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Journal articles on the topic 'Bioirrigation'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Borger, Emil De, Justin Tiano, Ulrike Braeckman, Tom Ysebaert, and Karline Soetaert. "Biological and biogeochemical methods for estimating bioirrigation: a case study in the Oosterschelde estuary." Biogeosciences 17, no. 6 (April 1, 2020): 1701–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1701-2020.

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Abstract. Bioirrigation, the exchange of solutes between overlying water and sediment by benthic organisms, plays an important role in sediment biogeochemistry. Bioirrigation either is quantified based on tracer data or a community (bio)irrigation potential (IPc) can be derived based on biological traits. Both these techniques were applied in a seasonal study of bioirrigation in subtidal and intertidal habitats in a temperate estuary. The combination of a tracer time series with a high temporal resolution and a mechanistic model allowed for us to simultaneously estimate the pumping rate and the sediment attenuation, a parameter that determines irrigation depth. We show that, although the total pumping rate is similar in both intertidal and subtidal areas, there is deeper bioirrigation in intertidal areas. This is explained by higher densities of bioirrigators such as Corophium sp., Heteromastus filiformis and Arenicola marina in the intertidal, as opposed to the subtidal, areas. The IPc correlated more strongly with the attenuation coefficient than the pumping rate, which highlights that the IPc index reflects more the bioirrigation depth than the rate.

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2

Furukawa, Yoko, Samuel J. Bentley, and Dawn L. Lavoie. "Bioirrigation modeling in experimental benthic mesocosms." Journal of Marine Research 59, no. 3 (May 1, 2001): 417–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224001762842262.

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3

Gogina, Mayya, Judith Rahel Renz, Stefan Forster, and Michael L. Zettler. "Benthic Macrofauna Community Bioirrigation Potential (BIPc): Regional Map and Utility Validation for the South-Western Baltic Sea." Biology 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2022): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11071085.

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Benthic community bioirrigation potential (BIPc), an index developed to quantify the anticipated capacity of macrofauna to influence the solute exchange at the sediment–water interface, was calculated for the south-western Baltic Sea. This index can be regarded as an effect trait that is useful for predicting ecosystem processes impacted by animal burrow ventilation. The special feature, and presumably an advantage, of BIPc, compared to alternative recently developed benthic macrofauna-based bioirrigation indices, lies in its ability to distinguish the taxa-specific score values between diffusion- and advection-dominated sediment systems. The usefulness of the BIPc index was compared against the estimates of the well-established community bioturbation potential index (BPc). The BIPc index displayed a moderately but significantly stronger correlation with estimates of irrigation rates derived from tracer experiments. Using a random forest machine learning approach and a number of available relevant environmental predictor layers, we have modelled and mapped the spatial differences in this ecosystem functioning expression. The key species contributing to bioirrigation potential in the study area were identified. The interannual variation in BIPc was assessed on a small exemplary dataset. The scores required to calculate the index, that were assigned to 120 taxa dominating abundance and biomass in the region, are provided for reuse. The utility, temporal variability and uncertainty of the distribution estimate are discussed.

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4

Miernik, Natalia Anna, Urszula Janas, and Halina Kendzierska. "Role of Macrofaunal Communities in the Vistula River Plume, the Baltic Sea—Bioturbation and Bioirrigation Potential." Biology 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12020147.

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Macrozoobenthos plays a key role in the transformation of inputs from rivers to the sea, such as nutrients, organic matter, or pollutants, and influences biogeochemical processes in the sediments through bioturbation and bioirrigation activity. The purpose of our study was to determine the structure of benthic communities, their bioturbation (BPC) and bioirrigation potential (IPC), and the vertical distribution of macrofauna in the Gulf of Gdańsk. The study revealed changes in the structure of benthic communities and, consequently, in the bioturbation and bioirrigation potential in the study area. Despite the presence of diverse and rich communities in the coastal zone, BPC and IPC values, although high, were formed by a few species. Both indices were formed mainly by the clam Macoma balthica and polychaetes, although the proportion of polychaetes in IPC was higher than in BPC. In the deepest zones, the communities became poorer until they eventually disappeared, along with all macrofaunal functions. Both indices changed similarly with distance from the Vistula River mouth, and there was a very strong correlation between them. We also demonstrated that the highest diversity of the macrofauna was observed in the upper first cm of the sediment, but the highest biomass was observed in deeper layers—at a depth of up to 6 cm, and single individuals occurred even below 10 cm.

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5

Fischer, D., H. Sahling, K. Nöthen, G. Bohrmann, M. Zabel, and S. Kasten. "Interaction between hydrocarbon seepage, chemosynthetic communities and bottom water redox at cold seeps of the Makran accretionary prism: insights from habitat-specific pore water sampling and modeling." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 5 (September 29, 2011): 9763–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-9763-2011.

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Abstract. The interaction between fluid seepage, bottom water redox, and chemosynthetic communities was studied at cold seeps across one of the world's largest oxygen minimum zones (OMZ) located at the Makran convergent continental margin. Push cores were obtained from seeps within and at the lower boundary of the core-OMZ with a remotely operated vehicle. Extracted pore water was analyzed for sulfide and sulfate contents. Depending on oxygen availability, seeps were either colonized by microbial mats or by mats and macrofauna. The latter, including ampharetid polychaetes and vesicomyid clams, occurred in distinct benthic habitats which were arranged in a concentric fashion around gas orifices. At most sites colonized by microbial mats, hydrogen sulfide was exported into the bottom water. Where macrofauna was widely abundant, hydrogen sulfide was consumed within the sediment. Numerical modeling of pore water profiles was performed in order to assess rates of fluid advection and bioirrigation. While the magnitude of upward fluid flow decreased from 11 cm yr−1 to <1 cm yr−1 and the sulfate/methane transition zone (SMTZ) deepened with increasing distance from the central gas orifice, the fluxes of sulfate into the SMTZ did not significantly differ (6.6–9.3 mol m−2 yr−1). Depth-integrated rates of bioirrigation increased from 162 cm yr−1 in central habitats characterized by microbial mats and sparse macrofauna to 348 cm yr−1 in habitats of large and small vesicomyid clams. These results reveal that chemosynthetic macrofauna inhabiting the outer seep habitats at the lower boundary of the OMZ efficiently bioirrigate and thus transport sulfate into the upper 10 to 15 cm of the sediment. In this way bioirrigation compensates for the lower upward flux of methane in outer habitats and stimulates rates of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) with sulfate high enough to provide sulfide for chemosynthesis. Through bioirrigation macrofauna engineer their geochemical environment and fuel upward sulfide flux via AOM. Due to the introduction of oxygenated bottom water into the sediment via bioirrigation the depth of the sulfide sink gradually deepens towards outer habitats. We therefore suggest that – in addition to the oxygen levels in the water column which determine whether macrofaunal communities can develop or not – it is rather the depth of the SMTZ and thus of sulfide production that determines which chemosynthetic communities are able to exploit the sulfide at depth. Moreover, large vesicomyid clams most efficiently expand the sulfate zone in the sediment and cut off smaller or immobile organisms from the sulfide source.

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6

Brigolin, Daniele, Christophe Rabouille, Bruno Bombled, Silvia Colla, Salvatrice Vizzini, Roberto Pastres, and Fabio Pranovi. "Modelling biogeochemical processes in sediments from the north-western Adriatic Sea: response to enhanced particulate organic carbon fluxes." Biogeosciences 15, no. 5 (March 5, 2018): 1347–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1347-2018.

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Abstract. This work presents the result of a study carried out in the north-western Adriatic Sea, by combining two different types of biogeochemical models with field sampling efforts. A longline mussel farm was taken as a local source of perturbation to the natural particulate organic carbon (POC) downward flux. This flux was first quantified by means of a pelagic model of POC deposition coupled to sediment trap data, and its effects on sediment bioirrigation capacity and organic matter (OM) degradation pathways were investigated constraining an early diagenesis model by using original data collected in sediment porewater. The measurements were performed at stations located inside and outside the area affected by mussel farm deposition. Model-predicted POC fluxes showed marked spatial and temporal variability, which was mostly associated with the dynamics of the farming cycle. Sediment trap data at the two sampled stations (inside and outside of the mussel farm) showed average POC background flux of 20.0–24.2 mmol C m−2 d−1. The difference of organic carbon (OC) fluxes between the two stations was in agreement with model results, ranging between 3.3 and 14.2 mmol C m−2 d−1, and was primarily associated with mussel physiological conditions. Although restricted, these changes in POC fluxes induced visible effects on sediment biogeochemistry. Observed oxygen microprofiles presented a 50 % decrease in oxygen penetration depth (from 2.3 to 1.4 mm), accompanied by an increase in the O2 influx at the station below the mussel farm (19–31 versus 10–12 mmol O2 m−2 d−1) characterised by higher POC flux. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and NH4+ concentrations showed similar behaviour, with a more evident effect of bioirrigation underneath the farm. This was confirmed through constraining the early diagenesis model, of which calibration leads to an estimation of enhanced and shallower bioirrigation underneath the farm: bioirrigation rates of 40 yr−1 and irrigation depth of 15 cm were estimated inside the shellfish deposition footprint versus 20 yr−1 and 20 cm outside. These findings were confirmed by independent data on macrofauna composition collected at the study site. Early diagenesis model results indicated a larger organic matter mineralisation below the mussel farm (11.1 versus 18.7 mmol m−2 d−1), characterised by similar proportions between oxic and anoxic degradation rates at the two stations, with an increase in the absolute values of oxygen consumed by OM degradation and reduced substances re-oxidation underneath the mussel farm.

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7

Meile, Christof, Carla M. Koretsky, and Philippe Van Cappellen. "Quantifying bioirrigation in aquatic sediments: An inverse modeling approach." Limnology and Oceanography 46, no. 1 (January 2001): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2001.46.1.0164.

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8

Rao, Alexandra M. F., Sairah Y. Malkin, Francesc Montserrat, and Filip J. R. Meysman. "Alkalinity production in intertidal sands intensified by lugworm bioirrigation." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 148 (July 2014): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.06.006.

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9

Fischer, D., H. Sahling, K. Nöthen, G. Bohrmann, M. Zabel, and S. Kasten. "Interaction between hydrocarbon seepage, chemosynthetic communities, and bottom water redox at cold seeps of the Makran accretionary prism: insights from habitat-specific pore water sampling and modeling." Biogeosciences 9, no. 6 (June 7, 2012): 2013–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2013-2012.

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Abstract. The interaction between fluid seepage, bottom water redox, and chemosynthetic communities was studied at cold seeps across one of the world's largest oxygen minimum zones (OMZ) located at the Makran convergent continental margin. Push cores were obtained from seeps within and below the core-OMZ with a remotely operated vehicle. Extracted sediment pore water was analyzed for sulfide and sulfate concentrations. Depending on oxygen availability in the bottom water, seeps were either colonized by microbial mats or by mats and macrofauna. The latter, including ampharetid polychaetes and vesicomyid clams, occurred in distinct benthic habitats, which were arranged in a concentric fashion around gas orifices. At most sites colonized by microbial mats, hydrogen sulfide was exported into the bottom water. Where macrofauna was widely abundant, hydrogen sulfide was retained within the sediment. Numerical modeling of pore water profiles was performed in order to assess rates of fluid advection and bioirrigation. While the magnitude of upward fluid flow decreased from 11 cm yr−1 to <1 cm yr−1 and the sulfate/methane transition (SMT) deepened with increasing distance from the central gas orifice, the fluxes of sulfate into the SMT did not significantly differ (6.6–9.3 mol m−2 yr−1). Depth-integrated rates of bioirrigation increased from 120 cm yr−1 in the central habitat, characterized by microbial mats and sparse macrofauna, to 297 cm yr−1 in the habitat of large and few small vesicomyid clams. These results reveal that chemosynthetic macrofauna inhabiting the outer seep habitats below the core-OMZ efficiently bioirrigate and thus transport sulfate down into the upper 10 to 15 cm of the sediment. In this way the animals deal with the lower upward flux of methane in outer habitats by stimulating rates of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) with sulfate high enough to provide hydrogen sulfide for chemosynthesis. Through bioirrigation, macrofauna engineer their geochemical environment and fuel upward sulfide flux via AOM. Furthermore, due to the introduction of oxygenated bottom water into the sediment via bioirrigation, the depth of the sulfide sink gradually deepens towards outer habitats. We therefore suggest that – in addition to the oxygen levels in the water column, which determine whether macrofaunal communities can develop or not – it is the depth of the SMT and thus of sulfide production that determines which chemosynthetic communities are able to exploit the sulfide at depth. We hypothesize that large vesicomyid clams, by efficiently expanding the sulfate zone down into the sediment, could cut off smaller or less mobile organisms, as e.g. small clams and sulfur bacteria, from the sulfide source.

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10

He, Yi, Bin Men, Xiaofang Yang, Yaxuan Li, Hui Xu, and Dongsheng Wang. "Investigation of heavy metals release from sediment with bioturbation/bioirrigation." Chemosphere 184 (October 2017): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.177.

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11

Roskosch, Andrea, Mohammad Reza Morad, Arzhang Khalili, and Jörg Lewandowski. "Bioirrigation by Chironomus plumosus: advective flow investigated by particle image velocimetry." Journal of the North American Benthological Society 29, no. 3 (September 2010): 789–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/09-150.1.

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12

Jørgensen, BB, RN Glud, and O. Holby. "Oxygen distribution and bioirrigation in Arctic fjord sediments (Svalbard, Barents Sea)." Marine Ecology Progress Series 292 (2005): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps292085.

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13

Schlüter, Michael, Eberhard Sauter, Hans-Peter Hansen, and Erwin Suess. "Seasonal variations of bioirrigation in coastal sediments: modelling of field data." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64, no. 5 (March 2000): 821–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(99)00375-0.

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14

Volkenborn, N., L. Polerecky, S. I. C. Hedtkamp, J. E. E. van Beusekom, and D. de Beer. "Bioturbation and bioirrigation extend the open exchange regions in permeable sediments." Limnology and Oceanography 52, no. 5 (September 2007): 1898–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.5.1898.

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15

Wyness, Adam J., Irene Fortune, Andrew J. Blight, Patricia Browne, Morgan Hartley, Matthew Holden, and David M. Paterson. "Ecosystem engineers drive differing microbial community composition in intertidal estuarine sediments." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): e0240952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240952.

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Intertidal systems are complex and dynamic environments with many interacting factors influencing biochemical characteristics and microbial communities. One key factor are the actions of resident fauna, many of which are regarded as ecosystem engineers because of their bioturbation, bioirrigation and sediment stabilising activities. The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the evolutionary implications of the ecosystem engineering process by identifying, if any, aspects that act as selection pressures upon microbial communities. A mesocosm study was performed using the well characterised intertidal ecosystem engineers Corophium volutator, Hediste diversicolor, and microphytobenthos, in addition to manual turbation of sediments to compare effects of bioturbation, bioirrigation and stabilisation. A range of sediment functions and biogeochemical gradients were measured in conjunction with 16S rRNA sequencing and diatom taxonomy, with downstream bacterial metagenome function prediction, to identify selection pressures that incited change to microbial community composition and function. Bacterial communities were predominantly Proteobacteria, with the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Alphaproteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia being partially displaced by Deltaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi as dissolved oxygen concentration and redox potential decreased. Bacterial community composition was driven strongly by biogeochemistry; surface communities were affected by a combination of sediment functions and overlying water turbidity, and subsurface communities by biogeochemical gradients driven by sediment reworking. Diatom communities were dominated by Nitzschia laevis and Achnanthes sp., and assemblage composition was influenced by overlying water turbidity (manual or biogenic) rather than direct infaunal influences such as grazing.

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16

Meysman, Filip J. R., Oleksiy S. Galaktionov, Britta Gribsholt, and Jack J. Middelburg. "Bioirrigation in permeable sediments: Advective pore-water transport induced by burrow ventilation." Limnology and Oceanography 51, no. 1 (January 2006): 142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1.0142.

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17

Dale, A. W., V. J. Bertics, T. Treude, S. Sommer, and K. Wallmann. "Modeling benthic-pelagic nutrient exchange processes and porewater distributions in a seasonally-hypoxic sediment: evidence for massive phosphate release by <i>Beggiatoa</i>?" Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 8 (August 27, 2012): 11517–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-11517-2012.

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Abstract. This study presents benthic data from 12 samplings from February to December 2010 in a 2 m deep channel in the southwest Baltic Sea. In winter, the distribution of solutes in the porewater was strongly modulated by bioirrigation which efficiently flushed the upper 1 cm of sediment, leading to concentrations which varied little from bottom water values. Solute pumping by bioirrigation fell sharply in summer as the bottom waters became severely hypoxic (<2 μM O2). At this point the giant sulfide-oxidizing bacteria Beggiatoa was visible on surface sediments. Despite an increase in O2following mixing of the water column in November, macrofauna remained absent until the end of the sampling. Contrary to expectations, metabolites such as dissolved inorganic carbon, ammonium and hydrogen sulfide did not accumulate in the porewater during the hypoxic period when bioirrigation was absent, but instead tended toward bottom water values. This was taken as evidence for episodic bubbling of methane gas out of the sediment acting as an abiogenic irrigation process. Escaping bubble may provide a pathway for enhanced nutrient release to the bottom water and exacerbate the feedbacks with hypoxia. Subsurface dissolved phosphate (TPO4) peaks in excess of 400 μM developed in autumn resulting in a very large diffusive TPO4 flux to the water column of 0.7 ± 0.2 mmol m−2 d−1. The model was not able to simulate this TPO4 source as release of iron-bound P (Fe–P) or organic P. As an alternative hypothesis, the TPO4 peak was reproduced using new kinetic expressions that allow Beggiatoa to take up porewater TPO4 and accumulate an intracellular P pool during periods with oxic bottom waters. TPO4 is then released during hypoxia, as previous published results with sulfide-oxidizing bacteria indicate. The TPO4 added to the porewater over the year by organic P and Fe–P is recycled though Beggiatoa, meaning that no additional source of TPO4 is needed to explain the TPO4 peak. Further experimental studies are needed to strengthen this conclusion and rule out Fe–P and organic P as candidate sources of ephemeral TPO4 release. A measured C/P ratio of <20 for the diffusive flux at the sediment surface during hypoxia directly demonstrates preferential release of P relative to C under low oxygen bottom waters. Our results suggest that sulfide oxidizing bacteria act as phosphorus capacitors in systems with oscillating redox conditions, releasing massive amounts of TPO4 in a short space of time and dramatically increasing the internal loading of TPO4 in overlying waters.

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18

Kopaska-Merkel, David C., and Andrew K. Rindsberg. "Bioirrigation inAlphn. igen., arthropod cubichnia from the Mississippian Hartselle Sandstone of Alabama (USA)." Geodinamica Acta 28, no. 1-2 (November 9, 2015): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09853111.2015.1108569.

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19

Benoit, Janina M., David H. Shull, Rebecca M. Harvey, and Samuel A. Beal. "Effect of Bioirrigation on Sediment−Water Exchange of Methylmercury in Boston Harbor, Massachusetts." Environmental Science & Technology 43, no. 10 (May 15, 2009): 3669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es803552q.

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20

He, Yi, Bin Men, Xiaofang Yang, and Dongsheng Wang. "Bioturbation/bioirrigation effect on thallium released from reservoir sediment by different organism types." Science of The Total Environment 532 (November 2015): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.075.

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21

Wrede, Alexa, Jan Beermann, Jennifer Dannheim, Lars Gutow, and Thomas Brey. "Organism functional traits and ecosystem supporting services – A novel approach to predict bioirrigation." Ecological Indicators 91 (August 2018): 737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.04.026.

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22

Dale, A. W., V. J. Bertics, T. Treude, S. Sommer, and K. Wallmann. "Modeling benthic–pelagic nutrient exchange processes and porewater distributions in a seasonally hypoxic sediment: evidence for massive phosphate release by <i>Beggiatoa</i>?" Biogeosciences 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 629–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-629-2013.

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Abstract. This study presents benthic data from 12 samplings from February to December 2010 in a 28 m deep channel in the southwest Baltic Sea. In winter, the distribution of solutes in the porewater was strongly modulated by bioirrigation which efficiently flushed the upper 10 cm of sediment, leading to concentrations which varied little from bottom water values. Solute pumping by bioirrigation fell sharply in the summer as the bottom waters became severely hypoxic (< 2 μM O2). At this point the giant sulfide-oxidizing bacteria Beggiatoa was visible on surface sediments. Despite an increase in O2 following mixing of the water column in November, macrofauna remained absent until the end of the sampling. Contrary to expectations, metabolites such as dissolved inorganic carbon, ammonium and hydrogen sulfide did not accumulate in the upper 10 cm during the hypoxic period when bioirrigation was absent, but instead tended toward bottom water values. This was taken as evidence for episodic bubbling of methane gas out of the sediment acting as an abiogenic irrigation process. Porewater–seawater mixing by escaping bubbles provides a pathway for enhanced nutrient release to the bottom water and may exacerbate the feedback with hypoxia. Subsurface dissolved phosphate (TPO4) peaks in excess of 400 μM developed in autumn, resulting in a very large diffusive TPO4 flux to the water column of 0.7 ± 0.2 mmol m−2 d−1. The model was not able to simulate this TPO4 source as release of iron-bound P (Fe–P) or organic P. As an alternative hypothesis, the TPO4 peak was reproduced using new kinetic expressions that allow Beggiatoa to take up porewater TPO4 and accumulate an intracellular P pool during periods with oxic bottom waters. TPO4 is then released during hypoxia, as previous published results with sulfide-oxidizing bacteria indicate. The TPO4 added to the porewater over the year by organic P and Fe–P is recycled through Beggiatoa, meaning that no additional source of TPO4 is needed to explain the TPO4 peak. Further experimental studies are needed to strengthen this conclusion and rule out Fe–P and organic P as candidate sources of ephemeral TPO4 release. A measured C/P ratio of < 20 for the diffusive flux to the water column during hypoxia directly demonstrates preferential release of P relative to C under oxygen-deficient bottom waters. This coincides with a strong decrease in dissolved inorganic N/P ratios in the water column to ~ 1. Our results suggest that sulfide oxidizing bacteria could act as phosphorus capacitors in systems with oscillating redox conditions, releasing massive amounts of TPO4 in a short space of time and dramatically increasing the internal loading of TPO4 to the overlying water.

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23

Kristensen, E., H. Røy, K. Debrabant, and T. Valdemarsen. "Carbon oxidation and bioirrigation in sediments along a Skagerrak-Kattegat-Belt Sea depth transect." Marine Ecology Progress Series 604 (October 4, 2018): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps12734.

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24

Tomašových, Adam, Michaela Berensmeier, Ivo Gallmetzer, Alexandra Haselmair, and Martin Zuschin. "Pyrite-lined shells as indicators of inefficient bioirrigation in the Holocene–Anthropocene stratigraphic record." Biogeosciences 18, no. 22 (November 22, 2021): 5929–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5929-2021.

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Abstract. Although the depth of bioturbation can be estimated on the basis of ichnofabric, the timescale of sediment mixing (reworking) and irrigation (ventilation) by burrowers that affects carbonate preservation and biogeochemical cycles is difficult to estimate in the stratigraphic record. However, pyrite linings on the interior of shells can be a signature of slow and shallow irrigation. They indicate that shells of molluscs initially inhabiting oxic sediment pockets were immediately and permanently sequestered in reduced, iron-rich microenvironments within the mixed layer. Molluscan biomass-stimulated sulfate reduction and pyrite precipitation was confined to the location of decay under such conditions. A high abundance of pyrite-lined shells in the stratigraphic record can thus be diagnostic of limited exposure of organic tissues to O2 even when the seafloor is inhabited by abundant infauna disrupting and age-homogenizing sedimentary fabric as in the present-day northern Adriatic Sea. Here, we reconstruct this sequestration pathway characterized by slow irrigation (1) by assessing preservation and postmortem ages of pyrite-lined shells of the shallow-infaunal and hypoxia-tolerant bivalve Varicorbula gibba in sediment cores and (2) by evaluating whether an independently documented decline in the depth of mixing, driven by high frequency of seasonal hypoxia during the 20th century, affected the frequency of pyrite-lined shells in the stratigraphic record of the northern Adriatic Sea. First, at prodelta sites with a high sedimentation rate, linings of pyrite framboids form rapidly in the upper 5–10 cm as they already appear in the interiors of shells younger than 10 years and occur preferentially in well-preserved and articulated shells with periostracum. Second, increments deposited in the early 20th century contain < 20 % of shells lined with pyrite at the Po prodelta and 30 %–40 % at the Isonzo prodelta, whereas the late 20th century increments possess 50 %–80 % of shells lined with pyrite at both locations. At sites with slow sedimentation rate, the frequency of pyrite linings is low (< 10 %–20 %). Surface sediments remained well mixed by deposit and detritus feeders even in the late 20th century, thus maintaining the suboxic zone with dissolved iron. The upcore increase in the frequency of pyrite-lined shells thus indicates that the oxycline depth was reduced and bioirrigation rates declined during the 20th century. We hypothesize that the permanent preservation of pyrite linings within the shells of V. gibba in the subsurface stratigraphic record was enabled by slow recovery of infaunal communities from seasonal hypoxic events, leading to the dominance of surficial sediment modifiers with low irrigation potential. The presence of very young and well-preserved pyrite-lined valves in the uppermost zones of the mixed layer indicates that rapid obrution by episodic sediment deposition is not needed for preservation of pyrite linings when sediment irrigation is transient and background sedimentation rates are not low (here, exceeding ∼ 0.1 cm yr−1) and infaunal organisms die at their living position within the sediment. Abundance of well-preserved shells lined by pyrite exceeding ∼ 10 % per assemblage in apparently well-mixed sediments in the deep-time stratigraphic record can be an indicator of inefficient bioirrigation. Fine-grained prodelta sediments in the northern Adriatic Sea deposited since the mid-20th century, with high preservation potential of reduced microenvironments formed within a mixed layer, can represent taphonomic and early diagenetic analogues of deep-time skeletal assemblages with pyrite linings.

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25

Liu, Y., D. Reible, F. Hussain, and H. Fang. "Role of Bioroughness, Bioirrigation, and Turbulence on Oxygen Dynamics at the Sediment‐Water Interface." Water Resources Research 55, no. 10 (October 2019): 8061–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019wr025098.

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26

De Smet, Bart, Ulrike Braeckman, Karline Soetaert, Magda Vincx, and Jan Vanaverbeke. "Predator effects on the feeding and bioirrigation activity of ecosystem-engineered Lanice conchilega reefs." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 475 (February 2016): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2015.11.005.

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27

He, Yi, Bin Men, Xiaofang Yang, Yaxuan Li, Hui Xu, and Dongsheng Wang. "Relationship between heavy metals and dissolved organic matter released from sediment by bioturbation/bioirrigation." Journal of Environmental Sciences 75 (January 2019): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.03.031.

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Schaller, Jörg. "Bioturbation/bioirrigation by Chironomus plumosus as main factor controlling elemental remobilization from aquatic sediments?" Chemosphere 107 (July 2014): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.086.

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29

Rooze, J., and C. Meile. "The effect of redox conditions and bioirrigation on nitrogen isotope fractionation in marine sediments." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 184 (July 2016): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.04.040.

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30

Murniati, E., D. Gross, H. Herlina, K. Hancke, and A. Lorke. "Effects of bioirrigation on the spatial and temporal dynamics of oxygen above the sediment–water interface." Freshwater Science 36, no. 4 (December 2017): 784–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/694854.

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31

Stief, Peter, and Dirk de Beer. "Probing the microenvironment of freshwater sediment macrofauna: Implications of deposit-feeding and bioirrigation for nitrogen cycling." Limnology and Oceanography 51, no. 6 (November 2006): 2538–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.6.2538.

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32

Volkenborn, Nils, Christof Meile, Lubos Polerecky, Conrad A. Pilditch, Alf Norkko, Joanna Norkko, Judi E. Hewitt, Simon F. Thrush, David S. Wethey, and Sarah A. Woodin. "Intermittent bioirrigation and oxygen dynamics in permeable sediments: An experimental and modeling study of three tellinid bivalves." Journal of Marine Research 70, no. 6 (November 1, 2012): 794–823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224012806770955.

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33

Zhu, Yafei, Matthew R. Hipsey, Andrew McCowan, John Beardall, and Perran L. M. Cook. "The role of bioirrigation in sediment phosphorus dynamics and blooms of toxic cyanobacteria in a temperate lagoon." Environmental Modelling & Software 86 (December 2016): 277–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.09.023.

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34

Renz, JR, and S. Forster. "Effects of bioirrigation by the three sibling species of Marenzelleria spp. on solute fluxes and porewater nutrient profiles." Marine Ecology Progress Series 505 (May 28, 2014): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps10756.

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35

Roskosch, Andrea, Nicolas Hette, Michael Hupfer, and Jörg Lewandowski. "Alteration ofChironomus plumosusventilation activity and bioirrigation-mediated benthic fluxes by changes in temperature, oxygen concentration, and seasonal variations." Freshwater Science 31, no. 2 (June 2012): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/11-043.1.

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36

Apell, Jennifer N., David H. Shull, Alison M. Hoyt, and Philip M. Gschwend. "Investigating the Effect of Bioirrigation on In Situ Porewater Concentrations and Fluxes of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Using Passive Samplers." Environmental Science & Technology 52, no. 8 (March 26, 2018): 4565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05809.

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37

Renz, J. R., M. Powilleit, M. Gogina, M. L. Zettler, C. Morys, and S. Forster. "Community bioirrigation potential (BIPc), an index to quantify the potential for solute exchange at the sediment-water interface." Marine Environmental Research 141 (October 2018): 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.09.013.

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38

Delefosse, Matthieu, Erik Kristensen, Diane Crunelle, Poul Erik Braad, Johan Hygum Dam, Helge Thisgaard, Anders Thomassen, and Poul Flemming Høilund-Carlsen. "Seeing the Unseen—Bioturbation in 4D: Tracing Bioirrigation in Marine Sediment Using Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography." PLOS ONE 10, no. 4 (April 2, 2015): e0122201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122201.

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39

Costa, Larissa, and Nicolai Mirlean. "Selenium Enrichment in Pore Water of Estuarine Sediments Subject to Salt Marsh Vegetation Bioirrigation (Patos Estuary, Southern Brazil)." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 105, no. 3 (September 2020): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02978-8.

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40

Chaffin, Justin D., and Douglas D. Kane. "Burrowing mayfly (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae: Hexagenia spp.) bioturbation and bioirrigation: A source of internal phosphorus loading in Lake Erie." Journal of Great Lakes Research 36, no. 1 (March 2010): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2009.09.003.

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41

Politi, Tobia, Mindaugas Zilius, Giuseppe Castaldelli, Marco Bartoli, and Darius Daunys. "Estuarine Macrofauna Affects Benthic Biogeochemistry in a Hypertrophic Lagoon." Water 11, no. 6 (June 7, 2019): 1186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061186.

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Coastal lagoons display a wide range of physico-chemical conditions that shape benthic macrofauna communities. In turn, benthic macrofauna affects a wide array of biogeochemical processes as a consequence of feeding, bioirrigation, ventilation, and excretion activities. In this work, we have measured benthic respiration and solute fluxes in intact sediment cores with natural macrofauna communities collected from four distinct areas within the Sacca di Goro Lagoon (NE Adriatic Sea). The macrofauna community was characterized at the end of the incubations. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to quantify and test the interactions between the dominant macrofauna species and solute fluxes. Moreover, the relevance of macrofauna as driver of benthic nitrogen (N) redundancy analysis revealed that up to 66% of the benthic fluxes and metabolism variance was explained by macrofauna microbial-mediated N processes. Nitrification was stimulated by the presence of shallow (corophiids) in combination with deep burrowers (spionids, oligochaetes) or ammonium-excreting clams. Deep burrowers and clams increase ammonium availability in burrows actively ventilated by corophiids, which creates optimal conditions to nitrifiers. However, the stimulatory effect of burrowing macrofauna on nitrification does not necessarily result in higher denitrification as processes are spatially separated.

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Bernard, Guillaume, Laura Kauppi, Nicolas Lavesque, Aurélie Ciutat, Antoine Grémare, Cécile Massé, and Olivier Maire. "An Invasive Mussel (Arcuatula senhousia, Benson 1842) Interacts with Resident Biota in Controlling Benthic Ecosystem Functioning." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8120963.

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The invasive mussel Arcuatula senhousia has successfully colonized shallow soft sediments worldwide. This filter feeding mussel modifies sedimentary habitats while forming dense populations and efficiently contributes to nutrient cycling. In the present study, the density of A. senhousia was manipulated in intact sediment cores taken within an intertidal Zostera noltei seagrass meadow in Arcachon Bay (French Atlantic coast), where the species currently occurs at levels corresponding to an early invasion stage. It aimed at testing the effects of a future invasion on (1) bioturbation (bioirrigation and sediment mixing) as well as on (2) total benthic solute fluxes across the sediment–water interface. Results showed that increasing densities of A. senhousia clearly enhanced phosphate and ammonium effluxes, but conversely did not significantly affect community bioturbation rates, highlighting the ability of A. senhousia to control nutrient cycling through strong excretion rates with potential important consequences for nutrient cycling and benthic–pelagic coupling at a broader scale. However, it appears that the variability in the different measured solute fluxes were underpinned by different interactions between the manipulated density of A. senhousia and several faunal and/or environmental drivers, therefore underlining the complexity of anticipating the effects of an invasion process on ecosystem functioning within a realistic context.

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Teal, L. R., E. R. Parker, and M. Solan. "Simultaneous quantification of in situ infaunal activity and pore-water metal concentrations: establishment of benthic ecosystem process-function relations." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 7 (July 17, 2012): 8541–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-8541-2012.

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Abstract. The relative contributions that species assemblages, abiotic variables, and their interactions with one another, make to ecosystem properties are recognised but are seldom considered simultaneously, within context, and at the appropriate spatio-temporal scales. Here, we combine fluorescent time-lapse sediment profile imaging (f-SPI) and diffusion gradient thin gels (DGT) to examine, in situ, the link between an important benthic ecosystem process (bioturbation) and ecosystem functioning (trace metal cycling). We show that the mechanistic basis of how the infaunal community mediate Fe and Mn cycles is difficult to reconcile because of the spatio-temporal differences between particle and porewater mixing. This mismatch means that the consideration of these mechanistic processes in isolation is likely to limit our interpretative capacity of how infaunal communities mediate various biogeochemical processes in the natural environment. Moreover, the combination of multiple technologies, process based simulation modelling and generalised additive statistical modelling achieved here, emphasises the importance of simultaneously considering additional factors that influence benthic chemistry, in particular bioirrigation and tidal flushing of the sediment profile. Our findings highlight a pressing need to determine how the relative importance of multiple abiotic and biotic factors act in concert to alter major biogeochemical pathways across a variety of contexts and habitats.

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Richard, Anaïs, Xavier de Montaudouin, Auriane Rubiello, and Olivier Maire. "Cockle as Second Intermediate Host of Trematode Parasites: Consequences for Sediment Bioturbation and Nutrient Fluxes across the Benthic Interface." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 7 (July 6, 2021): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070749.

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Trematode parasites are distributed worldwide and can severely impact host populations. However, their influence on ecosystem functioning through the alteration of host engineering behaviours remains largely unexplored. This study focuses on a common host parasite system in marine coastal environments, i.e., the trematode Himasthla elongata, infecting the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule as second intermediate host. A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the indirect effects of metacercarial infection on sediment bioturbation and biogeochemical fluxes at the sediment water interface. Our results revealed that, despite high parasite intensity, the sediment reworking and bioirrigation rates, as well as nutrient fluxes, were not impacted. This finding was unexpected since previous studies showed that metacercarial infection impairs the physiological condition of cockles and induces a mechanical obstruction of their feet, thus altering their burrowing capacity. There are several explanations for such contrasting results. Firstly, the alteration of cockle behavior could arise over a longer time period following parasite infection. Secondly, the modulation of cockle bioturbation by parasites could be more pronounced in older specimens burying deeper. Thirdly, the intensity of the deleterious impacts of metacercariae could strongly vary across parasite species. Lastly, metacercarial infection alters cockle fitness through an interaction with other biotic and abiotic environmental stressors.

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45

Godbold, Jasmin A., and Martin Solan. "Long-term effects of warming and ocean acidification are modified by seasonal variation in species responses and environmental conditions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1627 (October 5, 2013): 20130186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0186.

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Warming of sea surface temperatures and alteration of ocean chemistry associated with anthropogenic increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide will have profound consequences for a broad range of species, but the potential for seasonal variation to modify species and ecosystem responses to these stressors has received little attention. Here, using the longest experiment to date (542 days), we investigate how the interactive effects of warming and ocean acidification affect the growth, behaviour and associated levels of ecosystem functioning (nutrient release) for a functionally important non-calcifying intertidal polychaete ( Alitta virens ) under seasonally changing conditions. We find that the effects of warming, ocean acidification and their interactions are not detectable in the short term, but manifest over time through changes in growth, bioturbation and bioirrigation behaviour that, in turn, affect nutrient generation. These changes are intimately linked to species responses to seasonal variations in environmental conditions (temperature and photoperiod) that, depending upon timing, can either exacerbate or buffer the long-term directional effects of climatic forcing. Taken together, our observations caution against over emphasizing the conclusions from short-term experiments and highlight the necessity to consider the temporal expression of complex system dynamics established over appropriate timescales when forecasting the likely ecological consequences of climatic forcing.

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Wrede, Alexa, Jan Beermann, Jennifer Dannheim, Lars Gutow, and Thomas Brey. "Corrigendum to “Organism functional traits and ecosystem supporting services – A novel approach to predict bioirrigation” [Ecol. Indic. 91 (2018) 737–743]." Ecological Indicators 119 (December 2020): 106715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106715.

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47

Isaev, A. V., T. R. Eremina, V. A. Ryabchenko, and O. P. Savchuk. "Model estimates of the impact of bioirrigation activity of Marenzelleria spp. on the Gulf of Finland ecosystem in a changing climate." Journal of Marine Systems 171 (July 2017): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.08.005.

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48

Volkenborn, N., S. I. C. Hedtkamp, J. E. E. van Beusekom, and K. Reise. "Effects of bioturbation and bioirrigation by lugworms (Arenicola marina) on physical and chemical sediment properties and implications for intertidal habitat succession." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 74, no. 1-2 (August 2007): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.05.001.

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49

Martin, Jonathan B., Jaye E. Cable, John Jaeger, Kevin Hartl, and Christopher G. Smith. "Thermal and chemical evidence for rapid water exchange across the sediment-water interface by bioirrigation in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida." Limnology and Oceanography 51, no. 3 (May 2006): 1332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.3.1332.

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50

Singh, Devesh, Natarajan Mathimaran, Thomas Boller, and Ansgar Kahmen. "Bioirrigation: a common mycorrhizal network facilitates the water transfer from deep-rooted pigeon pea to shallow-rooted finger millet under drought." Plant and Soil 440, no. 1-2 (April 30, 2019): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04082-1.

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