susceptible to F. moniliforme but they showed no infection in the field. Fifty-nine additional plant species of ecological and agricultural importance were not susceptible to the Fusarium species. When F. solani, F. pallidoroseum and Neochetina spp. were used individually in ponds, they did not control waterhyacinth. When the fungi were combined with Neochetina spp., the area covered by waterhyacinth and the volume of waterhyacinth were significantly reduced.
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Hartfield, Christopher Mark. "Biological control of aphids on plum." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287493.

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Books on the topic "Biological control"

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Van Driesche, Roy G., and Thomas S. Bellows. Biological Control. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1157-7.

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Driesche, Roy Van. Biological control. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1996.

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S, Bellows T., ed. Biological control. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1996.

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Gao, Yulin, Heikki M. T. Hokkanen, and Ingeborg Menzler-Hokkanen, eds. Integrative Biological Control. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44838-7.

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1944-, Barbosa Pedro, ed. Conservation biological control. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998.

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Gizewski, Peter. Biological weapons control. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Arms Control and Disarmament, 1987.

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Marcelle, R., H. Clijsters, and M. van Poucke, eds. Biological Control of Photosynthesis. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4384-1.

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Mérillon, Jean-Michel, and Kishan Gopal Ramawat, eds. Plant Defence: Biological Control. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51034-3.

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Mérillon, Jean Michel, and Kishan Gopal Ramawat, eds. Plant Defence: Biological Control. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1933-0.

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Papavizas, George C. Is biological control working? Washington?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Biological control"

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Becker, Norbert, Dušan Petrić, Marija Zgomba, Clive Boase, Minoo Madon, Christine Dahl, and Achim Kaiser. "Biological Control." In Mosquitoes and Their Control, 405–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92874-4_16.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Biological Control." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 327–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_405.

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Becker, Norbert, Dušan Petrić, Clive Boase, John Lane, Marija Zgomba, Christine Dahl, and Achim Kaiser. "Biological Control." In Mosquitoes and Their Control, 345–75. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5897-9_12.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Biological Control." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_405-2.

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Berry, Colin, Jason M. Meyer, Marjorie A. Hoy, John B. Heppner, William Tinzaara, Clifford S. Gold, Clifford S. Gold, et al. "Biological Control." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 493. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_318.

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Becker, Norbert, Dušan Petrić, Marija Zgomba, Clive Boase, Minoo B. Madon, Christine Dahl, and Achim Kaiser. "Biological Control." In Mosquitoes, 409–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11623-1_16.

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Dent, David, and Richard H. Binks. "Biological control." In Insect pest management, 151–97. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241051.0151.

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Al-Tawaha, Abdel Rahman M., Harpreet Kaur Cheema, Marwa M. El-Deriny, Dina S. S. Ibrahim, Mazen A. Ateyyat, Huma Naz, Abdel Razzaq Al-Tawaha, et al. "Biological Control." In Developing Climate-Resilient Crops, 35–51. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003109037-3-3.

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Van Driesche, Roy G., and Thomas S. Bellows. "Pest Origins, Pesticides, and the History of Biological Control." In Biological Control, 3–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1157-7_1.

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Van Driesche, Roy G., and Thomas S. Bellows. "Augmentation of Parasitoids, Predators, and Beneficial Herbivores." In Biological Control, 178–200. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1157-7_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Biological control"

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Heimpel, George E. "Biological control in a historical context: Shifting paradigms in classical biological control." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.107061.

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Nenadic, Z., and B. K. Ghosh. "Computation with biological neurons." In Proceedings of American Control Conference. IEEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2001.945552.

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Tipping, Philip. "Biological control facilitates conventional control of weeds." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.110012.

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Brodeur, Jacques. "Future directions in biological control." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93319.

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Falkowicz, Slawomir, and Piotr Kapusta. "Biological Control of Formation Damage." In International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/73792-ms.

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Hiroaki Kitano and Fumitoshi Matsuno. "Biological robustness." In SICE 2008 - 47th Annual Conference of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers of Japan. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sice.2008.4654600.

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Vargas, Abel, and Rajat Mittal. "Aerodynamic Performance of Biological Airfoils." In 2nd AIAA Flow Control Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-2319.

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"12. Medical and biological systems control." In 2015 International Conference "Stability and Control Processes" in Memory of V.I. Zubov (SCP). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scp.2015.7342193.

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Strand, Michael R. "Mosquito natural enemies and biological control." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93299.

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Jones, Walker A. "Neotropical stink bugs and biological control." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.91439.

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Reports on the topic "Biological control"

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JOHNSON, A. R. Integrated Biological Control. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/808266.

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JOHNSON, A. R. Integrated Biological Control. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/817853.

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Ricardo M. Souza, Ricardo M. Souza. Biological control of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Experiment, November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/10292.

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Schmid, Samuel, Gray Turnage, and Gary Ervin. Chemical and Biological Control of Alligator Weed. Mississippi State University, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54718/glzz3432.

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Samish, Michael, K. M. Kocan, and Itamar Glazer. Entomopathogenic Nematodes as Biological Control Agents of Ticks. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7568104.bard.

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This research project was aimed to create a basis for the use of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae an Heterorhabditidae) for biological control of ticks. The specific objectives were to determinate: 1) Nematode virulence to various. 2) Host-parasite interactions of nametodes and ticks. 3) Effect of environmental factors of tick habitats on nematode activity. 4) To test nematodes (anti tick activity) in defined field trials. Throughout the project 12 nematode strains from five species were tested in laboratory assays against all developmental stages of eight tick species. All tick species were found susceptible to nematode infection. The nematode strains the IS-5 and IS-12 of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were found to be the most virulent. Engorged adults, particularly females, were the most susceptible stages. Despite the high susceptibility, ticks are not suitable hosts for nematode development and propagation. Entomopathogenic namatodes enter ticks and kill them by releasing the symbiotic bacteria from their foregut. Under favorable conditions, i.e. moist soil, moderate temperature (22-27oC) and sandy soil, nematode efficacy against B. annulatus engorged females was very high (>5% w/w) and high animal manure concentration in soil adversely effect nematode efficacy. In field trails, nematodes were effective when soil moisture was maintained at high levels. The results indicate that under favorable conditions the nematodes show promise as a biological control method for ticks. However, we still face several potential obstacles to the use of nematodes under less favorable conditions.
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Hackett, Kevin, Shlomo Rottem, David L. Williamson, and Meir Klein. Spiroplasmas as Biological Control Agents of Insect Pests. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613017.bard.

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Toward development of spiroplasmas as novel toxin-delivery systems for biocontrol of beetle pests in the United States (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and Israel (Maladera matrida), media for cultivating beetle-associated spiroplasmas were improved and surveys of these spiroplasmas were conducted to provide transformable strains. Extensive surveys of spiroplasmas yielded promising extrachromosomal elements for vector constructs. One, plasmid pCT-1, was cloned, characterized, and used as a source of spiroplasma origin of replication in our shuttle vectors. The fibrillin gene was isolated and sequenced and its strong promoter was also used in the constructs. Means for transforming these vectors into spiroplasmas were developed and optimized, with electroporation found to be suitable for most applications. Development and optimization of means for using large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) in spiroplasma transformation represents a breakthrough that should facilitate insertion of large clusters of virulence genes. With completion of the vector, we should thus be poised to genetically engineer spiroplasmas with genes that will express toxins lethal to our target beetles, thus providing an effective and inexpensive alternative to conventional means of beetle control.
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Heinz, Kevin, Itamar Glazer, Moshe Coll, Amanda Chau, and Andrew Chow. Use of multiple biological control agents for control of western flower thrips. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7613875.bard.

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The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a serious widespread pest of vegetable and ornamental crops worldwide. Chemical control for Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on floriculture or vegetable crops can be difficult because this pest has developed resistance to many insecticides and also tends to hide within flowers, buds, and apical meristems. Predatory bugs, predatory mites, and entomopathogenic nematodes are commercially available in both the US and Israel for control of WFT. Predatory bugs, such as Orius species, can suppress high WFT densities but have limited ability to attack thrips within confined plant parts. Predatory mites can reach more confined habitats than predatory bugs, but kill primarily first-instar larvae of thrips. Entomopathogenic nematodes can directly kill or sterilize most thrips stages, but have limited mobility and are vulnerable to desiccation in certain parts of the crop canopy. However, simultaneous use of two or more agents may provide both effective and cost efficient control of WFT through complimentary predation and/or parasitism. The general goal of our project was to evaluate whether suppression of WFT could be enhanced by inundative or inoculative releases of Orius predators with either predatory mites or entomopathogenic nematodes. Whether pest suppression is best when single or multiple biological control agents are used, is an issue of importance to the practice of biological control. For our investigations in Texas, we used Orius insidiosus(Say), the predatory mite, Amblyseius degeneransBerlese, and the predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii(Athias-Henriot). In Israel, the research focused on Orius laevigatus (Fieber) and the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema felpiae. Our specific objectives were to: (1) quantify the spatial distribution and population growth of WFT and WFT natural enemies on greenhouse roses (Texas) and peppers (Israel), (2) assess interspecific interactions among WFT natural enemies, (3) measure WFT population suppression resulting from single or multiple species releases. Revisions to our project after the first year were: (1) use of A. swirskiiin place of A. degeneransfor the majority of our predatory mite and Orius studies, (2) use of S. felpiaein place of Thripinema nicklewoodi for all of the nematode and Orius studies. We utilized laboratory experiments, greenhouse studies, field trials and mathematical modeling to achieve our objectives. In greenhouse trials, we found that concurrent releases of A.degeneranswith O. insidiosusdid not improve control of F. occidentalis on cut roses over releases of only O. insidiosus. Suppression of WFT by augmentative releases A. swirskiialone was superior to augmentative releases of O. insidiosusalone and similar to concurrent releases of both predator species on cut roses. In laboratory studies, we discovered that O. insidiosusis a generalist predator that ‘switches’ to the most abundant prey and will kill significant numbers of A. swirskiior A. degeneransif WFTbecome relatively less abundant. Our findings indicate that intraguild interactions between Orius and Amblyseius species could hinder suppression of thrips populations and combinations of these natural enemies may not enhance biological control on certain crops. Intraguild interactions between S. felpiaeand O. laevigatus were found to be more complex than those between O. insidiosusand predatory mites. In laboratory studies, we found that S. felpiaecould infect and kill either adult or immature O. laevigatus. Although adult O. laevigatus tended to avoid areas infested by S. felpiaein Petri dish arenas, they did not show preference between healthy WFT and WFT infected with S. felpiaein choice tests. In field cage trials, suppression of WFT on sweet-pepper was similar in treatments with only O. laevigatus or both O. laevigatus and S. felpiae. Distribution and numbers of O. laevigatus on pepper plants also did not differ between cages with or without S. felpiae. Low survivorship of S. felpiaeafter foliar applications to sweet-pepper may explain, in part, the absence of effects in the field trials. Finally, we were interested in how differential predation on different developmental stages of WFT (Orius feeding on WFT nymphs inhabiting foliage and flowers, nematodes that attack prepupae and pupae in the soil) affects community dynamics. To better understand these interactions, we constructed a model based on Lotka-Volterra predator-prey theory and our simulations showed that differential predation, where predators tend to concentrate on one WFT stage contribute to system stability and permanence while predators that tend to mix different WFT stages reduce system stability and permanence.
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Stewart, R. M., Jr Cofrancesco, Bezark Alfred F., and Larry G. Aquatic Plant Control Research Program. Biological Control of Waterhyacinth in the California Delta. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada198024.

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Ingegno, B. L., and G. J. Messelink. Omnivorous predators for biological pest control in greenhouse crops. BioGreenhouse, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/373599.

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Tomlin, C. J., J. D. Axelrod, and S. S. Sastry. Hybrid Control Models and Tools for Biological Regulatory Networks. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada460925.

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