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Journal articles on the topic 'Biological and Medical Chemistry'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Stechenko, Olena. "BIOLOGICAL AND BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN THE MEDICAL CURRICULA." Science and Education 2019, no. 2 (February 2019): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2414-4665-2019-2-1.

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The issue of academic mobility was actualized after the accession of Ukraine to the European educational and scientific environment. However, implementation of this principle of providing real credit transfer and learning outcomes according to the methodology of ECTS is quite challenging even today if applied to training of medical students. Several reasons can be indicated for that. Firstly, systems of higher education in the countries of European Union and in Ukraine differ in educational levels, anticipated results as well as in the mechanisms of regulation by the state. Thus, the search of opportunities for creating conditions of the gradual equalization of educational content between different players in the educational market in Europe is urgent. Secondly, implementation of the transition of higher medical education to the training of masters of medicine in accordance with the provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On Higher Education" and introduction of new curriculum by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine has created the basis for differences with the previous curriculum of training specialists on the specialty "General medicine". Thus, comparison of the volume of teaching disciplines for students of the same specialties in different countries is extremely relevant from the point of view of harmonization of efforts for further development of joint educational environment. But equally important is the analysis of changes in the distribution of academic hours from the disciplines that took place during the transition of higher medical education in our country to training specialists in the specialty "General Medicine" for the training of specialists of the second (master's) level of higher education in the specialty "Medicine". In the article the outcomes of comparative analysis of curricula for training medical students in HEIs of Ukraine and some countries of Europe is presented in terms of the number of credits from biological and bioorganic chemistry – one of the key medical biological disciplines. Comparing the educational load from the biological chemistry in HEIs in Ukraine and abroad provides additional grounds for predicting the possibility of recognition credits in the context of academic mobility of medical students.

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2

Kornberg, Arthur. "Chemistry — the lingua franca of the medical and biological sciences." Chemistry & Biology 3, no. 1 (January 1996): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1074-5521(96)90075-7.

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3

Lesyk, Roman. "Drug design: 4-thiazolidinones applications. Part 1. Synthetic routes to the drug-like molecules." Journal of Medical Science 89, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): e406. http://dx.doi.org/10.20883/medical.406.

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4-Thiazolidinones, as examples of privileged scaffolds, have been the focus of medicinal chemistry since 60th. Among them, 5-substituted thiazolidinones with a C5 exocyclic bond (5-ene derivatives) are of special interest due to chemical characteristics and pharmacological profiles, possessing anticancer, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties, as well as being high-affinity ligands to a number of biological targets. A new medicinal chemistry trend claims that the aforementioned compounds are frequent hitters or pan assay interference compounds, which are useless because of the possible low selectivity. This is argued by the Michael acceptor property of 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones, which is actively discussed in the literature and requires further investigation. Based on SAR analysis, the main vectors for the design of 5-ene-4-thiazolidinone-based molecules were proposed: complication of C5 fragment; introduction of the substituents in the N3 position; synthesis of isosteric heterocycles; combination with other pharmacologically attractive fragments; annealing of thiazolidinone core; utilisation of 5-ene-thiazolidinones in synthesis of other compounds. The affinity of 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones toward various targets can be regarded as an advantage in polypharmacological approaches. Michael acceptors are considered as the “new old tool” for new drug creation, especially anticancer agents. One of the possible solutions within privileged substructure-based diversity-oriented synthesis is the fixation of 5-ene-4-thiazolidinone fragment in the fused heterocycles, for example, thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles obtained from 5-ene-thiazolidinones.

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4

Hogg, Neil. "Biological chemistry and clinical potential of S-nitrosothiols." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 28, no. 10 (May 2000): 1478–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00248-3.

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5

Koppenol, W. H. "Superoxide ion: Chemistry and biological implications, volume I." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 9, no. 6 (January 1990): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(90)90132-3.

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6

Koppenol, W. H. "Superoxide ion: Chemistry and biological implications, volume II." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 12, no. 5 (January 1992): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(92)90094-w.

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7

Kawase, Masami, Setsuo Saito, and Noboru Motohashi. "Chemistry and biological activity of new 3-benzazepines." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 14, no. 3 (April 2000): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00155-7.

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8

Liang, Pi-Hui, Chung-Yi Wu, William A. Greenberg, and Chi-Huey Wong. "Glycan arrays: biological and medical applications." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 12, no. 1 (February 2008): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.01.031.

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9

Ali, Fayaz, Narayan S Hosmane, and Yinghuai Zhu. "Boron Chemistry for Medical Applications." Molecules 25, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040828.

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Boron compounds now have many applications in a number of fields, including Medicinal Chemistry. Although the uses of boron compounds in pharmacological science have been recognized several decades ago, surprisingly few are found in pharmaceutical drugs. The boron-containing compounds epitomize a new class for medicinal chemists to use in their drug designs. Carboranes are a class of organometallic compounds containing carbon (C), boron (B), and hydrogen (H) and are the most widely studied boron compounds in medicinal chemistry. Additionally, other boron-based compounds are of great interest, such as dodecaborate anions, metallacarboranes and metallaboranes. The boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has been utilized for cancer treatment from last decade, where chemotherapy and radiation have their own shortcomings. However, the improvement in the already existing (BPA and/or BSH) localized delivery agents or new tumor-targeted compounds are required before realizing the full clinical potential of BNCT. The work outlined in this short review addresses the advancements in boron containing compounds. Here, we have focused on the possible clinical implications of the new and improved boron-based biologically active compounds for BNCT that are reported to have in vivo and/or in vitro efficacy.

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10

Amirov, N. K., and Т. A. Abdullin. "70th anniversary of the Department of Inorganic Chemistry of Kazan State Medical University." Kazan medical journal 80, no. 2 (March 25, 1999): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj66496.

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One of the fundamental disciplines in the training of doctors and pharmacists is bioinorganic and physical colloidal chemistry. Knowledge of the basics of biophysical chemistry and the properties of biogenic elements serve as the basis for the subsequent study of bioorganic and biological chemistry, pharmacology, physiology, sanitation and hygiene, anesthesiology and other disciplines.

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11

Evstrapov, A. A. "Microfluidic chips for biological and medical research." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 82, no. 12 (December 2012): 2132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s107036321212033x.

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12

Gumargalieva, Klara, Lidiya Zimina, and Gennady Zaikov. "Polyurethanes in Biological Media." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2009): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht03.03.203.

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This paper provides information about macrokinetics of the degradation of polyesterurethanes in model biological media. Special attention was paid to stability of segmented polyurethanes in blood and development of colloid structures at long incubation in blood serum.

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13

Nozdrachev, A. D. "I. G. Shcherbak, Biological Chemistry. Textbook for Medical Schools, St. Petersburg, 2005." Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 43, no. 2 (April 2007): 247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0022093007020159.

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14

Dorozhkin, Sergey V., and Matthias Epple. "Biological and Medical Significance of Calcium Phosphates." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 41, no. 17 (September 2, 2002): 3130–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3773(20020902)41:17<3130::aid-anie3130>3.0.co;2-1.

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15

Nishimura, Koki, Hironori Kouno, Yusuke Kawashima, Kana Orihashi, Saiya Fujiwara, Kenichiro Tateishi, Tomohiro Uesaka, Nobuo Kimizuka, and Nobuhiro Yanai. "Materials chemistry of triplet dynamic nuclear polarization." Chemical Communications 56, no. 53 (2020): 7217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc02258f.

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16

Sokolova, Viktoriya, and Matthias Epple. "Biological and Medical Applications of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles." Chemistry – A European Journal 27, no. 27 (March 16, 2021): 7471–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.202005257.

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17

Shugalei, I. V., A. P. Voznyakovskii, A. V. Garabadzhiu, I. V. Tselinskii, A. M. Sudarikov, and M. A. Ilyushin. "Biological activity of detonation nanodiamond and prospects in its medical and biological applications." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 83, no. 5 (May 2013): 851–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070363213050010.

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18

Zielińska-Błajet, Mariola, and Joanna Feder-Kubis. "Monoterpenes and Their Derivatives—Recent Development in Biological and Medical Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 7078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197078.

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Monoterpenes, comprising hydrocarbons, are the largest class of plant secondary metabolites and are commonly found in essential oils. Monoterpenes and their derivatives are key ingredients in the design and production of new biologically active compounds. This review focuses on selected aliphatic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenes like geraniol, thymol, myrtenal, pinene, camphor, borneol, and their modified structures. The compounds in question play a pivotal role in biological and medical applications. The review also discusses anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antiviral, anticancer, antituberculosis, and antioxidant biological activities exhibited by monoterpenes and their derivatives. Particular attention is paid to the link between biological activity and the effect of structural modification of monoterpenes and monoterpenoids, as well as the introduction of various functionalized moieties into the molecules in question.

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19

Fraser, C. G., S. T. Cummings, S. P. Wilkinson, R. G. Neville, J. D. Knox, O. Ho, and R. S. MacWalter. "Biological variability of 26 clinical chemistry analytes in elderly people." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 783–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.5.783.

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Abstract Analytical, within-subject, and between-subject components of variation were estimated for 26 clinical chemistry analytes from duplicate analyses of 10 specimens collected from 27 healthy elderly subjects over a period of 20 weeks. Within-subject variations were similar to those generated previously by us in younger subjects. We conclude, therefore, that homeostasis is not compromised by age alone, and biological variability does not increase simply with age. All analytes except serum water had marked individuality, showing that conventional population-based reference values are of limited utility. The critical differences required for two results to be significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) changed are not the same as those that prompt action by clinicians. Although heterogeneity of within-subject variation does exist, we believe that the critical differences generated will be useful in routine clinical decision making.

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20

Lőrinczy, D. "Thermal analysis in biological and medical applications." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 130, no. 3 (April 8, 2017): 1263–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6308-2.

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21

Alexiou, C., R. Jurgons, C. Seliger, and H. Iro. "Medical Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 2762–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.464.

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In recent years biomedical research indicated, that magnetic nanoparticles can be a promising tool for several applications in vitro and in vivo. In medicine many approaches were investigated for diagnosis and therapy and offered a great variety of applications. Magnetic cell separation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic targeted delivery of therapeutics or magnetically induced hyperthermia are approaches of particular clinical relevance. For medical use, especially for in vivo application it is of great importance that these particles do not have any toxic effects or incompatibility with biological organism. Investigations on applicable particles induced a variability of micro- and nanostructures with different materials, sizes, and specific surface chemistry.

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22

Brothers, Penelope J., and Christy E. Ruggiero. "ChemInform Abstract: Coordination and Solution Chemistry of the Metals: Biological, Medical and Environmental Relevance." ChemInform 42, no. 38 (August 25, 2011): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201138214.

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23

Simon, Eric J. "Endogenous Regulatory Peptides: Chemistry, Biology and Medical Significance. J. Menyhárt." Quarterly Review of Biology 65, no. 4 (December 1990): 532–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/417033.

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24

Burkitt, Mark J. "Chemical, Biological and Medical Controversies Surrounding the Fenton Reaction." Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism 28, no. 1 (March 2003): 75–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/007967403103165468.

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A critical evaluation is made of the role of the Fenton reaction (Fe2+ + H2O2 → Fe3+ + •OH + OH-) in the promotion of oxidative damage in mammalian systems. Following a brief, historical overview of the Fenton reaction, including the formulation of the Haber–Weiss cycle as a mechanism for the catalysis of hydroxyl radical production, an appraisal is made of the biological relevance of the reaction today, following recognition of the important role played by nitric oxide and its congers in the promotion of biomolecular damage. In depth coverage is then given of the evidence (largely from EPR studies) for and against the hydroxyl radical as the active oxidant produced in the Fenton reaction and the role of metal chelating agents (including those of biological importance) and ascorbic acid in the modulation of its generation. This is followed by a description of the important developments that have occurred recently in the molecular and cellular biology of iron, including evidence for the presence of ‘free’ iron that is available in vivo for the Fenton reaction. Particular attention here is given to the role of the iron-regulatory proteins in the modulation of cellular iron status and how their functioning may become dysregulated during oxidative and nitrosative stress, as well as in hereditary haemochromatosis, a common disorder of iron metabolism. Finally, an assessment is made of the biological relevance of ascorbic acid in the promotion of hydroxyl radical generation by the Fenton reaction in health and disease.

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25

Kennedy, J. P., K. S. Rosenthal, and B. Kashibhatla. "Two generations of synthetic membranes for biological/medical applications." Designed Monomers and Polymers 7, no. 6 (January 2004): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568555042474112.

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26

Morton, Lincoln W., Rima Abu-Amsha Caccetta, Ian B. Puddey, and Kevin D. Croft. "Chemistry And Biological Effects Of Dietary Phenolic Compounds: Relevance To Cardiovascular Disease." Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 27, no. 3 (March 11, 2000): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1681.2000.03214.x.

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27

Dikal, M. V., O. H. Cherniukh, T. M. Bilous, and V. H. Khomenko. "Role of interdisciplinary approach in teaching the subjects “Bioorganic and Biological Chemistry” and “Medical Biology”." Bukovinian Medical Herald 23, no. 2 (90) (June 30, 2019): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2413-0737.xxiii.2.90.2019.31.

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28

Jacob, Claus, Eric Battaglia, Torsten Burkholz, Du Peng, Denyse Bagrel, and Mathias Montenarh. "Control of Oxidative Posttranslational Cysteine Modifications: From Intricate Chemistry to Widespread Biological and Medical Applications." Chemical Research in Toxicology 25, no. 3 (December 12, 2011): 588–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx200342b.

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29

Felician, Fatuma Felix, Chunlei Xia, Weiyan Qi, and Hanmei Xu. "Collagen from Marine Biological Sources and Medical Applications." Chemistry & Biodiversity 15, no. 5 (May 2018): e1700557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201700557.

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30

Jean, Yan Ching, Hong Min Chen, L. James Lee, Jin Tao Yang, Xiao Hong Gu, Wei Song Hung, Kueir Rarn Lee, Juin Yih Lai, Yi Ming Sun, and Chien Chieh Hu. "Positronium Chemistry in Polymeric Membrane Systems." Materials Science Forum 607 (November 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.607.1.

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Positron and Positronium chemistry has been pursued and advanced by many scientists and engineers in both fundamental understanding of Positronium atom and its applications to chemical and polymeric systems during the last decade. This paper presents our recent results from collaborative investigations of positron annihilation in polymeric membranes. Future perspectives of applying Positronium chemistry to membrane science and technology and other related disciplines of nanotechnology, chemical engineering, materials science, energy research, molecules with positrons, biological and medical sciences appear to be promising.

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31

Kaushik, Nagendra Kumar, Bhagirath Ghimire, Ying Li, Manish Adhikari, Mayura Veerana, Neha Kaushik, Nayansi Jha, et al. "Biological and medical applications of plasma-activated media, water and solutions." Biological Chemistry 400, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2018-0226.

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Abstract Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma has been proposed as a new tool for various biological and medical applications. Plasma in close proximity to cell culture media or water creates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species containing solutions known as plasma-activated media (PAM) or plasma-activated water (PAW) – the latter even displays acidification. These plasma-treated solutions remain stable for several days with respect to the storage temperature. Recently, PAM and PAW have been widely studied for many biomedical applications. Here, we reviewed promising reports demonstrating plasma-liquid interaction chemistry and the application of PAM or PAW as an anti-cancer, anti-metastatic, antimicrobial, regenerative medicine for blood coagulation and even as a dental treatment agent. We also discuss the role of PAM on cancer initiation cells (spheroids or cancer stem cells), on the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), and when used for metastasis inhibition considering its anticancer effects. The roles of PAW in controlling plant disease, seed decontamination, seed germination and plant growth are also considered in this review. Finally, we emphasize the future prospects of PAM, PAW or plasma-activated solutions in biomedical applications with a discussion of the mechanisms and the stability and safety issues in relation to humans.

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32

Sun, Huanli, and Zhiyuan Zhong. "Biomacromolecules for Emerging Biological and Medical Science and Technology." Biomacromolecules 20, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 4241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01534.

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33

Feldhammer, Matthew, Megan Brown, Jennifer Colby, Janetta Bryksin, Bryan Milstid, and James H. Nichols. "A Survey of Sigma Metrics across Three Academic Medical Centers." Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine 6, no. 5 (June 1, 2021): 1264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jalm/jfab028.

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Abstract Background Sigma metric calculations provide laboratories an objective means to assess analytical method performance. Methods with higher sigma values are desirable because they are more reliable and may use less frequent quality control in order to maintain optimal performance. Sigma metrics can also serve as a tool when comparing method performance across assay and manufacturer platforms. Methods Sigma values were calculated for 28 common chemistry and 24 immunoassay assays across 3 academic medical centers. Method imprecision and percent bias relative to peer group means was tabulated from Bio-Rad quality control (QC) data. Sigma values were calculated for each method using allowable total error (TEa) from either the CLIA evaluation limits or desirable biological variation. Average sigma values were generated for each site and graded as optimal: >6 sigma; good: 5–6 sigma; marginal: 3–5 sigma; or poor: <3 sigma. Analysis of NIST SRM1950 standards for a subset of analytes allowed an estimation of absolute bias. Results Clinical chemistry assays displayed similar method performance across all 3 study sites. Immunoassays showed significant differences between manufacturers, and a majority of assays failed to meet an optimal level of performance. Different TEa values produced different sigma metrics with more stringent TEa limits based on biological variation, resulting in poorer performance estimates than the wider CLIA limits. Analysis of NIST standards revealed similar performance. Conclusions Sigma metrics are comparable for chemistry but not immunoassay platforms. The selection of total allowable error goals led to differences in sigma metrics.

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34

Aarsand, Aasne K., Thomas Røraas, Pilar Fernandez-Calle, Carmen Ricos, Jorge Díaz-Garzón, Niels Jonker, Carmen Perich, et al. "The Biological Variation Data Critical Appraisal Checklist: A Standard for Evaluating Studies on Biological Variation." Clinical Chemistry 64, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 501–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2017.281808.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Concern has been raised about the quality of available biological variation (BV) estimates and the effect of their application in clinical practice. A European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine Task and Finish Group has addressed this issue. The aim of this report is to (a) describe the Biological Variation Data Critical Appraisal Checklist (BIVAC), which verifies whether publications have included all essential elements that may impact the veracity of associated BV estimates, (b) use the BIVAC to critically appraise existing BV publications on enzymes, lipids, kidney, and diabetes-related measurands, and (c) apply metaanalysis to deliver a global within-subject BV (CVI) estimate for alanine aminotransferase (ALT). METHODS In the BIVAC, publications were rated as A, B, C, or D, indicating descending compliance for 14 BIVAC quality items, focusing on study design, methodology, and statistical handling. A D grade indicated that associated BV estimates should not be applied in clinical practice. Systematic searches were applied to identify BV studies for 28 different measurands. RESULTS In total, 128 publications were identified, providing 935 different BV estimates. Nine percent achieved D scores. Outlier analysis and variance homogeneity testing were scored as C in >60% of 847 cases. Metaanalysis delivered a CVI estimate for ALT of 15.4%. CONCLUSIONS Application of BIVAC to BV publications identified deficiencies in required study detail and delivery, especially for statistical analysis. Those deficiencies impact the veracity of BV estimates. BV data from BIVAC-compliant studies can be combined to deliver robust global estimates for safe clinical application.

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35

Stefanek, Agata, Katarzyna Łęczycka-Wilk, Sylwia Czarnocka-Śniadała, Wojciech Frąckowiak, Joanna Graffstein, Agata Ryżko, Aleksandra Nowak, and Tomasz Ciach. "Fluorosurfactants for medical nanoemulsions, their surface-active and biological properties." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 200 (April 2021): 111603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111603.

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36

Koudoro, Alain Y., Christian Tetede Rodrigue Konfo, Philippe Sessou, and Dominique C. K. Sohounhloue. "Status of research results in chemistry of biologically active substances in Benin." International Journal of Phytomedicine 10, no. 3 (November 19, 2018): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5138/09750185.2251.

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Research on biologically active chemicals extracted from medicinal plants and essential oils from aromatic plants in the West African subregion is booming. Recognition of the clinical, pharmaceutical and economic value of herbal medicines continues to grow despite the growth of the pharmaceutical industry and the continued development of new, more effective synthetic and biological medical products. On the other hand, despite the improvement in food preservation technics, food preservatives nature remains one of the most important issues for public health. Indeed, several synthetic preservatives have been banned in some countries because of their long-term adverse toxicological effects. The current trend of consumers to seek for a more natural diet has prompted the research, development and application of new natural products with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities in order to use them as alternatives to synthetic preservatives. This review aims to do an inventory of the results of research in chemistry of biologically active substances in Benin.

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37

Rudiyansyah, Kanda Panthong, and Mary J. Garson. "Chemistry and Pharmacognosy of the Genus Durio." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 11 (November 2015): 1934578X1501001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501001115.

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Durio is well known as one of the sources of seasonal fruit production in Southeast Asia with its center of diversity in Borneo. Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia are the main Durio producers in the world. Besides having much information about the utilization and benefit from its timber and fruits as a food substance, traditionally some parts of this plant, such as leaves, bark and root, can also be used for medical purposes. This review deals with chemical constituents and the biological activities of Durio plants.

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38

Chasman, Daniel I., Guillaume Paré, and Paul M. Ridker. "Population-Based Genomewide Genetic Analysis of Common Clinical Chemistry Analytes." Clinical Chemistry 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.107243.

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Abstract Background: Recent technologies enable genetic association studies of common clinical analytes on a genomewide basis in populations numbering thousands of individuals. The first publications using these technologies are already revealing novel biological functions for both genic and nongenic loci, and are promising to transform knowledge about the biological networks underlying disease pathophysiology. These early studies have also led to development of a set of principles for conducting a successful genomewide association study (GWAS). Content: This review focuses on these principles with emphasis on the use of GWAS for plasma-based analytes to better understand human disease, with examples from cardiovascular biology. Conclusions: The correlation of common genetic variation on a genomewide basis with clinical analytes, or any other outcome of interest, promises to reveal how parts of the genome work together in human physiology. Nonetheless, performing a genomewide association study demands an awareness of very specific epidemiologic and analytic principles.

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39

Gutfreund, Herbert. "A 21st Century perspective on the contributions of Michaelis to enzyme kinetics." Biochemist 34, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03402047.

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Leonor Michaelis (1875–1949) made some of the most important contributions to the application of physical chemistry to biological systems during the first half of the 20th Century. Like many young men interested in using basic physics and chemistry to study biomedical problems at that time, Michaelis was advised by no less a person than Paul Ehrlich to qualify in medicine to be able to earn a living. He followed that advice, and the work I am concerned with here was carried out after he completed his medical studies. For about 5 years before the outbreak of World War I, Michaelis's principal research interests centred on enzyme kinetics and the importance of hydrogen ions in biological systems. He carried out his basic research in clinical laboratories side by side with his medical work.

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40

Meireles, Vânia, Tiago Rosado, Mário Barroso, Sofia Soares, Joana Gonçalves, Ângelo Luís, Débora Caramelo, et al. "Mitragyna speciosa: Clinical, Toxicological Aspects and Analysis in Biological and Non-Biological Samples." Medicines 6, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines6010035.

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The abuse of psychotropic substances is a well-known phenomenon, and many of them are usually associated with ancestral traditions and home remedies. This is the case of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), a tropical tree used to improve work performance and to withstand great heat. According to several published studies, the main reasons for kratom consumption involve improving sexual performance and endurance, but also social and recreational uses for the feeling of happiness and euphoria; it is also used for medical purposes as a pain reliever, and in the treatment of diarrhea, fever, diabetes, and hypertension. However, this plant has gained more popularity amongst young people over the last years. Since it is available on the internet for purchase, its use is now widely as a drug of abuse, namely as a new psychoactive substance, being a cheaper alternative to opioids that does not require medical prescription in most countries. According to internet surveys by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction in 2008 and 2011, kratom was one of the most widely supplied new psychoactive substances. The composition of kratom is complex; in fact, more than 40 different alkaloids have been identified in Mitragyna speciosa so far, the major constituent being mitragynine, which is exclusive to this plant. Besides mitragynine, alkaloids such as corynantheidine and 7-hydroxamitragynine also present pharmacological effects, a feature that may be attributed to the remaining constituents as well. The main goal of this review is not only to understand the origin, chemistry, consumption, and analytical methodologies for analysis and mechanism of action, but also the use of secondary metabolites of kratom as therapeutic drugs and the assessment of potential risks associated with its consumption, in order to aid health professionals, toxicologists, and police authorities in cases where this plant is present.

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Mijin, Dusan, Jelena Markovic, Danijela Brkovic, and Aleksandar Marinkovic. "Microwave assisted synthesis of 2-pyridone and 2-pyridone based compounds." Chemical Industry 68, no. 1 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind121204021m.

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2-Pyridones are important heterocyclic compounds that are widely used in medical chemistry, and their various derivatives have significant biological and medical applications. In this paper, the synthesis of 2-pyridones as well as 2-pyridone based compounds such as 2-quinolones using microwave assisted organic chemistry is reviewed. The review is divided in three parts. In the first part, microwave synthesis of 2-pyridones according to the type of condensation is discussed. In the second part, microwave assisted synthesis of 2-quionolones is listed. At the end of the review several examples of microwave synthesis of other 2-pyridone based compounds (ring fused N-substituted 2-pyridones) are given.

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Privat-Maldonado, Angela, Anke Schmidt, Abraham Lin, Klaus-Dieter Weltmann, Kristian Wende, Annemie Bogaerts, and Sander Bekeschus. "ROS from Physical Plasmas: Redox Chemistry for Biomedical Therapy." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019 (October 8, 2019): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9062098.

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Physical plasmas generate unique mixes of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS or ROS). Only a bit more than a decade ago, these plasmas, operating at body temperature, started to be considered for medical therapy with considerably little mechanistic redox chemistry or biomedical research existing on that topic at that time. Today, a vast body of evidence is available on physical plasma-derived ROS, from their spatiotemporal resolution in the plasma gas phase to sophisticated chemical and biochemical analysis of these species once dissolved in liquids. Data from in silico analysis dissected potential reaction pathways of plasma-derived reactive species with biological membranes, and in vitro and in vivo experiments in cell and animal disease models identified molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic benefits of physical plasmas. In 2013, the first medical plasma systems entered the European market as class IIa devices and have proven to be a valuable resource in dermatology, especially for supporting the healing of chronic wounds. The first results in cancer patients treated with plasma are promising, too. Due to the many potentials of this blooming new field ahead, there is a need to highlight the main concepts distilled from plasma research in chemistry and biology that serve as a mechanistic link between plasma physics (how and which plasma-derived ROS are produced) and therapy (what is the medical benefit). This inevitably puts cellular membranes in focus, as these are the natural interphase between ROS produced by plasmas and translation of their chemical reactivity into distinct biological responses.

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Ye, Ji-Ming, and Stanley M.H. "Strategies for the Discovery and Development of Anti-Diabetic Drugs from the Natural Products of Traditional Medicines." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 16, no. 2 (May 16, 2013): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/j3t60g.

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This review discusses issues largely from the biological point of view about the targeted approaches for the use of natural products for the discovery of anti-diabetic drugs in collaboration with medicinal chemists and computer-aided drug design. A major thrust of this review reflects the collaborative research of four institutions: RMIT University (Australia), Garvan Institute of Medical Research (Australia), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica of the Chinese Academy of Science (China) and Sun-Yat Sen University (China) in the past eight years. By joining forces of biomedical research in diabetes and medicinal chemistry with a focus on traditional medicine, they are trying to bridge the West (the latest research discoveries in biomedical research) with the East (traditional medicine) to step forward in drug discovery from natural products. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

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Fraser, Gallum G., and Eugene K. Harris. "Generation and Application of Data on Biological Variation in Clinical Chemistry." Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 27, no. 5 (January 1989): 409–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10408368909106595.

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Stewart, Gordon T. "Liquid crystals in biology I. Historical, biological and medical aspects." Liquid Crystals 30, no. 5 (May 2003): 541–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0267829031000097457.

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Patil, Nikhil Avinash, and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian. "Biological and mechanical enhancement of zirconium dioxide for medical applications." Ceramics International 46, no. 4 (March 2020): 4041–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.10.220.

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47

Terekhov, Roman, Ilya Nikitin, Amir Taldaev, and Irina Selivanova. "Computer modeling of the interaction between flavonoids and biological targets." Farmacevticheskoe delo i tehnologija lekarstv (Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology), no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-13-2102-01.

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Computer modeling is a method that is widely used in the scientific investigations. Every year it’s getting more and more popular and becomes an integral part of a number of scientific disciplines, including medical chemistry. Thanks to this method, specialists in the field of drug design can predict the biological activity of a compound and its toxicity, based on the structure of the molecule. This work is a systematic review of articles performed in accordance with the recommendations of PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and contains information on computer modeling of the interaction of flavonoids with biological targets.

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Stern, Robert. "The Chemistry, Biology and Medical Applications of Hyaluronan and Its Derivatives. T. C. Laurent." Quarterly Review of Biology 75, no. 3 (September 2000): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/393608.

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Monier, Mohamed, Doaa Abdel-Latif, Ahmed El-Mekabaty, Başak D. Mert, and Khaled M. Elattar. "Advances in the Chemistry of 6-6 Bicyclic Systems: Chemistry of Pyrido[3,4- d]pyrimidines." Current Organic Synthesis 16, no. 6 (November 26, 2019): 812–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179416666190704113647.

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The aim of this work is to discuss the chemistry of pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidines as one of the most important heterocyclic compounds with remarkable synthetic, biological and medical applications. In this overview, the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds incorporated the pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine scaffold as demonstrated by chemical reactions and different preparation processes. The anticipated compounds were synthesized from pyridine or pyrimidine compounds and a description of the reactivity of substituents attached to ring carbon and nitrogen atoms is discussed. On the other hand, the synthesis and reactions of fused heterocycles incorporated pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine scaffold is described. The diamine analogs included pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine core were reported as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The chemical reactions of certain unexpected and chemically substantial compounds have been discussed.

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Giot, Jean-Francois. "Agarose Gel Electrophoresis - Applications in Clinical Chemistry." Journal of Medical Biochemistry 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10011-009-0033-8.

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Agarose Gel Electrophoresis - Applications in Clinical ChemistryAgarose gel electrophoresis is a well established technique routinely used in clinical laboratories for screening protein abnormalities in various biological fluids (serum, urine, CSF). It is based on the principles of zone electrophoresis. Electrophoretograms are evaluated visually for the presence of quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal protein bands. The technique is used for electrophoresis of serum, urine, CSF proteins, enzymes (ALP, LDH and CK), lipoproteins and hemoglobin. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) is a very commonly used analytical method in clinical chemistry. Changes in the relative concentration of fractions allow easy recognition of pathological disorders associated with nephrotic syndrome, inflammatory reaction and hepatic diseases. SPE is a screening test for detecting the M component (MC). Immunofixation (IFE) with use of specific antisera allows detection of the type of MC. SPE is also a method for the quantification of MC and monitoring of disease that is essential for clinical evaluation and follow-up of patients with plasma cell disorders.

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